CHEM1001 Lecture 23 Worksheet

Chemical Energy One of the first things to deal with in thermodynamics is to try to understand what energy is. (This is quite hard.) Although it is possible to observe things like individual molecular vibrations, it is not usual to do so. What do we observe when energy is produced or consumed? As everything in the world is a chemical system, we can use everything for our thought experiment. Critical Thinking Questions 1. How do we recognise energy? Write down some things that you would recognise as energy when you saw it. Discuss them with your neighbours and include their ideas. Leave some space for other suggestions after everyones in the classes suggestions are collected.

2. First Law of Thermodynamics Look at your consolidated list from 1. Which ones would you call work? Which ones should you call work (involve pressure causing a change in volume). The others sometimes get called non-PV work and we wont need to worry about them.

3. Endothermic or exothermic? (Demonstration) What happens to the temperature of the surroundings when NH4Cl is dissolved in water? Which way did heat flow?

What happens to the temperature of the surroundings when CaCl2 is dissolved in water? Which way did heat flow?

4. Calculations with heat capacity How much energy does it take to heat an Al kettle (0.2 kg) containing 1L of water from room temperature (say, 20C) to boiling? Assume thermal equilibrium between the kettle and water at all times. In order to do this process, we need to heat the kettle and the water from their initial to final temperatures. We also need to know the heat capacity of the entire system we are going to heat. The specific heat capacity of Al is 0.900 J/K/g and for water its 4.184 J/K/g (check slide 4 its one calorie). (a) Calculate the heat capacity, C (in J/K), of the system comprising the kettle and the water. You can approximate the density of the water as 1 g/mL to determine its mass.*

(b) Calculate T.

(c) Now use the formula q = CT to calculate the amount of energy (in joules) required.

Hint: You need to calculate the heat capacity of the kettle and that of the water and add them.