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1 ==> a [30]
2 ==> b [30]
S --> 1 2 [20]
Agent=John
Patient=Mary
Predicate=Loves
S --> 2 1 [10]
Agent=John
Patient=Mary
Predicate=Loves
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0=Mary
5 --> 4 4 4
0=Tunde
S --> 1 2 5
Agent=John
Patient=(2).0
Predicate=Loves

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Agent=Mike
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Knows

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Patient=John
Predicate=Hates

2 ==> a [34]
S --> 2 3 3 3 5 3 15 15 6 2 2
Agent=Mike
Patient=Mary
Predicate=Hates

3 ==> d [27]
5 ==> b [26]
15 ==> c [21]
S --> 6 15 3 15 6 2 2 5 3 3 2
Agent=John
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Hates
S --> 2 3 2 5 6 6 5
Agent=Mary
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Finds

S --> 2 5 2 15 3 3 3 5 6
Agent=Mary
Patient=Tunde
Predicate=Loves

[3]

[2]

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Agent=Mary

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Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Hates

S --> 2 3 2 5 2 5 15 15 15 6 15 2 3 15 5 15 6
Agent=Mary
Patient=Tunde
Predicate=Hates

[1]

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Patient=Mary
Predicate=Finds

S --> 6 [2]
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Patient=Mike
Predicate=Hates

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Predicate=Finds

[1]

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Patient=John
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Agent=(1).0
Patient=Tunde
Predicate=Loves

2 ==> d [173]
17 ==> a [127]

S --> 2 2 149 290 2 149 2 107 149 290 2


Agent=Tunde
Patient=(7).0
Predicate=Knows

4 ==> e [117]
149 --> 4 [52]
11=Mary
9 ==> c [47]

S --> 148 107 147 2


Agent=(1).0
Patient=Tunde
Predicate=Likes

5 ==> b [45]
148 --> 17
290 --> 5

S --> 2 149 149 149 149 147 149 147 149 2


Agent=Zoltan
Patient=Mike
Predicate=Hates

[2]

[2]

[36]
S --> 290 17 290 17 290 173 9 173 173 2 2 90
Agent=Zoltan
Patient=Tunde
Predicate=Loves

[29]

107 --> 9 4
0=John
107 --> 4 2
0=Mary

[25]

[19]

173 --> 17 17
12=Tunde
147 --> 2 2

S --> 9 107 149 290 9


Agent=(1).0
Patient=Tunde
Predicate=Loves

[1]

[12]

S --> 290 107 148 149


Agent=(1).0
Patient=Mike
Predicate=Finds

[5]

S --> 149 107 2 2 2


Agent=(1).0
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Knows

S --> 2 173 2 17 2 2 149 2 173


Agent=Zoltan
Patient=(6).11
Predicate=Knows

S --> 2 9 9 148 148 9 148 148 9 2 107 148


Agent=Zoltan
Patient=(10).0
Predicate=Hates
S --> 149 148 149 107
Agent=Mike
Patient=(3).0
Predicate=Hates

[3]

[2]

S --> 290 290 2 173 149 149 17 107 290


Agent=Mike
Patient=(7).0
Predicate=Likes

[2]

[2]

[2]

_md\@^,SUW]*cdbUWnonoUWbhbORn

S --> 149 149 9 147 2


Agent=Mary
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Loves
S --> 2 17 149 173 2
Agent=Mike
Patient=(3).12
Predicate=Knows
S --> 149 147 290 290
Agent=Mike
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Likes

";-&H

[1]

[1]

[1]

S --> 2 173 2 107 [1]


Agent=(1).12
Patient=(3).0
Predicate=Knows

[1]

S --> 2 149 2 17 149


Agent=Mary
Patient=Mike
Predicate=Knows

[1]

[1]

S --> 5 17 5 17 5 392 9 392 149 2 5


Agent=Zoltan
Patient=(8).11
Predicate=Loves

[1]

392 --> 17 17

[1]

