CHETTINAD VIDHYASHRAM

EGG MEMBRANE
Chemistry project
Done by: G.A.Hemanthkumar Class: 12 E1 Roll no: 16

2013-2014

INDEX
SNO 1 2 3 4 5 TOPIC Introduction Egg composition Procedure to prepare the cell membrane Function of the cell membrane Movement across the cell membrane i)Lipid Diffusion ii)Osmosis ii)Passive Transport iv)Active Transport i)Vesicles Uses i) Waste Eggshell Uses ii) Pharmaceuticals & Waste Eggshell Use iii) Food Industry & Waste Eggshell Use iv) Other Issues & Waste Eggshell Use Eggshell and Protein Membrane Separation Waste Eggshell uses Methods of Separation of Eggshell and Protein Membrane 1) Non-Chemical Separator 2) Dissolved Air-flotation Separation Unit 3) Fluid tank with Water and Acetic Acid Conclusion Bibliography Page no 1 2 2 5 6

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INTRODUCTION:
A semi-permeable membrane, also termed a selectively permeable membrane, a partially permeable membrane or a differentially permeable membrane, is a membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion". The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability. Many natural and synthetic materials thicker than a membrane are also semi-permeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of an egg.

The Egg membrane is a biological cell membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular
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processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled. An eggshell is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats. Bird eggshells contain calcium carbonate and dissolve in various acids, including the vinegar used in cooking. While dissolving, the calcium carbonate in an egg shell reacts with the acid to form carbon dioxide exposing the semi permeable membrane. Now lets know how to obtain the cell membrane from egg. CaCO3 +HCl (aq) CaCl2 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l)

Eggshell Composition
See Main article Egg (food) & Eggshell Chicken eggshells are made up of 95% calcium carbonate by weight and the remaining material 3.5% is organic matrix.

PROCEDURE to Prepare CELL MEMBRANE:

An egg to be taken & washed carefully with water.

Wash a beaker of 250 mL and add 10% conc.HCl. Immerse the Egg using a pair of Thongs.
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 The Egg must be full immersed in acid.

The Egg should be left undisturbed. The must be removed and washed thoroughly in running water. The egg membrane is to be removed using blade

The egg membrane must be kept in humid condition.

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FUNCTION
The cell membrane or plasma membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of living cells, physically separating the intracellular components from the extracellular environment. Fungi, bacteria and plants also have the cell wall which provides a mechanical support for the cell and precludes the passage of larger molecules. The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular matrix and other cells to help group cells together to form tissues.

The membrane is selectively permeable and able to regulate what enters and exits the cell, thus facilitating the transport of materials needed for survival. The movement of substances across the membrane can be either "passive", occurring without the input of cellular energy, or active, requiring the cell to expend energy in transporting it. The membrane also maintains the cell potential. The cell membrane thus works as a selective filter that allows only certain things to come inside or go outside the cell.

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MOVEMENTS ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE

1. Lipid Diffusion (or Simple Diffusion)

A few substances can diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer part of the membrane. The only substances that can do this are lipid-soluble molecules such as steroids, or very small molecules, such as H2O, O2 and CO2. For these molecules the membrane is no barrier at all. Since lipid diffusion is (obviously) a passive diffusion process, no energy is involved and substances can only move down their concentration gradient. Lipid diffusion cannot be controlled by the cell, in the sense of being switched on or off.

2.

Osmosis

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane. It is in fact just normal lipid diffusion, but since water is so important and so abundant in cells (its concentration is about 50 M), the diffusion of water has its own name osmosis. The contents of cells are essentially solutions of numerous different solutes, and the more concentrated the solution, the more solute molecules there are in a given volume, so the fewer water molecules there are. Water molecules can diffuse freely across a membrane, but always down their concentration gradient, so water therefore diffuses from a dilute to a concentrated solution.

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Water Potential. Osmosis can be quantified using water potential, so we can calculate which way water will move, and how fast. Water potential (Y, the Greek letter psi, pronounced "sy") is simply the effective concentration of water. It is measured in units of pressure (Pa, or usually kPa), and the rule is that water always "falls" from a high to a low water potential (in other words it's a bit like gravity potential or electrical potential). 100% pure water has Y = 0, which is the highest possible water potential, so all solutions have Y < 0, and you cannot get Y > 0.

