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BOOK 1
Four types:
One Not change: Parmenides, Melissus Change: Natural Scientists Plural Infinite: Democritus Definite: 2, 3, 4
CRITICISM OF THE VIEW THAT THERE IS JUST ONE PRINCIPLE, AND THAT IT NEVER CHANGES Principle must be of something / things, if not redundant Premises are false Philosophy being Substance, quantity, quality
CRITICISM OF THE VIEW THAT THERE IS JUST ONE PRINCIPLE, AND THAT IT NEVER CHANGES
Melissus quantity implies quality or substance Oneness: continuous = infinitely divisible (part whole) Indivisible one = no quantity or quality, unlimited Everything is one = heraclitean thesis, good bad indivisible Parmenides One = is? He is pale, he pales Many in definitions, by division (whole parts)
Melissus is invalid Created hv beginning; Uncreated no beginning Created beginning of thing, not of time Being one thing that is unmoving? Why? Water Alternation
Parmenides Is mistaken that being has just one meaning, in fact equivocal Conclusion does not follow: pale and pale things Just is being, not an attribute of anything, but other things are attributed to it Non-being Nothing has being except just being Being cannot be attributed to being pale Coincidental = may or may not be an attribute of something
Natural scientists, two schools One and difference, condensation and rarefaction Plato great and small Anaximander, one contains oppositions, separated out Empedocles, Anaxagoras: both one and many Mixture Separation in cycles or unique event Only the familiar elements or infinite number of things homoeomerous substances
The third as the underlying The opposites never constitute substance of anything
A person can become educated What is not educated can become educated
Complex Both the thing which comes to be and the thing which it becomes are complex
There must be something underlying Quantity, quality, relation, time and space Composite: 1. that which comes to be 2. comes to be this first thing Underlying thing / matter + a form / privation or opposite of form Educated person = person + educated 2 or 3? Principles of the opposite
Nothing comes to be or ceases to be There cannot be a plurality of things, but only being itself The opposition of contrary, is and is not for example Fail to make distinction Dog have the property of an animal, together with the particular dog Coming to be from something that is not = coming to be from something that is not as something that is not
2 propositions concerning underlying nature Anything comes into being comes from what is not (e.g. great and small) Numerically one, also one in potential Matter and privation are different Matter = coincidentally is not, like substance Privation = in its own right is not The great and small are what is not The underlying nature is one, single Takes no account of the privation
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