Fact Finding

vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
f vufpak qmif;r+vufpGJ
trSmpm
umv=um±Snpf mG awmufavmifcahJ om jrefrmEdik if . H jynfwiG ;f ppfumv
twGi;f t=urf;zufc&H r_rsKd ;pHu k kd trsKd ;orD;rsm; &ifqikd cf pH m;&aomfvnf; xdt k jzpf
tysuftm;vHk;udk ta=umif;trsdK;rdsK;a=umifh pHkprf;rSwfwrf;wifr_r±SdcJh=uyg? trsdK;
orD;rsm;. a=uuJGp&mtjzpfqdk;rsm;rSm vlrodolrodESifh aysmufuG,fcJh=u&onf?
e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif vlŒtcGifhta&;oifwef;rsm;udk vdkufvHydkŒcsonfh tcsdef
twGi;f vlŒtcGit hf a&;apmif=h uyfrE_ iS hf ywfoufonft h a=umif;udk oD;oefŒa&;om;
&ef rdrdtm; rdwfaqGrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;t}uHay;cJh=uygonf? xdkodkŒ vlŒtcGihfta&;
apmif=h uyfrE_ iS yhf wfoufI rdr. d tawGŒtóuHrsm;udk cJaG 0vdo k nfq
h EN±cdS ahJ omfvnf;
ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh ra&;om;EdkifcJhyg? Asian Center For Women’s Human
Rights (ASCENT) tzJŒG ESihf yl;aygi;f ðyvkyc f ahJ om “vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm;twGi;f ±Sd
trsd K ;orD ; rsm;tay: vl Œ tcG i f h t a&;csd K ;azmuf r _ rS w f w rf ; wif j cif ; tvk y f ± H k
aqG;aEG;yJG” t+yD;wGif xdkaqG;aEG;yJGrSaqG;aEG;csufrsm;udktajccHI pmtkyfwtkyf
a&;om;xkwfa0&ef qHk;jzwfcJhygonf? t"dutm;jzifh trsdK;orD;ESifh vlŒtcGifh
ta&;csKd ;azmufr_ owif;rsm;tm; pkaqmif;/ rSww f rf;wif/ tpD&ifc/H vHŒ_ aqmfrr_ sm;
vkyuf ikd af eaom jrefrmEdik if rH S vlŒtcGit hf a&;v_y±f mS ;olrsm;twGuf rdrtd awGŒtóuH
udk wwfEikd o f a±GŒr#a0Edik &f eftjyif t=urf;zufcH trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; ulnu D muG,f
r_rsm; ay:aygufvmap&ef &nf±G,fygonf?
,ckpmtkyfwGif vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtwGif;±Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlŒtcGifh

ta&; csKd ;azmufc&H r_rsm;tay: pHpk rf;ppfaq;r_tm; t"duxm; a&;om;xm;aomf
vnf; vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI vkyfudkifaeaom olrsm;
tm;vHk;twGufyg tusdK;±SdEdkifrnf[kar#mfvifhygonf? Tpmtkyfjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS
trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf wdkufyJG0ifv_yf±Sm;aeaom trsdK;orD;rsm;
tm;vHk;udk *k%fðytyfygonf? xdkŒjyif ,ckpmtkyfa&;om;xkwfa0Edkifa&;twGuf
1
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tm;ay;cJah om ASECENT rS Ms. Indai Sajor ESihf xdik ;f jrefrmyl;aygi;f qufqaH &;
aumfrwD (Thai-Burma Cord.) wdkŒtm;txl;yifaus;Zl;wif±Sdygonf? Tpmtkyf
a&;om;csd e f twG i f ; rd r d t m; 0d k i f ; 0ef ; ul n D a y;cJ h , H k r u pd w f y d k i f ; qd k i f & mjzif h
txl;tm;ay;cJah om vlŒtcGit hf a&;ynmay;Xme (HREIB) rSvyk af zmfuikd zf ufrsm;
tm;vHk;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wif±Sda=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
atmifrsdK;rif;
'g±dkufwm
vlŒtcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme
{+yDv 2001 ckESpf
2
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
“vlŒtcGifhta&;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;r+vufpJG”
vufeufudkifyÉdyQatmufrS trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:
tcGit
hf a&;csdK;azmufrt
_ m; pHpk rf;azmfxw
k jf cif;
How to Investigate, Document and Report

Women’s Human Rights Violations
Prepared and written by:

Aung Myo Min
Director
Human Rights Education Institute of Burma (HREIB)
P.O.Box 37
Chaing Mai University Post Office
Chaing Mai 50202
Email: hreib@chmai2.loxinfo.co.th
- April 2001
- 2,000 copies
- Bangkok, Thailand
This publication is supported by Thai Action Committee for

Democracy in Burma (TACDB)
90 Soi U-omsin Jaransanitwong 40 Rd, Bangyeekhan,
Bangplaad, Bangkok,10700
E-mail : tacdb@ksc.th.com
3
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
dum
rmw
tcef; (1)
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQppfyJGrsm;ESifhtrsdK;orD;rsm; 5
tcef; (2)
vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufr_ (Sexual Violence) 15
tcef; (3)
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm; 20
tcef; (4)
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;apmif=h uyfjcif; (Human Rights Monitoring) 24
tcef; (5)
pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif; (Investigation) 26
tcef; (6)
rSww
f rf;wifjcif; (Documentation) 53
aemufqufwJGazmif 60
tcef; (7)
tpD&ifcjH cif; (Reporting) 61
4
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tcef; (1)
vufeufudkifyÉdyQppfyJGrsm;ESifhtrsdK;orD;rsm;
vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;twGif;wGif trsdK;orD;ESifh trsdK;om;wdkŒonf

vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sKd ;pHw
k Œkd udk &ifqikd cf pH m;=u&onf[k qdv k ifu h pm; trsKd ;
orD;rsm;onf ‚if;wdkŒ. vdifuJGjym;r_a=umifh trsdK;om;rsm;xuf vdifuJGjym;r_udk
tajccHaom vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd K;azmufrr_ sm;udk &ifqikd óf uHawGŒ&wwfonf? trs;kd
orD;rsm;jzpfaoma=umifh t"rRðyusifhjcif;/ vdifaus;u|eftjzpf apcdkif;cH&jcif;wdkŒ
onf trsKd ;orD;rsm;awGŒóuH&wwfonfh trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufc&H r_rsm;
xJrS vlodrsm;=uaom csdK;azmufr_rsm;jzpfonf? vdifuJGjym;r_udktajccHonfh
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;rSm ppfyJG[lI pwifay:ayguf
vmuwnf;u jzpfymG ;cJah omfvnf; xdv k Œl tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufjcif;onf vufeuf
udkifppfyJGrsm;twGif; txl;us,fus,fjyefŒjyefŒusL;vGefcHae&aom tjzpfqdk;rsm;
jzpfa=umif;udk r=umao;ciftcsdefurS EdkifiHwumu vufcHcJhonf? a±S;umv
ya0\%Duwnf;u ppfyrGJ sm;twGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;t"rRusirhf r_ sm; axmifykH
&myHk&SdcJhaomfvnf; EdkifiHwumu xdkjypfr_rsm;udk ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;tjzpf rrSwf
,lcahJ y? xdŒk twGuaf =umifh ukvor*~. trsKd ;orD;rsm; t=urf;zufrq _ ikd &f m txl;
pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m±Sdu “trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t"rRusifhr_onf vltrsm;u
jypfwif±w _ cf sr_ tenf;yg;qH;k aom ppf&mZ0wfr”_ jzpfonf[k olr. tpD&ifcpH m
xJwGif xnfhoGif;a&;om;cJhonf?
trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_[kqdkvdkufv#if trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;

t"rRrk'def;usifhr_ wrsdK;udkom csufcsif;awG;rdavh±Sdonf? odkŒaomf vufeufudkif
yÉdyuQtcsdeftwGif; vdifuJGjym;r_tay:tajccHaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;pGm ±Sdao;
onf? 1993 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvuusi;f ycJah om urBmu h v
k or*~taxGaxG nDvmcH
u twnfðyjyXmef;cJo h nfh trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufry_ aysmufa&; a=unm
pmwrf;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;t=urf;zufr_qdkonfrSm “trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;
±kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif;ESifh vdifydkif;qdkif&mtE &W m,fjzpfapaom/ temw& cHpm;apaom/
5
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
cHpm;ap&rnf[lI +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;tygt0if ajcmufvSefŒodrf;oGif;r_rsm;/ ‚if;wdkŒ
. vGwfvyfr_rsm;tm;rw&m;z,f±Sm;r_rsm; jzpfapr_/ xdkodkŒjzpfapEdkifavmufonfh
tðytrlrsm; tm;vH;k ” [k t"dym` ,fziG q kd m;onf? xdŒk a=umifh vdit
hf x f & apmfum;
cH&rnf[laom +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; tca=u;ay;I aysmfyg;Edkifap&ef
apcdkif;r_/ vdifydkif;qdkif&maESmuf,Sufr_/ t"rRjynfhwefqmtjzpf oGyfoGif;r_wdkŒ
rSmvnf; vdifuJGjym;r_udktajccHaomtrsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_jzpfonf?
vd i f u J G j ym;r_ o uf o uf o mr[k w f b J trsd K ;orD ; rsm; usif v nf t ouf ± S i f & m
ywf0ef;usiftwGif;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; edrfhusaom vlwef;pm;tjzpf ±_jrif
aomtjrifrsm;ESihf wqifah tmufusaomvlwef;pm;tjzpf owfrw S af om wefz;kd
xm;r_wdkŒuvJ xdkodkŒt=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;atmif wenf;wzHk wGef;tm;ay;
vsuf±Sda=umif; avhvmawGŒ±Sd&onf?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGif;±Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: vdifydkif;qdkif&m

t=urf;zufrt _ m; ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh usL;vGecf =hJ ua=umif; avhvm awGŒ±Sd
&onf? yxrOD;qHk;ta=umif;rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;. vdifuJGjym;r_ESifh ‚if;wdkŒtay:
vdifcJGjcm;onfhtjrifrsm;a=umifh jzpfonf? vdifuJGjym;r_ wckxJomru “vdif
uJ G j ym;aom trsd K ;orD ; rsm;ud k t=urf ; zuf I &onf / vd i f t &tjrwf x k w f I
&onf” [laom vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mtjriftpJrG sm;u usL;vGeo f rl sm;udk vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
t=urf ; zuf r _ r sm; usL;vG e f a p&ef t"d u tm;ay;tm;ajr‡ m uf ð yaeonf ?
trsdK;orD;rsm;udk bufvdkufaomtjriftpJGrsm;±Sdxm;aom ywf0ef;usifrsdK;wGif
vufeufudkifyËdyuQjzpfyGm;ygu trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;
zufr_rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;onfudk awGŒjrifEdkifonf? xdkodkŒjzpf&jcif;rSm txufwGif
azmfjycJhaom trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfonfh tjrifrsm;. wGef;tm;ay;r_
a=umifh[k oHk;oyfEdkifonf?
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufjcif;. 'kw,

d ta=umif;rSm
‚if;wdŒk ywfoufaeaom trsKd ;om;rsm;a=umifjh zpfonfukd awGŒ&onf? trsKd ;orD;
rsm;. zcif/ tudk/ armifESifh aqGrsdK;rsm;onf vufeufudkiftzJGŒrsm;u rvdkvm;
rESpfoufolrsm;/ qefŒusifzufwzufuvlrsm;jzpfaeonfhtwGuf ‚if;wdkŒESifh
6
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
oufqdkifywfoufaeaom trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;
usL;vGefwwf=uonf?
wwd,ta=umif;tcsufrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;/

_ Œkd a=umifh t=urf;zufc&H jcif;jzpfonf? vlrsKd ;EG,f wpkEiS hf
wdik ;f &if;om; rsKd ;EG,jf zpfrw
wpkt=um;/ bmoma&;uJGjym;onfh tkyfpkwpkESifhwpkt=um; vufeufudkif
yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfonfhtcg xdkvlrsdK;EG,f0if/ bmoma&;tkyfpk0iftrsdK;orD;rsm;tay:
ypfrSwfxm;I vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufapmfum;avh±Sd=uonf?
ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_usL;vGefovdk

&nf±, G cf sut f rsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh usL;vGew f wfonfuv kd J awGŒ±S&d onf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;
vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm; usL;vGefvdkufjcif;jzifh a'otwGif;±Sd jynfol
tm;vH k ; wk e f v _ y f a jcmuf j cm;oG m ;+yD ; e,f a jrtwG i f ; ppf a &;t& xd r f ; csKyf r _
atmifjrifEikd rf nf[al om &nf±, G cf sujf zifh vkyaf qmifwwfonf? xdkoŒkd usL;vGerf _
rsdK;udk yÉdyuQppfyJGrsm;twGif; trsm;qHk;awGŒjrifEdkifonf? xdkodkŒusL;vGefvdkuf
jcif;jzifh xdt k rsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaeaom vlrsKd ;wl/ bmomwltrsKd ;om;rsm;
taejzifh olwdkŒ.trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: olwdkŒumuG,fr_ray;Edkifygvm;[laom
tawG;rsdK;ay:ayguf+yD; pdwf"mwfusqif;ap&eftwGuf wrif&nf±G,fonfhtcgvJ
±So
d nf? xdŒk tjyif trsKd ;orD;rsm;xHrS ‚if;wdŒk ESiyhf wfoufaeaom trsKd ;om;rsm;.
owif;ud&k ±Sad p&ef &nf±, G If ESyd pf uft=urf;zufapmfum;jcif;rsKd ;vJ ±Sw d wfonf?
xdkr#rubJ vlrsdK;pkwpkvHk;aoG;aESmI rsdK;wkef;oGm;apvdkaom &nf±G,fcsufjzifh
trsdK;orD;rsm;udk pepfwus vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufapmfum;onfudkvJ
awGŒhjrifEdkifonf? abmfpeD;,m;yÉdyuQtwGif; qmhAfppfom;rsm;u qmhAfvlrsdK;
r[kwaf om trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk ypfrw S x
f m;I vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufc=hJ uonf?
xd k o d k Œ t=urf ; zuf a pmf u m;jcif ; jzif h qmh A f v l r sd K ;r[k w f a om vl r sd K ;rsm;rS m
aoG;aESmcH&+yD; vlrsdK;uG,faysmufoGm;ap&ef ppfa&;t&AsL[mcs vkyfaqmifaom
vkyf&yfjzpfonf? vlrsdK;pkwpkvHk;aoG;aESmI aysmufuG,fap&eftwGuf AsL[mcs
vkyaf qmif&mwGif qmhApf pfom;rsm;u olwŒkd vlrsKd ;r[kwaf omolrsm; aexdik o f nfh
±Gmrsm;twGif;odkŒ 0ifa&mufI vltrsm;a±SŒwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;udk t"rRðyusifh=u
7
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
onf? xdo k wif;rsm;ysŒH ESŒH oGm;aomtcg xdak 'otwGi;f a±S;ya0o%Duwnf;u
aexdkifaeaomvlrsm;onf a=umuf±GHŒwkefv_yfum xdkae&mrsm;rS ab;vGwf&m
ae&mopfodkŒ xGufajy;ukef=uonf? xdkenf;jzifh a'oudk tvG,fwul odrf;ydkuf
Ed k i f o vd k qmh A f v l r sd K ;rsm;r[k w f a om tjcm;vl r sd K ;rsm;ud k a'otwG i f ; u
armif;xkwfEdkifcJhonf? xdkr#rubJ zrf;qD;rdaom xdkvlrsdK;pk0if trsdK;orD;rsm;udk
tusO;f pcef;wGicf sKyfaESmifI t}udr}f udrrf 'k ed ;f usichf =hJ uonf? vlrqefpmG qufqrH _
a=umifh trsdK;orD;rsm;pGmrSm tusOf;pcef;wGif aoqHk;cJh=u&±Smonf? raoqHk;bJ
usef±Sdaeolrsm;xJrSm udk,f0ef&±SdoGm;olrsm;udk arG;zGm;vkqJqJ aeŒaphvaphtcsdef
txd xyfjyefwvJvJ t"rRusijhf yefonf? aemufq;kH uk, d 0f efukd zsuq
f ;D Ir&awmh
bJ rjzpfraearG;zGm;&awmhrnfh tcsdefa&mufrSom jyefvnf v$wfay;avh±Sdonf?
xdt k rsKd ;orD;rsm;rSm rdrq d ENrygbJ ud,k 0f efaqmifI arG;zGm;vmcJah om aoG;aESmae
onfh &ifaoG;rsm;ESifh b0udk qufvufav#mufvSrf; =u&awmhonf?
wcgw&HwiG rf l rdrw d Œkd ESi&hf ifqikd w

f u
kd cf u
kd af eaom &eforl sm;tm; rke;f wD;r_/
emusn;f r_rsm; wd;k yGm;ap&eftwGuf 0g'jzefŒonfh &nf±, G cf sujf zifh vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
t=urf;zufrr_ sm;udk xkwjf yefa=unmonfvnf; ±Sad o;onf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;
t=urf;zufcH&aom om;aumiftjzpf yHkazmfI olwdkŒtay: usL;vGefonfh rdrd.
&efoltay: tjcm;olrsm;u rkef;wD;emusnf;ap&ef &nf±G,fcsufoufoufjzifh
vkyfaqmifonfudk r=umc%awGŒ&wwfonf? 0g'jzefŒ&nf±G,fcsuf oufouf
jzifhom azmfxkwfjcif;jzpf+yD; trSefwu,fusL;vGefaom olrsm;udk tjypfay;
ta&;,l&ef &nfreS ;f csurf ygbJ jzpfwwfonf? xdo k Œkd vkyaf qmifjcif;onf t=urf;
zuf apmfum;cH&ol trsKd ;orD;rsm;. epfemcsuu f kd ulnaD qmif±u G af y;&eftwGuf
&nf±, G jf cif;r[kwb f J rdr.
d 0g'jzefŒcsaD &;twGuf xdak pmfum;cH&onfh trsKd ;orD;rsm;
udk xyfrt H oH;k ðyjcif;jzpfonft h wGuf aumif;rGeaf om &nf±, G cf su[ f k rqdEk ikd af y?
vuf e uf u d k i f yÉd y uQ w ck j zpf o nf E S i f h wòyd i f e uf trsd K ;orD ; rsm;ES i f h

trsdK;om;rsm;rSm 'kuQa&muf&p+rJyif? ppfyJGrsm;t=um; usD;vefŒpmpm; aexdkif
ae&jcif;/ wdu k yf rGJ sm;twGi;f rS toufvx k u
G af jy;&jcif;/ ESpzf ufwyfrsm;u zrf;qD;
ESyd pf ufjcif;/ w&m;Oya'rJh owfjzwfjcif;ponfwŒkd rSm trsKd ;orD;ESihf trsKd ;om;wdŒk
8
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
ESpOf ;D pvH;k óuHawGŒ&aomtjzpfq;kd rsm;jzpfonf? xdrk #ru vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm;
a=umifh jynfolwdkŒtvkyftudkifysufjcif;/ pm;eyf&duQmrsm; rvHkravmufjzpfjcif;
rsm;udk trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh trsdK;om;rsm; &ifqdkif=u&wwfonf?
odŒk aomf trsKd ;orD;rsm;jzpfaoma=umifh trsKd ;om;rsm;xuf vufeufuikd f

yËdyuQrsm;. qdk;usdK;udk ydkrdkcHpm;&onfhtjzpfrsm;vnf;±Sdao;onf? EdkifiHwum
vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQwiG jf zpfap/ jynfwiG ;f vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQwiG jf zpfap trsKd ;orD;
rsm;rSm vdifydkif;t=urf;zufr_tE W&m,fudk tcsdefra±G; &ifqdkifóuHawGŒEdkifonf?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtwGif; trsdK;orD;rsm; óuHawGŒ&aom tjzpfrsm;onf wOD;
ESifhwOD; waoGrwdrf;wlnDr_r±SdEdkifaomfjim;vnf; a,bl,swlnDr_rsm; ±Sdonfudk
pdwf0ifpm;zG,fawGŒ±Sd&onf? urBmay:±Sd trsdK;orD;trsm;pkonf ‚if;rdom;pk.
aeŒw"l0udpPrsm;udk &ifqdkifajz±Sif;&onfh tdrfaxmif±Sifrrsm; jzpf=uonf? ppfyJG
jzpfaeonfhtcsdefjzpfap/ ppfyJGrjzpfonfhtcsdefjzpfap tdrfr_udpP t00udk udkifwG,f
ajz±S i f ; aqmif ± G u f o l r sm;rS m trsd K ;orD ; rsm;omjzpf o nf ? vuf e uf u d k i f
yËdyuQjzpfymG ;onfEiS w hf òydief uf rdom;pktwGuf wm0ef,x l m;&aom trsKd ;orD;
tzdkŒ taESmifht,Sufrsm;udk pwifóuHawGŒ&awmhonf? ppfyJGrsm; rjzpfrDu
trsd K ;orD ; rsm;. wm0ef t jzpf owf r S w f x m;cH & aom td r f a xmif x d r f; od r f ;
a&;qdik &f m aeŒw"l0vkyif ef;rsm;udk ppfyrGJ sm;twGi;f vkyu f ikd af qmif±u
G &f ef tcuf
tcJ}uD;pGmóuHawGŒ&onf? xif;acGa&cyfpaom aeŒpOfwm0efrsm;udk ppfyJGtwGif;
xrf;aqmif&ef trsKd ;orD;rsm; tcuftcJawGŒ&awmhonf? ppfyrGJ sm; twGi;f rdb
armifzmG ;rsm; aoqH;k oGm;ygu ,cifu xdo k rl sm; wm0ef,x l m;aom vkyif ef;rsm;
rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:odkŒ 0efxkwf0efydk;rsm;tjzpf pkòyHusa&mufvmawmhonf?
rdom;pktouf±Sifa&;twGuf vdktyfaom xif;/ a&/ tpm;tpmESifh tjcm;
vdktyfaom t&mrsm;&±Sd&eftwGuf rdrdwdkŒ aexdkifusifvnf&m ae&ma[mif;rS
rdrdwdkŒtwGufvHkòcHr_&±SdEdkifrnfh tjcm;aus;±Gm odkŒr[kwf ae&mopf odkŒr[kwf
'kuQonfpcef;qDodkŒ rjzpfraea±GŒajymif;&onf? pcef;jyifyodkŒxGufI rdom;
pktwGuf vdktyfaomt&mrsm; ±SmazGpOf trsdK;orD;rsm;onf vlqdk;"m;jy rsm;/
ppfom;rsm;/ tjcm;'kuo Q nfrsm;. apmfum;r_ukd óuHawGŒEdik of nf? rdom;pk twGuf
vdktyfonfrsm;udk ±SmazGaom xdktrsdK;orD;rsm;tzdkŒ vufeufudkiftzJGŒ rsm;.
9
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
owfjzwfr_/ ajrjr‡yfrdkif;rsm;eif;rdI xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm;udkvJ &ifqdkifEdkifonf?
'kuQonfpcef;twGif; vdktyfaom pm;eyf&duQmrsm; &rnf[laom ta=umif;jy
csufjzifh wm0ef±Sdolrsm;u trsdK;orD;rsm;udk aoG;aqmifzsm;a,mif;I zsufqD;r_
rsm;vJ óuHawGŒEdik o
f nf? xdrk #ru pcef;twGi;f pm;eyf&u d mQ / aq;0g;/ aq;ynmay;
r_rsm; rvHak vmufra_ =umifh trsKd ;orD;rsm;tzdŒk &ifaoG;arG;zGm;r_/ ðypkapmifah ±Smufr_
rsm;wGif tcuftcJrsm;pGmawGŒEdkifonf?
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufavh±o dS rl sm;rSmvJ olwŒkd .

