CHAPTER 10 CHEMICAL BONDING II: MOLECULAR GEOMETRY AND HYBRIDIZATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

10.1 M According to the VSEPR theory, the geometry of the SO3 molecule is: A. B. C. D. E. pyramidal tetrahedral trigonal planar distorted tetrahedron square planar

Answer: C 10.2 M The geometry of the SF4 molecule is A. tetrahedral B. trigonal pyramidal E. distorted tetrahedron Answer: E 10.3 M Use VSEPR theory to predict the geometry of the PCl 3 molecule. A. linear B. bent C. trigonal planar D. trigonal pyramid E. tetrahedral C. trigonal planar D. square planar

Answer: D 10.4 M According to VSEPR theory the geometry of the PH3 molecule is best described as: A. B. C. D. E. linear trigonal planar tetrahedral bent trigonal pyramidal

Answer: E 10.5 E The geometry of the CS2 molecule is best described as: A. B. C. D. E. linear trigonal planar tetrahedral bent trigonal pyramidal

Answer: A

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10.6 M

The geometry of the ClF3 molecule is best described as: A. B. C. D. E. distorted tetrahedron trigonal planar tetrahedral T-shaped trigonal pyramidal

Answer: D 10.7 M According to the VSEPR theory, the geometry of the atoms in the carbonate ion, CO32 is: A. B. C. D. E. square planar tetrahedral pyramidal trigonal planar octahedral

Answer: D 10.8 E According to the VSEPR theory, which one of the following species is linear? A. H2S B. HCN C. BF3 D. H2CO E. SO2

Answer: B 10.9 M According to VSEPR theory which one of the following molecules is trigonal bipyramidal? A. SF4 B. XeF4 C. NF3 D. SF6 E. PF5

Answer: E 10.10 E According to VSEPR theory which one of the following molecules is bent? A. CO2 B. C2H2 Answer: C 10.11 M According to VSEPR theory, which one of the following molecules has a bent geometry? A. Cl2O B. CO2 C. HCN D. CCl 4 E. none of these C. SO2 D. BeCl2 E. KrF2

Answer: A 10.12 E Which one of the following molecules has tetrahedral geometry? A. XeF4 B. BF3 C. AsF5 D. CF4 E. NH3

Answer: D 10.13 E According to VSEPR theory, which one of the following molecules has a tetrahedral geometry? A. NH3 B. CCl 4 C. CO2 D. SF4 E. PCl5

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Answer: B 10.14 M The bond angle in Cl2O is expected to be approximately: A. 90 o B. 109.5 o Answer: B 10.15 H The F S F bond angles in SF6 are: A. B. C. D. E. 90 o 109.5 o 120 o 180 o 90 o and 180 o C. 120 o D. 145 o E. 180 o

Answer: E 10.16 M The F Cl F bond angles in ClF 3 are: A. B. C. D. E. 90 o only 109.5 o only 120 o only 180 o only 90 o and 180 o

Answer: E 10.17 M According to the VSEPR theory, the F As F bond angles in the AsF 4 ion are predicted to be: A. B. C. D. E. 109.5o 90o and 120o 180 o <109.5o >90o, >120o, and <180 o

Answer: E 10.18 M Which one of the following molecules is nonpolar? A. B. C. D. E. NH3 OF2 CH3Cl H2O BeCl2

Answer: E

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10.19 M

Complete the sentence. The PCl5 molecule has: A. B. C. D. nonpolar bonds, and is a nonpolar molecule. nonpolar bonds, but is a polar molecule. polar bonds, and is a polar molecule. polar bonds, but is a nonpolar molecule.

Answer: D 10.20 M Which one of the following molecules has a dipole moment? A. B. C. D. E. BeCl2 Br2 BF3 IBr CO2

Answer: D 10.21 M Which one of the following molecules has no dipole moment? A. CO B. CH2Cl2 C. SO3 D. SO2 E. NH3

Answer: C 10.22 M Which one of the following is a polar molecule? A. B. C. D. E. PBr5 CCl4 BrF5 XeF2 XeF4

Answer: C 10.23 M Predict the molecular geometry and polarity of the SO2 molecule. A. linear, polar B. linear, nonpolar E. None of these is correct. Answer: C 10.24 M Predict the geometry and polarity of the CS2 molecule. A. linear, polar B. linear, nonpolar D. bent, nonpolar E. bent, polar Answer: B C. tetrahedral, nonpolar C. bent, polar D. bent, nonpolar

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10.25 H

Indicate the type of hybrid orbitals used by the central atom in PCl 3. A. sp B. sp2 C. sp3 D. sp3d E. sp3d2

Answer: C 10.26 M Indicate the type of hybrid orbitals used by the central atom in CCl 4. A. sp B. sp2 C. sp3 D. sp3d E. sp3d2