Osmotic Pressure (OP). This is an older term used to describe osmosis. The more concentrated a solution, the higher the osmotic pressure. It therefore

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means the opposite to water potential, and so water move from a low to a high OP. Always use Y rather than OP. Cells and Osmosis. The concentration (or OP) of the solution that surrounds a cell will affect the state of the cell, due to osmosis. There are three possible concentrations of solution to consider: Isotonic solution a solution of equal OP (or concentration) to a cell Hypertonic solution a solution of higher OP (or concentration) than a cell Hypotonic solution a solution of lower OP (or concentration) than a cell The effects of these solutions on cells are shown in this diagram:

These are problems that living cells face all the time. For example: Simple animal cells (protozoans) in fresh water habitats are surrounded by a hypotonic solution and constantly need to expel water using contractile vacuoles to prevent swelling and lysis. Cells in marine environments are surrounded by a hypertonic solution, and must actively pump ions into their cells to reduce their water potential and so reduce water loss by osmosis.
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 Young non-woody plants rely on cell turgor for their support, and without enough water they wilt. Plants take up water through their root hair cells by osmosis, and must actively pump ions into their cells to keep them hypertonic compared to the soil. This is particularly difficult for plants rooted in salt water. 3. Passive Transport (or Facilitated Diffusion)

Passive transport is the transport of substances across a membrane by a transmembrane protein molecule. The transport proteins tend to be specific for one molecule (a bit like enzymes), so substances can only cross a membrane if it contains the appropriate protein. As the name suggests, this is a passive diffusion process, so no energy is involved and substances can only move down their concentration gradient. There are two kinds of transport protein:

Channel Proteins form a water-filled pore or channel in the membrane. This allows charged substances (usually ions) to diffuse across membranes.Most Channels can be gated (opened or closed), allowing the cell to control the entry and exit of ions. Carrier Proteins have a binding site for a specific solute and constantly flip between two states so that the site is alternately open to opposite sides of the membrane. The substance will bind on the side where it at a high concentration and be released where it is at a low concentration. 4. Active Transport (or Pumping)

Active transport is the pumping of substances across a membrane by a transmembrane protein pump molecule. The protein binds a molecule of the substance to be transported on one side of the membrane, changes shape, and releases it on the other side.
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The proteins are highly specific, so there is a different protein pump for each molecule to be transported. The protein pumps are also ATPase enzymes, since they catalyse the splitting of ATP g ADP + phosphate (Pi), and use the energy released to change shape and pump the molecule. Pumping is therefore an active process, and is the only transport mechanism that can transport substances up their concentration gradient. The Na+K+ Pump. This transport protein is present in the cell membranes of all animal cells and is the most abundant and important of all membrane pumps.

The Na+K+ pump is a complex pump, simultaneously pumping three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell for each molecule of ATP split. This means that, apart from moving ions around, it also generates a potential difference across the cell membrane. This is called the membrane potential, and all animal cells have it. It varies from 20 to 200 mV, but and is always negative inside the cell. In most cells the Na+K+ pump runs continuously and uses 30% of the entire cell's energy (70% in nerve cells). The rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane increases as its concentration gradient increases, but whereas lipid diffusion shows a linear relationship, facilitated diffusion has a curved relationship with a maximum rate.
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This is due to the rate being limited by the number of transport proteins. The rate of active transport also increases with concentration gradient, but most importantly it has a high rate even when there is no concentration difference across the membrane. Active transport stops if cellular respiration stops, since there is no energy. 5. Vesicles The processes described so far only apply to small molecules. Large molecules (such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleotides) and even whole cells are moved in and out of cells by using membrane vesicles. Endocytosis is the transport of materials into a cell. Materials are enclosed by a fold of the cell membrane, which then pinches shut to form a closed vesicle. Strictly speaking the material has not yet crossed the membrane, so it is usually digested and the small product molecules are absorbed by the methods above. When the materials and the vesicles are small (such as a protein molecule) the process is known as pinocytosis (cell drinking), and if the materials are large (such as a white blood cell ingesting a bacterial cell) the process is known as phagocytosis (cell eating).

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Exocytosis is the transport of materials out of a cell. It is the exact reverse of endocytosis. Materials to be exported must first be enclosed in a membrane vesicle, usually from the RER and Golgi body. Hormones and digestive enzymes are secreted by exocytosis from the secretory cells of the intestine and endocrine glands. Sometimes materials can pass straight through cells without ever making contact with the cytoplasm by being taken in by endocytosis at one end of a cell and passing out by exocytosis at the other end.