todrdwfaqGrsm;/ aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm;/ yÉdyuQzufwzufrS ppfom;rsm;/ vlqdk;
"m;jyrsm;/ 'kuo Q nftcsi;f csi;f rsm;/ 'kuo Q nftjzpfcv kd o
H_ nfEh ikd if rH S wm0ef±o
dS rl sm;/
e,fjcm;apmifw h yfzŒGJ 0ifrsm;/ &JwyfzŒGJ 0ifrsm;/ vl0ifr}_ uD;=uyfa&; 0efxrf;rsm; ponf
jzifh vltrsdK;rsdK;yg0ifonfudk awGŒ±Sd&onf??
vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQtwGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;

zufrr_ mS ae&mra±G; tcsed rf a±G;jzpfymG ;Edik o
f nfuv
kd J awGŒ±S&d wwfonf? ab;uif;
&modkŒrxGufcGmcif/ ab;uif;&mxGufcGmaepOf/ tjcm;wdkif;jynfwGif cdkv_HaepOf/
rdrdwdkif;jynfodkŒjyefvnfydkŒaqmifonfhumvtwGif;wdkŒwGifomru rdrdae&yfwGif
jyefvnfae&mcsxm;onfh umvtwGif;wGifyif trsdK;orD;rsm;tzdkŒ vdifydkif;
qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_wdkŒudk óuHawGŒEdkifayonf?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: pDrHudef;±Sd±Sdjzifh

vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_a=umifh 'kuQonfrsm;tjzpf ab;uif;&m xGufajy;
wdrf;a±Smif=u&onfudk r=umc%awGŒjrif&wwfonf? ,cif ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;
Edik if w
H iG f jzpfymG ;cJah om vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQtwGi;f abmfpeD;,m;trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk
qmAfw h yfzŒGJ rsm;u &nf±, G cf su±f ±dS jdS zifh rk'ed ;f usichf rhJ a_ =umifh abmpeD;,m;trsKd ;orD;
axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmwdŒk onf 'kuo Q nftjzpf ab;uif;&mudk xGuaf jy;vmcJ&h onf?
uk v or*~ v l Œ tcG i f h t a&;txl ; pH k p rf ; ppf a q;a&;t&m±S d . tpD & if c H p mwG i f
“,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;ESifh &m0rf'gEdkifiHwdkŒwGifjzpfyGm;cJhaom ppfyJGrsm;twGif; t±G,f
ra&muf a o;aom uav;i,f r sm;tygt0if trsd K ;orD ; rsm;pG m wd k Œ rS m tpk
10
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
vdkuftòyHvdkuf rk'def;usifhcHcJh=u&onf? xdkodkŒ usL;vGefolrsm;wGif vufeufudkif
yÉdyuQwGif yg0ifywfoufaeaom vlrsdK;pktzJGŒwdkif;/ vufeufudkiftzJGŒ0ifwdkif;
yg0ifaeonf? xdkŒtjyif rawmfwqusL;vGefjcif;r[kwfbJ vlrsdK;pkrsm; rsdK;ðyef;
aysmufuG,fap&ef &nf±G,fcsufjzifh pepfwusrk'def;usifhjcif;udkvJ awGŒ±Sd&onf”
[k a&;om;cJhonf?
'kuQonftjzpfab;uif;&modkŒ xGufajy;wdrf;a±Smifvmaom trsdK;orD;

rsm;rSmvnf; vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufrt
_ E &W m,fukd qufvufóuHawGŒEdik af o;
onf? uifnmEdkifiH. jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh xGufajy;wdrf;a±SmifcJhaom 'kuQonf
rsm;teuf trsdK;orD;i,frsm;onf ppfwyfpcef;rsm;/ e,fpyfwyfrsm;udk jzwfoef;
&onfhtcgtwGif; jyefay;qJGcH&+yD; vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufcHcJh&onf[k trsdK;
orD;tcGit hf a&; tpD&ifcpH mwckwiG f azmfjyxm;onf? txl;ojzifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;
ESifh tjcm;olrsm;. apmifha±SmufumuG,fr_uif;rJhaom wudk,fa& trsdK;orD;
rsm;rSm xdktE W&m,fudk ydkrdkóuHawGŒ&a=umif; xdktpD&ifcHpmu qdkygonf?
tjcm;EdkifiHodkŒ a&muf±Sdcdkv_HcJhaomfvnf; vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_

tE W&m,frS vGwfajrmufoGm;+yD[k rqdkEdkifao;ay? bmompum;uJGjym;aom
ywf0ef;usiftopfwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;rSm vdifydkif;qdkif&m taESmuft,Sufrsm;udk
qufvufóuHawGŒ&avh±Sdonf? t0wfwxnfudk,fwckESifh xGufajy;wdrf;a±Smif
vmcJh&aom tjzpfrsdK;wGif trsdK;orD; 'kuQonfrsm;rSm ‚if;wdkŒ. vdktyfcsuf
tm;vHk;twGuf tjcm;olrsm;tay: t&m&mrSDcdktm;udk;ae&wwfonf? xdktcg
rsKd ;wGif vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m tjrwfxw
k f apmfum;r_u&kd ifqikd cf &H zdŒk tjzpfEikd q
f ;kH tajc
taersdK;jzpfonf? xdkrSru ajrpdrf;a&pdrf;wGif 'kuQonftjzpf cdkv_Hae&aom
b0twGif; vifa,musfm;rsm;cHpm;&aom pdwfwif;=uyfr_rsm;/ ra&&mr_rsm;/
tajymif;tvJrsm;. tusdK;qufa=umifh jzpfyGm;wwfaom tdrfwGif;t=urf;zuf
±dkufESufr_rsm;udk cH&olrsm;rSmvJ trsdK;orD;'kuQonfrsm;yifjzpfonf?
'kuQonfrsm;udk ae&yfodkŒjyefvnfydkŒaqmifonfhtcgwGifvJ trsdK;orD;

rsm;tzd k Œ t=urf ; zuf r _ r sm;ud k aemuf x yf ó uH a wG Œ Ed k i f a om tajctaeod k Œ
11
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
qdkufa&mufapEdkifao;onf? xdkodkŒ ae&yfodkŒjyefvnfydkŒaqmifr_onf 'kuQonf
rsm;. qENt&jyefvnfydkŒaqmifonf[k oufqdkif&mwdkŒu qdkavh±Sdaomfvnf;
xdqk ENrsm;onf pcef;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ vlrsKd ;pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;. qENrsm;omjzpf+yD;
trsKd ;orD;'kuo
Q nfrsm;. qENrsm;yg0ifjcif;r±Sw d wfa=umif; awGŒ±S&d onf? 'kuo Q nf
tm;vHk;udk,fpm; acgif;aqmifrsm;u udk,fpm;ðyqHk;jzwfonfhtcgwdkif; trsdK;orD;
rsm;. qENrsm;udk vpfvsL±_ccH =hJ u&onf? qENrsm;udk xkwaf zmfEikd cf iG hf tcGit
hf a&;
rsm;vJ cHpm;cGifhr±Sdwwf=uacs? xkdr#omru ae&yfodkŒjyefvnfydkŒa&;twGuf pDpOf
aqmif±u G af eonft h a=umif; odoifo
h x
d ukd af om owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udyk if
trsdK;orD;rsm;od±Sdjcif;r±Sd&onfudk r=umc%awGŒjrif&onf?
ae&yf o d k Œ jyef v nf y d k Œ aqmif o nf [ k q d k a omf v J xd k a e&mrsm;onf

wnf+idrfr_ aumif;pGmr±Sdao;aomae&mrsm;/ topfwzef tprSjyefvnftajccs
&rnfh ae&mrsm;jzpfavh±Sdonf? wcgw&HwGif vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;yif aumif;
pGmtqHk;royfao;onfhtcsdeftcgrsdK;vJ jzpfwwfonf? Oyrmqdk&v#if uarBm
'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif 'kuQonfrsm;udk ae&yfodkŒjyefvnfydkŒaqmifcsdefwGif crmeDrsm;ESifh
wdu k yf rGJ sm;yif +yD;qH;k jcif;r±Sad o;acs? ae&yfoŒkd jyefvnfyŒkd aqmifc&H aom 'kuo Q nf
rsm;onf tcsdefra±G;usa&mufvmEdkifaom tE W&m,fqdk;rsm;twGuf usD;vefŒ
pmpm;aexdik af ecJ=h u&onf? xdo k Œkd aom tajctae tcsed t f cgrsKd ;wGif jyefvnfyŒkd
aqmifjcif;cH&aom trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf vHkòcHa&;udk rnfolurS ta&;w,l
vkyfudkifaqmif±Gufay;cJhjcif;r±SdcJhay? xdktajctaersdK;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tzdkŒ
±kyyf ikd ;f ESihf vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufrr_ sm;udk cH&Edik o
f nf? jyefyŒkd cH&aom 'kuo Q nf
rsm;udk oufqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm;u vdkvdkvm;vm;ESifh apmifha±SmufulnDvdkpdwfvJ
enf;yg;wwfonfhtcgrsdK;/ apmifha±Smufvdkaomfvnf; rwwfpGrf;omonfh tcg
rsdK;wGif ydkrdkqdk;0g;onfhtcuftcJrsm; jzpfyGm;Edkifonf?
vufeufukdif yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;onfESifhwòydifeuf aemufqufwJG óuHawGŒ

&aom tjzpftysurf mS t&yfom;rsm; tpkvu kd t
f òyHvu
kd f ab;uif;&modŒk wdr;f
a±Smifr_yifjzpfonf? xdkodkŒt&yfom;rsm; tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf xGufcGmwdrf;a±Smif
jcif;onf xdkolwdkŒ. wdkif;jynftwGif;rSmyifjzpfap/ e,ferdwfudk jzwfausmfI
12
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tjcm;EdkifiHxdwdkifatmif jzpfavh±Sdwwfonf? vuf±SdurBmay:wGif 'kuQonfaygif;
18oef;cefŒESifh rdrdwdkif;jynftwGif;rSmyif twnfwusr±SdbJ vSnfhvnfaexdkif
ae&olaygi;f oef;aygi;f 20 rS 30 twGi;f ±So d nf[k cefŒrSe;f xm;vsu±f &dS m xdo
k l
trsm;pkrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;jzpf=uonf? xdkŒtjyif ppfyJGrsm;
twGi;f aoqH;k cJ&h aom t&yfom;rsm;xJwiG v f nf; trsKd ;orD; yrm%rsm;jym;vS
a=umif; awGŒjrifEdkifonf? avhvmawGŒ±Sdcsufrsm;t& ppfyJGrsm;twGif; aoqHk;cJh
=u&aom tjypfrJht&yfom;rsm;xJwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;onf 75 &mcdkifE_H; yg0if
vsuf±Sdonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh ppfab;'%fESifh vufeufudkif
yÉdyuQwdkŒ. qdk;usdK;udktrsm;qHk;cHpm;&olwdkŒrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpfa=umif;
awGŒjrifEdkifonf? 'kuQonfrsm;ESifh rdrdwdkif;jynftwGif;rSmyif twnfwusr±SdbJ
vSnfhvnfaexdkifae&olwdkŒtxJwGif trsdK;orD;yrm% trsm;qHk;yg0ifaeaomfvJ
‚if;wdŒk ESiyhf wfoufonfh pDru
H ed ;f rsm; csrw
S &f mwGif xdt
k rsKd ;orD;rsm;twGuf txl;
ulnDr_ umuG,fr_vdktyfaer_rsm;ryg0ifbJ r=umc%qdkovdk vpfvsL±_ cHae&
onfrSmvJ 0rf;enf;p&maumif;aom tcsufwcsufyifjzpfonf?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGif; trsdK;orD;rnfr# t=urf;zufapmfum;

cH&onfudk ppfwrf;ðyvkyf&efrSm trSefwu,fcufcJaom tvkyfwckjzpfonf?
t=urf;zufapmfum;cH&aom trsdK;orD;rsm;onf olwdkŒtay: ulnDapmifha±Smuf
r_rsm; r±Sdonfhtcg xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;r±SdbJ vlrodolrodESifh a&iHkElwfydwf
=uavh±o dS nf? rdród uHawGŒcHpm;cJ&h aom vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufr_ukd rdrt
d ay:
pmemem;vnfolrsm;udkom ajymvdk=uonf? rdrdajymvdkufrS rdrdtay: tjypfwif
cH&rnf/ ESdrfhcscHrnfudk pdk;&drfa=umuf±HGŒaoma=umifh rnfolŒudkrS zGifh[rwdkifyif
0hHonfhtjzpfrsm;vJ rsm;pGm±Sdonf? tcsdKŒuvnf; rdrdxkwfazmfajym vdkufygu
rdrt
d ay: aemufxyfapmfum;r_rsm; jzpfvmvdrrhf nf/ rdrx d w
k af zmfajymonft
h wGuf
usL;vGeo f u
l rdrtd ay: vufwek Œf jyefvrd rhf nfukd pd;k &drf a=umufvefŒaoma=umifh
rajym0hHonfvJ ±Sdwwfonf? txl;ojzifh t=urf;zufapmfum;olrsm;onf
wm0ef±o dS rl sm;/ tm%m±So d rl sm;jzpfygu ydrk akd =umuf±ŒHG aewwf=uonf? xdŒk tjyif
xdkodkŒjzpf&jcif;rSm rdrd.trSm;a=umifh/ rdrdtoHk;rusaoma=umifh jzpf&onf[k
,lqonfh rSm;,Gi;f aom t±Suw f &m;a=umifh xkwf azmfrajymonf wdŒk vJ ±So d nf?
13
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
wcsdKŒvlaer_todkif;t0dkif;wdkŒwGif vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;cH&oltrsdK;orD;udk
0dik ;f 0ef;pmemulnrD a_ y;&rnft
h pm; rdom;pktwGuf t±Su&f onf[q k u
kd m 0dik ;f 0ef;
tjypfqdkr_/ 0dkif;usOfr_rsm;±Sdonf? vdifydkif;apmfum;jcif;onf trsdK;orD;wOD;.
*k%foduQmudk apmfum;jcif;jzpfonf[k jrif&rnfhtpm; xdkodkŒ usL;vGefapmfum;
cH&aom trsdK;orD;a=umifh rdom;pk. *k%foduQmudk !‡dK;EGrf;aponf[k jrifonfh
tjrifrsdK;uvnf;±Sdao;onf? xdktcgrsdK;wGif t=urf;zufapmfum;cH&aom trsdK;
orD;rsm;u xkwaf zmfajymqd&k efr0hrH &JjzpfI owif;tcsut f vufrsm;&±S&d ef cufcJ
jcif;jzpfonf? xdkŒtjyif xdkodkŒt=urf;zuf apmfum;r_rsm; usL;vGefjzpfyGm;aom
ae&mrsm;onf jyifyrStjcm;olrsm; oGm;a&mufowif;,l&ef cufcJaom ae&m
a'orsm; jzpfavh±adS oma=umifh tcsut f vufrsm; &±S&d efrmS vJ cufcwJ wfonf?
vufeufudkifppfyJGrsm;a=umifh trsdK;orD;rsm;&ifqdkifcHpm;&onfh t=urf;

zufr_rsm;/ vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;rSm qdk;0g;vSoavmuf xdktjzpfrsm;udk
wdwdususrSwfwrf;wifazmfxkwfr_rSm enf;yg;vSonfudkvJ pdwfraumif;zG,f
awGŒ±Sd&onf? tcsuftvufrsm;udk ±SmazGazmfxkwfolrsm;/ rSwfwrf;wifolrsm;
onf trsm;tm;jzifh trsdK;om;rsm; jzpfaoma=umifh trsdK;orD;rsm; cHpm;&aom
tjzpfqdk;rsm;onf rSwfwrf;wifr_r±dSbJ vlrodolrodESifh aysmufuG,fcJh=u&onfh
tjzpfrsm; rsm;pGm±SdcJhonf? xdkŒtwGufa=umifh trsdK;orD;rsm;. b0udk pmem
em;vnfaom vlŒtcGit hf a&; pHpk rf;ppfaq;olrsm; xGe;f um;&efvt
kd yfvaS yonf?
14
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tcef; (2)
vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufr_ (Sexual Violence)
vdifydkif;qdkif&mt-urf;zufr+qdkwmbmvJ?
vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_qdkonfrSm toGiftrsdK;rsdK;±Sdwwfonf?
atmufygwdkŒrSm vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ESifh tóuH;0ifaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf?
(1) t"rRvdifqufqHjcif/ rk'def;usifhjcif;/
(2) rzG,fr&mvkyfjcif; (om;jrwf/ &ifom;wdkŒudk udkifwG,fjcif;)
(3) vdifaus;u|eftjzpfapcdkif;jcif;/
(4) twif;t=uyf vufxyfapjcif;/ vufxyf,ljcif;/
(5) twif;t=uyf udk,f0ef,lapjcif;ESifh udk,f0efzsufcsapjcif;/
(6) vdifwefqmtm;zsufqD;jcif; ponfwdkŒjzpfonf?
vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_udk EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;wGif twdtus

t"dym` ,fziG qhf x
kd m;jcif;r±Sad o;yg? r=umcifzŒGJ pnf;Edik af wmhrnfjzpfaom Edik if w
H um
&mZ0wfr_qdkif&mw&m;±Hk; (International Criminal Court) wGif vdifydkif;qdkif&m
t=urf;zufr_udk atmufygtwdkif;t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkxm;onf?
“usL;vGefolonf wpHkwa,mufudkjzpfap/ vlwpkudkjzpfap tiftm;oHk;I
- tiftm;oHk;I +cdrf;ajcmufv#if/ ab;=uyfeH=uyfjzpfapv#if
- t=urf;zufcH&rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒI vdkufavsm&v#if
- zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcH&rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒI vdkufavsm&v#if
- pdwfydkif;qdkif&mzdESdyfr_cH&rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒI vdkufavsm&v#if
- tm%mudktvJGoHk;pm;ðyIvkyfaqmifv#if
- tjcm;a±G;p&mvrf;r±Sdawmhojzifh vdkufavsm&onfjzpfv#if
rdrdqENtrSeftwdkif; xkyfazmfajymqdkcGifhr±Sdawmhonfhtajctaejzpfv#if
vdifydkif;qdkif&mqufqHr_ðyvkyfv#if/ usL;vGefv#if vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_
ajrmufonf” [kqdkxm;onf? xdkodkŒusL;vGefjcif;onf ppfyJGqdkif&mOya' (War
15
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
Crimes) ESihf vlom;wrsKd ;vH;k udk xdcu
kd af pEdik af omjypfr_ (Crime against Humanity)
ajrmufonf[k twdtvif;zGifhqdkxm;jyefygonf? xdkusL;vGefr_onf EdkifiHwum
ppfyJGwGifjzpfap/ jynfwGif;vufeufudkifyÉdyuQwGifjzpfap tóuH;0ifonf[kvnf;
qdkxm;ygonf?
vdifydkif;qdkif&mt-urf;zufr+ESifh owfrSwfcsufrsm;
usL;vGefonfhtjzpftysufudkrlwnfI vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_udk
trnftrsdK;rsdK;ac:a0: owfrSwfavh±Sdonf? vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_trsm;pk
(txl;ojzifh-rk'def;usifhjcif;/ vdifaus;u|eftjzpfapcdkif;jcif;/ twif;t=uyf
vyfxyfaygif;oif;jcif;) wdkŒonf ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;jcif; (Torture) ajrmufI xdktr_
rsm;xuf t=urf;zufr_avsmhenf;aomtðytrlrsm;udk vlom;rqef/ &ufpuf
=urf;ñuwfaom qufqrH _ tjypfay;r_ (cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment) [k owfrw S af vh±o dS nf? xdŒk jyifvid yf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufrw
_ Œkd onf
vlom;xkw&yfvHk; tay:xdcdkufapaom&mZ0wfr_ (Crime against humanity)
ajrmufonf[v k nf; qdak vh±=dS uonf? vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm;twGi;f usL;vGef
aom vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_wdkŒonf ppfrufqdkif&moabmwl pmcsKyfyg
tcsuf r sm;ud k usL;vG e f a oma=umif h ppf y J G q d k i f & m&mZ0wf r _ (War crime)
ajrmufonf[kvnf; qdk=uonf?
Edik if rH sm;. oufqikd &f m &mZ0wfrq_ ikd &f m Oya'rsm;xJwiG v f nf; vdiyf ikd ;f
qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_trsdK;rsdK;udk EdkifiHtvdkuf oD;oefŒt"dy`m,fzGifhqdk usifhoHk;
avh±o dS nf? xdŒk twGuaf =umifh trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufrE_ iS hf
ywfoufI v_yf±Sm;aqmif±GufolwdkŒonf rdrdwdkŒEdkifiHawmf. &mZ0wfr_Oya'rsm;
xJwGif vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_wdkŒESifh ywfoufI rnfuJhodkŒ t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk
jyXmef;xm;onfudk a=ua=unufnuf avhvmxm;&ef txl;vdktyfonf?
Oyrm- rk'def;usifhr_udk rdrdEdkifiHawmf±Sd&mZ0wfr_qdkif&m Oya'xJwGif rnfuJhodkŒ
t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkxm;onf? rnfonfhtcsufrsdK;// rnfonfhtqifhrsdK; usL;vGefrS
&mZ0wfr_ajrmufonf[k qdkxm;onfwdkŒudk aocsmpGm avhvm&efvdktyfonf?
16
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufonfh tðytrltm;vH;k udk Edik if w H um vlŒtcGihf
ta&; Oya'rsm;ESifh vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya'ESpfrsdK;pvHk;wGif
wm;jrpfxm;onf? xdEk ikd if w H umOya' ESprf sKd ;pvH;k wGif vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zuf
r_udk &mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfudk awGŒ&onf?
vdifydkif;qdkif&mt-urf;zufr+ESifh ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;jcif;
vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufrE_ iS hf ESyd pf uf!i‡ ;f yrf;jcif;udk avhvm&eftwGuf

EdkifiHwumvlŒtcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm;wGif ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;r_udk rnfodkŒt"dy`m,fzGifh
qdx k m;onfukd yxrOD;qH;k avhvm&rnf? ukvor*~u jyXmef;xm;onfh ESyd pf uf
!‡if;yrf;jcif;ESifhtjcm;aom &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom/ vlom;rqefaom/ vlŒ*k%f
odumQ udk !‡Kd ;EGr;f apaomqufqrH _ odŒk r[kwf tjypfay;r_qikd &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf
(twdkaumuf - ESdyfpuf!‡rf;yrf;jcif;qdkif&mpmcsKyf) wGif ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;r_udk
atmufygtwdkif; t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkxm;onf? “ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;r_qdkonfrSm vl
wa,muf odŒk r[kwt f jcm;vlwa,mufxrH S owif; odŒk r[kwf 0efccH suf &±Sad p
&eftwGujf zpfap/ vlwa,muf odŒk r[kwf tjcm;vlwa,mufu usL;vGecf ahJ om
odŒk r[kwf usL;vGeo f nf[k ,lq&aom vky&f yftwGuf tjypf'%fcwfjcif;twGuf
jzpfap/ vlwa,muf odŒk r[kwf tjcm;vlwa,muftm; taESmuft,Sujf zpfap
&ef odŒk r[kwf t=uyfuikd &f ef &nf±, G If jzpfap/ cJjG cm;zdEydS rf _ ta=umif;t&mwckcu k kd
tajccHIjzpfap/ pHpk rf;ppfaq;aeonfh tcsed t f awmtwGi;f odŒk r[kwyf gu wm0ef±dS
yk*~dKvfjzpfap w&m;0if wm0eftqifhtwef;udk xrf;aqmifaeaomoljzpfap
wOD;OD;u odvsuEf iS hf odŒk r[kwf qENjzifh ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m/ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m jyif;xefaom
emusifr_ odkŒr[kwf a0'emudkcHpm;apaomtðytrl” [k qdkxm;ygonf? EdkifiH
wum. vufcx H m;csut f & ESyd pf uf!i‡ ;f yrf;ajrmuf&ef tcsuf (3) csuEf iS hf jynfph kH
&rnfjzpfonf? xdktcsufrsm;rSm yxrtcsuftaejzifh jyif;xefaom emusifr_
odŒk r[kwf a0'emjzpfap&rnf? 'kw, d tcsut f aejzifh &nf±, G cf su±f ±dS jdS zifh usL;vGef
aom vkyf&yfjzpfap&rnf? xdkodkŒESdyfpuf!‡rf;r_onf wm0ef±Sdyk*~dKvf odkŒr[kwf
w&m;0ifwm0eftqifhtwef;udk xrf;aqmifaeaomol wOD;OD;u odvsufESifh
odŒk r[kwf qENjzifh usL;vGerf j_ zpfap&rnf? xdŒk rSom ESyd pf uf!i‡ ;f yrf;r_ajrmufayrnf?
17
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
xdt
k "dym` ,fziG q
hf ckd sut
f & tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;jzpfaom ppfwyf/ &J/ tusO;f
axmifESifh tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;u trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t"rRðyusifhjcif;onf trsdK;
orD;rsm;tm; ESyd pf uf!i‡ ;f yrf;r_ajrmufonf? xdo k Œkd t"rRðyusijhf cif;a=umifh ±kyyf ikd ;f
qdkif&m '%f&mtemw&jzpfapovdk trsdK;orD;rsm;. pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfcsrf;
ajrŒr_wdkŒudkvJ xdcdkufemusifaponfhtwGufa=umifhjzpfonf? xdkŒtwl trsdK;
orD;tusO;f om;rsm;udk axmiftr_xrf;rsm;/ vHòk cHa&;wyfzŒGJ 0ifrsm;/ ppfom;rsm;u
t"rRusifhjcif;rSmvnf; ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;r_ ajrmufonf[k qdkEdkifonf? tb,f
a=umifhqdkaomf vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_udk &nf±G,fcsuf±Sd±Sdjzifh usL;vGefjcif;
jzpfonft h jyif cHpm;&oltrsKd ;orD;rsm;udk ±kyyf ikd ;f ESiphf w
d yf ikd ;f qdik &f m temw&jzpfap
aoma=umifhjzpfonf? wcgw&HwGif t=urf;zufcH&onfh ae&mrsm;onf tusOf;
axmiftwGif;r[kwfaomfvJ trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;onfh
tusOf;axmif r[kwfonfhae&mrsm; odkŒr[kwf trsdK;orD;rsm;. vGwfvyfcGifhudk
uefŒowfydwfyifxm;aom ae&mrsm; jzpfavh±Sdonf? xdkodkŒaomae&mrsm;wGif
usL;vGefcH&onfqdkyguvnf; trsdK;orD;rsm; xGufajy;I r&Edkifatmif xdrf;odrf;
uefŒowfxm;aom tajctaersm; v$rf;rdk;aeaoma=umifh tusOf;axmifwGif
csKyfaESmifxm;+yD; apmfum;cH&onfESifhrjcm;onfh tajctaersdK;omjzpfonf?
tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzJGŒrsm;u vdifydkif;qdkif&mt-urf;zufjcif;
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&; Oya'rsm;xJwGif vdifydkif;qdkif&m

t=urf;zufr_onf wm0ef±Sdyk*~dKvfjzpfap w&m;0if wm0eftqifhtwef;udk xrf;
aqmifaeaomoljzpfap odvsufESifh odkŒr[kwfqENjzifhðyrlrSom ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;r_
odŒk r[kwf &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom/ vlom;rqefaom/ vlŒ*k%o f ud mQ udk !‡Kd ;EGr;f
apaom qufqrH _ odŒk r[kwf tjypfay;r_ajrmufonf[k qdx k m;onf? xdo k Œkd qdv
k #if
tpdk;&wyfzJGŒrsm;r[kwfaom vufeufudkiftzJGŒrsm;u usL;vGefaom trsdK;orD;
rsm;tay: vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_udk rnfuJhodkŒ owfrSwfrnf qdkonfrSm
ar;p&mtcsufjzpfvmonf? xdkuJhodkŒ tpdk;&tzJGŒ0ifrsm;r[kwfbJ tjcm;aom
tzJŒG 0ifrsm;u usL;vGeaf om vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufrr_ sm;udv
k J xdtk zJŒG rsm;u
18
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
wm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf? vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_wckxJom r[kwfbJ tjcm;

rw&m;onft h ðytrlrsm;jzpfaom ±duk Ef u
S jf cif;/ jyefay;qJjG cif;/ zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;vnf;
tóuH;0ifrnfjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQjzpfymG ;onfEiS hf
wòydkifeuf xdkyÉdyuQwGif yg0ifywfoufaeaom tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vHk;wdkŒonf
ppfyJGqdkif&mEdkifiHwum vlŒtcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyf[k trsm;uvufcH
oabmwlxm;onfh *seD AD mpmcsKyfyg vlŒtcGit hf a&; tcsut f vufrsm;udk av;pm;
vdu
k ef m&ef wm0ef±+dS yD;jzpfonf? rnfonfzh ufujzpfap xdpk mcsKyfygtcsujf zpfonfh
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;jcif;ESifh ravsmfruef wdkufcdkufapmfum;r_rsm;
rvkyfaqmif&ef wm;jrpfxm;onfhtcsufudk av;pm;&ef/ rcsdK;azmuf&ef wm0ef±Sd
onf? xdŒk twGuaf =umifh tpd;k &r[kwaf om vufeufuikd t f zJŒG 0ifrsm;u vufeuf
udik yf ÉdyuQtwGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufrr_ sm; usL;vGef
ygu xdktzJGŒrsm;wGif wm0ef±Sdayonf? xdkolrsm;udk EdkifiHwum Oya'ESifhom
r[kwfbJ jynfwGif;EdkifiHawmfOya'rsm;jzifhvnf; ta&;,ltjypfay;Edkifonf?
vlwOD;csif;u vdifydkif;qdkif&mt-urf;zufjcif;
xdkodkŒqdkv#if tjcm;vlwOD;u usL;vGefaom vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zuf

