EE42 100 Lecure+15 072913-Clean

Slide 1 EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Prof.
Chang-Hasnain
EE 42/43/100
Introduction to Digital
Electronics

Lecture 15
7/29/13

Instructors:
Prof. Connie Chang-Hasnain
Dr. Wenbin Hsu

Slide 2 EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Prof. Chang-Hasnain
Outline
Topics
Transfer function
Bode plots
Reading
Chap 9
Supplementary Reader Ch1

Transfer Function
Transfer function is a function of frequency
Complex quantity
Both magnitude and phase are function of
frequency
Two Port
filter network
V
in
V
out
( )
( )
( )
out
out in
in
V
f
V
H f
u u
u
= = Z
= Z
out
in
V
H
V
H(f)
Bode Plot
Plot of magnitude of transfer function vs.
frequency
Both x and y scale are in log scale
Y scale in dB
Log Frequency Scale
Decade Ratio of higher to lower frequency
= 10
Octave Ratio of higher to lower frequency
= 2

Recap - What is the Transfer Function?
IN
OUT
nction TransferFu
V
V
=

+
AV
T
R
2
R
1
+

V
T
+

V
OUT
C

V
IN
+

A = 100
R
1
= 100 kOhms
R
2
= 1 kOhms
C = 10 uF
(A) R
1
/(1+jwR
2
C)
(B) A/(1+jwR
2
C)
(C) (1+jwR
2
C)/ R
1
(D) R
1
(1+jwR
2
C)
Bode Magnitude Plot First-order Low-Pass Filter
( )
2
2
1
20log ( ) 20log 10log
1
y H A
R C
e
e
= = +
+
2
100
| 1 |
100
=
+ j
0
20
40
-20
10 100 1000
1
Radian
Frequency
A = 100
R
2
= 1000 Ohms
C = 10 uF
w
p
= 1/(R
2
C) = 100
A
Actual value =
loge
Quiz 1: What is the slope of the Bode magnitude plot?
(A) -10 (B) -20 (C) 10 (D) 20 dB/dec
) 1 (
) (
2
C R j
A
IN
OUT
e
e
+
= =
V
V
H
High-frequency asymptote of Low-pass filter
1
10
( )
(10 )
20log 20
( )
B
B
B
f
H f
f
H f
dB
H f
| |
=
|
\ .
=
As f
The high frequency asymptote of magnitude
Bode plot assumes -20dB/decade slope
First-Order Lowpass Filter
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
1 ( ) 1 1
tan
1 ( ) 1
1
1 1
2
( )
1
( ) , tan
1
B B
B
B
j C
RC
j C R j RC
RC
Let and f
RC RC
H f
f
H f
f
f
f
e
e
e e
e
e
t
u
u
= = = Z
+ +
+
= =
= Z
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
C
V
H(f) =
V
H(f)
R
+
-
C
V
V
C

+
-
1/ 2
10 10
1
( ) 2
2
( ) 1
20log 20( ) log 2 3
(0) 2
B
B
H f
H f
dB
H
= =
= =
Quiz 2: output taken across R
2
, what is the
Bode magnitude plot?

+
AV
T
R
2
R
1
+

V
T
+

V
OUT
C
V
IN
+

A = 100
R
1
= 100,000 Ohms
R
2
= 1000 Ohms
C = 10 uF
( ) H f
Frequency
( ) H f
Frequency
( ) H f
Frequency Frequency
( ) H f
A
B
C
D
Quiz 3: Bode Phase Plot
-90
0
90
180
-180
10 100 1000
1
Radian
Frequency
P
h
a
s
e

A
B
C
D
First-Order Highpass Filter
( )
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
tan
1 ( ) 1 2
1
( ) , tan
2
1
R
B
B
B
RC
R j RC
RC
j C R j RC
RC
f
f
f
H f
f
f
f
e
e t
e
e e
e
t
u
(
= = = Z
(
+ +

+
| |
|
| |
\ .
= =
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
V
H(f) =
V
R
+
-
C
V
V
C

+
-
1/ 2
10 10
1
( ) 2
2
( ) 1
20log 20( ) log 2 3
(0) 2
B
B
H f
H f
dB
H
= =
= =
V
R

First-Order Lowpass Filter
1
2
1
2
1 1
tan
1
1
2
( )
1
( ) , tan
1
R
B B
B
B
L
j L
R
L
R
R
R R
Let and f
L L
H f
f
H f
f
f
f
e
e
e
e
t
u
u
| |
= = Z
|
\ .
| | +
+
|
\ .
= =
= Z
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
V
H(f) =
V
H(f)
R
+
-
L
V
V
L

+
-
V
R

First-Order Highpass Filter
1
2
1
2
tan
2
1
1
2
( )
( ) , tan
2
1
L
B B
B
B
B
j L L
L
R R
j L
R
L
R
R
R R
Let and f
L L
H f
f
f
f
H f
f
f
f
e e
t e
e
e
e
t
u
t
u
(
| |
= = Z
|
(
\ .

| | +
+
|
\ .
= =
= Z
| |
|
| |
\ .
= =
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
V
H(f) =
V
H(f)
R
+
-
L
V
V
L