S --> 2 2 2 173 2 173 2 2 107 17


Agent=Zoltan
Patient=(8).0
Predicate=Hates

S --> 2 148 148 2 148 2 2 148 149 148 148


Agent=Zoltan
Patient=Mike
Predicate=Knows

S --> 2 173 2 17 149


Agent=(1).12
Patient=Mike
Predicate=Knows

[1]

S --> 290 17 149 173 2


Agent=Mike
Patient=(3).12
Predicate=Finds
S --> 290 147 2 149 2
Agent=Tunde
Patient=(3).11
Predicate=Finds

S --> 149 2 149 2 149 2 2 290


2 2 107 149 [2]
Agent=Zoltan
Patient=(10).0
Predicate=Finds

S --> 9 107 147 2

S --> 149 17 149 2 2 2


Agent=Mike
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Knows

S --> 2 2 148 148 2 290 2


Agent=Tunde
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Knows

[4]

[1]

[1]

S --> 149 149 2 148 149


Agent=Mary
Patient=Mike
Predicate=Hates

S --> 2 107 2 149 [4]


Agent=(1).0
Patient=Mike
Predicate=Knows

S --> 149 173 2 2 149


Agent=(1).12
Patient=Mike
Predicate=Hates

S --> 290 149 2 107


Agent=(1).11
Patient=(3).0
Predicate=Finds

S --> 2 148 149 2 149


Agent=Mike
Patient=John
Predicate=Loves

S --> 149 107 107 [4]


Agent=(1).0
Patient=(2).0
Predicate=Hates

[1]

S --> 147 107 5 5 [1]


Agent=(1).0
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Finds

S --> 2 107 147 2 [1]


Agent=(1).0
Patient=Tunde
Predicate=Knows

[5]

S --> 2 149 2 173 2


Agent=(1).11
Patient=(3).12
Predicate=Knows

[1]

[7]

S --> 290 107 148 148 2


Agent=(1).0
Patient=Tunde
Predicate=Finds

[1]

S --> 148 147 2 107


Agent=Tunde
Patient=(3).0
Predicate=Likes

[16]

107 --> 17 17 2
0=Tunde

:d^,ci@bY1,

[2]

S --> 290 107 2 149


Agent=(1).0
Patient=Mike
Predicate=Finds

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

S --> 17 17 4 147 2
Agent=Mike
Patient=Tunde
Predicate=Likes

[1]

S --> 2 2 173 2 5 9
Agent=(2).12
Patient=Zoltan
Predicate=Loves

[1]

S --> 2 17 4 107 [1]


Agent=Mike
Patient=(3).0
Predicate=Knows
S --> 9 173 2 107 [1]
Agent=(1).12
Patient=(3).0
Predicate=Loves

[1]

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2 ==> c [205]
3 ==> e [167]
10 ==> a [120]

62 --> 2 2
0=Tunde

[38]

62 --> 4 3
0=John

[34]

4 ==> d [108]
66 --> 10 3
4=Likes

[24]

S --> 66 62 62 [100]
Agent=(2).0
Patient=(1).0
Predicate=(0).4

66 --> 2 3
4=Loves

[22]

62 --> 3 2
0=Mary

66 --> 3 3
4=Knows

[19]

[49]

62 --> 2 10
0=Zoltan

[40]

66 --> 4 10
4=Finds

62 --> 10 4
0=Mike

[39]

66 --> 2 4
4=Hates

:d^,ci@bY`1,

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[18]

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johnlovesmary

Skjrqk\]@9qs

2 ==> j [1]

6 ==> l [1]
14 ==> y [1]

3 ==> o [1]

8 ==> v [1]
S --> 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 [1]
9 ==> e [1]
Agent=John
Patient=Mary
10 ==> s [1]
Predicate=Loves
11 ==> m [1]
----------------------------12 ==> a [1]
MergeCat(3,7)
13 ==> r [1]
----------------------------14 ==> y [1]
3 ==> o [2]
S --> 2 3 4 5 6 3 8 9 10 11 12
2 ==> j [1]
13 14 [1]
Agent=John
4 ==> h [1]
Patient=Mary
Predicate=Loves
5 ==> n [1]