r_udk rnfuJhodkŒowfrSwfrnfenf;[laom ar;cGef;wck aemufxyfay:aygufvm
Edkifonf? EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;t& tpdk;&u xdkodkŒt=urf;zufr_udk odvsufESifh
rod[efaqmifaom odkŒr[kwf xdkodkŒusL;vGef&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyaom
tcgro S m xdt k r_twGuf Edik if aH wmftpd;k &wGif wm0ef±rdS nfjzpfonf? xdo
k Œkd r[kwf
ygu vlwOD;csif;usL;vGefaom vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;onf omref
&mZ0wfr_om ajrmufayvdrfhrnf?
19
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tcef; (3)
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;rnfodkŒay:aygufvmoenf;?
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf toGifoHk;rsdK;udk tajccHxm;

onfukd awGŒ±S&d onf? yxrwrsKd ;rSm tjynfjynfqikd &f mESihf a'oqdik &f m oabmwl
pmcsKyfrsm;jzpf+yD; vufrSwfa&;xdk;&efvdkaom yÉdnmOfrsm;/ oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;/
pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;jzpfonf? t"dutm;jzifh urBmhukvor*~u twnfðyjyXmef;
xm;avh±Sd+yD; oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;&efvdktyfonf? vufrSwf
a&;xdk;aom EdkifiHudkomv#if =oZmoufa&mufr_±SdEdkifonf? aemufxyfwckrSm
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vufcHxm;aom xHk;xrf;pOfvm usifhxHk;rsm;jzpf+yD; vufrSwf
xdk;xm;onfjzpfap rxdk;xm;onfjzpfap urBmEdkifiHtoD;oD;u av;pm;vdkufem
&ef vdktyfonfhoabm±Sdonf? vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aomOya' (Hu-
manitarian Law) rsm;onf EdkifiHwumtaejzifh ppfyJGtwGif; av;pm;vdkufem&ef
wm0ef±adS om usi0hf wfrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh ,cktrsKd ;tpm;wGif yg0ifonf? xdo k Œkd
vdkufem&efvdktyfaom xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;udk urBmhordkif;wGif ay:aygufcJhaom
EdkifiHwumcHk±Hk;rsm;/ a'oqdkif&mcHk±Hk;rsm;. qHk;jzwfr_rsm;wGif trsm;qHk;awGŒjrif&
onf? aemufq;kH wckrmS tm%m±Sad om tzJŒG tpnf;wckcu k t"dym` ,fziG q hf x
kd m;
csurf sm;/ ay:vpDrsm;jzpfonf? Oyrm- tar&duefEikd if rH sm;tm;vH;k qdik &f m vlŒtcGihf
ta&;w&m;±H;k u Edik if w H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;taejzifh av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef vdt k yf
onf[k xkwaf zmfajymqdo k nfh a=unmpmwrf;rsm;/ t}uHay;csurf sm;/ tqdðk ycsuf
rsm; ponfwdkŒjzpfonf? xdkt&mrsm;onf wnfqJEdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;uJhodkŒ
EdkifiHtm;vHk;udk vdkufem&rnf[laom oufa&mufr_r±dSao;aomfvnf; EdkifiH
wumOya'rsm; aemufxyfay:ayguv f m&mwGif xdt k csurf sm;udk rlvyxrtqifh
uyif xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;avh±adS oma=umifh ‚if;tcsurf sm;onfvnf; ta&;ygonf
udk awGŒ&onf? xdt k oGio f ;kH rsKd ;wdŒk rSwqifh Edik if w
H um Oya'rsm; ay:aygujf rpfzsm;
cHvm=ujcif;jzpfonf? xdkodkŒay:aygufvmaom EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;onf EdkifiH
20
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
wumu xdu k ¾ESiyhf wfoufI xdOk ya'rsm; vdt
k yfa=umif; 0dik ;f 0ef;oabmwlI
om ay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHtrsm;pku vufcHoabmwlnDr_r±SdbJ
xdkEdkifiHwumOya'rsm; ay:ayguftouf0if vmvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?
vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aomOya' (Humanitarian Law)
ppfyOGJ ya' (Laws of War) [kvnf; ac:a0:avh±adS om vlom;csi;f pmem

axmufxm;aomOya'onf vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;aom &nf±, G cf sujf zifh
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ. qdk;usdK;oufa&mufr_udk uefŒowfEdkif&ef pmcsKyfpmwrf;
jzifhjzpfap/ av;pm;vdkufem&ef wm0ef±Sdaom "avhxHk;pHjzifhjzpfap wnf±Sdvsuf
±Sdonf? xdkOya'onf vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtwGif; tE W&m,fusa&mufEdkifol/
ulnDr_rsm;vdktyfolrsm;udk umuG,fay;&eftwGuf &nf±G,fay:aygufvmcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? [mcfhòrdŒoabmwlpmcsKyf (Conventions of the Hauge)/ 1949 ckESpf
*seD AD moabmwlpmcsKyf (Geneva Convention –1949)/ 1977 aemufqufwGJ pmcsKyf
ESpfck (two additional protocols – 1977) wdkŒESifh EkdifiHwumcHk±Hk;rsm;. qHk;jzwf
csufrsm;tygt0if tjcm;EdkifiHwumxHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;onf Tvlom;csif;
pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya'rsm;. tajccHrsm;yifjzpfonf?
trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya'rsm;
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; ppfom;rsm;u vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufjcif;ESifh

tjcm;olrsm;u trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm; usL;
vGeaf p&ef tpd;k &wm0ef±o
dS rl sm;u odov
d suEf iS hf tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyjcif;rsm;udk
vGefcJhaom &mpkuxnf;uyif vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya'rsm;wGif
wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;onf? xdkŒtjyif xdkOya'rsm;xJwGif vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;
twGif; t&yfom;trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;t=um; cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_r±SdbJ
wef;wltcGifhta&;ay;&efudkvnf; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;onf? vufeufudkif
yÉdyuQrsm;twGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; wef;wltcGifhta&;&±Sdatmif vkyfaqmif
ay;&rnfhtjyif t=urf;zufcH&r_udk ydkrdkóuHawGŒ&ifqdkifEdkif&onfh trsdK;orD;rsm;
21
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
twGuf umuG,fr_rsm; txl;vkyfaqmifay;&rnf[kvnf; xdkOya'rsm;wGif
qdkxm;onf? omreft&yfom;rsm;tay: umuG,fr_rsm;tjyif ppfyJG.raumif;r_
qd;k usKd ;rsm;udk ydrk ckd pH m;&Edik rf nf/h tE &W m,fyrkd u kd sa&mufEikd rf nfh trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;
ydrk u
kd n
l aD pmifah ±Smufr_ vdt k yfonf[q k v kd jkd cif;jzpfonf? *seD AD moabmwlpmcsKyf.
tyd'k f (2&) wGif “trsKd ;orD;rsm;. *k%o f u d mQ udk xdcu kd f epfemapaomwdu k cf u
kd rf _
(txl;ojzifh t"rRusijhf cif;/ t"rRjynfw h efqmtjzpf apcdik ;f jcif;ESihf tjcm;ravsmf
uefonfhxdcdkufapr_rsm;) tm;txl;umuG,fay;&ef” azmfjyxm;onf?
Edik if w
H um vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQr[kwaf om jynfwiG ;f ppfrsm;twGi;f wGif
vnf; trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; txl;umuG,fr_ðy&ef *sDeDAmoabmwlpmcsKyf aemuf
qufwJGpmcsKyf 2 . tydk'f 4 (2) (e) wGif “trsdK;orD;rsm;. *k%foduQmudk
xdcdkufepfemapaom wdkufcdkufr_ (txl;ojzifh t"rRusifhjcif;/ t"rRjynfhwefqm
tjzpf apcd k i f ; jcif ; ES i f h tjcm;ravsmf u ef o nf h xd c d k u f a pr_ r sm;) tm; txl ;
umuG,fay;&rnf” [k qdkxm;onf?
*sDeDAmpmcsKyfESifh aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfrsm;onf ‚if;udkvufrSwfrxdk;xm;aom EdkifiHrsm;

tay: tóuH;0ifEdkifygovm;?
vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya'tawmfrsm;rsm;udk oabmwl

vufrSwfa&;xdk;onfjzpfap/ rxdk;onfjzpfap xdkOya'rsm;udk EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh
av;pm;vdkufem&ef wm0ef±Sdonf? *sDeDAmpmcsKyfESifh aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfrsm;udk
EdkifiHtm;vHk;eD;yg;u vufrSwfxdk;xm;onfhtwGuf xdkpmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk
av;pm;vdkufem&efwm0ef±Sd+yD;jzpfonf? xdkr#ru *sDeDAmpmcsKyfyg oabmxm;
rsm;udk EdkifiHuvufrSwfxdk;onfjzpfap/ rxdk;onfjzpfap av;pm;vdkufem&ef
vdktyfonf[laom t,ltqudk axmufcHolrsm; ,aeŒtcg ydkrdkrsm;jym;vm
ae+yDjzpfonf? xdkŒtjyif xdktcsufrsm;udk vufeufudkif yÉdyuQwGif yg0ifaom
tzJGŒtpnf;rsm;tm;vHk; vdkufem&ef/ EdkifiHwum ppfyJGrsm;wGifomru jynfwGif;
vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;wGifyg vdkufem&efvdkonf[k EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfr_
w&m;±Hk;u zGifhqdkxm;onf?
22
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
hf a&;Oya' (International Human Rights Laws)
tjynfjynfqidk &f mvlŒtcGit
tjynfjynfqidk &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;Oya'rsm;xJwiG f vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQ

rsm;twGi;f ±Sd trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; umuG,af y;r_EiS hf oufqikd af om tcsut f vuf
rsm;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (Universal Declara-
tion of Human Rights)/ Edi k if o
H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf
(International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights- ICCPR)/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;
enf;rsdK;pHkjzifhcJGjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk; yaysmufa&;oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women)/ ES d y f p uf
!‡if;yrf;r_ESihftjcm; &ufpuf=urf;óuwfaom tðytrlrsm;/ vlom;rqefaomESifh
tqift h wef;edru hf sapaom tðytrlrsm;qefŒusiaf &;pmcsKyf (Convention against
Torture, and Other cruel, inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) wdŒk wGif
awGŒjrifEdkifonf? xdkEdkifiHwumOya'rsm;xJwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;
zufr_tm; vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtcsdeftwGif;omru tjcm;+idrf;csrf;aom tcsdef
twGif;wGifyg wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;onf? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtwGif;±Sd trsdK;orD;
rsm;tm; vd i f y d k i f ; qd k i f & m t=urf ; zuf j cif ; onf txuf a zmf j yygEd k i f i H w um
vlŒtcGifhta&; Oya'rsm;xJwGif umuG,fapmifha±Smufxm;aom trsdK;orD;
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk t}uD;tus,f csdK;azmufjcif; ajrmufonf?
23
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tcef; (4)
hf a&;apmif=h uyfjcif; (Human Rights Monitoring)
vlŒtcGit
vlŒtcGifhta&;apmifh-uyfjcif; qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;?
vlŒtcGit hf a&; apmif=h uyfjcif;qdo k nfrmS vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf tajccH vGwf

vyfciG rhf sm;udk tpd;k &rsm;u rnfr#umuG,af eonf? rnfr#w;kd wufatmif vkyaf e
onfukd t+rJrjywfavhvmapmif=h uyfaejcif;jzpfonf? Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u oabm
wlvufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom vlŒtcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyf tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk xdkEdkifiHtpdk;&taejzifh trSefwu,fvdkufemaqmif±Gufjcif; ±Sdr±Sd od±Sd&ef
twGuf vlŒtcGit hf a&; apmif=h uyfro _ nf r±Srd jzpfvt kd yfonf? odŒk rSom vlŒtcGihf
ta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;. &nf±, G cf surf sm;udk tpd;k &wGif wm0ef±o dS nft
h wdik ;f
jynfh0atmifxrf;aqmifr_±Sdr±Sd od±SdEdkifayrnf?
vlŒtcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;ESifh vlŒtcGifhta&;pHcsdefpHElef;rsm;udk rnfuJhodkŒ

taumiftxnfazmf aqmif±Gufaea=umif;od±Sd&ef vdktyfonfhowif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; pHkprf;pkaqmif;jcif; (Investigation and Documentation) onf vlŒ
tcGifhta&; apmifh=uyfjcif;vkyfief;pOf. yxrtpvkyfief;pOfjzpfonf? vlŒtcGifh
ta&; apmifh=uyfr_onf vlŒtcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;xJwGif yg0ifaom pHcsdefpH!$ef;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajcðy&efvdktyfovdk vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk
tcsdefudkuf/ wdwdusus&±SdEdkif&eftwGuf owif;tcsuf tvufrsm; ±SmazG
pkaqmif;jcif;udkvnf; aqmif±Guf&efvdktyfonf? xdkowif;pkaqmif;jcif;pepfudk
vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrt
_ rsKd ;tpm;rsm;tvdu
k f oD;oefŒa±G;cs,v f yk af qmifygu
ydrk t
kd oH;k 0ifonf/ vufawGŒusonfukd avhvmawGŒ±S&d onf? xdŒk aemuf xdo k ;D oefŒ
a±G;cs,fxm;aom tcsufrsm;onf trSefwu,fcsdK;azmufcHae&onf/ EdkifiH
tpdk;&u xdktcsufrsm;udk trSefwu,fcsdK;azmufaeonfudk xifxif±Sm;±Sm;
oufaojyEdkifrnfhtjzpftysufrsm;/ tajctaersm;udk tao;pdwfqef;ppf&ef
(Analysis) vdktyfonf? rdrda±G;cs,fxm;aom vlŒtcGifhta&;tcsufrsm;udk EdkifiH
24
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tpdk;&u rnfuJhodkŒ&nf±G,fcsufjzifh vkyfaqmifaeonfhtcsufrsm;/ rnfodkŒ
aqmif±uG af eonfrsm;udk azmfjyEdik rf nfah wGŒ±Scd surf sm;/ vlŒtcGit
hf a&; csKd ;azmufr_
tcsufrsm;onf wckESifhwck rnfodkŒqufpyfae=uonfqdkaom tcsufrsm;
qef;ppfazmfxkwfjyoEdkifygu ydkrdktusdK;±Sdrnfjzpfonf?
xdo dk Œdk qef;ppfcsurf sm; ðyvkyEf ikd rf nfqykd gu xdv

k Œl tcGit
rsm;udk ukpm;Edkifatmif rnfodkŒv_HŒaqmfr_rsm; vkyfaqmifoifhonf/ rnfonfh
ulnDvkyfaqmifr_rsm; ðyvkyfoifhonfqdkonfh tcsufrsm; (Planning) vufawGŒ
ususay:xGufvmayvdrfhrnf? vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcH&olrsm;udk csufjcif;
ta&;,laqmif±Gufr_rsm; (Intervention) rnfodkŒvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfvJ/ odkŒr[kwf
tvm;wltjzpftysufrsm; aemufxyfray:aygufEdkifatmif rnfuJhodkŒwm;qD;
umuG,v f ŒH_ aqmfrnfvJ (Advocacy) qdo k nft
h csurf sm;udk qef;ppfawGŒ±Scd surf sm;
tay:rlwnfI a±G;cs,f&efvdktyfonf?
vlŒtcGifhta&;apmifh=uyfjcif;vkyfief;pOf (Human Rights Monitoring Process)
pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;
Investigation
tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;/ oHk;oyfjcif;/ tpD&ifcHjcif;

Documentation, analysis and reporting
tpDtpOfcsrSwjfcif;
Planning
vH_Œaqmfjcif; =um;0ifaqmif±Gufjcif;
Advocacy Interventnion
owif;ay;jcif;/ w&m;a&;ESihf umuG,fwm;qD;jcif;

ynmay;jcif; EdkifiHa&;vkyfaqmifr_rsm; vkyif ef;rsm;
vlxktoGifv_yf±Sm;r_rsm; ta&;ay:ulnrD r_ sm;
25
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tcef; (5)
pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif; (Investigation)
pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;qdkwmbmvJ/
pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;qdo
k nfrmS vlŒtcGit
hf a&; csKd ;azmufc&H onf[k pGypf x
GJ m;
aom tjzpftysuw f cktm; trSew f u,fvŒl tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufygonf[k cdik cf ikd f
rmrm ajymqdkEdkif&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;/ oufaocH
taxmuftxm;rsm; pkaqmif;±SmazGjcif;jzpfonf? pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;. t"dut
ajccHtcsufrSm vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufcH&aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
±SmazGpHkprf;azmfxkwfjcif;yifjzpfonf? owdðy&eftcsufrSm owif;oufoufudk
wifjy,Hkjzifh toHk;usvdrfhr[kwfyg? xdkowif;tcsuftvufudk toHk;ðy+yD; xdk
tjzpftysuf trSefwu,fjzpfyGm;cJha=umif; tjcm;olrsm;u,Hk=unfvmatmif
vkyfaqmifEdkifrSom toHk;0ifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xdkŒtwGufa=umifh rdrd±SmazGpHkprf;
azmfxkwfxm;aom owif;onf tao;pdwf us&efvdkovdk wdusr_±Sd&efvnf;
txl;ta&;}uD;onf?
rdrdtaejzifh xdktjzpfonf vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_jzpfa=umif; cdkifcdkif

vHkvHkajymqdkjyoEdkif&eftwGuf rnfonfhtcsuftvuf/ taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
t"duxm;/ rarhravsmh±SmazGpHkprf;&rnfudk ±Sif;±Sif;vif;vif;od±Sd&rnf? odkŒrSom
xdktcsufrsm;udk rnfodkŒ&atmif±SmazG&rnfudk óudwifjyifqifEdkifrnf?
bma-umifh vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr+rsm;udk pHkprf;pkaqmif;&efvdktyfovJ?
yxrOD;qHk;&nf±G,fcsufrSm vlŒtcGifhta&;rsm;udk vltrsm;od±Sdap&ef

twG u f azmf x k w f w if j y&ef j zpf o nf ? trsd K ;orD ; rsm;tay: vl Œ tcG i f h t a&;
csdK;azmufr_tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm vlrodolrodjzpfwwfonf? vpfvsL±_r_cH&wwf
onf? xdo k Œkd csKd ;azmufc&H r_rsm;azmfxw
k wf ifjyjcif;jzifh “'Dvt
kd jzpftysuaf wG r±Syd g
26
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
bl;/ 'DtjzpfawG[m vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;r[kwb
f ;l ” [k ,lqxm;onfh
t,ltqrSm;rsm;udk acszsufajymif;vJypfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? xdkodkŒ vkyfaqmifjcif;
tm;jzifh xdtk jzpfrsm;udw k m;qD;umuG,o h nf [laomtodrsm; vlxt
f ifo k =um;
wd;k yGm;vmEdik o
f vdk Edik if aH &;ESihf Oya'a&;&mt& ulnaD qmif±u G o
f ifo
h nf[al om
v_HŒaqmfr_rsm; tm;aumif;vmapEdkifonf?
xdkŒtjyif csdK;azmufolrsm;/ csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;&ef ysuf

uGufr_onf tpdk;&rsm;. wm0efysufuGufr_jzpfonf[laom tjrifrsm; vlxk
t=um;wd;k yGm;vmapEdik &f efjzpfonf? xdv k Œl tcGit
hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk rSww
f rf;
wifjcif;tm;jzifh trsKd ;orD;tcGithf a&;rsm;udu k muG,af y;&ef wm0ef±adS om tpd;k &
rsm; vlŒtcGifhta&;Xmersm;tay: tzufzufu zdtm;ydkrdkay;apEdkifonf? csdK;
azmufolrsm;tay: csdK;azmufr_rsm; &yfwhHoGm;atmif/ avsmhenf;oGm;atmif
zdtm;ay;Edkifonf?
xdrk #ruao;bJ csKd ;azmufc&H oltwGuf vdt k yfaom ulnrD r_ sm;/ ukpm;r_
rsm; jzpfay:vmatmiftwGuv f nf; &nf±, G vf yk af qmifEikd o
f nf? xdo
k Œkd csKd ;azmufr_
rsm;udk pHkprf;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzifh xdktjzpftysufrsm;udk [efŒwm;&eftwGuf
vdtk yfaom ukpm;aqmif±u G rf r_ sm; vdt
k yfaea=umif; oufaojy&ma&mufonf?
oufqikd &f mtpd;k &taejzihf vdt k yfaom w&m;a&;ESihf tjcm;aom ulnv D yk af qmif
r_rsm; vkyaf qmif&ef wm0ef±o dS nf[al om t,ltqjzpfay:apvmEdik af tmifvnf;
&nf±G,fvkyfaqmifEdkifonf? wduscdkifrmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pHkprf;
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzifh csdK;azmufcH&oltwGuf vdktyfaom ta&;,l ukpm;r_rsm;
tjyif tpkd;&zufu wkefŒjyefaqmif±Gufr_rsm; wdk;wufay:ayguf vmapEdkifonf?
aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh xda&mufaom v_HŒaqmfr_AsL[mrsm; csrSwf

Edik &f efjzpfonf? pHpk rf;ppfaq;aom tcsut f vufrsm; cdik rf mwdusavav v_ŒH aqmf
r_rsm; tm;aumif;avavjzpfonf? v_HŒaqmfr_rsm;aqmif±GufoltzdkŒ csdK;azmufcH
onfh tcsurf sm;udk wdw f ud susox
d m;avav rnfonft h csuu f kd udik I
f v_ŒH aqmf
&rnfudk oabmaygufavavjzpfonf? xdkŒtwGufa=umifh wduscdkifvHkaom
27
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
owif;tcsut f vufrsm; yhyH ;kd ay;jcif;jzifh aumif;rGeaf omAsL[mrsm; csrw

S v
f map
Edkifayvdrfhrnf?
tcsuftvufpHkprf;ppfaq;r+udk b,fvdkjyifqifrvJ?
tcsuftvufpHkprf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf tqifhqifhjyifqif&efvdktyfonf?
tu,fI rdrdpHkprf;ppfaq;rnfh vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_owif;onf rdrdteD;
tem;wGifjzpfyGm;onfqdkygu rdrdtaejzifh tvG,fwul csufcsif;oGm;a&muf
pHkprf;Edkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; oGm;vm&efrvG,fulaom &yfa0;ae&m odkŒr[kwf
tE W & m,f ± S d a omae&mrsd K ;wG i f j zpf a eygu óud w if j yif q if r _ u d k rjzpf r aevk y f
aqmif&rnf? xdkowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfodkŒatmifjrifpGm&±Sdatmif
vkyfedkifrnfudk óudwifjyifqifxm;rSomjzpfEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
yxrOD;qHk;jyifqif&efrSm pHkprf;ppfaq;&onfh &nf±G,fcsufudk csrSwfjcif;

jzpfonf? xdkŒaemuf pHkprf;ppfaq;r_udk rnfonfhyHkpHenf;vrf;rsdK;jzifh pHkprf;rnfudk
qH;k jzwf&onf? xdak emufwiG rf S trSew f u,fppkH rf;ppfaq;&mwGif vdt k yfrnfh t&m
rsm;udk jyifqif&rnfjzpfonf? xdkodkŒjyifqifr_r±Sdygu vdktyfaom owif;tcsuf
rsm;udk aumif;rGepf mG &±SEd ikd rf nfr[kwyf g? jyifqifrr_ sm;udak tmufygtwdik ;f wqif+h yD;
wqifh ðyvkyfEdkifonf?
(1) pH k p rf ; ppf a q;&onf h & nf ± G , f c suf u d k csrS w f j cif ; /
pHkprf;ppfaq;&onfh &nf±G,fcsufudk csrSwfjcif;qdkonfrSm rnfonfh

&nf±G,fcsufjzifh pHkprf;&jcif;jzpfonfudk aocsmpGm owfrSwfod±Sdem;vnfxm;jcif;
jzpfonf? bmtwGufa=umifh pHkprf;ppfaq;&onf/ b,fta=umif;t&m tcsuf
rsm;udk rvGwfwrf;pHkprf;&rnf/ rnfonfhatmifjrifr_&±Sdatmif vkyfaqmif&rnf/
pHpk rf;ppfaq;r_t+yD; rnfonfh v_ŒH aqmfr_ (odŒk r[kw)f ta&;,l aqmif±u
G rf r_ sKd ;udk
vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfqdkaom tcsufrsm;udkyg óudwifpOf;pm; jyifqifxm;oifhonf?
28
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
odkŒrSom pHkprf;ppfaq;onfhtcgwGif xdktcsufrsm; atmifjrifatmif aqmif±Guf

Edik &f eftwGuf vdtk yfaom tcsut f vufrsm;&±Sad tmif vkyaf qmif Edik af yvdrrhf nf?
atmuf y gvk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k wqif h c sif ; vk y f u d k i f r nf q d k y gu aumif ; rG e f a om
jyifqifr_jzpfEdkifayrnf?
• jzpfyGm;aomtr_udk ±Sif;vif;atmif avhvmyg?
jzpfyGm;aomtr_ta=umif;udk ±Sif;vif;atmif avhvmpHkprf;jcif;jzifh

rnfo h nft
h cGithf a&;rsm; csKd ;azmufc&H a=umif;udk odomvmayvdrrhf nf? tu,fI
rnfonfhtcGifhta&;udkrS csdK;azmufjcif;r±Sdv#if tcsdefukefcHI pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef
vdrk nfr[kwaf y? xdo k Œkd ±Si;f ±Si;f vif;vif;odomap&eftwGuf vdt k yfaom tcsuf
rsm;jzpfaom jzpfysufyHk/ csdK;azmufcH&ol/ csdK;azmufonf[k pGyfpJGcH&ol/ yg0if
ywfoufolrsm;/ csdK;azmufcH&aom ta=umif;t&m/ owif;ay;Edkifavmuf+yD;
awGŒqHkar;jref;Edkifavmufaom rsufjrifoufaorsm;/ tjcm;owif;&if;jrpfrsm;
ponfwŒkd udk pHpk rf;azmfxw k &f rnf? b,fou l b,foŒl udk b,fae&m b,ftcsed f
wH;k u bma=umifh b,fvrkd sKd ;vkycf w hJ ,fqakd om pHpk rf;ar;jref;&mwGif tajccHtus
qHk;jzpfaom (b) ajcmufvHk;tcsufrsm;udk pHkprf;&rnf?
xd k o wif ; tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k pH k p rf ; Ed k i f & ef t wG u f xd k o wif ; rsm;