Answer: C 10.27 H Indicate the type of hybrid orbitals used by the central atom in SF 6. A. sp B. sp2 C. sp3 D. sp3d E. sp3d2

Answer: E 10.28 M What is the hybridization of the As atom in the AsF 5 molecule? A. sp B. sp2 C. sp3 D. sp3d E. sp3d2

Answer: D 10.29 M What is the hybridization of the central atom in NO 3 ? A. sp B. sp2 C. sp3 D. sp3d E. sp3d2

Answer: B 10.30 M Which one of the following molecules has sp2 hybridization at the central atom? A. SO2 B. N2O C. BeCl2 D. NF3 E. PF5

Answer: A 10.31 M What is the hybridization of As in the AsF 4 ion? A. sp B. sp2 C. sp3 D. sp3d E. sp3d2

Answer: D 10.32 H What is the hybridization of the central atom in ClO 3 ? A. sp B. sp2 C. sp3 D. sp3d E. sp3d2

Answer: C

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10.33 Which of the following covalent species have the same geometries? M A. NH2 and H2O B. NH2 and BeH2 C. H2O and BeH2 D. NH2 , H2O, and BeH2 Answer: A 10.34 M Which of the following molecules have the same geometries? A. B. C. D. SF4 CO2 CO2 N2 O and and and and CH4 H2O BeH2 NO2

Answer: C 10.35 M Predict the molecular geometry of SO3. A. trigonal planar Answer: A 10.36 M Which pair is geometrically similar? A. B. C. D. SO2 and CO2 CO2 and OF2 PH3 and BF3 SO2 and O3 B. trigonal pyramidal C. tetrahedral D. T-shaped

Answer: D 10.37 M The fact that BCl3 is a planar molecule while NCl3 is pyramidal can be explained several different ways. Which is the best rationalization? A. Nitrogen is more electronegative than boron. B. The nitrogen atom in NCl 3 has a lone pair of electrons whereas the boron atom in BCl3 does not. C. The nitrogen atom is smaller than the boron atom. D. The boron atom in BCl3 is sp3 hybridized, while the nitrogen atom in NCl3 is sp2 hybridized. Answer: B

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10.38 M

NH3 (pyramidal geometry) reacts with BF3 (planar geometry) to form the addition compound, H3NBF3. What is the geometry around the nitrogen and boron centers in the addition compound? A. Both centers are tetrahedral. B. Nitrogentetrahedral and boronlinear. C. Nitrogenpyramidal and boronplanar. D. Nitrogenplanar and boronpyramidal. Answer: A

10.39 E

Which geometry is associated with an sp hybridized atom? A. B. pyramidal tetrahedral C. D. trigonal planar linear

Answer: D 10.40 M The geometry for SeF3+ is: A. B. C. D. trigonal pyramidal. square planar. tetrahedral. rectangular planar

Answer: A 10.41 E Which of the following covalent species is planar? A. NH3 Answer: C 10.42 E Which of the following molecules is linear? A. H2O B. NH3 C. NO2 Answer: D 10.43 E Which of the following statements is true of methane? A. It is a tetrahedral molecule. B. It contains single and double bonds. C. It contains 80% hydrogen by weight. D. It does not occur in nature. E. It is a polar molecule. Answer: A D. CO2 E. H2S B. SO3 2 C. CO3 2 D. H3O+

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10.44 E

The ammonium ion is symmetrical, with the nitrogen at the center of a tetrahedron of four equivalent hydrogens. The N atom in the ion may best be described as using: A. B. C. D. only sp3 hybridized orbitals. only sp2 hybridized orbitals. sp2 and s orbitals. sp2 and p orbitals.

Answer: A 10.45 E Which type of hybrid orbital is used by carbon in CO2? A. sp B. sp2 C. sp3 D. dsp3

Answer: A 10.46 M Which is the largest bond angle? A. B. C. D. angle OSO in SO4 2 angle ClCCl in HCCl3 angle FBeF in BeF2 angle HOH in H2O

Answer: C 10.47 E In Molecular Orbital theory, the bond order = A. B. C. D. the total number of valence electrons available for bonding. (the number of electrons in bonding MOs) + (the number of electrons in antibonding MOs). (the number of electrons in bonding MOs) - (the number of electrons in antibonding MOs). (number of electrons in bonding MOs) - (number of electrons in antibonding MOs) 2 E. (number of electrons in bonding MOs) + (number of electrons in antibonding MOs) 2 What is the bond order of N2, for which the MO electron configuration is: 2s2*2s22py22pz22px2 A. B. C. D. E. 1 2 3 4 none of these

10.48 E

Answer: C

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10.49 E

Which of the following substances is an example of a homonuclear diatomic molecule? A. B. C. D. E. O3 NO He F2 NH3