+
-
V
R

First-Order Filter Circuits
L
+

V
S
C
R
Low Pass
High
Pass
H
R
= R / (R + jeL)
H
L
= jeL / (R + jeL)
+

V
S
R
High Pass
Low
Pass
H
R
= R / (R + 1/jeC)
H
C
= (1/jeC) / (R + 1/jeC)
Points of First-Order (RC or RL) Circuits
Bode Magnitude Plot
The elements are either high or low pass (no
band pass or notch)
Passband = 0 dB
Reject (filtered out) band has either + or 20
dB/dec slope
3dB break frequency is e
B
=1/t, where t is the
time constant for natural response.
Bode Phase Plot
Passband has 0 degree
Total phase shift between pass and reject is +
or t/2
Steps for Deriving Bode Plots
Write down transfer function (voltage divider)
Substitute complex impedance (i.e. jeL or 1/ jeC)
Simplify to make the real part 1 (dividing all terms by R)
Simplify to make terms look like e/e
B
or e
B
/e
Find the breaking frequency
Take magnitude square
Bode Magnitude Plot
Evaluate the trends for e>>e
B
, e=e
B
,e<<e
B
Remember to keep solo terms alone
Compare terms that are added or subtracted ; only the dominate
one survive
Bode Phase Plot
Evaluate the trends for
Remember the phase through passband should be 0
Remember
2
( ) H f
( ) H f Z
( ) H f
0, ,
B
e e e e =
1 1 1
tan (0) 0, tan ( ) / 2, tan ( ) / 2 t t

= = =
Second-Order Filter Circuits: RLC in Series :
C
+

V
S
R
L
Z = R + 1/jeC + jeL
H
R
(e) = R / Z
H
C
(e) = (1/jeC) / Z
H
L
(e) = jeL / Z
H
BR
+ H
LP
+ H
HP
=1
+
-
+

-
+ -
Second-Order Low-Pass Filter
2
0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
0
2
0
2
2
0
0
1 1
( )
1 1
1
1 1 1
, ;
1 1
,
( )
1 ( )
( )
1 ( )
c
s
s s
s
c
s
s
c
s
j C j RC
H f
L
R j L j
j C j RC R
L
Let Hence L define Q
LC C R R C
L j L j j
j Q Q
R R j RC j RC
jQ
H f
jQ
f
Q
f
H f
f f
Q
f f
e e
e e
e e
e
e e
e e
e e e e e
e
e e e e e e
e
e
e e
e e
= =
+ + + +
= = = =
= = = =
=
+
| |
|
\ .
=
(
+
(

Second-Order Low-Pass Filter
2
0
0
2 4
2
0 0
0
0
2
: dominates ( ) 1 10log ( ) 0
( ) 0
: dominates ( ) , ( )
10log ( ) 40log : 40 /
( ) 180
c c
c
s
c c
s
c
c
f
Low f H f y H f dB
f
H f
f
jQ
f f f f
High f H f H f
f
f f f
jQ
f
y H f K f Slope dB dec
H f
= = =
Z =
| | | |
~ =
| |
\ . \ .
= ~
Z =
2
2
0
: ( ) , ( ) 20log
( ) 90
c s c s s
c
at f f H f jQ H f Q y Q
H f
= = = =
=
Low- or High- Pass Second-Order (RLC)
Circuits
Bode Magnitude Plot
Passband = 0 dB
Rejected (filtered out) band has either + or
20*2=40 dB/dec slope
Bode Phase Plot
Passband has 0 degree
Total phase shift between pass and reject is +
or t
Second-Order Band-Pass Filter
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
( )
1 1
1
1
( )
1 ( )
1
( )
1 ( )
c
c
s
c
s
R
H f
L
R j L j
j C j RC R
H f
jQ
H f
f f
Q
f f
e e
e e
e e
e e
= =
+ + + +
=
+
=
(
+
(

2
0
2
0
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
2
1 1
: dominates ( ) ; ( )
10log ( ) 20log : 20 /
( ) 90
1
: dominates ( ) , ( )
10log ( ) 20log : 20 /
( ) 90
c c
s
s
c
c
c c
s
s
c
c
f
Low f H f H f
f
f
f
jQ
Q
f
f
H f
f f
High f H f H f
f
f Q f
jQ
f
H f
= =
(
(

= ~ +
Z =
| |
~
|
\ .
= ~
Z =
2
0
: ( ) 1 , ( ) 1 0
( ) 0
c c
c
at f f H f H f y dB
H f
= = = =
=
3dB Point and Bandwidth
| |
0
0 0
0
2
2
2 2
0
0
0
0
, , 1 , 1
( ) 3
1 1 1
( )
2
1 (1 1 )
1 ( )
(1 1 ) 1
1 1
2 ; ; 2 2
2
c
c
s
s
s
s s s
f f
Let f f where f
f f
H f is dB down
H f
Q
f f
Q
f f
Hence Q
f
Bandwidth f
Q Q Q
o o o
o o
o o
o o , ,
= + A A = = + =
= = =
+ + +
(
+
(

+ + =
= = = = A = =
Bode Plots
Common Filter Transfer Function vs. Freq
( ) H f
Frequency
High Pass
( ) H f
Frequency
Low Pass
( ) H f
Frequency
Band Pass
Frequency
Band Reject
( ) H f
Quiz 4 What is Bode Plot of V
out
?
C
+

V
S
R
L
V
out
+
-
( ) H f
Frequency
( ) H f
Frequency
( ) H f
Frequency Frequency
( ) H f
A
B
C
D
Parallel LC Circuit
I
in

R L
C
0
0
0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
1 1
1 1
( )
1 1
1
,
1
( )
1 ( )
1
( )
1 ( )
p
p
p p
c
p
c
p
Z
j C
R j L
I Z
H f
R
I R
j RC
j C R
j L
R j L
j j R R j
Q j RC j RC Q
j L L
H f
f f
jQ
f f
H f
f f
Q
f f
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e e e
e e
e e e e e e
=
+ +
= = =
| |
+ +
+ +
|
\ .
= = = =
=
+
=
(
+
(

+ v - + v -
R
+
v
-
L
V
in
-
+
R
C
R
+
out
-
L
V
in
-
+
R
C
The derivation is the same as LC in series
All is the same except Q
What happens to Bode magnitude and
phase plots with increasing Q?

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