&±SdEdkifrnfh owif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk ±SmazG&rnf? owif;&if;jrpftrsdK;rsdK; ±SdEdkifrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; trsm;qHk;&Edkifonfhowif;&if;jrpfrsm;rSm-rdrdtm; xdkowif;ay;
aomol r sm;/ a'ocH t quf t oG , f r sm;/ owif ; pmrsm;/ a&'D , d k o wif ; rsm;/
tjcm;tzJGŒrsm;rSowif;rsm;/ rdrdESifhqufoG,fr_aumif;rGefaom tm%mydkifrsm;
jzpf=uonf? rdrt d m; xdok wif;ay;olrsm;rSm xdt k jzpftysut f a=umif; =um;odo/l
jrifawGŒol/ aqGrsdK;todrdwfaqGrsm; jzpfwwf=uonf? xdkolrsm;xHrS jzpfEdkifor#
owif;rsm;udk&,lI ±Sif;vif;atmifavhvmEdkifonf? xdkr#ru tcif;jzpfyGm;&m
ae&mwGif aexdkifol/ v_yf±Sm;aqmif±Gufaeolrsm;jzpfonfh rdrd. tjcm;tquf
toG,frsm;xHrSvnf; xdkowif;ta=umif;udk xyfrH&±SdEdkifonf? wcgwavwGif
29
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
xdkolrsm;xHrS csJŒum;aom/ r[kwfrrSefaom owif;rsm;vnf; &±Sdwwfonfh

twGuf xdkowif;rsm;rSefuefr_±Sdr±Sd aocsmpGmppfaq;&efta&;}uD;vSonf?
taumif;qHk;rSm xdktcif;jzpfyGm;&mae&modkŒ udk,fwdkifudk,fus oGm;a&mufpHkprf;
jcif;yifjzpfonf? wcgw&HwiG f xdak 'owGi±f adS om tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzJŒG tpnf;
rsm;wGifvnf; xdkowif;tcsuftvufrsm;±Sdaewwfonf? xdktzJGŒrsm;taejzifh
xdktjzpftysufESifhywfoufI vdktyfaom ta&;,laqmif±Gufr_rsm;udk udk,fwdkif
udk,fus vkyfaqmifEdkifr_±SdcsifrS±Sdrnf? odkŒaomf xdktzJGŒrsm;xHrS owif;rsm;udk
rdrd&,lI vdktyfaomaqmif±Gufr_rsm; vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf? rsm;aomtm;
jzifh tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;onf vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk zkH;uG,f&ef
óud;pm;wwf=uaomfvnf; wcgw&HwiG f rdrv d yk if ef;udk tm;ay;pmemaom tpd;k &
tm%mydkifrsm;u rdrdtm; cdkifvHkaomowif;rsm; ay;wwf=uavh±Sdonf? xdk
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;ðy&mwGif rdrd tm; ulnDowif;ay;olrsm;
rdrda=umifh tE W&m,frjzpfap&ef txl;owdðy&rnf?
• yg0ifaeaom csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfyg?
txufygowif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;

&±S+d yD;ygu xdt k csurf sm;tay: tajccHI rnfonfv h Œl tcGithf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;
yg0ifywfoufaeonfudk avhvmazmfxkwf&efvdktyfonf? xdkrSwqifh csdK;azmuf
aom tcsufrsm;onf rnfonfhEdkifiHawmfOya'ESifh EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;udk csdK;
azmufusL;vGeaf ea=umif; qef;ppf&rnf? vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufr_ udpt P awmf
rsm;rsm;onf vl w OD ; wa,muf c sif ; uusL;vG e f a om csd K ;azmuf r _ r [k w f b J
oufqdkif&mtpdk;&. yg0ifywfoufaeonfh tcsufudkazmfxkwfjyoEdkifrS EdkifiH
wum Oya'rsm;t& ta&;,laqmif±GufEdkifonfqdkaom tcsufudk t+rJwap
owdcsyo f ifo
h nf? vlwOD;wa,mufu usL;vGeaf om vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufr_
jzpfapumrl xdu k sL;vGerf w
_ iG f oufqikd &f mEdik if aH wmftpd;k &. wm0efruif;a=umif;
oufao/ ta=umif;t&m cdkifvHkpGm±SmazGwifjyEdkif&rnfudk owif;,lolrsm;
owdðy&ayrnf? Oyrm - tdrw f iG ;f t=urf;zufrw _ ckwiG f usL;vGeo f o
l nf omref
30
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
jynfolwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; xdkodkŒusL;vGefr_rsm;udk [efŒwm;umuG,f&ef

EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ysufuGufaea=umif;/ xdktr_rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfu ta&;,l
aqmif±Gufjcif;r±Sda=umif; azmfxkwfjyoEdkif&ef txl;vdktyfvSonf? odkŒrSom
xdktdrfwGif; t=urf;zufr_onf omreftdrfwGif;udpPwckr[kwfombJ EdkifiHawmf
tpd k ; &u umuG , f r _ a y;&ef y suf u G u f r _ / tjypf a y;aqmif ± G u f & ef y suf u G u f r _ /
Oya'a=umif;t& trsdK;orD;rsm;udk wef;wlumuG,fr_ay;&ef ysufuGufr_wdkŒudk
ay:vGifvmvdrfhrnf? xdkrSwqifh EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;t& oufqdkif&mtpdk;&udk
xdt k csuwf Œkd udk vkyaf qmif&ef zdtm;ay;Edik rf nfjzpf+yD; aemufxyf tdrw f iG ;f t=urf;
zufrr_ sm; ray:ayguv f ma&;twGuf umuG,[ f efŒwm;Edik af yvdrrhf nf? xdo k Œkd yg0if
ywfoufaeaom vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh awG;q
xm;Edkifygu rdrdpHkprf;ppfaq;&jcif;. t"dutcsufrsm; vGwfoGm; Edkifrnfr[kwf
awmhay? xkdr#ru rdrdodvdkonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;&±Sdatmif rnfonfhar;cGef;
rsm; ar;&rnfudkvnf; óudwifjyifqifEdkifayvdrfhrnf?
• rdrdpHkprf;ppfaq;&jcif;. t"dutcsufrsm;udk owfrSwfyg?
pHpk rf;ppfaq;&jcif;.&nf±, G cf su/f t"dutcsuw f Œkd rSm trsKd ;rsKd ;±SEd ikd o
f nf?
csKd ;azmufc&H ol trsKd ;orD;twGuf epfemcsurf sm;twGuf avsmaf =u;rsm; &atmif
vkyfaqmifaom &nf±G,fcsufrSpI EdkifiHtwGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;vHk; &ifqdkif
cHpm;ae&aom trsdK;orD; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfxkwfrSwfwrf;wif&ef ponf
txd trsd K ;rsd K ;uJ G j ym;wwf o nf ? ao;i,f a om&nf ± G , f c suf r S o nf }uD ; rm;
us,jf yefŒaom &nf±, G cf surf sm;txd us,jf yefŒvmwwfonfvnf; ±Sw d wfonf?
Oyrm - trdsK;orD;wOD;udk tusO;f axmiftwGi;f vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m apmfum;r_wckukd
azmfxkwfwifjy&if; vltrsm;pdwf0ifpm;vmum tusOf;axmiftwGif; jzpfyGm;
aeaom tjcm;tjzpftysurf sm;udyk g pHpk rf;azmfxw k vf mwwfonf? rnfoŒkd jzpfjzpf
rdrpd pkH rf;ppfaq;r_. &nf±, G cf suuf kd rsuaf jcrysurf o
S m rdrv
d v kd m;aom v_ŒH aqmfr_
ESifh ta&;,laqmif±Gufr_rsm; &±SdEdkifrnf?
31
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
(2) pH k p rf ; ppf a q;rnf h e nf ; vrf ; rsm;ud k owf r S w f j cif ; /
pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyfrnfholonf rdrdpHkprf;r_ ðyvkyfrnfhtajctae/

taetxm;ESifh udkufnDrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;ðy&efvdktyfonf? rdrdpHkprf;r_
ðyvkyfrnfhae&monf ppfyJGjzpfyGm;aeaomae&mvm;/ 'kuQonfpcef;xJwGif vm;/
rdrdtwGuf tE W&m,f±SdEdkifaomae&mvm;/ pdwfcsvHkòcHEdkifaomae&mvm;/ rdrdESifh
bmompum;wlovm;/ uJGjym;ovm;[laom tajctaetrsdK;rsdK;udk óudwif
pOf;pm;I taumif;qH;k tqifajyEdik rf nfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk a±G;cs,&f ayrnf? xdo
k Œkd
rwluJGjym;onfhtajctae trsdK;rsdK;ESihf udkufnDonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk a±G;cs,frS
om rdrdvdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &±SdEdkifrnfhtjyif rdrd. pHkprf;
ppfaq;r_rsm; atmifjrifrnfjzpfonf?
pHpk rf;ppfaq;&rnfh taetxm;/ tajctaeudk rlwnfI vkyaf qmif&rnfh

enf;vrf;rsm; trsKd ;rsKd ;taxGaxG±EdS ikd af omfvnf; rjzpfraevdu
k ef m&onfh tajccH
tcsuf oHk;csuf±Sdonf? ‚if;wdkŒrSm - (1) bufvdkufr_r±Sdjcif; (2) cdkifvHkr_±Sdjcif;
(3) tao;pdwfusjcif; ponfwdkŒjzpfonf?
bufvdkufr_r±Sdjcif; - pHkprf;ppfaq;ol. yk*~dKvfpJGtjrifrsm;/ bufvdkufr_rsm;

ryg0ifaom pHkprf;ppfaq;r_omv#if aumif;rGefaom pHkprf;
ppfaq;r_[k ac:qdEk ikd af yrnf? owif;ay;ol/ rsujf rif ouf
ao/ awGŒqHkajymqdkolrsm;. xGufqdkcsuf oufoufom
jzpfatmif twwfEikd q f ;kH aocsmpGmvkyaf qmif pHpk rf;&rnf?
tu,fI xdpk pkH rf;ppfaq;r_onf rsuEf mS vdu k af om/ wzuf
oyfqefaom pHpk rf;ppfaq;r_ jzpfaernfqykd gu rcdik v f akH om
aumufcsucf srr_ sm; ay:ayguv f mapEdik rf nf jzpf+yD; pGypf cGJ o
H l
zufuvnf; axmufjya0zefrr_ sm;/ csuu f svufuswek Œf jyef
ajymqdkr_rsm;udk óuHawGŒ&zG,f±Sdonf?
cdkifvHkr_±Sdjcif; - vlŒtcGifhta&; óud;yrf;aqmif±Gufr_tm;vHk;. tcsuf
tcsmaoG;a=umrSm toHk;ðyaomowif;tcsuftvuf/
32
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tjzpftysufwdkŒ. wduscdkifvHkr_jzpfonf? rdrdtoHk;ðyaom
enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK; ±Sdaumif;±SdEdkifaomfvnf; xdkenf;vrf;
wdkif;onf owif;tcsuftvuf wdusr_&±SdapEdkifaom
enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfatmif óud;yrf;&rnf? rdrdtoHk;ðyaom
tcsuftvufwckck wduscdkifvHkr_r±Sdv#if rdrdvkyfaqmif
aeaom vk y f i ef ; ud k xd c d k u f a p,H k r S r ubJ rd r d u l n D & ef
&nf±G,fvkyfaqmifaeaom vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcHol
rsm;udkyg xdcdkufepfem aprnfudk tpOfowdðy&rnf?
tao;pdwfusjcif; - tao;pd w f u saom tcsuf t vuf r sm;uvnf ; rd r d
vkyfief;udk atmifjrifatmif pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifonf? rdrd.
awGŒ±Scd suo
f nf tao;pdwu f savav/ ydrk t kd oH;k usavav
jzpfa=umif; awGŒ±Sd&onf?
xdkazmfjyygtajccHtcsufoHk;csufpvHk;ESifh udkufnDaom pHkprf;ppfaq;r_

jzpfap&eftwGuf atmufygtcsufrsm;udk tpOfowdðy&ayrnf?
• ta&;}uD;onfh yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk wdwdususazmfxkwfowfrSwfjcif;/
pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;rðyrD pHpk rf;ppfaq;onfh &nf±, G cf suu

f kd csrwS pf Ofumv
rSmyif xdkvlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_tjzpftysufwGif rnfolrsm;u ta&;ygaom
tcef;u yg0ifa=umif;ukd wGufqcefŒrSef;Edkifonf? rdrdpHkprf;rnfh owif;tcsuf
tvufukd rnforl sm;u ay;Edik rf nf/ rnfoŒl xHr&S ±SEd ikd o f nfukd óudwifcefŒrSe;f jcif;
onf ta&;}uD;onfh yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk wdwdususazmfxkwfowfrSwfjcif;
tqifhyifjzpfonf? odkŒrSom vdktyfonfrsm;udk óudwifjyifqifEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
xdkolrsm;onf vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcH&oltrsdK;orD;rsm;/ olwdkŒ. aqGrsdK;
oli,fcsif;rsm;/ xdkupd Pudk vdkufvHaqmif±Gufaeonfh tjcm;v_yf±Sm;aqmif±Gufol
rsm;/ csKd ;azmufo[ l pk yG pf cGJ &H olrsm;/ xdt
k jzpftysuu f kd twdtuso±d o dS rl sm;/ cdik v
f kH
aom owif;rsm;ay;Edik o f rl sm; jzpfavh±o dS nf? rdrvd tkd yfaom owif;tcsurf sm;
ay;Edkifavmufolrsm;udk óudwifowfrSwfEdkifjcif;jzifh rnfhonfhbmompum;udk
33
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
toHk;ðy&rnf? bmomjyeftjzpfrnfolu taumif;qHk;ulnDay;Edkifrnf? vdktyf
onfh tjcm;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfolutwdusqHk; ay;EdkifrnfwdkŒudk
wGufqEdkifrnf?
csdK;azmufol[kcefŒrSef;&olrsm;udk óudwifazmfxkwfowfrSwfEdkifyguvnf;
rdrdtwGuftusdK;±SdEdkifonf? tu,fI trsdK;orD;wOD;udk &Jt&m±SdwOD;u rk'def;
usifhonfhtr_udk pHkprf;ppfaq;ygu EdkifiHtpdk;&. wm0ef±Sdr_udk azmfxkwfwifjy
Edik &f eftwGuf xdt k &m±S. d txuft&m±Su d kd awGŒqHak r;jref;Edik rf nf? odŒk aomf trsKd ;
orD;wOD;udk olr.tjcm;todwOD;u rk'def;usifhcJh+yD; &JwyfzJGŒu vHkavmufaom
umuG,faqmif±Gufr_rsm;/ ulnDaqmif±Gufr_rsm; rvkyfaqmifonfh udpPudk pHkprf;
ppfaq;rnfqdkygu a'ocH&JwyfzJGŒrS wm0ef±Sdolrsm;/ txuft&m±Sdrsm;tjyif
tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; ar;jref;pHkprf;&efvdktyfvm+yDjzpfonf? xdktr_udpPwGif
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wGif wm0ef±Sda=umif; xifxif±Sm;±Sm; jyoEdkif&eftwGuf xdkodkŒ
aom tr_rsdK;rSm wckwnf;/ wcgw&HrSomjzpfaom tr_rsdK;r[kwfbJ &JwyfzJGŒu
xd k o d k Œ wm0ef y suf u G u f r _ r sm;/ vpf [ if ; r_ r sm;/ ta&;r,l r _ r sm;ud k r=umc%
vkyaf qmifaea=umif; ay:vGiaf prnft h csuu f kd xifxif±mS ;±Sm; jyoEdik &f ef vdt
k yf
onf? xdkodkŒay:vGifEdkif&eftwGuf &JwyfzJGŒrS txufvl}uD; wOD;udkom awGŒqHk
ar;jref;jcif;r[kwfbJ xdktcsufudk cdkifrmaprnfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;Edkif
rnfh tjcm;vlaygi;f rsm;pGmudk pHpk rf;&rnfjzpfa=umif; em;vnfvmayrnf? xdo k rl sm;
udkvnf; óudwifazmfxkwfowfrSwfxm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?
• vdktyfaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk óudwifjyifa&;qJGxm;jcif;/
tajctaetawmf r sm;rsm;wG i f rnf o nf h o wif ; tcsuf t vuf r sm;

&±SdEdkifrnfudk óudwifwGufqEdkifrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; trSefwu,fvdktyfonfh
tcsufrsm; usef&pfjcif;r±Sdatmif jyifqif&rnf? xdktcsufrsm;xJwGif “b,fvdk
vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrj_ zpfovJ? xdck sKd ;azmufr[ _ m &Hzef&cH gjzpfjcif; (odŒk r[kw)f
pepfwus&nf±, G cf su±f ±dS jdS zifh csKd ;azmufaejcif;vm;/ csKd ;azmufoal wG[m rnfov l ?J
csd K ;azmuf r _ a =umif h rnf o l a wG x d c d k u f e pf e mqH k ; ±H _ ; oG m ;ovJ ? csd K ;azmuf r _
34
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
usL;vGefyHktqifhqifh±Sdygu b,fvdkcsdK;azmufcJhovJ? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u b,fvdk
wkeŒf jyefaqmif±uG af o;cJo h vJ” ponft h csurf sm; rarhravsmyh g0ifatmif t+rJpwd f
ESvHk;oGif;xm;&rnf? vdktyfaomtcsuftvufrsm; ar;jref;pOftwGif; rusefcJh
ap&eftwGuf vdt k yfonft h csut f vufrsm;/ ar;cGe;f rsm;udk óudwifpm&if; ðyvkyf
xm;oifo h nf? xdok Œkd ðyvkyx
f m;jcif;jzifh tcsutf vufrsm;rusecf , hJ rkH #ru tcsed f
ukefvnf; oufomaponf? vlŒtcGifhta&;owif;rsm; oGm;a&mufpHkprf;olrsm;
onf tcsdefumvwdkwdktwGif; vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm; jynfhpHkpGm&±Sd&ef
twGuf óud;yrf;&avh±SdonfhtwGuf tcsdefukeftusdK;r±Sdrjzpfap&ef ,ckuJhodkŒ
ar;cGef;rsm; óudwifjyifqifoifhonf?
• owif;tcsuftvuf&Edkifrnfh owif;&if;jrpfae&mrsm;udk azmfxkwf

owfrSwfjcif;/
rnfonfhowif;rsm;udk pHkprf;&rnfudkqHk;jzwfjcif;xuf xdkowif;rsm;udk

rnfolxHu&±SdEdkifrnf[laomtcsufudk ydkrdkcufcJwwfonf? txufwGifazmfjy
xm;aom trsdK;orD;wa,mufudk todrdwfaqGwOD;u rk'def;usifhonfh tjzpf
tysufudk &JwyfzJGŒuta&;,laqmif±Gufay;r_ r±Sdonfhta=umif;tm; pHkprf;
azmfxkwfrnfqdkygu pHkprf;ppfaq;olonf xdktcsufay:vGifaprnfh ta=umif;
t&mrsm;udk ±SmazGazmfxkwf&rnfjzpfa=umif; tvG,fwul od±Sdem;vnfaumif;
em;vnfayvdrrhf nf? odŒk aomf xdt k a=umif;t&mrsm;udk rnfoal wGu od±EdS ikd rf nf?
rnfolxHrS &±SdEdkifrnf/ rnfoluxkwfazmfajymqdkvdrfhrnf/ xdkolrsm;udkrnfuJhodkŒ
qufoG,far;jref;EdkifrnfqdkaomtcsufrSm trSefwu,f rvG,fulaom udpPyif
jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufrt _ rsm;pkrS
vlo±d iS =f um;r[kwb f J vlrodorl od wdrðf ryfaewwfonft h wGuf xdt k jzpftysuf
twGuf vdt k yfaomowif;rsm;udk rnfoal y;Edik rf vJ[k vdu k v f pH pkH rf;±SmazG&onfh
tvkyrf mS cufcw J wfonf? rnfoŒkd yifqakd p pHpk rf;ppfaq;r_wikd ;f twGuf owif;rsm;
&±SEd ikd af omae&m&if;jrpfrsm; ±Spd +rJjzpfonf? Ttjzpftysuw f iG f yg0ifEikd rf nfoh rl sm;/
vdktyfonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk óudóudwifwifjyifqifEdkifavav xdk
owif;rsm;udk ay;Edkifrnfholrsm;udk tcsdefwdkwdktwGif; ±SmazGEdkifavavjzpfonf?
35
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
xdkjzpftysufjzpfyGm;aomae&mrsm;/ owif;&Edkifaomae&mrsm;rS a'ocHrsm;ESifh
tquftoG,faumif;rGefaeygu xdkolrsm;u rdrdvdktyfaom owif;twGuf
ay;Edkifrnfholrsm;udk ulnD±SmazGpkaqmif;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf? rdrdESifh qufoG,fa&;
aumif;rGefaom/ rdrdvkyfief;udk em;vnfulnDaom a'ocHrsm;xH rdrdvma&muf
pHkprf;rnfhta=umif; óudwifowif;ay;ydkŒxm;ygu xdkoltquftoG,frsm;u
rdrdudkulnDEdkifayvdrfhrnf? xdkŒtwGufa=umifh tjcm;tzJGŒtpnf;rsm;/ a'ocHtzJGŒ
tpnf ; rsm;/ tquf t oG , f r sm;ES i f h t+rJ r jywf q uf o G , f a e&ef v d k t yf o vd k
aumif;rGefaom qufoG,fa&;±Sdxm;&efvnf; ta&;ygvSonf?
• trSefwu,fvdktyfrnfh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk óudwifjyifqifjcif;
owif;rsm;udk oGm;a&mufpHkprf;jcif;rðyrD xdkc&D;pOftwGufvdktyfrnfh

vltm;/ aiGtm;/ ±kyf0wWKypPnf;rsm; tm;vHk;udk óudwifwGufqjyifqifxm;&rnf?
xdkŒtjyif tjcm;jzpfEdkifrnhfvdktyfcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf; jyifqifxm;oifhonf?
oGm;a&mufpHkprf;rnfholonf vlŒtcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;/ okawoeESifh

ta&;tom;u|rf;usifr_ toifhtwihf±Sdxm;oifhonf? ta&;}uD;onfh t&nf
tcsif;rSm tjcm;olrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;ajyjypfr_yifjzpfonf? tajymtqdk ajyjypfr_
tjyif tjcm;olrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;pHrsm;tay: av;pm;wwfr_rSmvnf;
ta&;}uD;aom tcsuw f csujf zpfonf? txl;ojzifh pHpk rf;ppfaq;olEiS hf a&ajrtae
txm;rwlaom/ ,Ofaus;r_"avhx;kH pHujGJ ym;aom tajctaersKd ;wGif xd"k avhx;kH pH
rsm;udk rapmfum;rd&efvt kd yfvoS nf? tcsKd Œaom pHpk rf;ppfaq;r_rsKd ;wGif aq;ynm
±Sirf sm;ESihf tjcm;aomynm&yfqikd &f m u|r;f usio
f rl sm; ppfaq;&ef vdt k yfaumif;
vdktyfrnfjzpfojzifh xdkolrsm;vdkufygedkif&ef vG,frvG,fudk óudwifjyifqif&rnf?
txufygt&nftcsif;rsm;omru oGm;a&mufpHkprf;rnfholonf owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; pkaqmif;jcif; twwfynm/ ar;cGef;ar;jref;jcif; twwfynmrsm;
u|rf;usif&ef txl;ta&;}uD;vSonf? tu,fIu|rf;usifr_ r±Sdao;ygu roGm;
a&mufru D mvtwGi;f u|r;f usirf ±_ v
dS map&ef avhusirhf r_ sm;/ oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;
rsm; vkyfaqmif&rnf?
36
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
xd‹k jyif tjcm;ta&;}uD;aom t&mrsm;jzpfonhf aiGa=u;vHak vmuf&efEiS hf
±ky0f wWKypPn;f rsm;jzpfonfh toHzrf;puf/ uifr&mponfwŒkd udk óudwifjyifqif&efrmS
r±SdrjzpfvdktyfvSonf? pufypPnf;ud&d,mrsm; ,laqmifrnfqdkygu ‚if;ESifh
wygxnf;vdt k yfonfth jcm;ypPn;f rsm; (Oyrm- toHzrf;puf,al qmifrnfqykd gu
uuf q uf acG / "mwf c J ponf j zif h ) wd k Œ ud k rarh a vsmh & ef v d k o nf ? xk d r #ru
xdyk pPn;f rsm;udk toH;k ðywwf&ef avhusix hf m;oifo
h nf? roGm;a&mufrD prf;oyfI
toHk;ðyI&r& ppfaq;oifhonf?
owif;tcsuftvufpHkprf;ppfaq;oltm;a±G;cs,fjcif;
- tcsut f vufppkH rf;olonf Edik if aH &;tpJu G if;I rsuEf mS vduk rf r_ ±Sb

d J tjzpfreS f
udk yuwdtwdik ;f ±_jrifEikd af omoljzpfoifo h nf? tpJrG ±S&d [kqakd omfvnf; vlŒ
tcGifhta&;tpJGawmh±Sd&ayrnf?
- tcsuftvufpHkprf;olonf awGŒqHkar;jref;enf;/ owif;tcsuftvuf
pkaqmif;enf;rsm;udk wwfu|r;f xm;&rnft h jyif oGm;a&mufppkH rf;rnfh ae&m
a'o. yx0Dtaetxm;ESihf jzpfysuaf eaomvuf±t dS ajctaewdŒk udk &if;ES;D
u|rf;0ifatmif vkyfaqmifxm;oifhonf?
- tcsuftvufpHkprf;olrsm;udk a±G;cs,f&mwGif enf;AsL[mususa±G;cs,foifh
onf? vlord sm;xif±mS ;olrsm;yg0ifygu rdrpd pkH rf;ppfaq;aom tcsut f vuf
rsm;twGuf cdkifvHkr_±Sdonf[laom tcsufudk jzpfay:apaomfvnf; wjcm;
wzufwGif rvdkvm;tyfaom pdwf0ifpm;r_rsm;jzpfay:wwfonf? xdkŒa=umifh
rnfonfhtcsufudkOD;pm;ay;&rnfudk pOf;pm;&rnf?
- tu,f I vd i f y d k i f ; qd k i f & m apmf u m;cH & aom trsd K ;orD ; rsm;ta=umif ;
oGm;a&mufppkH rf;ygu pHpk rf;ar;jref;ola&m/ bmomjyefow l Œkd a&myg trsKd ;orD;
rsm;jzpfoifoh nf? xdŒk tjyif xdt k rsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; rnfoŒkd ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;&rnf/
rnfuJhodkqufqH&rnfwdkŒudk aumif;pGmem;vnfavhusifhxm;aomolrsm;
jzpfoifhonf?
- tkyfpkvdkuf pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzJGŒrsdK;zJGŒxm;ygu tvGeftrif;qdk;0g;aom
tðytrlrsKd ; usL;vGejf cif;rSvI GJ tzJŒG 0ifrsm;udk xkwyf ,fypfjcif;/ wm0efr&S yfpJ
37
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
ypfjcif;/ ajymif;vJcefŒxm;jcif;rðyoifhay?
- pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;u &±Sdxm;aomawGŒ±Sdcsufrsm;udk pHkprf;r_. &nf±G,fcsuf
twGuo f m toH;k ðy&rnfjzpf+yD; tjcm;ud,
k u
f sKd ;twGut
f oH;k ðyjcif;/ yk*Kd~ vfa&;
twGuf toHk;ðyjcif;r±Sdap&?
- pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm;wGifcHpm;&wwfonfh pdwfzdpD;r_rsm;/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
cHpm;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmygu oufqdkif&mtzJGŒtpnf;rsm;u xdkolrsm;twGuf
pdwfzdpD;r_yaysmufa&;twGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt}uHay;r_rsm;axmufyhHay;jcif;/
tem;ay;jcif;rsm;vkyfaqmifoifhonf?
bmomjyefola±G;cs,fjcif;
tajctaetawmfrsm;rsm;wGif bmomjyefolrsm; r±Sdrjzpfvdktyfwwf

