t9 Cooling Tower

KNJ 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory 3 Faculty of Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak
TABLE OF CONTENT
Content
Title Theory / Introduction
Page
2 3
Experiment 9.1 Objective Procedure Result and Discussion Conclusion
16 16 16 17 19
20 20 20 21 26
26 26 26 27 29
Overall Summary
29
TITLE:
T9: BENCH TOP COOLING TOWER
THEORY: Basic Principle First consider an air stream passing over the surface of a warm water droplet or film. If we assume that the water is hotter than the air, then the water temperature will be cooled down by radiation, conduction and convection, and evaporation. The radiation effect is normally very small and may be neglected. Conduction and convection depend on the temperature difference, the surface area, air velocity, etc. the effect evaporation is the most significant where cooling takes place as water molecules diffuse from the surface into the surrounding air. During the evaporation process, the water molecules are replaced by others in the liquid form which the required energy is taken. Evaporation from a Wet Surface When considering evaporation from a wet surface into the surrounding air, the rate is determined by the difference between the vapor pressure at the liquid surface and the vapor pressure in the surrounding air. The vapor pressure at the liquid surface is basically the saturation pressure corresponding with the surface temperature, whereas the total pressure of the air and its absolute humidity determines the vapor pressure in the surrounding air. Such evaporation process in an enclosed space shall continue until the two vapor pressures are equal. In other words, until the air is saturated and its temperature equals the surface. However, if unsaturated air is constantly supplied, the wet surface will reach an equilibrium temperature at which the cooling effect due to the evaporation equals the heat transfer to the liquid by conduction and convection from the air, which under these conditions; will be at higher temperature. Under adiabatic conditions, this equilibrium temperature is the wet bulb temperature. For cooling tower of infinite size and with an adequate air flow, the water leaving will be at the wet bulb temperature of the incoming air. Therefore, the difference between the temperature of the water leaving a cooling tower and the local wet bulb temperature is an indication of the effectiveness of the cooling towers. Thus, Approach to Wet Bulb, an important parameter of cooling towers, is the difference between the temperature of water leaving the tower and the wet bulb temperature of entering air.
Cooling Tower Performance A study on the performance of a cooling tower can be done with the help of a bench top unit. Students shall be able to verify the effect of these factors on the cooling tower performance: (i). Water flow rates (ii). Water temperatures (iii). Airflow rate (iv). Inlet air relative humidity The effect of these factors will be studied in depth by varying it. In this way, students will gain an overall view of the operation of cooling tower. Thermodynamic Property In order to understand the working principle and performance of a cooling tower, a basic knowledge of thermodynamic is essential to all students. A brief review on some the thermodynamic properties are presented below. At the triple point i.e. . atm and . C , the enthalpy of saturated water is assumed to
be zero, which is taken as datum. The specific enthalpy of saturated water (hf) at a range of temperatures above the datum condition can be obtained from thermodynamic tables. The specific enthalpy of compressed liquid is given by h = hf + vf ( p psat ) (1)
The correction for pressure is negligible for the operating condition of the cooling tower; therefore we can see that h hf at a given temperature. Specific heat capacity (Cp) is defined as the rate of change of enthalpy with respect to temperature (often called as the specific heat at constant pressure). For the purpose of experiment using bench top cooling tower, we may use the following relationship: h = CpT And h = Cp T Where Cp = 4.18kJ.kg-1 (3) (2)
Daltons and Gibbs Law It is commonly known that air consists of a mixture of dry air O , N , and other gases and water vapor. Dalton and Gibbs law describes the behavior of such a mixture as: a) The total pressure of the air is equal to the sum of the pressures at which the dry air and the water vapour each and alone would exert if they were to occupy the volume of the mixture at the temperature of the mixture. b) The dry air and the water vapour respectively obey their normal property relationships at their partial pressures. c) The enthalpy of the mixture may be found by adding together the enthalpies at which the dry air and water vapour each would have as the sole occupant of the space occupied by the mixture and at the same temperature.
The Absolute or Specific Humidity is defined as follows: (4)
The Relative Humidity is defined as follows: (5)
The Percentage Saturation is defined as follows:
(6)
At high humidity conditions, it can be shown that there is not much difference between the Relative Humidity and the Percentage Saturation and thus we shall regard as the same.