USES
A group of phospholipids (consisting of a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails) arranged into a double-layer, the phospholipid bilayer is a semipermeable membrane that is very specific in its permeability. The hydrophilic phosphate heads are in the outside layer and exposed to the water content outside and within the cell. The hydrophobic tails are the layer hidden in the inside of the membrane. The phospholipid bilayer is the most permeable to small, uncharged solutes. Protein channels float through the phospholipids, and, collectively, this model is known as the fluid mosaic model. In the process of reverse osmosis, thin film composite membranes (TFC or TFM) are used. These are semi permeable membranes manufactured principally for use in water purification or desalination systems. They also have use in chemical applications such as batteries and fuel cells. In essence, a TFC material is a molecular sieve constructed in the form of a film from two or more layered materials. Membranes used in reverse osmosis are, in general, made out of polyamide, chosen primarily for its permeability to water and relative impermeability to various dissolved impurities including salt ions and other small molecules that cannot be filtered. Another example of a semi-permeable membrane is dialysis tubing. Other types are cation exchange membrane (CEM), charge mosaic membrane (CMM), bipolar membrane (BPM), anion exchange membrane (AEM)[1] alkali anion exchange membrane (AAEM) and proton exchange membrane (PEM). The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis.
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Eggshell and protein membrane separation

Eggshell and Protein Membrane Separation is a recycling process. Nearly, 30% of the eggs consumed each year are broken and processed or powdered into foods such as cakes, mixes, mayonnaise, noodles and fast foods. [1] The US food industry generates 150,000 tones of shell waste a year.[2] The disposal methods for waste eggshells are 26.6% as fertilizer, 21.1% as animal feed ingredients, 26.3% discarded in municipal dumps, and 15.8% used in other ways. Many landfills are unwilling to take the waste because the shells and the attached membrane attract vermin. Together the calcium carbonate eggshell and protein rich membrane have no value or use. The invention of an eggshell and membrane separator has allowed for the recycling of these two valuable products.

Waste Eggshell Uses Pharmaceuticals & Waste Eggshell Use

The rich calcium carbonate shell has been used in the application for calcium deficiency therapies in humans and animals. A single eggshell has a mass of six grams which yields around 2200 mg of calcium. Eggshell particles are used in
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toothpaste as an anti-tartar agent. Powdered eggshells have been used for bone mineralization and growth.

Food Industry & Waste Eggshell Use

Recent applications of eggshells in the form of calcium lactate has been used as a firming agent, a flavor enhancer, a flavoring agent, a leavening agent, a nutrient supplement, a stabilizer, and thickener. Eggshells are also used in as a calcium supplement in orange juice.

Other Issues & Waste Eggshell Use

Eggshells have been incorporated into fertilizers as a soil conditioner. They have also been used as a supplement to animal feed. More recently the egg calcium carbonate particles have been used as coating pigments for ink-jet printing. Powdered eggshells are also used in making paper pulp. It also used to make beautiful art. Recently eggshell waste has been used as a low cost catalyst for biodiesel production.

Eggshell and Protein Membrane Separation of Waste Eggshell Methods

Non-Chemical Separator
Joseph H. MacNeil Professor of Food Science at Penn State University developed a machine that uses a delicate multi-bladed knife to scrape the membrane from the surface of shell fragments. This invention uses a waterbased method to separate the eggshell and protein membrane. The two

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products are processed in two streams to yield mm size particles of dry membrane and mm size particles of dried shell. Another non-chemical separation technique utilizes steam heat, mechanical abrasion, and a light vacuum to separate the hard eggshell from the proteincontaining membranes. This invention passes shell fragments obtained from egg-breaking facilities through a series of heated augers. Once the shell and membrane flakes reach the appropriate moisture content, the vacuum pulls them into a cyclone device. The cyclonic action further separates the heavier eggshell flakes from the lighter membrane flakes. This invention has been commercialized and can easily separate multiple metric tons per day, allowing for the production of valuable commercial products.

Dissolved Air-flotation Separation Unit

The waste eggshells are put into water and then ground to separate the eggshell form the protein membrane. Then the ground eggshell is placed in a separate vessel where air is injected into the water flow. The air and water mixture causes the lighter component (protein membrane) to float and the heavier (calcium carbonate eggshells) to sink. This unit recovers 96% of eggshell membrane and 99% of eggshell calcium carbonate in two hours.

Fluid tank with Water and Acetic Acid

The inventor of this method is Vladimir Vlad. The machine uses un-separated eggshells that are placed in a fluid tank, applying cavitation to separate the eggshell membrane from the eggshell. The fluid tank in this case contains distilled water and acetic acid to provide continuous processing. Also this invention has a method for collecting separated eggshells to grind them into an eggshell powder.

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CONCLUSION: From the above reading we went through we come to know that the egg membrane has several uses as a semi permeable membrane. It is also used as a film component in the process of reverse osmosis, for water purification process. It is also used in many chemical applications like batteries and fuel cells. It is also used in the process of dialysis tubing. The semi permeable membrane required for the process can be made from the egg shells.

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BIBILIOGRAPHY www.wikipedia.org www.google.com www.yahooanswers.com www.ehow.com www.organicewaste.com www.eggnew.com

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