4 ==> h [1]
5 ==> n [1]
6 ==> l [1]
7 ==> o [1]
8 ==> v [1]
9 ==> e [1]
10 ==> s [1]
11 ==> m [1]
12 ==> a [1]
13 ==> r [1]

skjVsV

johnlovespete

Skjrqk\]@9q#

3 ==> o [2]

11 ==> m [1]

16 ==> o [1]

2 ==> j [1]

12 ==> a [1]

17 ==> h [1]

4 ==> h [1]

13 ==> r [1]

18 ==> n [1]

5 ==> n [1]

14 ==> y [1]

19 ==> l [1]

6 ==> l [1]

9 ==> e [1]

S --> 2 3 4 5 6 3 8 9 10 11 12 20 ==> o [1]


13 14 [1]
Agent=John
21 ==> v [1]
Patient=Mary
Predicate=Loves
22 ==> e [1]

10 ==> s [1]

15 ==> j [1]

8 ==> v [1]

23 ==> s [1]

[~

k 

24 ==> p [1]

MergeCat(9,27)
MergeCat(23,10)
Chunk(24 9 26 9 )
Chunk(11 12 13 14 )
AttribFeat(29,Mary)
AttribFeat(28,Pete)
MergeFeat(0,1)
MergeCat(29,28)

25 ==> e [1]
26 ==> t [1]
27 ==> e [1]
S --> 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 [1]
Agent=John
Patient=Pete
Predicate=Loves

10 ==> s [2]
S --> 2 3 4 5 6 3 8 9 10
28 [2]
Agent=John
Patient=(9).0
Predicate=Loves
11 ==> m [1]

----------------------------12 ==> a [1]


3 ==> o [4]
13 ==> r [1]
9 ==> e [4]
14 ==> y [1]

----------------------------2 ==> j [2]

24 ==> p [1]

MergeCat(15,2)
MergeCat(16,3)
MergeCat(3,20)
MergeCat(17,4)
MergeCat(18,5)
MergeCat(19,6)
MergeCat(21,8)
MergeCat(22,9)
MergeCat(9,25)

skjVsV

4 ==> h [2]
26 ==> t [1]
5 ==> n [2]
28 --> 24 9 26 9
0=Pete

6 ==> l [2]
8 ==> v [2]

petelovesmary

3 ==> o [4]

28 --> 11 12 13 14
0=Mary

[1]

Skjrqk\]#cqs
28 --> 11 12 13 14
0=Mary

[1]

9 ==> e [4]
30 ==> p [1]
2 ==> j [2]
31 ==> e [1]
4 ==> h [2]
32 ==> t [1]
5 ==> n [2]
33 ==> e [1]
6 ==> l [2]
34 ==> l [1]
8 ==> v [2]
35 ==> o [1]
10 ==> s [2]
36 ==> v [1]
S --> 2 3 4 5 6 3 8 9 10
28 [2]
Agent=John
Patient=(9).0
Predicate=Loves

[1]

37 ==> e [1]
38 ==> s [1]
39 ==> m [1]

11 ==> m [1]
40 ==> a [1]
12 ==> a [1]

MergeCat(30,24)
MergeCat(31,9)
MergeCat(9,33)
MergeCat(9,37)
MergeCat(32,26)
MergeCat(34,6)
MergeCat(35,3)
MergeCat(36,8)
MergeCat(38,10)
MergeCat(39,11)
MergeCat(40,12)
MergeCat(41,13)
MergeCat(42,14)
Chunk(24 9 26 9 )
Chunk(11 12 13 14 )
AttribFeat(43,Pete)
MergeFeat(2,0)
MergeCat(43,28)
AttribFeat(44,Mary)
MergeFeat(3,0)
MergeCat(44,28)
Chunk(2 3 4 5 )
AttribFeat(45,John)
MergeFeat(4,0)
MergeCat(45,28)