onf? xdkŒtwGuf xdkolrsm;.tcef;u¾rSmvnf; ta&;ygvSonf? bmomjyef
rnfholonf vdktyfonfhbmompum;udk u|rf;usifpGmajymwwf,Hkr#rubJ tpJG
uif;r_/ wduscdkifvHkr_/ tao;pdwfusr_[laom pHkprf;ppfaq;r_. t"du*k%foduQm
rsm;udk rxdcdkufapaomolvJ jzpf&rnf?
awGŒqHkar;jref;ol.ajymqdkcsufrsm;udk rlvtwdkif;wduspGm waoGrwdrf;

bmomjyefEdkifoljzpf&efvdktyfonf? xdkŒjyif ar;cGef;rsm;udkbmomjyef&mwGif
wzufom;xdcdkuf/ cHpm;r_jzpfaprnfhpum;rsm;udk a±Smif=uOfoHk;wwfol jzpfoifh
onf? txl;ojzifh vdifydkif;qdkif&mapmfum;r_rsm ;ta=umif;pHkprf;&mwGif ar;jref;
aom ar;cGe;f rsm;twdik ;f wdu
k ±f u
kd 'f 'hJ ;kd bmomjyefjcif;r[kwb
f J wzufom; em;cH
omrnfh toHk;tEHl;rsm;udk ±SmazGoHk;wwfoljzpfonf?
xdkŒjyifbmomjyefolrsm;onf owif;ay;rnfholu vdkufvdkufavsm

avsm ajymqdv k o
kd nfo
h rl sm;jzpfoifo
h nf? tcsKd Œae&mrsm;wGif bmomjyefonfo
h l
onf vlŒtcGihfta&;csdK;azmufolrsm;ESifh qufpyfoljzpfaeygu owif;ay;olrsm;
taejzifh owif;ay;&efr0hrH &Jjzpfapwwfonf? xdŒk twGuaf =umifh bmomjyefrnfh
olrsm;. aemufa=umif;udkvJ avhvm&efvdktyfonf?
38
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
vHkòcHa&;udpPrsm; aqmif±Gufjcif;/
vHkòcHa&;[kqdkvdkufv#if rdrdtwGufomru rdrdtm;owif;ay;olrsm;ESifh

rdrdESifh yl;aygif;ulnDolrsm;twGuf vHkòchHa&;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ayrnf? pHkprf;
ppfaq;r_twGuf jyifqifonfhtcsdefuxnf;u ay:aygufvmEdkifaom tE W&m,f
rsm;udk awG;awmI taumif;qH;k vHòk cHr±_ adS &;twGuf jyifqif&rnf? yxrOD;qH;k rSm
rdrdtwGufvHkòcHa&;yifjzpfonf? rdrdtwGuftE W&m,f±SdEdkifrnfh tajctaersdK;
aocsmygu rsufpdpHkrdSwfIpGefŒpm;jcif;rsdK;udka±Smif=uOfoifhonf? owif;rsm;&&ef
ta&;}uD;onfreS af omfvnf; rdrt d ouftE &W m,fuxkd cd u
kd yf gu xdok wif;rsm;vJ
qHk;±_H;oGm;Edkifonfqdkaomtcsufudk t+rJowdðy&rnf? tu,fI rdrdwpHkw&m
tE &W m,fawGŒaea=umif; csucf si;f odEikd &f eftwGuf qufo, G &f rnft
h quftoG,f
rsm;/ jyefa&muf&efcefŒrSef;aeŒ&ufrsm;udk t+rJðyvkyfxm;yg? odkŒrSom qufoG,f
&rnfhtcsdef/ jyefa&muf&rnfhtcsdeftxd rqufoG,f/ jyefra&mufygu rdrdwckck
jzpfaeonfqdkonfudk tjcm;olrsm;od±Sd+yD; vdkufvHpHkprf;Edkifvdrfhrnf?
xdkaemuf owdðy&rnfhtcsufrSm rdrd&±Sdxm;aomrSwfwrf;rsm;/ owif;

tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf vHkòcHr_jzpfonf? xdkowif;tcsuftvufrsm;ygonfh
rSww f rf;pmtkyrf sm;udk rdrEd iS t
hf +rJwap twlwuGjzpfygap? tjcm;olrsm; tvG,f
wulzwf±_Edkifrnfhae&mrsdK;/ tvG,fwulcdk;,lzsufpD;Edkifrnfh tajctaersdK;wGif
vH;k 0rxm;cJyh gEiS ?hf uGejf yLwmxJwiG f rSww
f rf;rsm;odr;f qnf;xm;ygu xdzk ikd rf sm;udk
tjcm;rnfolurS zGifhIr&aom tpDtpOfrsm;vkyfxm;yg?
rdr. d tquftoG,rf sm;. vHòk cHa&;rSmvnf; rdr. d wm0efjzpfonfukd rarh

avsmyh gEiS ?hf rdrad =umifh xdo k rl sm; tE &W m,frjzpfap&ef ,cifuxnf;u trnf&if;
rsm;roH;k bJ eHrnf0u S rf sm;/ pum;0Surf sm;oH;k oifoh vm; óudwifpOf;pm;yg? tu,f
I oHk;&efvdktyfygu rnfuJhodkŒenf;rsdK;jzifh vHkòcHatmifoHk;rnfvJqdkonfudk
jyifqifyg?
39
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
&±SdEdkifrnfhowif;&if;jrpfrsm;
vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_ pHkprf;ppfaq;&mwGif owif;rsm;&±SdEdkifrnfh

owif;&if;jrpfrsm; trsm;tjym;±SEd ikd o f nf? xdo k wif;&if;jrpfrsm;udt
k ajccHtm;jzifh
ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;cJGjcm;Edkifonf? ‚if;wdkŒrSm - (1) wdkuf±dkufowif;&if;jrpf odkŒr[kwf
yxrowif;&if;jrpfEiS hf (2) wdu k ±f u
kd rf [kwaf om owif;&if;jrpf odŒk r[kwf 'kw,d
aemufqufwJGowif;&if;jrpfrsm;wdkŒjzpfonf? rdrdpHkprf;ppfaq;aeaom ta=umif;
t&mESifhywfoufI wduscdkifvHkaomowif;rsm;&±Sdap&ef xdkowif; &if;jrpf
trsdK;rsdK;wdkŒrS owif;rsm;&Edkifor# &atmif±Sm&efrSm pHkprf;ppfaq;ol. wm0ef
omjzpfonf?
owif;&if;jrpfrsm;tm;vHk;rS owif;rsm;&&efvG,fulrnfr[kwfyg? xdkŒ

twGuaf =umifh rdrpd pkH rf;ppfaq;rnft h a=umif;t&mrsm;udk rnfo h nfo h wif; &if;jrpf
rsm;xHrS &±S&d efv, G uf El ikd rf nfukd cefŒrSe;f xm;&rnf? Oyrm - ESyd pf uf!i‡ ;f yrf;r_qykd g
u udk,fwdkifóuHawGŒ&aom um,uH±SifrSvJGI rsufjrifoufao rsm;rsm;pm;pm;
±SEd ikd rf nfr[kwyf g? xdu k ohJ Œkd aomtr_rsKd ;wGif rsujf rifoufaoxuf um,uH±iS u f
ydrk wkd u d saomtcsurf sm; ay;Edik rf nfjzpfonft h wGuf um,uH±iS f owif;&if;jrpfukd
óud;pm;±Sm&rnf? odkŒaomf rw&m;owfjzwfaom owfjzwfr_ owif;twGuf
um,uH±Sifudk±SmazGjcif;xuf rsufjrifoufaorsm;udk ±SmazGjcif;u ydkrdkvG,ful
wwfonfhtwGuf owif;ay;Edkifrnfh rsufjrifoufao&if;jrpfrsm;udk ±Sm&rnf?
odŒk aomf cdik v f akH omowif;rsm;udk tay;Edik q f ;kH olrmS um,uH±iS rf sm; (odŒk r[kw)f
yxrowif;&if;jrpfrsm; (odkŒr[kwf) wdkuf±dkufowif;&if;jrpfrsm; jzpfaoma=umifh
xdo k wif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk twwfEikd q f ;kH OD;pm;ay;±SmazG&rnf? um,uH±iS u f xGuf
qdak om xGuq f ckd surf sm;onf twdusq;kH jzpfrnf? tao;pdwu f srnf? xdŒk a=umifh
xdkolrsm;ESifh wdkuf±dkufawGŒqHkI tao;pdwfar;cGef;rsm; ar;Edkifv#if taumif;qHk;
jzpfonf? um,uH±iS f r[kwaf omfvnf; tjzpftysuu f kd rsujf rifu,kd u
f sóuHawGŒ
cJh&olrsm;xHrS&±Sdaom owif;rsm;uvnf; teD;pyfqHk;wduscdkifvHkEdkifonf?
wdkuf±dkufr[kwfaomowif;&if;jrpf (odkŒr[kwf) 'kwd,aemufqufwJG
40
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
owif;&if;jrpfrsm;rSmvnf; wdu k ±f u
kd af wGŒqHak r;jref;csurf sm;udk aemufqufwGJ yhyH ;kd
ay;Edik o
f nft
h wGuf xd&k if;jrpfrsm;udv k nf; ±SmazGoifo h nf? xdo k wif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS
aeI tjzpftysuf.aemufcHordkif;a=umif;rsm;udk ydkrdkod±SdvmEdkifonf? yxr
xGufqdkcsufowif;rsm; rSefuefr_±Sda=umif;udk axmufcHyHhydk;ay;apEdkifonf? xdkŒ
twGuf xd&k if;jrpfrsm;rSmvnf; ta&;ygonf? xdo k wif;&if;jrpfrsm;rSm trsm;tm;
jzifh w&m;±H;k xGuq
f ckd surf sm;/ =um;emppfaq;r_rw S wf rf;rsm;/ aq;ppfwrf;rsm;/ &ifc±GJ kH
rSwfwrf;rsm;/ tcif;jzpfyGm;&mudk±dkuful;xm;aom "mwfyHkrSwfwrf;rsm;/ '%f&m
rsm;udk rSww
f rf;wifxm;aom "mwfyrkH sm;/ w&m;0iftrdeŒf a=unmcsurf sm;/ trdeŒf
atmf'grsm;/ w&m;0ifpm±Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ owif;pmrSwfwrf;rsm;/ tjcm; tzJGŒ
tpnf;rsm;uxkwfjyefxm;aomowif;rsm; ponfwdkŒjzpfwwfonf?
owif;rsm;udk rnfuJhodkŒpkaqmif;rvJ?
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;csKd ;azmufr_ owif;rsm;udk pHpk rf;&mwGif trsm;qH;k toH;k ðy
aom enf;vrf;rSm awGŒqHak r;jref;jcif;enf; (Interview) jzpfonf? xdak wGŒqHk ar;
jref;jcif;tm; tajctaetay:rlwnfI ae&mra±G;/ tcsdefra±G;vkyfEdkifonf? odkŒ
aomf atmifjriftusdK;±Sdaom awGŒqHkar;jref;jcif; jzpfap&eftwGuf atmufyg
tcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf?
• ae&ma±G;cs,fjcif;
awGŒqHak r;jref;aomae&monf owif;ay;rnfo h t l wGuv f òkH cHaomae&m/

od±Sdxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk pdk;&drfa=umuf±HGŒr_r±SdbJ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
ajymqdkEdkifrnfhae&mjzpf&rnf? owif;ay;rnfholtaejzifh rnfonfhae&mwGif
ajymvdkonfudkar;jref;+yD; olŒqENtwdkif;a±G;cs,fapygu ydkrdktqifajyayvdrfhrnf?
taumif;qH;k rSm tjcm;olrsm;ESihf a&ma&maESmaESmr±Sad om ae&mrsKd ;/ tajctae
rsKd ;wGif owif;ay;oltaeESihf vGwvf w
G vf yfvyfajymvdrrhf nfjzpfonf? rdrad jymqdk
aeaom tcsufrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;u0dkif;0ef;em;axmifaeygu xdkoltaejzifh
ajymqdk&efwGefŒqkwfaeayvdrfhrnf? b,fvdkrSrjzpfEdkifaom tajctaersdK;wGifrS
41
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tkyfpkvdkufawGŒqHkar;jref;jcif;udk vkyfaqmifyg? awGŒqHkar;jref;r_udk ppfwyf/ &Jwyf
zJGŒ0ifrsm;a±SŒarSmufwGif rnfonfhtcgrSrðyvkyfygESifh?
• awGŒqHkrnfhola±G;cs,fjcif;
tjzpftysuftay:rlwnfI awGŒqHkar;jref;&rnfh oltrsdK;rsdK; uJGjym;

Edik o
f nf? taumif;qH;k owif;ay;Edik o f rl sm;rSm um,uH±iS rf sm;/ rsujf rifoufao
rsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf xdkolrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;awGŒ&rnf? xdkŒaemufrdrdpHkprf;aeaom
tjzpf t ysuf t a=umif ; ud k yd k r d k e m;vnf o abmayguf a prnf h tcsuf t vuf
owif;rsm; ay;Edik rf nfo
h rl sm;udk awGŒqHak r;jref;Edik o f nf? xdo k rl sm;rSm csKd ;azmufr_
usL;vGecf &H olta=umif;udk aocsmpGmodo/l xdo k .
l rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ aus;±Gmol}uD;
rsm;/ rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;/ tvkyfvkyfzufrsm;/ w&m;±Hk;udpPjzpfygu xdkol.
a±SŒaersm;jzpfwwfonf? owdðy&eftcsurf mS xdo k rl sm;rSwqifh ydrk I
kd cdik v
f akH om
owif;rsm;&Edkifonfh tjcm;owif;&if;jrpfrsm;xyfrHxGufay: vmwwfonf?
xdktcgrsdK;wGif xdkowif;&if;jrpfrsdK;udk awGŒqHkEdkifatmif xyfrH±SmazG&rnf?
aemufxyfowif;rsm; ay;Edkifolrsm;rSm '%f&mudkaq;ukoay;aom

aq;0efxrf;rsm;/ aq;ppfwrf;xkwfay;aomolrsm;/ aopm&if;xkwfay;olrsm;vJ
jzpfwwfonf? xdkolrsm;xHrS jzpfyGm;aom '%f&mrsm;ta=umif;/ ESdyfpufcH&r_
tao;pdwfta=umif;t&mrsm;/ '%f&mtwdrfteufudktajccHI usL;vGefol.
&nf±G,fcsuftrsdK;rsdK;wdkŒudk ±SmazGawGŒ±SdEdkifonf?
• awGŒqHkar;jref;jcif;vkyfief;tqifhqifh
- rdwfqufjcif;
awGŒqHak r;jref;jcif;rpwifrD rdr&d nf±,
G cf sub
f mjzpfonf rdrb
d mvky&f rnf
udk ±Sif;±Sif;vif;vif;odxm;&ayrnf? rdrdawGŒqHkar;jref;rnfholudkvnf; rdrd
ta=umif;/ tzJGŒtpnf;ta=umif;/ awGŒqHkar;jref;&onfh&nf±G,fcsuf/ xdkowif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfodkŒqufvufvkyfaqmifrnf/ tpD&ifcHa&;rnfqdkygu
42
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
rnfolawGxHay;ydkŒrnf ponfwdkŒudk ±Sif;vif;ajymqdk&efvdktyfonf? xdkodkŒ vkyf
aqmifro
S m vma&mufar;jref;olonf rnforl nf0gjzpfonf? bmtwGuaf =umifh
vma&muf o nf / bmta=umif ; ajym&rnf w d k Œ ud k owif ; ay;rnf h o l t aejzif h
em;vnfrnfjzpf+yD; owif;ay;&ef oufawmifhoufomjzpfayrnf?
- cGifhawmif;jcif;
xdkodkŒrdwfquf±Sif;vif;t+yD; owif;ay;rnfholtm; owif;,lcGifhðyrðy
cGifhawmif;&efvdktyfonf? trnf/ "mwfyHk/ toHrsm;toHk;ðycGifh±Sdr±Sdudk óudwifI
±Sif;±Sif;vif;vif;cGifhawmif;yg? xdkolcGifhðyEdkifrnfht&mrsm;/ cGifhrðyEdkifrnfht&mrsm;/
rdrdzufuvdkufemapmifhxdef;&rnfhudpPrsm;udk ±Sif;±Sif;vif;vif;oabmayguf+yD;rS
awGŒqHkar;jref;jcif;udk a±SŒqufoifhonf? rdrdtm;,Hk=unfpdwfcspGmjzifhajymaom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm; ajym=um;jcif;/ odapjcif;rsm;
vkyfrnfr[kwfa=umif; odygap? xdkolutoHk;ðycGifhray;aom tcsuftvuf
rSeo f r#ukd rdrt
d aejzifh vH;k 0toH;k ðyrnfr[kwaf =umif; xdo k ,l =kH unfygap? xkod Œkd
trnfoHk;cGifhrðyygu trnfwyfwdkif=um; ta&;,laqmif±GufrnfhudpPrsdK;udk
aqmif±GufEdkifrnfr[kwfa=umif; xdkolŒudk ±Sif;vif;jyyg? tu,fI "mwfyHk±dkuf
toHzrf;jcif;rsm; ðyrnfqykd gu xdo k t l aejzifh pdwt f aESmuft,Suf jzpfapavmuf
onftxd rvkyfaqmifoifhay?
• rSwfwrf;wifjcif;
owif ; ay;rnf h o l u =unf = unf o momjzif h cG i f h ð y+yD ; onf h a emuf r S
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;udkvkyfaqmif&rnf? tajccHtusqHk;/ tvdktyfqHk;jzpfonfh
atmufygtcsufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;pwif&rnf?
owif;ay;ol.trnf
vdif touf
vlrsdK; bmom
tdrfaxmiftajctae tvkyftudkif
ae&yf
43
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
xdkol.yHkyrf;o¾mef
awGŒqHkonfhae&m
awGŒqHkonfhaeŒpJG awGŒqHkar;jref;ol
bmomjyefol
ponfwdkŒudk pwifrSwfwrf;wif&rnf?
tu,fI vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_ ta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI

rSwfwrf;wifawmhrnfqdkv#if -
vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufc&H r_trsKd ;tpm; - (Oyrm-aysmufq;kH jcif;/ rk'ed ;f usijhf cif;/
w&m;vufvw G zf rf;qD;jcif;/ ypPn;f OpPmrsm;zsuq
f ;D jcif;/ t"rR vkytf m;apcdik ;f jcif;/
t"rRa±GŒajymif;cdkif;jcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;)
usL;vGefol.trnf/ &mxl;tqifhtwef;/ wyf&if;wyfzJGŒ/
tcif;jzpfyGm;csdef/ aeŒ&u/f
tcif;jzpfyGm;onfhae&m/ (xdktcsufrsm;udk twdtusr&ygu cefŒrSef;ajc pOf;pm;
Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;I teD;pyfqHk;&Edkifatmifvkyfyg)
rnfuJhodkŒ usL;vGefonfhta=umif; tcsuftvuftao;pdwf/
usL;vGecf &H ol. vuf±t dS ajctae (aq;ukor_c, H +l yD;r+yD;/ qufvufzrf;qD;xm;
jcif; ±Sdr±Sd)/
usL;vGefol.vuf±Sdtajctae (zrf;qD;xm;jcif;/ qufvufusL;vGefaejcif;
ponfjzifh—) wdkŒyg0ifatmifpHkprf;&rnf?
• csdefudkufjcif;
rdrdod±Sdvdkaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk; jynfhpHk+yD[k,lqygu xdkrSwf

wrf;rsm;udk aoaocsmcsmjyefvnfzwf±&_ efvo kd nf? odŒk rSom a±SŒaemufuv
GJ aGJ er_
rsm;/ vdktyfr_rsm;±Sdaeygu csdefudkufEdkifrnfjzpfonf?
44
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
• aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymjcif;
ar;jref ; jcif ; tm;vH k ; +yD ; qH k ; oG m ;ygu rd r d t m;ul n D o wif ; ay;ol t m;

aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym&ef rarhavsmhoifhay?
awGŒqHkar;jref;&mwGif owdðy&rnfhtcsufrsm;
- awGŒqHk&rnfholonfum,uH±Sif odkŒr[kwf um,uH±Sif. rdom;pk0ifrsm;

jzpfygu xdkolrsm;. pdwfcHpm;r_tajctaeudk em;vnfoabmaygufyg?
t+rJwaptuJcwfaeyg? tu,fI pdwfcHpm;&r_rsm; tvGefjyif;xefvmygu
tem;,lygap? rdro d nfxo kd rl sm;udu
k n
l &D eftwGuf vkyaf qmifaejcif;jzpfonf
udk t+rJowdcsyf+yD; xdkolrsm; aemufxyfemusifcHpm;r_rjzpfatmif txl;
owdðyyg?
- vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;cH&aomtrsdK;orD;tm; trsdK;orD;csif; ar;jref;v#if
taumif;qHk;jzpfonf? xdkar;jref;aomtrsdK;orD;uvnf; usL;vGefcH&aom
trsKd ;orD;tm; pmemem;vnf/ tm;ay;aompum;toH;k tEl;H rsm;jzifh qufqH
wwfaomoljzpfap&rnf?
- tu,fI awGŒqHkar;jref&rnfholonf pdwfydkif; odkŒr[kwf ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m
a0'emrsm;cHpm;ae&v#if xdkolrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom ulnDapmifha±Smuf
r_rsm; &±Sdatmifvkyfaqmif+yD;rS awGŒqHkar;jref;oifhonf?
- vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufrt _ ygt0if t=urf;zufrr_ sm; cHpm;cJ&h aom trsKd ;
orD;rsm;taejzifh vdt k yfaom tm;ay;ulnrD r_ sm; vkyaf qmif+yD;rS awGŒqHak r;
jref;oifhonf? rdrdtm; owif;tcsuftvufay;&if; pdwfzdpD;r_ cHpm;&aom
trsdK;orD;twGuf pdwfzdpD;r_'%f avsmhyg;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeaom
olrsm;/ ae&mrsm;ta=umif; today;oifhonf?
- awG Œ qH k a r;jref ; r_ p pcsif ; tao;pd w f a r;cG e f ; rsm;rar;oif h y g? jzpf y G m ;yH k u d k
yHak y:apEdik af vmufonfh tcsut f vufrsm; ajym=um;apEdik rf nfh tzGiahf r;cGe;f
rsm;ar;yg? Oyrm- 'Dtr_b,fvdkjzpfcJhovJajymygtkef; qdkaomar;cGef;rsdK;jzifh
pwif y gu ajym=um;ol t aejzif h xd k t r_ u d k rsuf p d w G i f j rif o nf h t wd k i f ;
45
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
ajym=um;vmayvdrfhrnf? xdkŒa=umifh xdkodkŒar;cGef;rsdK;jzifhpwifoifhonf?
- ajym=um;aer_rsm; &yfwo Hh mG ;atmifrvkyo f ifyh g? ar;cGe;f rsm;onf tzGiahf r;cGe;f
rsm;jzpf o if h a omf v nf ; OD ; aqmif e rd w f j yar;cG e f ; rsm;vJ rjzpf o if h y g?
“t±du k cf &H bl;w,fr[kwv f m;” qdak om ar;cGe;f rsKd ;xuf “bmawGjzpfwmvJ
— aemuf+yD;awmh bmqufjzpfao;vJ — jzpfwmudk tao;pdwaf jymygt;kH ”
[laomar;cGef;rsdK;u ajym=um;oltaeESifh qufvufajym=um;vmap&ef
taxmuftuljzpfaponf?
- ar;wcGef;ajzwcGef;jzpfaprnfhtar;rsm;udk a±Smifoifhonf?
- wqif h = um;pum;rsm;ud k twwf E d k i f q H k ; a±S m if ± S m ;oif h o nf ? tjcm;ol
wa,mufxrH S =um;onfqykd gu xdo k tl m;awGŒqH+k yD; ud, k w f ikd u
f ,
kd u
f s ar;jref;
Edkif&efqufoG,foifhonf? xdkolxHrS ydkrdkjynfhpHkcdkifrmaomowif;rsm; &wwf
onfudk t+rJowdðyyg?
- ajz=um;ol oufawmifhoufom tqifajyajyjzpfap&ef t+rJowdðyyg?
olajymaeaomtcsufrsm;udk rdrdpdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifaea=umif; ay:vGif
aponfhtrlt,mrsm;jzifh tm;ay;yg? rdrdrsufESmtrlt,m/ udk,ftae
txm;wdkŒonf xdkoludk tm;wufapEdkifovdk pdwf"mwfusoGm;atmifvJ
vkyfaqmifEdkifonfudk t+rJowdðyyg?
- rdrdukd,fwdkifuvJ oufawmifhoufom±Sdygap? rdrd.ar;cGef;rsm;udk csufjcif;
rqdkif;rwGajzqdk&ef b,fawmhrS zdtm;ray;ygESifh/ jyefvnfrSwfrdvmap&ef
tcsdefay;yg?
- xdkolajymaeaom tcsufrsm;udk av;pm;onfh[eft+rJjyyg? olajymonfh
ta=umif;t&mudk oabmrwlonf[ h ef razmfjyygEiS ?hf xdo k al jymonfh tcsuf
tay: rjiif;cHyk gEiS /hf tu,fIr±Si;f vif;onft h csurf sm;±Syd gu ±Si;f vif;atmif
ydkrdk±Sif;jycdkif;yg?
- tjcm;olwa,mufu ajymxm;aomtcsufrsm;tm; rdrdawGŒqHkaeaom
oltm;rajymrdygapESifh? xdkodkŒajymygu rdrdtm;,Hk=unfpdwfcspGm zGifh[ajym
xm;oltay: *wdcsdK;azmuf&ma&mufonfhtjyif rdrdonfpdwfcs,Hk=unf
&aomolr[kw[ f k ,lqoGm;apEdik o
f nf? txl;vSKd Œ0Sux f m;aom tcsurf sm;
udk xdkolu rdrdtm;zGifhajymawmhrnfr[kwfyg?
46
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
- rdrdudkowif;ay;oltwGuf taESmifht,Sufjzpfaprnfh/ tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfh
owif;rsm;udk xdrf;odrf;&ef txl;ta&;}uD;onf?
- rdrdudkowif;ay;oltay: “'Dvdkvkyfvdkuf&if+yD;a&m/ 'Dvdkbma=umifhrvkyf
wmvJ/ 'grsKd ;rvkyo f ifb
h ;l ” [laom aumufcsucf sr/_ a0zefr/_ tjypfwifrr_ sm;
rvkyf&?
- rdrdudkowif;ay;olonf rdrd.ar;jref;csuftay: jynfhjynfhpHkpHkajz=um;csifrS
ajz=um;vdrrhf nf? xdrk #ru vH;k 0ajz=um;csirf S ajz=um;vdrrhf nfqokd nfh tcsuf
udk óudwifwGufqxm;yg? tcsdKŒvlrsm;onf a=umuf±GHŒwwf+yD; tcsdKŒrSmrl
tr_xw J iG f yg0ifywfoufvpkd wd rf ±So
d nfvnf; ±Sw
d wfonf? rdrtd m; ajym=um;
vdkpdwf±Sdvmatmif rdrdta=umif;/ vkyfief;ta=umif;/ rnfonfh tusdK;rsm;
±Sdvmapa=umif;/ rdrdtm; vHk;0pdwfcs,Hk=unfxm;Ekdifa=umif;rsm; xyfavmif;
ajymqdkjcif;jzifh zGifhajymvmaumif;ajymvmapEdkifonf?
- tu,fI rdrdar;jref;r_tm; wzufvlem;rvnfygu t"dy`m,frysufapbJ
tjcm;0gusjzifhjyefvnfar;jref;yg? em;vnf±Sif;vif;vG,faom toHk;tEHl;
rsm;udk oHk;pJGyg?
- awGŒqHkol.aumufcsufcsr_udk aocsmpGmqef;ppfyg? Oyrm - trsdK;orD;
wa,mufukd ppfom;wa,mufu owfypfw,f[al om tcsuu f akd jymygu
ppfom;[kbma=umifh ajymEdkifwmvJqdkaomtcsufudk qef;ppfyg? ppf,leD
azmif;0wfxm;I ppfom;jzpfw,f[k xdkoluajymygu ppf,leDazmif;udk
tjcm;olrsm;vJ0wfqifEdkifa=umif;udkvnf; owdðyyg?
- rnfonfht&mrsm;u owif;tcsufrsm;jzpfonf? rnfonfht&mrsm;onf
pGyfpJGcsufoufoufomjzpfonf? rnfonfht&mrsm;u xifjrifcsufrsm;jzpf
onfwdkŒudk aoaocsmcsmcJGjcm;rSwfom;yg?
- wdus±Sif;vif;aom rSwfwrf;wifr_jzpfygap/ trSm;a&;om;rdygu aemufxyf
jyefjyif&ef cufcJonfudk owdðyyg?
- owif;tcsufpkaqmif;&mwGif tajccHjzpfaom (b)ajcmufvHk;rsm;rusefcJh&ef
owdðyyg?
- tm;vHk;+yD;qHk;oGm;ygu “bmrsm;ajymcsifwm±Sdygao;vJ” [laom tzGifh
ar;cGef;jzifh tqHk;owfyg? wcgw&Hrdrdtm;owif;ay;olwGif ta&;ygaom
47
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tcsurf sm; useaf ewwfonf? wcgw&H rdrt d wGut f oH;k 0ifaom taxmuf
txm; pm±Gufrsm; ‚if;xHwGif±Sdaewwfonf?
- xdkolajymaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ydk ydkrdkcdkifrmatmif yhHydk;ay;Edkifrnfh
olrsm;/ taxmuftxm;rsm;udk xyfrH±SmazGawGŒ±SdEdkifrnfhtquftoG,f/
vdyfpm/ae&mrsm;udk rSwfwrf;ðyvkyfyg?
- rjzpfEdkifaom ar#mfvifhcsufrSm;rsm;ray;cJhygESifh/ rdrdtrSefwu,fvkyfaqmif
Edkifrnfh tvkyfudkom trSeftwdkif;ajymyg?
'kwd,aemufqufwJGowif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk ±SmazGpHkprf;jcif;
yxr wdkuf±dkufowif;tcsuftvufrsm; &±Sd+yD;onfhaemuf xdkowif;

