Introduction

Heat transfer Discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the transfer of thermal energy from one physical system to another. Conduction defined as transferring heat or electricity through a conducting medium by way of direct contact

Introduction
Losses by convection -small air gaps exist between the surface wall and insulation
Radiant heat loss -occurs as a result of highly energized molecules transmitting heat by way of waves or particles

Introduction
Pipe insulation -thermal insulation used to prevent heat loss and gain from

pipes, to save energy and improve effectiveness of thermal systems. The benefits include, in addition to reducing costs and environmental impacts of energy consumption.

Reducing or eliminating condensation on cold pipes. Protection from dangerous pipe temperatures. Control of noise. Reduction of unwanted heat gain to air-conditioned spaces.

Setup:
The test section is consists of four 10 ft lengths of 1-inch standard steel pipe mounted on a framework of welded 2 inch steel angles.

One of the lengths is bare and the others are aircell asbestos insulation, 85 % magnesia insulation, silver chrome(aluminum pigment) paint respectively.

Drain 10 ft Bare 1 in standard steel pipe Air cell asbestos Globe valve header

85% magnesia

1 in standard steel pipe

10 ft Silver chrome paint

2 inches pipe

The test pipes are connected to a common header into which steam is introduced either directly from the main or from a line containing a reducing valve.

Each end of the tested pipe is equipped with a plug-type valve where steam condensate is drained , collected in beakers and measured.

In this apparatus , determining the heat loss from bare and lagged pipe is conducted through :
Supplying heat from the condensation of steam into the pipe to be tested Surface temperatures are measured by means of a portable thermocouple potentiometer.

PROCEDURE
Steam is first introduced to the common header where in

the flow is regulated through a reducing valve. Make 3 runs with steam pressure at 10psig, 20psig and 30 psig.
After adjusting the system to the desired pressure, crack

the drain cock under the header to remove water from the steam line and header.
The four plug-type valves were then opened to blow out any

condensate from the pipes, and then closed them until only a small amount of steam escapes along with the condensate.

 When the system has reached equilibrium (measured at

various points), as determined by surface temperature measurements reading on the thermocouple, collect and measure the condensate from each pipe over a timed interval of 15 ,30 minutes and 1hr, and then during this period, record the following data needed for calculations: Barometric pressure Room temp Steam pressure and temp Surface temperatures
The surface-film coefficients and the lagging efficiency are

calculated from the temperature of the surfaces and the room.

calculations

PROBLEM
Assume boiler runs with steam in the pipes at 10 psig, 20 psig, and 30 psig. Determine the theoretical surface temperature at equilibrium and the theoretical condensate in time intervals 15 min, 30 min, and 1 hour

steady state constant pressure velocity = 1ft/sec

length of pipe: room temperature: atmospheric pressure:

10ft 86F 14.696psi

thermal conductivities: steel = 26 Btu/hr F ft asbestos = 0.14 Btu/hr F ft 85% magnesia = 0.034 Btu/hr F ft Silver Chrome (Al pigment) =

Outside diameter, D: Pipe 1 (asbestos) : Pipe 2 (Bare): Pipe 3 (Siver Chrome): Pipe 4 (85%Magnesia):

2.875 1.315 1.315 3.1875

PROBLEMS
Defective Boiler No enough description of the boiler. Datas that are necessary for

calculations like mass flow rate. Its hard to determine which of the pipes has the described insulation Pipes are not properly insulated Difficulty in determining the surface temp. Condensation of Steam in Parts of the system other than the test pipes. Condensation in Collecting beakers Convection Current in Air- the convection on air affects the heat

Recommendations
Rehabilitate or Buy a new Boiler Keep track of the boilers performance Keep all records and gather enough datas of the boiler if

ever buy a new one. Install new insulation for the pipes and keep track of its performance Each pipe should be tested for leakage Label the Pipes properly Use thermo couple The beaker used should be heated first to avoid error Put the equipment in a controlled temp. room Plug type valves at each end of the pipe should be replaced