41 ==> r [1]
-----------------------------

13 ==> r [1]
42 ==> y [1]

9 ==> e [7]

14 ==> y [1]
S --> 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38 39 40 41 42 [1]
Agent=Pete
Patient=Mary
Predicate=Loves

24 ==> p [1]
26 ==> t [1]
28 --> 24 9 26 9
0=Pete

3 ==> o [5]
6 ==> l [3]
8 ==> v [3]

[1]
-----------------------------

10 ==> s [3]

KNM I KNOPO2Q>R2M>S~UTVSXW4>M>S I SXM~ I R YZO'R2O2[\S


DJI L

k 

14 ==> y [2]
S --> 28 6 3 8 9 10 28
Agent=(0).0
Patient=(6).0
Predicate=Loves

[3]

24 ==> p [2]
26 ==> t [2]
11 ==> m [2]

2 ==> j [2]

28 --> 24 9 26 9
0=Pete

[2]

28 --> 11 12 13 14
0=Mary

[2]

12 ==> a [2]
4 ==> h [2]
13 ==> r [2]

28 --> 2 3 4 5
0=John

[2]

5 ==> n [2]

skjVsV

johnhatesmary

Skjrqk\]@s

9 ==> e [7]

MergeCat(62,61)
51 ==> a [1]

3 ==> o [5]

----------------------------52 ==> t [1]

6 ==> l [3]

9 ==> e [8]
53 ==> e [1]

8 ==> v [3]

3 ==> o [6]
54 ==> s [1]

10 ==> s [3]

4 ==> h [4]
55 ==> m [1]

S --> 28 6 3 8 9 10 28
Agent=(0).0
Patient=(6).0
Predicate=Loves

[3]

10 ==> s [4]
56 ==> a [1]
12 ==> a [4]
57 ==> r [1]
S --> 28 61 9 10 28
Agent=(0).0
Patient=(4).0
Predicate=(1).7

2 ==> j [2]

58 ==> y [1]

4 ==> h [2]

24 ==> p [2]

S --> 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
54 55 56 57 58 [1]
Agent=John
Patient=Mary
Predicate=Hates

26 ==> t [2]

-----------------------------

2 ==> j [3]

11 ==> m [2]

MergeCat(46,2)
MergeCat(47,3)
MergeCat(48,4)
MergeCat(4,50)
MergeCat(49,5)
MergeCat(51,12)
MergeCat(12,56)
MergeCat(52,26)
MergeCat(53,9)
MergeCat(54,10)
MergeCat(55,11)
MergeCat(57,13)
MergeCat(58,14)
Chunk(11 12 13 14 )
Chunk(2 3 4 5 )
AttribFeat(59,Mary)
MergeFeat(5,0)
MergeCat(59,28)
AttribFeat(60,John)
MergeFeat(6,0)
MergeCat(60,28)
Chunk(4 12 26 )
Chunk(6 3 8 )
AttribFeat(62,Loves)
AttribFeat(61,Hates)
MergeFeat(7,8)

5 ==> n [3]

5 ==> n [2]

12 ==> a [2]
13 ==> r [2]
14 ==> y [2]
28 --> 24 9 26 9
0=Pete

[2]

28 --> 11 12 13 14
0=Mary
28 --> 2 3 4 5
0=John
46 ==> j [1]
47 ==> o [1]
48 ==> h [1]
49 ==> n [1]
50 ==> h [1]

[2]

[2]

[4]

6 ==> l [3]
8 ==> v [3]

26 ==> t [3]
11 ==> m [3]
13 ==> r [3]
14 ==> y [3]
28 --> 11 12 13 14
0=Mary
28 --> 2 3 4 5
0=John
61 --> 6 3 8
7=Loves

[3]

[3]

[3]

24 ==> p [2]
28 --> 24 9 26 9
0=Pete
61 --> 4 12 26
7=Hates

[2]

[1]

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