tcsut f vufrsm;udk ydrk ckd ikd rf maprnfh 'kw,d aemufqufwo GJ wif;rsm;tm; ±SmazG
pHpk rf;&awmhrnfjzpfonf? vlawGŒawGŒqHak r;jref;r_r&S ±Sad om tcsut f vufrsm;ESihf
oufqdkifonfh xkwfjyefa=unmcsufrsm;/ aq;rSwfwrf;rsm;/ owif;pm jzwfydkif;
rsm;tm;vHk;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ wm0efvkyfaqmifaeonfrSpI owif;pkaqmif;=u
&rnf? rdrd&±Sdxm;aomtcsuftvuftm; cdkifrmatmif xyfavmif;oufao
jyay;rnfh tjcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;&Edkifrnfh owif;&if;jrpfrsm; trsm;tjym;
±SEd ikd af o;onfurkd arhygEiS ?hf xdo k wif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk ±SmazGI xdok ufaotaxmuf
txm;rsm;udk rsm;rsm;toHk;ðyEdkifavav rdrd.tcsuftvuftwGuf taxmuf
txm;cdkifvHkavavjzpfonf?
'kwd,aemufqufwJGowif;rsm;teuf "mwfyHktaxmuftxm;rsm;rSm
txl;toHk;0ifaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfonf? tcif;jzpfyGm;&m
ae&m/ rD;avmifxm;aomaus;±Gm/ '%f&mteD;uyf"mwfyrkH sm;onf trSew
f u,f
jzpfyGm;cJhaom tjzpftysufrsm;jzpfa=umif; t"duoufaorsm;jzpfonf?
xdktjzpftysufrsdK;udk udk,fwdkifrsufjrifawGŒóuH&v#ifvnf; rdrdudk,fwdkif

rSwwf rf;wifwwf&efvt kd yfonf? odŒk aomf r±duk u
f ;l rD xdo
k xl rH S cGiðhf ycsuf awmif;cH
&ef rarhavsmyh gEiS ?hf csKd ;azmufcoH .l "mwfyo kH mru xdo k wl iG ±f adS om '%f&mrsm;
48
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
udk teD;uyf±u
kd x
f m;aom yHrk sm;rSmvnf; toH;k 0ifonf? ±duk u
f ;l onfh aeŒ/ ae&m
ponfwdkŒudkvnf; rysufruGufrSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnf? xdkyHkudk aq;ul;+yD;ygu
vnf; tjzpftysut f a=umif;twdck sKyfukd "mwfyakH emufzufwiG f rSwo
f m;xm;oifh
onf? zvife*~wpfukd oD;oefŒvHòk cHonfah e&mwGif odr;f qnf;oifo h nf? odŒk rSom
tjcm;olwOD;u twif;t=uyf zsufqD;ypfvdkufjcif;/ odrf;qnf;vdkufjcif;wdkŒrS
umuG,fEdkifrnf?
xdkŒjyif w&m;±Hk;rSwfwrf;rsm;/ &JxGufqdkcsufrsm;rSmvnf; rdrdtwGuf

aumif;rGefaomtaxmuftxm;rsm; jzpfonf? vlwa,muftm;zrf;qD;xm;
r_tm; pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;jzpfygu bmpGyfpJGcsufjzifhzrf;qD;xm;a=umif;/ bma=umifh
zrf;qD;xm;a=umif;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfh &JxGufqdkcsufrsm;onf tvGef
toHk;0ifonf? xdkrSwfwrf;rsm;udk pGyfpJGcH&ol.a±SŒaersm;xHrS&±SdEdkifonf?
q&m0efrsm;/ aq;tr_xrf;rsm;.ppfcsufrsm;onfvnf; jzpfyGm;aom

'%f&m/ aoqHk;r_wdkŒudk pepfwusrSwfwrf;wifxm;wwfojzifh xdkppfcsufrsm;rS
tcif;jzpfymG ;r_ukd avhvmEdik o
f nf? usL;vGecf &H ol. a0'emcHpm;&r_uo kd ±d EdS ikd o
f nf?
tu,f I axmif w G i f ; wG i f c sKyf a ES m if c H x m;&ol w a,muf aoqH k ; oG m ;ygu
xdkaq;ppfcsufrsm;udk=unfhI omrefa&m*ga=umifhaoqHk;&jcif;vm;/ ESdyfpufcH&I
aoqHk;&jcif;vm;udk ppfaq;pHkprf;Edkifonf? aq;ynmESifhywfoufI todynm
enf;yg;ol jzpfapumrl usL;vGecf &H olwa,mufwiG f awGŒ±S&d aom '%f&m'%fcsu/f
temw&rsm;udk rsufjriftwdkif;tvG,fwulrSwfwrf;wifEdkifonf? cE<mukd,f.
rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;wGif rnfonfh'%f&m±Sdonf? t±G,ftpm;b,favmuf±Sd
onf? rnfonfht±dk;rsm;usdK;aeonfponfhjzifh rsufjriftwdkif;rSwfwrf;wif
Edkifonf?
owif;pmrsm;/ tjcm;aom pmapmifrsm;wGifygaom owif;rsm;onf

vnf; ta&;ygaom 'kwd,aemufqufwJGowif;rsm;jzpfonf? wcsdKŒowif;
axmufrsm;/ tjcm;tzJGŒtpnf;rsm;rS wm0ef±Sdolrsm;onf ‚if;wdkŒudk,fwdkif
avhvmpHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;udk vkyfudkifwwfonfhtwGuf xdktcsufrsm;rSmvnf;
49
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
rdrdtwGuftaxmuftuljzpfapwwfonf? odkŒaomf owif;pmESifh pmapmifyg
tcsut f vufrsm;tm;vH;k t+rJwaprSeu f efonf[k r,H=k unfygEiS ?hf xdo k wif;udk
a&;om;aom owif;axmufESifh awGŒqHkar;jref;Edkif&efóud;pm;yg? tjzpftysuf
wckxu J kd tzJŒG tpnf;ESpcf u
k azmfjya&;om;xm;v#if wlnaD omtcsurf sm;/ uJv G GJ
aeaom tcsurf sm;udk pepfwusavhvmppfaq;yg? bma=umif, h ckuo hJ Œkd uJjG ym;
ae&a=umif; tajz±Smyg? rdrad wGŒ±Scd suEf iS u
hf v
GJ aGJ eyguvnf; aocsmpGm okawoe
ðyvkyfyg? tu,fI owif;pmygta=umif;t&mrsm;/ tzJGŒtpnf;u xkwfjyef
aom pmapmif y gtcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k rd r d t oH k ; ðyrnf q d k y gu xd k o wif ; pm/
pmapmifrsm;rS rdrw d qifth oH;k ðyonfukd azmfxw k af &;om;ay;yg? xdo
k Œkd vkyaf qmif
jcif;jzifh xdkolwdkŒtay:av;pm&ma&mufovdk tu,fI xdktcsuftvufrsm;
rSm;,Gif;aecJhygu rdrdwm0efuif;ayvdrfhrnf?
csdK;azmufcHolrsm;ESifh ‚if;rdom;pk0ifrsm;.vHkòcHr_
vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_ pHkprf;olrsm;twGuf yxrOD;qHk; owdðy&rnfh

tcsurf mS vlŒtcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufc&H olrsm;ESihf ‚if;rdom;pkrsm;. vHòk cHrj_ zpfonf?
rdrdulnD&rnfholrsm;onf rdrdtwGufa=umifh 'kuQydkra&mufoGm;ap&ef rdrdwGif
wm0ef tjynfht0±Sdonf?
xdŒk a=umifh awGŒqHak r;jref;r_rpwifru D xnf;u rdrt

d a=umif;udk xdo
k rl sm;
±Sif;±Sif;vif;vif;odatmifvkyfaqmifyg? rdrd.vkyfief;onf tpdk;&ESifh ywfouf
jcif;r±Sad =umif; ±Si;f jyyg? xdŒk jyifbma=umifh xdo k t
l m; vma&mufar;jref;&onfukd
vnf; ±Sif;vif;ygap? xdkolxHrS&±Sdaom tcsufrsm;udk rnfuJhodkŒtoHk;csrnf
jzpfa=umif;±Si;f jyyg? rnfonft h csurf sm;udk vltrsm;odaprnf/ odŒk aomfrnfo h nfh
tcsufrsm;udkawmh csefvSyfxm;rnfudk xdkoltm;em;vnfygap? wcgwavwGif
csdK;azmufcHolrsm;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf csdK;azmufr_udk tjcm;vltrsm;odapcsif
aomfvnf; aemufquftE W&m,frsm; xyfrHóuHawGŒ&rnfudk pdk;&drfaoma=umifh
tjzpftysurf sm;udk odo k o
kd yd of yd Ef iS hf zH;k uG,x
f m;vd=k uonf? xdt
k ajctaersKd ;wGif
xdkolrsm;u oabmwlcGifhðyaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkom vltrsm;od
50
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
atmif wif j y&rnf ? tu,f I xd k t jzpf t ysuf o nf rd r d r wif j yrD u wnf ; u
vlod±Sif=um;jzpfcJh+yD;jzpfv#if/ xdkolrsm;tay: rnfonfhtE W&m,frsm; rus
a&mufEdkifa=umif; rdrdtaejzifh vHk;0tmrcHEdkifv#ifawmh udpPr±Sday?
wcgw&HwGif tjcm;ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk vltrsm;odapvdkaomfvnf;

trnfESifhodomxif±Sm;apEdkifrnfhtcsuftvuf (Oyrm- aus;±Gmtrnf/ aeŒpJG)
wdkŒudk zHk;uG,fxm;vdkwwf=uonf? xdktcgrsdK;wGif trnfudkajymif;vJGI tjcm;
trnfjzift h oH;k ðyjcif;/ trsm;urcJjG cm;Edik af om a,bl,s±mG trnfrsm;/ tcsed rf sm;
udk vJaG jymif;toH;k ðyjcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf? wu,fI xdo k rl sm;u toH;k ðy
cGiahf y;aomfvnf; olwŒkd twGuf aumif;usKd ;xufq;kd usKd ;ydrk jkd zpfaprnf[k rdr, d q
l
ygu toH;k rðyjcif;u taumif;qH;k jzpfonf? tu,fI csKd ;azmufco H l wa,muf
a,mufu wcsKd Œtcsut f vufrsm;udk xkwaf zmfo;kH jcif;cGirhf ðy[kqykd gu xdtk csuf
rsm;udk rdrdrSwfpkxJwGif xif±Sm;pGmrSwfom;xm;&rnf? odkŒrSom rawmfwq
owdvufvGwfoHk;pJGrdjcif;udk a±Smif±Sm;Edkifrnf?
rd r d & ±S d x m;aom tcsuf a ygif ; rsm;pG m xJ r S rnf o nf h t csuf r sm;ud k

xkwfazmfa&;om;oifhonf/ rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udkawmh csefvSyfoifhonf[lI
qH;k jzwf&efrmS trSew f u,fcufcaJ omtvkyyf ifjzpfonf? xdo k Œkd a0cJrG &jzpfaeygu
rdrdwOD;wnf;rqHk;jzwfbJ rdrdtzJGŒtpnf;twGif; odkŒr[kwftjcm;rS u|rf;usifol
wdkŒESifh wdkifyifaqmif±Gufyg?
rdr.
d rSww
f rf;tcsut f vufrsm;udk txl;*±kpu kd yf g/ txl;ta&;}uD;aom
udpPrsm;wGif trnf0Sufrsm;udkom a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;+yD; trnfrSefrsm;udk
oD ; jcm;ae&mwG i f a &;om;oif h o nf ? rd r d r S w f O m%f j zif h rS w f o m;xm;Ed k i f v #if
taumif;qH;k jzpfonf? vufa&;rsm;udk rdrjd yefvnfzwfEikd af tmifa&;om;oifo h nf?
ta&;ay:tajctaersKd ;wGif aysmufq;kH oGm;jcif;/ odr;f qnf;cH&jcif;a=umifh tcsuf
tvufrsm; aysmuf±SoGm;jcif;wdkŒrS umuG,f&eftwGuf rdwWLESpfpHk ul;xm;oifh
onf? wpHkudk rdrd±Hk;cef;wGifr[kwfbJ tjcm;rnfolrSrawGŒEdkifaom ae&mrsdK;wGif
vSdKŒ0SufpGmodrf;qnf;oifhonf?
51
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
vlŒtcGihfta&;pHkprf;olrsm;twGuf vHkòcHa&;
e,fajrtoD;oD;odŒk vSnvhf nfomG ;a&mufI vlŒtcGit

rsm;udk pHkprf;rSwfwrf;&olrsm;twGuf vHkòcHa&;rSmvnf; txl;ta&;}uD;aom
tcsufwcsufyifjzpfonf? xdkŒtwGufa=umifh atmufygt}uHay;csufrsm;udk
vdkufemoifhonf?
rdrdtay:+cdrf;ajcmufr_/ taESmuft,Sufay;r_rsm;udk ayghayghoabm

rxm;ygESifh/ rdrdtwGuftumtuG,f&Edkifor#&Edkifatmifjyifqifyg? rnfonfhc&D;
udkrS wOD;xnf;roGm;vmygESifh? rdrdrnfonfhae&mwGif±Sdaea=umif;udk tenf;qHk;
wOD;wa,muftm; today;xm;yg? rdrjd yefa&mufrnf&h uftm; cefŒrSe;f today;
xm;yg? odŒk rSomjyefa&muf&rnfth csed w d ckcjk zpfaea=umif;
f iG jf yefra&mufygu rdrw
tjcm;vlrsm;od+yD; vdktyfonfrsm;udkaqmif±GufEdkifrnf?
trsm;u av;pm;aomolrsm;ESifh ,SOfwJGoGm;vmygu oufqdkif&m

tm%mydik rf sm;u taESmuft,Suaf y;Edik rf e_ nf;yg;apwwfonf? txl;owdxm;
&rnf h c &D ; oG m ;vmr_ r sd K ;wG i f xd k o l r sm;ES i f h t wl o G m ;a&muf y gu rd r d t wG u f
ydkrdktqifajyEdkifonf? odkŒaomfxdkolrsm;udktodray; r±Sif;jybJvkyfaqmifygu
xdkolrsm;udkwzufvSnfhtoHk;cs&ma&mufa=umif; owdrlyg?
ae&mwd k i f ; wG i f rd r d t quf t oG , f r sm; yG m ;rsm;atmif v k y f a qmif y g?

tu,fI xdak 'oudrk u|r;f usiyf gu u|r;f usiaf om a'ocHtzJŒG rsm;. tultnD
udk &Edkifatmifvkyfaqmifyg? a'otwGif; vHkòcHa&;wm0ef,lolrsm;ESifh jy\em
jzpfre_ nf;avav rdrv d yk if ef;tqifajyavavjzpfonft h wGuf xdo
k rl sm;ESihf tqif
ajyatmifóud;yrf;vkyfaqmifoifhonf? tu,fI xdka'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh
rdrdtzJGŒrS olwOD;wa,mufwdkŒ jy\emjzpfyGm;cJhygu xdkoltm; aemufxyf
apv$wfwm0efay;jcif;rvkyfoifhawmhbJ tjcm;vlwOD;udk ajymif;vJapv$wf
oifhonf?
52
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tcef; (6)
f rf;wifjcif; (Documentation)
rSww
rS w f w rf ; wif j cif ; qd k w mbmvJ ?
rSwwf rf;wifjcif;qdok nfrmS rdrpd pkH rf;awGŒ±Scd surf sm;/ tjcm;owif; tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk tvG,fwuljyefvnfxkwf,lI&Edkifatmif/ jzefŒa0I&Edkifatmif
pepf w us rS w f w rf ; wif o d r f ; qnf ; pk a qmif ; xm;jcif ; yif j zpf o nf ? tu,f I
tcif;jzpfyGm; aom ae&mwGif±Sdaom rdrdtzJGŒ0ifwa,mufu ‚if;&±Sdxm;aom
owif ; rsm;ud k rS w f w rf ; wif X meod k Œ yd k Œ aqmif v #if xd k X me.wm0ef r S m
xdkowif;tcsuftvuf rsm;udk vufcHI raysmufr±SatmifrSwfwrf;wifjcif;/
tvG , f w ul j yef v nf ±S m azG E d k i f a omenf ; jzif h zd k i f w J G x m;jcif ; jzpf o nf ?
pepf w usrS w f w rf ; wif a om pepf u d k toH k ; ðyrS o m xd k r S w f w rf ; rsm;ud k
tcsdefwdkwdktwGif; ae&mrSefrSefY ±SmazGEdkifrnf jzpfonf? xdkodkŒodrf;qnf;aom
pepfonf tzJGŒtpnf;wckESifhwck wlnDavhr±Sday? xdkŒtwGufa=umifh rdrdtzJGŒ
tpnf;twGuf toHk;tusqHk; rSwfwrf;wifenf;rsm;udk rdrdudk,fwdkifa±G;cs,f
oHk;pJGwwf&efvdktyfonf?
owif ; rsm;ud k b,f v d k r S w f w rf ; wif o vJ ?
t"dutm;jzifh &±Sdaomowif;rsm;udk enf;(2)enf;jzifh odrf;qnf; rSwf

wrf;wifavh±Sdonf? yxrenf;rSm xGufqdkcsuftwdkif;odrf;qnf;jcif; (Narrative
Report) ESifh 'kwd,enf;rSm azmifyHkpHjzifhrSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;jcif; (Standard
Forms) wdŒk jzpfonf?
xGuqf ckd sutf wdik ;f odr;f qnf;jcif; (Narrative Report) qdo

k nfrmS awGŒqHk
ar;jref;cJholwOD;. ajym=um;csufrsm;udk rc|if;rcsef tprStqHk;/ wvHk;rusef
vdu
k vf aH &;om;rSww f rf;wifxm;jcif;jzpfonf? Zmwfvrf;wyk'o f zG,f jzpfaeavh±dS
53
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
onf? xdkrSwfwrf;wGif ar;jref;cJholtrnf/ aeŒ/ ae&mESifh xGufqdkoltrnfwdkŒ
yg0ifavh±o dS nf? Tenf;udo k ;kH ygu rdro d vd akd om tcsurf sm;rarh&ef vdtk yfonfh
tcsuf r sm;ud k óud w if p m&if ; vk y f x m;Ed k i f o nf ? (t"rR u sif h c H & aomol
wa,muf t m; pH k p rf ; &ef t wG u f vd k t yf a omtcsuf t vuf r sm;twG u f
erlemyHkpHudk aemufqufwJGwGif=unfhyg) Tenf;jzifh pkaqmif;jcif;onf t±dk;
pif;qHk; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzpf+yD; jzpfysufor#ta=umif;t&m tm;vHk;udk odrf;óuH;
rSwwf rf;wifxm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdo k Œkd rSwwf rf;wifjcif;. tm;enf;csurf mS ta&;yg
aom tcsufrsm; arhavsmhoGm;Edkifjcif;/ ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jref;&ef
usef&pfcJhEdkifjcif;/ rSwfwrf;wifXmerS wm0ef±Sdolrsm;taejzifh xdktcsuftvuf
aygif;rsm;pGmudk yHkpHwusjyefvnfrSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;&ef tcsdefumvrsm;pGm
vdktyfjcif;wdkŒjzpfonf?
azmifyHkpHjzifhrSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;jcif; (Standard Forms) qdkonfrSm

rdrdjyifqifxm;aom azmifpm±GuftwGif; jznfhpGuf&efvdktyfaom tcsufrsm;
ar;jref;jznfhpGufI rSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;jcif;jzpfonf? ta=umif;t&mwck
twGuf vdt k yfonfah r;cGe;f rsm;udk azmifypkH u H uG f óudwifðyvkyx f m;I vdt
k yfonfh
tcsufrsm;udkom ar;jref;&efvdktyfonf? xdkŒa=umifh tvG,fwul ar;jref;
rS w f w rf ; wif o d r f ; qnf ; Ed k i f o nf ? (erl e mazmif y H k p H u d k aemuf q uf w J G w G i f
=unfhyg) tcsdKŒtzJGŒtpnf;rsm;onf cufcJ±_wfaxG;aom azmifyHkpHuGufrsm;udk
toHk;ðywwf=u+yD; tcsdKŒrSm ±Sif;vif;vG,fulaom yHkpHrsm;udkom oHk;wwfonf?
xdkodkŒuJGjym;&jcif;rSm tzJGŒtpnf;.vkyfief;/ ta=umif;t&mtrsdK;tpm;/ vdktyf
aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk rlwnfI wzJŒG ESiw hf zJŒG rwlujGJ ym;&jcif;om jzpfonf?
xdkazmifyHkpHudktoHk;ðyjcif;jzifh ta&;ygonfhtcsufrsm; arhavsmhoGm;jcif;

r±Sad wmhovdk rSwwf rf;wifXmetaejzifv h nf; xdt
k csut
f vufrsm;udk uGejf yLwm
jzifh rSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;&mwGif txl;vG,fulonf? jyefvnf±SmazG&mwGif
jzpfap/ okawoevkyfief;twGuf ta&twGufrsm;/ udef;*%ef;rsm; ±SmazG
pkaqmif;&mwGif txl;taxmuftuljzpfaponf? tm;enf;csufrSm omref
r[kwfbJ xl;jcm;aomjzpf&yfrsm;udkrSwfwrf;wif&mwGif óudwifjyifqifxm;onfh
54
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
azmifypkH u
H u
G rf ±So
d nft
h wGuf xdt k csurf sm;udk rSwwf rf;wif&eftcufawGŒ&onf?
tcsuftvufrsm;udkajymjyaomolrsm;. cHpm;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;r±Sd
onfhtwGuf tpD&ifcHpma&;&mY tjzpftysufudk ±kyfvHk;ay:atmif a&;om;
onft h cgwiG f tcuftcJawGŒ&wwfonf? xdt k wGuaf =umifh xGuq f ckd sut
f wdik ;f
odr;f qnf;jcif; (Narrative Report) ESihf azmifypkH jH zifrh w
S w
f rf;wiford ;f qnf;jcif;
(Standard Forms) wdkŒESpfrsdK;pvHk;udk toHk;ðyEdkifv#iftaumif;qHk;jzpfonf?
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkrSwfwrf;wif&mwGif vkyfaqmifoifhaomtcsufrsm;
yxrOD;qHk; vkyfaqmifoifhaomtcsufrSm rdrdtzJGŒtpnf;taejzifh

rnfonfhvlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif;udk udkifwG,fajz±Sif;rnfjzpf+yD;
rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udkawmh udkifwG,fajz±Sif;rnfr[kwf[k wdwdusus a±G;cs,f
owfrSwf&efyifjzpfonf? xdkodkŒa±G;cs,fowfrSwfEdkif&eftwGuf rdrdwdkŒtrsm;qHk;
óuHawGŒ&ifqdkif&wwfonfh vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;. t"dy`m,fudk wdwd
usus zGifhqdkxm;&efvdktyfonf? rdrdwdkŒtzJGŒtpnf;taejzifh udkifwG,fajz±Sif;&ef
qHk;jzwfowfrSwfxm;aom vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;rSm rnfhonfht&m
rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ xdv k Œl tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk rnfuo
hJ Œkd t"dym` ,fziG q
hf x
kd m;
a=umif;udk rdrt d zJŒG twGi;f rSorl sm;tm;vH;k em;vnfoabmaygurf o S m rnfonfh
tcsufrsm;udk&atmifpHkprf;&rnf/ rnfonfhazmifwGifjznfhpGuf&rnf/ xdkjznfhpGuf
xm;aomazmifrsm;udk rnfonfhacgif;pOfatmufwGif xnfhoGif;odrf;qnf;&rnf/
rnfuo hJ Œkd jyefvnf±mS azGEikd rf nf ponfh vkyif ef;pOfrsm;tqifajyacsmarGŒEdik af yrnf?
tcif;jzpfyGm;aom ae&mrsm;rSowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vsifvsif

jrefjref&±Sdapaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;&efvnf; ta&;}uD;onf?
omreftajctae owif;ay;ydkŒcsufrsm;udk wvv#ifwcsdef (odkŒr[kwf) ESpfcsdef
vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf qufoG,fvrf;twdkif;ay;ydkŒEdkifaomfvnf; ta&;w}uD; csufcsif;
vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonfhudpPrsm;udk vsifvsifjrefjref vHkvHkòcHòcH ay;ydkŒEdkifrnfh
enf ; vrf ; rsm; ±S m azG x m;oif h o nf ? od k Œ rS o m ta&;ay:vk y f a qmif c suf r sm;
vkyfudkifaqmif±GufEdkifvdrfhrnf?
55
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tcif;jzpfyGm;&mae&mrsm;/ a±SŒwef;a'orsm;±Sd rdrdtzJGŒ0ifrsm;ay;ydkŒaom owif;

rsm;onf wcgw&Htao;pdwu f sveG ;f +yD; tcsut f vufaygi;f rsm;pGm yg0ifaewwf
onf? trsm;rodaponfh tcsurf sm;vnf; a&mjyGe;f yg0ifaewwfonf? csKd ;azmuf
cH&olrsm;. pum;ajym[eftwdkif; wdkuf±dkufa&;om;ay;ydkŒjcif;rsm;vnf; ±Sdwwf
onf? tjcm;olrsm;zwf&eftqifracsmonfrsm;vnf; yg0ifaewwfonf? xdk
tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk;udk rdrdwdkŒ.tpD&ifcHpm odkŒr[kwf pmapmifxJwGif
xnfhoGif;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? xdkowif;ay;ydkŒcsufrsm;udk owif;xkwfjyefcsufyHkpH/
aqmif;yg;yHpk /H tpD&ifcpH myHpk rH sm;twkid ;f yHpk 0H ifatmif jyefvnfa&;om;&ef vdt k yf
onf? a&muf±Sdvmaom owif;=urf;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifXmeuzwf±_I rdrd
tzJŒG twGi;f ±Sd xdo k Œkd a&;om;&efwm0ef±o dS rl sm;twGuf tqifajyEdik rf nfh owif;
tcsufyHkpHrsdK;jzifh jyefvnf a&;om;ay;&efvdktyfonf?
wcgw&H owif;tESpfcsKyfyHkpHjzifh jyifqifxm;ay;Edkifv#if aemufwqihf

jyefvnfa&;om;rnfholrsm;twGuf txl;toHk;0ifonf? owif;tESpfcsKyfonf
owif;wdkyHkpHtwkdif;jzpf+yD; ta&;t}uD;qHk;owif;rsm;udk yxrpmwa=umif;
ESpfa=umif;wGif pwifa&;om;azmfjy&rnf? t"du (b)ajcmufvHk;yg0ifaom
tcsufrsm; jzpf&rnf? xdkodkŒa&;om;+yD;rS tjcm;ta&;ygaom tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk azmfjy&rnf? trsm;rodapaomtcsufrsm;/ rvdkonfrsm;udk csef&pf
xm;&rnf? xdktjzpftysufESifh ywfoufI rnfonfhtzJGŒrsm;u odkŒr[kwf
rdrdtzJGŒtpnf;u rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk udkifwG,fvkyfaqmif+yD;jzpfa=umif;
rSwfcsuf yg&rnf? xdkwm0efudk rnfoluwm0ef,laqmif±Gufrnfudk owif;
rSwfwrf;wifXmeu óudwifjyifqifpOf;pm;oifhonf?
aemufxyfta&;ygaomvkyif ef;wckrmS rSww f rf;wifXmeESihf rdrwd Œkd tzJŒG rS

xdkowif;rsm;ESifhywfoufI rnfonfhvkyfief;rsm;aqmif±Gufxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/
aqmif ± G u f a ea=umif ; wd k Œ ud k tcif ; jzpf y G m ;&ma'orsm;/ a±S Œ wef ; a'orsm;±S d
rdrdwdkŒtzJGŒ0ifrsm;xH jyefvnftpD&ifcH&efvdktyfonf?
56
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
rSwfwrf;rsm;odrf;qnf;jcif; (Storage)
rSww
f rf;odr;f qnf;&mwGif txl;*±kpu kd &f rnft
h csurf mS vHòk cHa&;jzpfonf?
rdrdpkaqmif;xm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;uzsufqD;jcif;/
vma&mufodrf;qnf;jcif;wdkŒ óuHawGŒEdkifa=umif; t+rJowdxm;oifhonf? xdkŒ
a=umihf vltenf;i,fomodEikd af omenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh vHòk cHatmiford ;f qnf;&rnf?
±Hk;cef;wGifrvHkòcHygu tjcm; ydkrdkvHkòcHaomae&mrsm;wGif odrf;qnf;xm;oifhonf?
jyefvnf±mS azG &,ljcif; (Retrieval)
odrf;qnf;xm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk pepfwusrSefuefpGm odrf;

qnf ; xm;rS o m vd k t yf o nf h t csd e f w G i f vG , f v G , f u l u l E S i f h rS e f r S e f u ef u ef
jyefvnf±mS azGEikd rf nfjzpfonf? ta=umif;t&macgi;f pOfrsm;udk vG,u f ±l iS ;f vif;pGm
cJGjcm;xm;+yD; xdkacgif;pOfrsm;atmufY rSefrSefuefuef odrf;qnf;wwf&efrSm
rSwfwrf;wifXmerSolrsm;. wm0efjzpfonf? vdktyfygu ae&ma'orsm;tvdkuf/
vlŒtcGithf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;tvdu
k /f csKd ;azmufow l yf&if;rsm;tvdu k /f vtvdu k /f
oauFwtrnfrsm;/ eHywfrsm;udkoHk;Edkifonf?
tu,fI azmifyHkpHrsm;jzifh rSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;jcif;udk toHk;ðyEdkif

rnf q d k y gu pk a qmif ; xm;aomowif ; tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k uG e f j yLwmjzif h
tvG,fwul rSwfwrf;wifodrf;qnf;Edkifovdk tvG,fwuljyefvnf±SmazGEdkifay
vdrfhrnf?
t"rR u sif h r _ t wG u f vd k t yf a omowif ; tcsuf , l & ef e rl e myH k p H
(1) awGŒqHkar;jref;r_
- aeŒpJG - ae&m
- awGŒqHkar;jref;ol - bmomjyefol
57
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
- tjcm;twl±Sdaeaomolrsm;
(2) '%f&mawGŒ±Sdcsuf
- trSwftom;/ trm±Gwf/ '%f&m
- qHyifrsm;u|wfjcif; (tu,fI tjcm;ESdyfpufcH&jcif;yg±Sdygu)
- t±dk;usdK;jcif;
- a,mif,rf;jcif;
- rD;avmifjcif;
- ajcvuft*F gjywfawmufjcif;
- tjcm;odomxif±Sm;aom'%f&mrsm;
- aq;rSwfwrf;
(3)
xdkol. yHkpHtay:awGŒ±Sd&csuf
- ajymqdkonfhavoH (wdk;/ us,f/ cHpm;csufvHk;0ryg)
- ai;arm=unfhaejcif; (rdrdtm;vHk;0r=unfhjcif;)
- idka=uG;jcif; (rnfhonfhtcgwGif idkoenf;)
- vHk;0pum;rajymjcif; odkŒr[kwf tqufrjywfajymaejcif;/
- cE<mudk,fv_yf±Sm;yHk wkefv_yfaejcif; odkŒr[kwf v_yf±Sm;r_vHk;0r±Sdjcif;/
- rd r d t ay:wk e f Œ jyef c suf (ar;cG e f ; rsm;ud k csD w H k c swH k p Of ; pm;+yD ; rS ajzjcif ; /
ar;cGef;rsm;udkr=umc%jyefar;jcif;)
- tjcm;awGŒ±Sd&csufrsm;/
(4) yk*~dKvfa&;owif;tcsufrsm;
- trnftjynfhtpHk
- vdif - rdbtrnf
- arG;aeŒ
- tdrfaxmiftajctae - uav;ta&twGuf
- vdyfpm
- vlrsdK; - bmom
- tvkyftudkif
58
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
(5) jzpfyGm;yHk
- tcsdef (em&D/ aeŒ/v/ckESpf)
- rnfonfhae&mwGifjzpfyGm;ovJ/
- tjcm;rnfolawG±Sdao;ovJ/
- rnfoluusL;vGefovJ (xdkolta=umif;tao;pdwf/ vlrnfr#yg0ifonf/
wyf&if;trnf/ ,leDazmif;0wfxm;rxm;/ vufeufudkifxm;rxm;)
- olwdkŒbmajymovJ
- rdrdtm;t=urf;zufIðyvkyfovm;/
- ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mb,fvdkt=urf;zufvJ/
- pdwfydkif;qdkif&mb,fvdkt=urf;zufvJ?
- b,favmuf=umatmifðyusifhovJ/ b,fESpfa,mufðyusifhvJ/
- ðyusifhcH&t+yD; cE<mudk,femusifr_b,fvdkjzpfvJ/
- rdrdwOD;xJudkvm;/ tjcm;olygao;vm;/
- xdktjzpfudk awGŒjrifol±Sdvm;/
ðyusifhcH&+yD;aemufydkif;tjzpftysuf
- q&m0ef/ aq;tr_xrf;ESifhawGŒ+yD;r+yD;/
- awGŒygu rnfonfhtcsdefuvJ/
- aq;rSwfcsuf/
- xdkudpPtm;tr_zGifhwdkif=um;ygovm;/
- wdkif=um;ygurnfonfhtcsdefuvJ/
- xdkwdkif=um;csufudk tpdk;&ub,fvdkwkefŒjyefygovJ/
- vuf±Sdxdktr_tajctaeb,fvdk±SdvJ?
- vuf±Sdusef;rma&;tajctae
- ðyusifhcH&t+yD;±kyfydkif;qdkif&mxl;jcm;csuf
- vuf±Sdusef;rma&;tajctae/
- pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtajctae
- vuf±Sdaq;ukor_cHaeygu bmtwGufa=umifhvJ/
59
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
azmiftrsKd ;tpm;trSwf ( )
csdK;azmufcH&oltrSwfpOf ———————-
csd K ;azmuf c H o l E S i f h y wf o uf a omtcsuf t vuf

trnf vdif touf arG;aeŒ
ud;k uG,o f nfb
h mom tdraf xmif tdraf xmifzuftrnf uav;ta&twGuf
ae&yfvdyfpm
ynma&;tqifhtwef;
tvkyftudkif wm0ef
zrf ; qD ; cH & r_ E S i h f y wf o uf a omowif ;

zrf;qD;ol ta&twGuf wm0eftqifhtwef; wyf&if;
zrf;qD;cH&ol usm;/r ta&twGufESifhtrnf
ae&m aeŒpJG bmtwGufa=umifhzrf;qD;oGm;onf
ESdyfpufcH&ygu ESdyfpufcH&yHk
csKyfaESmifxm;qJjzpfygu csKyfaESmifxm;onfhae&m aemufqHk;usef;rma&;tajctae
±H;k wifppfaq;ygu ppfaq;onfw h &m;±H;k jypf'%f aeŒpJG
jyefvGwfvmygu aeŒpJG ta=umif;t&m ay;&onfhaiGyrm%
tcsuftvufpkaqmif;onfhaeŒpJG
pkaqmif;ol
vufrSwf
60
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tcef; (7)
tpD&ifcjH cif; (Reporting)
tpD&ifcHjcif;qdkwmbmvJ?
rdrpd pkH rf;awGŒ±Sx

d m;aomtcsut
f vufrsm;udk rdrt
d zJŒG tpnf;. ±H;k cef;xJ/
zdkifwJGrsm;xJwGifomodrf;qnf;xm;Irjzpfyg? rdrdwdkŒ&nf±G,fxm;onfhtwdkif; csdK;
azmufcH&oltwGuf vdktyfonfhta&;,laqmif±Gufr_rsm; ay:aygufvmap&ef/
aemufxyfxdktjzpfrsdK; xyfrHray:aygufap&eftwGuf wm;qD;umuG,fr_rsm;
taumiftxnfay:vmap&eftwGuf tjcm;vkyfief;wqifhudk xyfrHvkyfudkif&ef
vdktyfonf? xdkvkyfie;ftqifhrSm tpD&ifcHjcif;jzpfonf?
tpD&ifcHjcif;wGif rdrd&nf±G,fcsufrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf

enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh tpd&ifcHjcif;rsm;±Sdonf? wcgw&HwGif pma&;om;jzefŒa0jcif;/
wcgw&HwGif tpD&ifcHpmrsm;a&;om;xkwfa0jcif;/ xdkr#ru owif;xkwfjyef
a=unmcsurf sm; xkwjf yefjcif;wdŒk vnf; ±Sw d wfonf? ‚if;wdŒk tm;vH;k onf tpD&ifcH
jcif; vkyfief;ESifhtóuH;0ifonf? tcsdKŒtpD&ifcHjcif;rsm;onf vlenf;enf;udkom
jzefŒa0today;jcif;rsdK;±Sdwwf+yD; tcsdKŒrSm trsm;jynfolw&yfvHk;odatmif jzefŒa0
jcif;rsdK;vnf; ±Sdonf? xdktpD&ifcHjcif;rsm;wGif rnfonfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifoifhonf
qdak omtcsuu f kd qH;k jzwf&mwGif rnfow l Œkd udk rnfonft
h a=umif;rsm; today;I
rnfonfh&nf±G,fcsuftwdkif; jzpfaprnfqdkonfh tcsufoHk;csuftay: rlwnfI
pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&ayrnf?
tpD&ifcHjcif;udkvkyfudkifonfhtcg t"duta&;t}uD;qHk; tcsufrSm

ormorwfusonf[k trsm;u vufcH,Hk=unfapEdkifrnfh yHkpHjzifh a&;om;&ef
jzpfonf? tcsuftvuftrSefrsm;udk wdwdususrSefrSefuefuef a&;om;xm;
onf [ k pmzwf o l r sm;uvuf c H , H k = unf a prnf h ta&;tom;wif j yr_ y H k p H r sm;
61
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
jzpfoifhonf? jyif;xef=urf;wrf;aom xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufcsufrsm;/ em;±_wfaxG;
aprnfh pum;vHk;rsm;udka±Smif±Sm;oifhonf?
tpD&ifcjH cif;tqifw h iG f pma&;om;jcif;/ owif;a=unmcsuf xkwjf yefjcif;/

ta&;ay:vkyfaqmif&ef wyfvSefŒjcif;/ pmwrf;wdkrsm;/ txl;tpD&ifcHpmrsm; a&;
om;jcif; trsKd ;rsKd ;±So
d nft
h wGuf xdt k a=umif;t&mrsm;. uJjG ym;r_rsm;udk avhvm
oifhonf?
pma&;om;jcif;
txl;owif;tcsufrsm;udk vltkyfpki,frsm;xH ay;ydkŒvdkonfhtcg xdkodkŒ

pmrsm;a&;om;ay;ydkŒjcif;tm; atmifjrifpGmtoHk;ðyEdkifonf? xdkta=umif;t&m
rsm; yg0ifonfph mrsm;udk tpd;k &t&m±Srd sm;/ (txl;ojzifh w&m;a&;0ef}uD;/ jynfxJ
a&;0ef}uD;) wdŒk xH ay;ydŒk avh±o
dS nf? trsm;jynfot l m;vH;k rodapvdak om owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk oufqdkif&mxHtoday;vdkonfhtcg ,ckenf;rSm toHk;0if
onf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh pmxJwiG f ay;ydŒk oltaejzifh rnfuo hJ Œkd vkyaf qmifapvdk
a=umif ; azmf j yxm;I xd k o d k Œ vk y f a qmif & ef yef = um;aom ta&;tom;rsd K ;
yg0ifavh±Sdonf?
xdkodkŒpma&;om;&mwGif tu,fIrdrdtzJGŒta=umif;/ a&;om;olrsm;

ta=umif;udk pmzwfrnfholtaejzifh rod±Sdao;v#if rdrdrnfolrnf0gjzpfa=umif;
tpcsrD w
d q
f ufa&;om;oifo h nf? xdak emufwiG rf S bmta=umif;a=umifh ,ckpmudk
a&;om;ay;ydkŒvdkufjcif;jzpfa=umif; ±Sif;vif;jy&rnf? xdkŒaemufxdkta=umif;ESifh
ywfoufaom vdktyfonfh tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; azmfjyEdkifonf? ‚if;
aemuf xdkoltm;rnfuJhodkŒ vkyfaqmifapcsifa=umif; yef=um;onfh tcsufrsm;
a&;om;&rnf? aemufqHk;wGif rdrdtm;jyefvnfqufoG,fta=umif;=um;ay;&ef
yef=um;r_jzifh tqHk;owf&rnf?
62
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
owif;xkwfjyefcsuf
owif;xkwfjyefcsufqdkonfrSm owif;Xmersm;jzpf=uaom a&'D,dk/

±kyfjrifoH=um;/ owif;pm/ r*~Zif;wdkŒu rdrdwifjyvdkaomta=umif;t&mudk
owif;tjzpf xnfhoGif;wifjyvmatmif wdkwdkawmif;awmif; a&;om;jcif; jzpf
onf? xdkowif;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;udk owif;Xmersm;omru tjcm;tzJGŒtpnf;
rsm;. tpdk;Xmersm;odkŒvnf; ay;ydkŒavh±Sdonf?
xdkodkŒowif;xkwfjyefawmhrnfqdkv#if rdrdtzJGŒtpnf;trnf/ wHqdyf/

acgif;pnf;/ vdyfpmrsm;yg0ifaom w&m;0ifpnf;wHqdyfrsm;jzifh a&;om;xkwfjyef
oifhonf? rdrdxkwfjyefaomowif;tay: pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;u rdrdtm;jyefvnf
qufoG,fEdkifrnhfvdyfpm/ zkef;/zufpf/ tD;ar;vfponfwdkŒvnf; yg0if&rnf?
acgif;pOfudk pm;vHk;t±G,ftpm; uJGjym;pGma&;&rnf? owif;pmwGif

oHk;aom owif;acgif;pOfrsm;uJhodkŒ zwf±_olrsm;.tm±Hkudk qJGaqmifEdkifaom
acgif;pOfrsm;jzpfoifhonf? acgif;pOfudkpdwf0ifpm;rSom pmudk,fwGifygaom tcsuf
rsm;udk qufvufzwf±_vdkpdwf±Sdrnf?
xkwjf yefonfah eŒpJu

G kd rysurf uGux
f nfo
h iG ;f yg? ta&;w}uD;jzefŒcsv
D ykd gu
“tvsiftjref”[k a&;om;owday;Edkifonf?
xdkta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; xyfrH

ay;Edkifaom rdrdtzJGŒtpnf;twGif;rS ajyma&;qdkcGifh±SdaomvltrnfESifh ‚if;tm;
qufoG,fEdkifrnfh zkef;eHywfudk xnfhoGif;a&;om;ay;yg?
pmudk,fwGifyg0ifaom ta&;tom;tcsuftvufrsm;onf owif;pm

rsm;wG i f t+rJ w rf ; awG Œ jrif a e&aom ta&;tom;rsd K ;jzpf o if h o nf ? yxr
pma=umif;wGif t"du (b)ajcmufvHk;yg0ifatmifa&;om;I aemufydkif;wGif
63
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
odoifhodxdkufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk a±G;cs,fxnfhoGif;a&;om;&rnf?
rd r d t zJ G Œ .wm0ef ± S d o l u xd k u d p P E S i f h y wf o uf I ajym=um;csuf u d k
aumufElwfxnfhoGif;ay;ygu owif;orm;rsm;ydkrdkESpfouf=uonf? xdkajym=um;
csufudk owif;orm;rsm;u xkwfElwfudk;um;csuftjzpf xnfhoGif;avh±Sdonf?
rdrd.owif;xkwfjyefa=unmcsufwGif tpdk;&tm;rdrdtaejzifh rnfonfh

tcsufrsm;vkyfaqmifap=umif;udk ay:vGifatmif xnfhoGif;a&;om;oifhonf?
xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf. aemufqHk;wGif rdrdtzJGŒtpnf;ta=umif;/ rnf

onfh tcsdefuzJGŒpnf;cJhonf? rnfonfh&nf±G,fcsufjzifh rnfonfh vkyfief;rsm;
vkyfudkifaqmif±Gufaeonfudk tusOf;csKyfa&;om;azmfjyoifhonf?
ta&;ay:vkyfaqmif&efwyfvSefŒjcif;
ta&;ay:vkyfaqmif&ef wyfvSefŒjcif;qdkonfrSm vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;

xHoŒkd ta&;ay:vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufc&H r_wck jzpfymG ;aea=umif; wyfveS Œf tod
ay;I csdK;azmufcHae&onfh xdkoltm; 0dkif;0ef;ulnDumuG,f&eftwGuf vwf
wavmcsufcsif; vkyfaqmifr_wck vkyfaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;yef=um;jcif;jzpfonf?
xdkwyfvSef‹pmrsdK;udk EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;wa,muftm; zrf;qD;xm;+yD; !‡if;yrf;
ESyd pf ufr_ óuHawGŒ&Edik o
f nfth cgrsKd ;wGijf zpfap ppfwyf odŒk r[kw&f w
J Œkd u vlwa,muf
tm; touftE W&m,f+cdrf;ajcmufr_ðyaev#if xdkolrsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf
ta&;ay:wyfvSefŒjcif;rsm;udk ay;ydkŒavh±Sdonf?
xdkpmrsdK;wGif zrf;qD;cHae&aomol odkŒr[kwf +cdrf;ajcmufcHae&aomol

twG u f txl ; pd k ; &d r f r uif ; jzpf a e&onf h tcsuf y g0if & rnf ? xd k o l t ay: xd k
tE W&m,fusa&mufrnf[k bma=umifh rdrdxifjrifa=umif;udk azmfjyavh±Sdonf?
pmzwfol pmvufcHoltaejzifh rnfonfhvkyfaqmifr_rsdK;udk csufcsif;vkyfaqmif
apvdka=umif; ±Sif;vif;pGm!$ef=um;azmfjyxm;&rnf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh xdkoltm;
64
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
umuG,fr_rsm;ðyvkyfay;&ef tpdk;&wm0ef±Sdolrsm;xH ,Ofaus;pGmyef=um;pmrsm;
a&;om;&ef wduk w
f eG ;f avh±o
dS nf? xdo
k Œkd pmrsm;a&;om;ay;ydŒk &rnfh tpd;k & wm0ef±dS
ol yk*~dKvftrnfESifh vdyfpmudkxnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;wwfonf?
pmwrf;wdkrsm;a&;om;jcif;
pmwrf;wdkrsm;a&;om;jcif;rSm vlwOD;wa,muf tjzpftysufr[kwfbJ

ta=umif;t&m acgif;pOfwckESifh ywfoufI vltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;vmap&ef
&nf±G,fa&;om;jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf? pmrsufESm oHk;±GufrS q,f±Guftxd ±Snfvsm;
wwfonf?
pmwrf;wdka&;om;&mwGif rdrda&;om;vdkaom ta=umif;t&mudkom

t"duxm; a&;om;aqG;aEG;xm;&rnf? Oyrm - w&m;r0if vdiftvkyforrsm;
tm; owfjzwfr_/ ±Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: r=umcifu xdk;ppfqifr_ponfhjzifh
t"Duxm;aom acgif;pOfrsm;atmufrS a&;om;aom tcsufrsm; aoGz,froGm;
atmif owdðya&;om;&rnf?
yxrOD;qHk; ta=umif;t&m tjzpftysufta=umif;udk òcHiHka&;om;

rdwfqufxm;aompmydk'fjzifh pwifavh±Sdonf? xdkaemufavhvmawGŒ±Sdxm;aom
tjzpftysurf sm;/ xGuq f ckd surf sm;xnfo
h iG ;f avh±o
dS nf? tqH;k oyfwiG f ta=umif;
t&mrsm;udk tusOf;csKyfxm;aom ed*Hk;csKyfyg0ifavh±Sdonf? ta&;t}uD;qHk;rSm
oufqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm;tm; xdkudpPESifhywfoufI rnfodkŒvkyfudkifaqmif±Guf
apvdka=umif;tm; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onfh t}uHðycsufrsm;yg0if&efjzpfonf?
pmwrf ; wd k r sm;a&;om;xk w f a 0v#if taumif ; qH k ; tcsuf r S m xd k p mwrf ; wG i f
yg0ifaomta=umif;t&mrsm;udk tESpcf sKyfa&;om;xm;onfh owif;xkwjf yefcsuf
udk rsufESmzHk;pm±Guftaejzifh yl;wJGxkwfjyefEdkifv#if taumif;qHk;jzpfonf? xdkodkŒ
vkyfaqmifEdkifygu owif;Xmersm;. pdwf0ifpm;r_udk ydkrdk&Edkifonf?
65
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
txl;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;jcif;
txl;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif ta=umif;t&mtrsdK;rsdK; xnfhoGif;a&;om;

xm;wwfonf? ta=umif;t&mrsKd ;pHu k kd a&;om;xm;aom pmwrf;i,frsm; pkaygi;f
xm;onfh txl;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;vnf;xGufay:wwfonf? Oyrm - jrefrmEdkifiH
vlŒtcGithf a&;ESpyf wfvnftpD&ifcpH m/ xdik ;f Edik if H pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_
qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpm ponfwdkŒjzpfonf?
xdktxl;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk a&;om;ðypk&mwGif tcsdefumvESifh vkyfief;