Answer: D

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

10.50 H Use VSEPR theory to predict the molecular geometries of a. b. c. H3O+ (hydronium ion) CO32 SF4 (sulfur tetrafluoride) ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

Answer: a. trigonal pyramid b. trigonal planar c. distorted tetrahedron 10.51 E 10.52 M Use VSEPR theory to explain why the water molecule is bent, rather than linear. Answer: The central oxygen atom must distribute 4 pairs of electrons around itself. Two are lone pairs. Using periodic trends arrange the following molecules in order of increasing dipole moment: NH3, PH3, AsH3. Answer: AsH3 < PH3 < NH3 10.53 M Explain why CO2 is nonpolar, but OCS is polar. Answer: In CO2, the two bond moments point in opposite directions and are of equal magnitude. Therefore they cancel. But in OCS, even though the two bond moments point in opposite directions, they are not of the same magnitude and so do not cancel. The N N H bond angles in hydrazine N2H4 are 112 o. What is the hybridization of the nitrogen orbitals predicted by valence bond theory? Answer: sp2 10.55 E Indicate the number of - bonds in each of these molecules. a. b. c. C2H4 ________ C2H6 ________ N2H2 ________

10.54 M

Answer: a. 1 b. 0 c. 1

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10.56 M

a. b. c. d.

According to the VSEPR theory the geometrical structure of PF5 is _________ ? In a sketch it would look like this. The F P F bond angles are ______________ PF5 is (polar; nonpolar). (Circle one)

Answer: a. trigonal bipyramidal b.

F F P F F
c. 90 , 120 o, and 180o d. nonpolar
o

10.57 M

a. b.

How does the geometrical structure of PF5 differ from that of IF5? IF5 is (polar; nonpolar). (Circle one)

Answer: a. PF5 is trigonal bipyramidal, whereas IF5 is square pyramidal b. polar 10.58 M Ozone (O3) is an allotropic form of oxygen. Use VSEPR theory to predict the geometry of the ozone molecule. Answer: bent 10.59 H 10.60 M Which should have the longer bond, B2 or B2 ? Answer: B2 Which should have the longer bond, O2 or O2+? Answer: O2

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10.61 M

Using the VSEPR Theory match the shapes of the molecules with the formula. _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. Answer: __a___ 1. __c___ 2. __d___ 3. __b___ 4. __f___ 5. BeCl2 H2O SiCl4 BCl3 NH3 BeCl2 H2O SiCl4 BCl3 NH3 a. Linear b. Trigonal planar c. Bent d. Tetrahedral e. Octahedral f. Pyramidal

10.62 H

Complete the following table. Hybrid type a ___________ b sp2 c ___________ d ___________ Answer: Hybrid type a b c d sp sp2 dsp3 sp3d2 Geometry of electron pairs linear trigonal planar trigonal bipyramidal octahedral Geometry of electron pairs linear _________ trigonal bipyramidal octahedral

10.63 M

The two CH2 groups in C2H4 do not rotate freely around the bond connecting them, although the two CH3 groups in C2H6 have almost unhindered rotation around the C C bond. Why? Answer: The C2H4 has pi bonding between the carbon atoms. Pi bonding restricts rotation.

10.64 E 10.65 M

In benzene, what is the hybridization on each carbon atom? Answer: sp2 Predict the geometry around the central atom in each of the following molecules: a PO43 b SO4 2 c XeO4 Answer: All are tetrahedral

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10.66 M

Which of the following molecules should be polar? a CH3OH b H2O c CH3OCH3

Answer: a and b and c (mildly polar) 10.67 M Which of the following molecules are bent? a. H2S b. CO2 c. ClNO d. NH2 e. O3 Answer: a, c, d, and e 10.68 H Which of the following molecules are planar? a. SO3 b. SO32 c. NO3 d. PF3 e. BH3

Answer: a, c, and e

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TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS
10.69 M According to the VSEPR theory all of the electron pair-electron pair repulsions about the central atom in PCl 3 are of equal strength. Answer: F 10.70 M 10.71 E The BrF5 molecule has polar bonds and has a dipole moment. Answer: T Pi bonds are covalent bonds in which the electron density is concentrated above and below the inter-nuclear axis, but not cylindrically around the axis. Answer: T 10.72 M 10.73 M The hybridization of B in the BF3 molecule is sp3. Answer: F A bonding molecular orbital is of lower energy (more stable) than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed. Answer: T 10.74 E 10.75 E 10.76 E The 2s MO is lower in energy than the 2px MO. Answer: T Based on the MO diagram for N2 (2s2*2s22py22pz22px2), N2 should be paramagnetic. Answer: F Molecular Orbital theory provides an explanation for the observation that O 2 is a diamagnetic molecule. Answer: F