Krausz Environmental Science Chapter 3 Study Guide I. Section 1: The Geosphere 1.

Key Terms: geosphere, crust, mantle, core, lithosphere, asthenospehere, tectonic plate, erosion. 2. List and describe the 5 structural layers of the geosphere. 3. What tectonic plate is Alabama on? 4. Most of the geological activity at the surface of the Earth occurs where? 5. Name the 3 ways that tectonic plates move. 6. What is an earthquake? 7. Define magnitude. 8. If an earthquake occurs in the middle of the ocean, what natural disaster does it cause? 9. What is a volcano? 10. Where are most volcanoes located? 11. Name 2 local effects of a volcanic eruption. 12. Name 2 global effects of a volcanic eruption. 13. Name 3 negative effects of water/wind erosion. II. Section 2: The Atmosphere 1. Key Terms: atmosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, ozone, radiation, conduction, convection, greenhouse effect. 2. Describe the composition of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere. 3. The Earth's atmosphere is pulled towards Earth's surface by what force? This causes air closer to the Earth to be more __________. 4. As elevation increases, what process becomes more difficult. 5. List and describe the 4 structural layers of the atmoshere. 6. Which layer of the atmosphere is the most dense? 7. Where does all of the weather occur? 8. Where is the ozone layer located? What is the chemical symbol for ozone? 9. Which layer of the atmosphere is the coldest? Hottest? 10. Define ionosphere. What natural phenomenon does the ionosphere cause? 11. Differentiate between radiation, conduction, and convection. 12. Give an example of radiation, conduction, and convection. 13. Without the greenhouse effect life would be too _____ to survive? 14. List the 4 most abundant greenhouse gases. III. The Hydrosphere and Biosphere 1. Key Terms: water cycle, evaporation, condensation, precipitation, salinity, fresh water, biosphere, closed system, open system. 2. Draw and explain the water cycle. 3. Which ocean is the largest? What is the deepest point of that ocean? 4. Surface currents in the Pacific Ocean north of the equator travel in a __________ direction and south of the equator they travel in a __________ direction. What is this effect called? 5. Most of the salt in the ocean is composed of _________. What is the chemical formula? 6. Name and describe the 3 layers of the hydrosphere. 7. One of the most important functions of the world ocean is to ____________________. Explain how this occurs.

8. Surface currents are driven by ____________. 9. Where is most of the Earth's fresh water located? 10. What is a river system? 11. Why is groundwater so important to the human race? 12. Define aquifer. 13. Earth is essentially a __________ system in relation to matter and a ___________ system in relation to energy.