aqmifwmrsm; =um±Snfrsm;jym;avh±Sdonf? xdkodkŒtxl;tpD&ifcHpmrsm; a&;om;
rnfhtpm; pmwrf;i,frsm;a&;om;jcif;u ydkrdktcsdefoufomrnfvm;/ rdrdtzJGŒ
twGuf ydkrdkoifhawmfrnfvm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcif&rnf? xdktpD&ifcHrsm;wGif ed'gef;/
twdkcsKyfwifjycsufrsm;/ ed*Hk;/ t}uHðycsufrsm;yg0ifavh±Sdonf? xdkodkŒ txl;
tpD&ifcpH mrsm; xkwaf 0jzefŒcsad wmhrnfqv
kd #if xdt k a=umif;t&mrsm;udk tESpcf sKyf
a&;om;xm;aom owif;xkwjf yefcsuu f kd wòydik ef ufxwk af 0oifo
h nf? xdt
k pD&ifcH
pmrsm;onf ordkif;wGif&pfrnfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfaoma=umifh aocsmpGm
jyifqifoifhonf? oyf,yfpGmzefwD;oifhonf?
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk rnfuJhodkŒjzefŒa0oifhoenf;?
rnfr#yif óud;pm;tm;xkwI f aumif;rGeaf tmifjyifqifxm;aom tpD&ifcH

pmyif jzpfapumrl jzefŒa0r_tm;raumif;v#if tusdK;r±Sd tv[\jzpfwwf
onf? qdv k o
kd nfrmS a&mufoifo h nfo
h x
l o
H Œkd a&mufoifo
h nfh tcsed w f iG f ta&muf
ydŒk &efvt
kd yfa=umif; qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf? ,cktcgwiG f v#ypf pfpmydŒk pepfjzifh vsiv
f sif
jrefjrefydkŒaqmifEdkifae+yDjzpf&m xdkacwfrDenf;pepfrsm;udktoHk;ðyI rdrd. tpD&ifcH
pmrsm; vlrsm;rsm;zwf±_Ekdifatmifvkyf&ayrnf?
aemufxyfowdðyoifah omtcsuwf csurf mS tcsed u

f u
kd rf j_ zpfonf? txl;
ojzifh owif;xkwfjyefa=unmcsufrsm;onf tcsdefudkufr_±Sd&ef ta&;}uD;onf/
66
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
rnfr#aumif;rGefaom owif;jzpfygap tcsdefaESmif;rSa&muf±Sdvmygu rnfonfh
enf;ESifhrS toHk;ðyEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? txl;ta&;}uD;aom vlŒtcGifhta&;
owif;rsm;ta=umif; xkwfjyefonhf a=unmcsufrsdK;udk wwfEdkifoa±GŒ tapm
wvsif xkwfjyefoifhonf?
vlxkqufoG,fr_owif;Xmersm;udkrnfuJhodkŒtoHk;csEdkifoenf;?
vlŒtcGifhta&;tpD&ifcHpmwckudk vlxkupdwf0ifpm;avav xdktr_tm;

ulnDumuG,fr_rsm;jzpfay:vmap&ef vlxk. 0dkif;0ef;zdtm;ay;r_rsm; ydkrdk&±SdEdkif
avavjzpfonf? xdŒk a=umifh vlxx k x H ;kd azmuf0ifa&mufEikd o
f nfh vlxq
k ufo,
G rf _
owif;Xmersm;uaeI rdrdwdkŒowif;rsm;udk toHk;ðyvmatmif qJGaqmifEdkifrnf
qdkygu vlxktwGif;ydkrdkxdk;azmufEdkifrnfjzpfonfhtwGuf xdkowif;Xmersm;udk
pepfwuspDrHudef;jzifh csOf;uyfoifhonf?
yxrOD;qHk; vkyfaqmifEdkifaomtcsufrSm owif;axmufrsm; pdwf0if

pm;aomu¾rsm;udkavhvmI rdrdvkyfaqmifaeaom vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;
pdwf0ifpm;rnfh owif;axmufrsm;udk xyfrHa±G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf? xdkolrsm;udk
csOf;uyfI rdrdvkyfaqmifaeaom vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif; ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm;vmap&ef/
rdrdwdkŒpHkprf;awGŒ±Sdvmonfh tcsufrsm;udk toHk;ðyvmap&ef vkyfaqmif&rnf?
rdrw
d Œkd xkwjf yefaom tpD&ifcpH m. rl&if;udk xdo k rl sm;xH óudwifay;ydŒk xm;Edik o f nf?
xdkay;ydkŒxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm; aumif;rGefpGm &±Sdjcif;±Sdr±Sdtm; zkef;jzifh
aocsmatmifjyefac:I rdrdowif;udk pdwf0ifpm;atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifonf? xdk
owif;rsm;onf txl;pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;I ‚if;wdŒk ud, k w
f ikd f xyfrpH pkH rf;r_rsm;
vkyaf qmifoifah =umif; t}uHay;wdu k w
f eG ;f Edik o
f nf? tpD&ifcpH mrsm; xkwjf yefygu
xdkta=umif;udktESpfcsKyfa&;om;xm;aom oD;jcm;owif;a=unm csufrsm;udk
yl;wJx
G w k jf yefEikd yf gu aumif;onf? xdok wif;axmufrsm;. pdw0f ifpm;r_ tm±Hu k kd
qJGaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf owif;pm±Sif;vif;yJGrsm; ðyvkyfEdkifygu taumif;qHk;
jzpfonf?
67
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tzJGŒtpnf;rsm;uxkwfjyefaom pHkprf;ppfaq;awGŒ±Sdcsufrsm;wGif
yg0ifoifhonfhtcsufrsm;
xdkpHkprf;ppfaq;r_wGif yg0ifaqmif±Gufaomolrsm;. trnfrsm;udk xkwf

azmfEikd yf gu azmfjyoifo h nf? tcsKd ŒtajctaersKd ;wGif vHòk chaH &;a=umifjh zpfap/ tjcm;
ta=umif;rsm;a=umifjh zpfap xdo k rl sm;udk trnfrsm;udk azmfjyIr&aom tcgrsKd ;vJ
±Sdwwfonf? tu,fI acgif;pOfu¾rsm;udk oD;jcm;pDcJGI a&;om;xm;ygu
rnfolu rnfonfhacgif;pOfudk a&;om;xm;onfudk azmfjyoifhonf? xdkŒaemuf
xdok Œkd pHpk rf;ppfaq;r_ ðyvky&f jcif;. &nf±, G cf su/f toH;k ðyaom enf;vrf;rsm;/ ae&m
tajctaersm;/ awGŒ±S&d aom owif;&if;jrpfrsm; ponfwŒkd ta=umif;udk ±Si;f vif;
oifhonf? odkŒrSompmzwfoltaejzifh xdktpD&ifcHpmudk rnfuJhodkŒ ðypka&;om;cJh
a=umif;udk od±Sdayvdrfhrnf?
xdtk pD&ifcpH mxJwiG f rdrw d Œkd ±SmazGawGŒ±Scd ahJ om awGŒ±Scd surf sm;tm; tao;
pdwfazmfjyoihfonf? jzpfEdkifygu rdrdawGŒqHkar;jref;xm;csufrsm;udk wdkuf±dkuf
ud;k um;I xnfEh ikd o f nf? ajymqdo k . l trnfrsm;udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyEdik yf gu
azmfjyoifo h nf? xdŒk tjyif rdr±d mS azGawGŒcJah om owif;&if;jrpfrsm;udk azmfjyEdik yf gu
azmfjyay;&rnf? ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh azmfjy&efroifah om owif;&if;jrpfrsm;/
rd r d t aejzif h a zmf j yjcif ; rðyvk y f y g[k *wd a y;xm;aom owif ; &if ; jrpf r sm;ud k
xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;rðy&?
xdkodkŒawGŒ±Sdcsufrsm;udk toHk;ðy&mwGif jzpfyGm;aomtr_rsm;tm; jzpfay:

ap&ef wGe;f tm;ay;aeaomtcsurf sm;udk ay:vGiaf tmifwifjyEdik &f rnf? rnfonhf
tcsufrsm;udkusL;vGefjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ bmtwGufa=umifh xdkodkŒusL;vGefr_rsm;
jzpfyGm;&jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ usL;vGefolrsm;onf rnfonfh&nf±G,fcsufjzifh usL;vGef
jcif;jzpfa=umif;udk rdrd. qef;ppfa0zefcsufjzifh wifjy&rnf? tu,fI rdrdxHwGif
68
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
wduscikd v
f akH om w&m;±H;k xGuq
f ckd su/f aq;ppfcsurf w
S w
f rf;rsm;±Syd gu xdo
k ufao
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh rdrdwifjycsuf cdkifvHka=umif;oufaojyoifhonf?
xdtk pD&ifcpH mrsKd ;wGif rygrjzpfyg0ifoifah omtcef;rSm ed*;kH csKyf oH;k oyfcsuf
ESifh t}uHðycsuftcef;rsm;jzpfonf? xdktjzpftysufrsm; jzpfay:&jcif; ta=umif;
&if;rsm;udk ed*;kH csKyfwiG x
f yfavmif;azmfjyI xdtk jzpfrsKd ;udk umuG,[ f efŒwm;Edik &f ef
oufqdkif&mtpdk;&taejzifh rnfonfht&mrsm; vkyfaqmifoifha=umif;/ xdktpdk;&
vkyfaqmifvmap&eftwGuf tjcm;tzJGŒtpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHwumtzJGŒrsm;/ tpdk;&
rsm;u rnfonfhzdtm;rsm;ay;oifha=umif;udk t}uHay;csufwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy
oifhonf?
tpD&ifcHpmudk rdrdtm;owif;rsm;ay;cJholrsm;/ oufqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm;/

vkyfief;wlvkyfaqmifaeaomtzJGŒtpnf;rsm;/ tjcm;today;oifhaomtpdk;&rsm;/
a'oqdkif&mESifh EdkifiHwumtpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzJGŒtpnf;rsm;odkŒ
jzefŒcsD&rnf?
tpD&ifcHxkwfjyeft+yD; qufvufvkyfaqmifoifhaomtcsufrsm;
- rdrdwdkŒpHkprf;ppfaq;awGŒ±Sdaom tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;onf EdkifiHawmf

Oya'ESifh EdkifiHwumvlŒtcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;t& oufqdkif&mtpdk;&taejzifh
av;pm;vdkufem&efwm0ef±Sda=umif;udk txift±Sm;xkwfazmfajymqdk&rnf?
tu,fI xdck sKd ;azmufc&H aomtcGit hf a&;onf Edik if aH wmftpd;k &. vufrw S f
xdk;xm;aom a'oodkŒr[kwf EdkifiHwumvlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwl
pmcsKyfwiG f yg0ifaom tcsurf sm;jzpfaeygu tpd;k &onf av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef
wm0ef±adS om tcsurf sm;udk csKd ;azmufaea=umif; rD;armif;xd;k jy&rnf? xdo k Œkd
csd K ;azmuf a omtcsuf r sm; trsm;tjym;jzpf a eygu wcsuf c sif ; pD u d k
odomatmif axmufjy&rnf?
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: apmfum;t=urf;zufrr_ sm;tm; Edik if w
H um vlŒtcGihf
ta&;Oya'rsm;wGif txl;wdwdususazmfjyxm;jcif; r±Sdao;aomfvnf;
69
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
xd k t =urf ; zuf r _ r sm;onf Oya'rsm;wG i f y g0if a om tcsd K Œtcsuf r sm;ES i f h
tóuH;0ifvsu±f o dS nf? Oyrm - ppfyu GJ mvtwGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; rk'ed ;f
usijhf cif;onf ESyd pf ufjcif;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f wdwud sus t"dym` ,f
owfrSwfazmfjyxm;jcif; r±Sdaomfvnf; xdkpmcsKyfwGifygaom tcsufrsm;t&
ESyd pf uf!i‡ ;f yrf;r_ajrmufonfuakd wGŒ&onf? tjcm;aom trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay:
t=urf;zufjcif;rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHwum vlŒtcGifhta&; pmcsKyfwcktaejzifh
oD;oefŒa&;om;xm;jcif;r±Sad o;aomfvnf; xdt k =urf; zufrr_ sm;onf ESyd pf uf
!‡if;yrf;r_qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk csufrsm;ESifh tóuH;0if
aeonf? xdktwGufa=umifh trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; v_yf±Sm;aqmif±Gufolrsm;
tzdkŒ xdkpmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvmI trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk xdkpmcsKyfygrnfonfhtcsufjzifh udkifwG,fajymqdkEdkifrnfudk
yg;yg;eyfeyfavhvm&ef vdktyfvSonf?
- xdkvlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;onf trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;

ygjzpfa=umif; xifxif±Sm;±Sm; rD;armif;xdk;jyyg?
vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_wdkif;onf vdifuJGjym;r_udktajccHaom/ vdif
uJGjym;r_a=umifh jzpfyGm;&aom csdK;azmufr_rsm;r[kwfay? vlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;
azmufr_wckonf vdifuJGjym;r_a=umifhjzpfyGm;&onf[k qdkEdkif&eftwGuf
xif±Sm;aomta=umif;t&mudk cdkifcdkifrmrmjyoEdkif&rnf? xdktwGufa=umifh
pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ðyvkyfpOf umvuwnf;u xdkvlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_onf
omrefvlŒtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_wckomrubJ vdifuJGjym;aoma=umifh
usL;vGefjcif;/ usL;vGefcH&jcif;/ jzpfay:atmif wGef;tm;ay;cH&jcif;jzpfonf
[laom tcsurf sm;udk ay:vGiaf tmif jyoEdik &f rnf? Oyrm - aus;±Gmw±Gmudk
ppfwyfu0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufI awGŒor#trsdK;om;trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;vHk;udk
zrf;qD;r_onf rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;aom vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufr[ _ k qdEk ikd f
onf? tu,fI xdzk rf;qD;cH&aom trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;vH;k udk om;a=umzsuf
aq; twif;t=uyfx;kd ay;onf/ trsKd ;om;tm; bmrSrvkyq f v
kd #if vdiu
f jGJ ym;
r_a=umifh trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;csdK;azmuf r_[k qdkEdkifonf? xdktcsuf
rsdK;udkxif±Sm;atmifwifjyI trsm;u vufcHvmatmif v_HŒaqmfoifhonf?
70
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
- tpdk;&wGifwm0ef±Sdonfhtcsufudk odomxif±Sm;atmif wifjyyg?

vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;/ trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufcH&r_rsm;udk
pHkprf;±SmazGI tpD&ifcH+yD;onfhtcg xdktr_rsm;jzpfyGm;&jcif;wGif oufqdkif&m
EdkifiHtpdk;&wGif wm0ef±Sda=umif;odomxif±Sm;atmifjyo&ef vdktyfonf?
xdktr_rsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&udk,fwdkifuusL;vGefonfjzpfap/ rusL;vGef
onfjzpfap xdkodkŒjzpfyGm;&onfhtay: EdkifiHawmftpdk;& wm0ef±Sda=umif;
oufaowifjy&efrSm vG,fulaomtvkyfwckawmhr[kwfay?
tu,fI Edik if aH wmftpd;k &wGif wm0ef±adS om &JwyfzŒGJ / ppfwyfu olwOD;
OD;u vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_wckudkusL;vGefygu EdkifiHawmftpdk;& csdK;
azmufa=umif; vG,v f ,
G u
f u l yl if wifjyEdik rf nf? Edik if aH wmfOya'rsm;/ tpd;k &
udk,fwdkif vufrSwfxdk;xm;aom a'oqdkif&mEsifh EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;udk
udkifwG,fI xdkoabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;udk csdK;azmufa=umif; wifjy
ta&;qdkEdkifonf?
odkŒaomf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u udk,fwdkifudk,fuscsdK;azmufjcif;r[kwfbJ
umuG,fay;&ef/ csdK;azmufoludk tumtuG,fay;&ef/ ukpm;ay;&ef ponf
wdkŒudk ysufuGufonfhtcgrsdK;wGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wGif wm0ef±Sdonf[laom
tcsufudk vG,fvG,fululESifh wifjyEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? xdkodkŒ wifjy
Edkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf xdkodkŒusL;vGefr_jzpfyGm;Edkifonfudk EdkifiH
awmf tpdk;&u óudwifod±Sdxm;onf (odkŒr[kwf) od±Sdxm;avmufonfh
taetxm;rsm; ±Sdonfudk yxrOD;qHk;oufaojy&rnf? 'kwd,taejzifh xdk
usL;vGefcH&oltwGuf vdktyfaom epfemcsufrsm;&±Sdtmif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&
taejzifh vdt k yfovdk aqmif±u G af y;&ef ysuu f u
G rf u_ kd oufao±SmazG&rnf?
wwd,tcsuftaejzifh xdkodkŒ vdktyfovdkraqmif±Gufay;jcif;rSm csdK;azmuf
cH&ol. vdiu f jGJ ym;r_a=umifh jzpfonf[al omtcsuw f Œkd udk txift±Sm; rdr&d &
azmfjyEdik &f rnf? tpd;k &u vkt d yfovdv k yk af qmifay;&ef ysuu f u
G jf cif;qdo
k nf
rSm &JwyfzJGŒwGif oGm;a&mufwkdif=um;r_udk vufrcHjcif; omru csdK;azmuf
cH&ol trsdK;orD;taejzifh oGm;a&mufwdkif=um;&ef r0hHr&Jjzpfae&jcif;/ oGm;
a&mufwdkif=um;v#ifvJ ta&;,laqmif±Gufay;rnfh ,E W,m;r±Sdjcif;wdkŒ
71
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
onfvnf; oufqdkif&mtpdk;&zufrS vdktyfovdk aqmif±Guf&ef ysufuGuf
r_yifjzpfonf? xdt k csurf sm;udk cdik cf ikd rf mrm wifjyEdik &f rnf? xdo k Œkd wifjy&mwGif
vnf; trSew f u,f tpd;k &zufu ysuu f u
G rf /_ wm0efrausr/_ vpfvsL±_rw _ Œkd
ay:vGifxif±Sm;Edkifrnfh taxmuftxm;rsm; &±SdrSjzpfayrnf? xdkrSwqifh
xdo k Œkd ysuu
f uG rf r_ sm;onf Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u vufcv H u
kd ef m&efwm0ef±adS om
EdkifiHwum vlŒtcGifhta&; oabmwlcsufrsm;yg tcsufrsm;ukd csdK;azmuf
jcif;jzpfa=umif; wifjyzdkŒvdktyfonf?
- jzpfEdkifrnfhajz±Sif;csufrsm;twGuf v_Haqmfr_rsm;/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfyg?

pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;/ rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifaepOfuxnf;u xdkcsdK;
azmufcH&r_udk rnfuJhodkŒ wm;qD;umuG,fEdkifrnfhtajzrsm;/ oufqdkifonfh
olrsm;tm;vHk;u vkyfudkifaqmif±Gufoifhonfhtcsufrsm;udk ±SmazGpOf;pm;
xm;oifo h nf? jzpfEikd af omajz±Si;f csu/f t}uHay;csurf sm; trsm;tjym; ±SEd ikd f
onfhtxJrS trSefwu,fvufawGŒususjzpfEdkifrnfh/ vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfh
tcsufrsm; tjcm;u|rf;usifolrsm;ESifh wdkifyif!‡dEdkif;& a±G;cs,fqHk;jzwf&rnf?
t}udr}f udrt f zefzef oH;k oyf+yD;rSom oifah wmf+yD; trSew
f u,fvyk af qmifoifh
onfh tcsufrsm;udk csrSwf&ayrnf?
- xdkta=umif;t&mESihfywfoufI rsufacsrjywfqufvufapmifh=uyfyg?
pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;/ rSwwf rf;wifjcif;/ tpD&ifcjH cif;rsm; toD;oD;vkyaf qmift+yD;
qufvufvkyfaqmif&efrSm vlŒtcGifhta&;v_HŒaqmfjcif;om jzpfawmhonf?
odŒk aomfvnf; vlŒtcGit hf a&;v_ŒH aqmfr_ vkyuf ikd af eonfu h mvtwGi;f rSmwGif
rdrdpHkprf;ppfaq;tpD&ifcHxm;aom ta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI rsufacs
rjywf&ef/ aemufq;kH owif;rsm;udk qufvufapmif=h uyfae&ef txl;ta&;}uD;
onf? tpD&ifpmxkwfjyef+yD;onfESifh rdrdwm0efaus+yD[k r,lqoifhay?
rdrt d pD&ifccH ahJ om udpEP iS yhf wfoufI tajctae ydrk q kd ;kd 0g;r_rsm;±Sv
d movm;/
tpdk;& odkŒr[kwf wm0ef±Sdolrsm;u ta&;,laqmif±Gufr_rsm;±Sdvmovm;/
xdkajymif;vJvmr_rsm; tay:rlwnfI v_HŒaqmfaqmif±Gufr_rsm; ajymif;vJG&ef
vdktyfovm; t+rJrjywf avhvmae&rnf?
72
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;tcsut
tpD&ifcHpmxkwfjyeft+yD; vH_Œaqmfr_rsm;vkyfaepOftwGif; tpdk;&.
wkefŒjyefr_rsm;udk avhvmoifhonf? rdrdtm;ulnDowif;ay;cJhaomolrsm;/
um,uH±iS rf sm;/ rsujf rifoufaorsm;/ ‚if;wdŒk .aqGrsKd ;rsm;udk tpd;k &taeESihf
wckck wHkŒjyefr_rsm;vkyfaqmifr_±Sdr±Sd rsufacsrjywfapmifh=uyf&rnf? xdkŒjyif
rd r d t }uH ð yxm;aom t}uH a y;csuf r sm;ud k ouf q d k i f & mtpd k ; &taeES i f h
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif±Gufjcif;/ vdkufemjcif;rsm;±Sdr±SdudkvJ apmifh=uyf
&efvo kd nf? e,fajra'o twGi;f xdt k a=umif;t&mrsm;udk apmif=h uyfaeaom
a'ocHtjcm;tzJGŒtpnf; rsm;ESifhvnf; t+rJrjywfqufoG,fr_rsm;ðyvkyfI
a'otwGif; zHGŒòzd;wdk;wufr_ owif;rsm; &,l&rnf? tu,fI aemufxyf
pHpk rf;ppfaq;r_rsm;/ tpD&ifcrH r_ sm; vdrk vdk oH;k oyf&rnf? v_ŒH aqmfrv
_ yk if ef;rsm;
rnfodkŒajymif;vJoifhonf? rnfonfh t&mrsm; xyfrHvkyfaqmifoifhonf
ponfwdkŒudkvJ t+rJrjywfoHk;oyfa0zef ajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&ayrnf?
73
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hf a&;tcsut
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vlŒtcGit

,ckpmtkyfwGif vufeufudkifyÉdyuQtwGif;±Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlŒtcGifh

How to Investigate, Document and Report

Prepared and written by:

This publication is supported by Thai Action Committee for

vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;twGif;wGif trsdK;orD;ESifh trsdK;om;wdkŒonf

trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_[kqdkvdkufv#if trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;

vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGif;±Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: vdifydkif;qdkif&m

trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufjcif;. 'kw,

wwd,ta=umif;tcsufrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;/

ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_usL;vGefovdk

wcgw&HwiG rf l rdrw d Œkd ESi&hf ifqikd w

vuf e uf u d k i f yÉd y uQ w ck j zpf o nf E S i f h wòyd i f e uf trsd K ;orD ; rsm;ES i f h

odŒk aomf trsKd ;orD;rsm;jzpfaoma=umifh trsKd ;om;rsm;xuf vufeufuikd f

trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt=urf;zufavh±o dS rl sm;rSmvJ olwŒkd .

vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQtwGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;

vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: pDrHudef;±Sd±Sdjzifh

'kuQonftjzpfab;uif;&modkŒ xGufajy;wdrf;a±Smifvmaom trsdK;orD;

tjcm;EdkifiHodkŒ a&muf±Sdcdkv_HcJhaomfvnf; vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_

'kuQonfrsm;udk ae&yfodkŒjyefvnfydkŒaqmifonfhtcgwGifvJ trsdK;orD;

ae&yf o d k Œ jyef v nf y d k Œ aqmif o nf [ k q d k a omf v J xd k a e&mrsm;onf

vufeufukdif yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;onfESifhwòydifeuf aemufqufwJG óuHawGŒ

vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGif; trsdK;orD;rnfr# t=urf;zufapmfum;

vufeufudkifppfyJGrsm;a=umifh trsdK;orD;rsm;&ifqdkifcHpm;&onfh t=urf;

vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_udk EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;wGif twdtus

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tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlŒtcGifhta&; Oya'rsm;xJwGif vdifydkif;qdkif&m

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vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aomOya' (Humanitarian Law)

ppfyOGJ ya' (Laws of War) [kvnf; ac:a0:avh±adS om vlom;csi;f pmem

trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya'rsm;

trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; ppfom;rsm;u vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufjcif;ESifh

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vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya'tawmfrsm;rsm;udk oabmwl

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vlŒtcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;ESifh vlŒtcGifhta&;pHcsdefpHElef;rsm;udk rnfuJhodkŒ

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vlŒtcGifhta&;apmifh=uyfjcif;vkyfief;pOf (Human Rights Monitoring Process)

tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;/ oHk;oyfjcif;/ tpD&ifcHjcif;

owif;ay;jcif;/ w&m;a&;ESihf umuG,fwm;qD;jcif;

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bma-umifh vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr+rsm;udk pHkprf;pkaqmif;&efvdktyfovJ?

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(1) pH k p rf ; ppf a q;&onf h & nf ± G , f c suf u d k csrS w f j cif ; /

pHkprf;ppfaq;&onfh &nf±G,fcsufudk csrSwfjcif;qdkonfrSm rnfonfh

odkŒrSom pHkprf;ppfaq;onfhtcgwGif xdktcsufrsm; atmifjrifatmif aqmif±Guf

• jzpfyGm;aomtr_udk ±Sif;vif;atmif avhvmyg?

jzpfyGm;aomtr_ta=umif;udk ±Sif;vif;atmif avhvmpHkprf;jcif;jzifh

xd k o wif ; tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k pH k p rf ; Ed k i f & ef t wG u f xd k o wif ; rsm;

xdkolrsm;xHrS csJŒum;aom/ r[kwfrrSefaom owif;rsm;vnf; &±Sdwwfonfh

• yg0ifaeaom csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfyg?

txufygowif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;

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• rdrdpHkprf;ppfaq;&jcif;. t"dutcsufrsm;udk owfrSwfyg?

pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyfrnfholonf rdrdpHkprf;r_ ðyvkyfrnfhtajctae/

pHpk rf;ppfaq;&rnfh taetxm;/ tajctaeudk rlwnfI vkyaf qmif&rnfh

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