To measure the moisture content of the atmosphere, this bench top cooling tower unit is supplied with electronic dry bulb and wet bulb temperature sensors. The temperature readings shall be used in conjunction with a psychometric chart.
Psychometric Chart The psychometric chart is very useful in determining the properties of air/water vapor mixture. Among the properties that can be defined with psychometric chart are Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet Bulb Temperature, Relative Humidity, Humidity Ratio, Specific Volume and Specific Enthalpy. Knowing two of these properties, any other property can be easily identified from the chart provided the air pressure is approximately atmospheric.
In the Bench Top Cooling Tower application, the air inlet and outlet sensor show the dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature. Therefore, the specific enthalpy, specific volume, humidity ratio and relative humidity can be readily read from the psychometric chart. The psychometric chart provided with this manual is only applicable for atmospheric pressure operating condition (1.013 bar). However, the error resulting from variation of local atmospheric pressure normally is negligible up to altitudes 500m above sea level.
Orifice Calibration As mentioned above, the psychometric chart can be used to determine the value of the specific volume. However, the values given in the chart are for 1kg of dry air the stated total pressure. However, for every 1kg of dry air, there is mass of 1 + kg of water vapour, yielding the total
kg. Therefore, the actual specific volume of the air/vapour mixture is given by: (7)
The mass flow rate of air and steam mixture through the orifice is given by (8)
Where,
Thus,
( )
(9)
The mass flow rate of dry air, (0)
(0)
(0)
A simplification can be made since in this application, the value of 0.025. As such, neglecting would not yield significant error.
is unlikely to exceed
Application of Steady Flow Energy Equation Consider System A for the cooling tower defined as in Figure 1. It can be seen that the for this system, indicated by the dotted line, a) Heat transfer at the load tank and possibly a small quantity to surroundings b) Work transfer at the pump c) Low humidity air enters at point A d) High humidity air enters at point B e) Make-up enters at point E, the same amount as the moisture increase in the air stream
Figure 2: System A
From the steady flow equation, P = exit - entry ( )B ( ) A (11)
If the enthalpy of the air includes the enthalpy of the steam associated with it, and this quantity is in terms of per unit mass of dry air, the equation may then be written as: P= ( ) (12)
Under steady state conditions, by conservation of mass, the mass flow rate of the dry air and of water (as liquid or vapor) must be the same at inlet and outlet to any system. Therefore, ( )A = ( )B
And ( )A + ( )B or (14)
( )B ( )A
The ratio of steam to air () is known of the initial and final state points on the psychometric charts. Therefore, ( )A = ( )B= Therefore, = ( ) (17) and (15) (16)
Say, we re-define the cooling tower system to be as in figure 3 where the process heat and pump work does not cross the boundary of the system. In this case warm water enters the system at point C and cool water leaves at point D.
Figure 3: system B Again from the steady flow energy equation, P=0 may have small value due to heat transfer between the unit and its surroundings.
9
and
(18)
Rearranging ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) (19)
The term
can be neglected.
Characteristics column study In order to study the packing characteristics, we define a finite element of the tower (dz) as shown in Figure 3, the energy balances of water and air stream in the tower are related to the mass transfer by the following equation: Where =specific heat capacity of water =mass flow rate of water per unit plan area of packing =water temperature =mass transfer coefficient =area of contact between air and water per unit volume of packing =volume occupied by packing per unit plan area =difference in specific enthalpy between the saturated boundary layer and the bulk air. ( ) (20)
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Figure 4: schematic representation of the air and water stream entering and leaving a block of packing In this equation, we assume that the boundary layer temperature is equal to the water temperature T and the small change in the mass of water is neglected. Thus from equation 20,
(21)
Integrating equation 21

(22)
The numerical solution to the integral expression equation 22 using Chebyshev numerical method gives,
(23)
Where;
=tower characteristic =value of =value of =value of =value of at at at at ( ( ( ( ) ) ) )
11
Thermodynamics state that the heat removed from the water must be equal to the heat absorbed by the surrounding air. Therefore, the following equation is derived: ( Or
( ( ) )
(24)
(25)
Where, =liquid to gas mass flow ratio =cold water temperature =hot water temperature =enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at exhaust wet-bulb temperature =enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at inlet wet-bulb temperature
Figure 5: graphical representation of tower characteristics

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The following represent a key to figure 5: BA=initial enthalpy driving force AD=air operating line with slope L/G Referring to equation 22, the tower characteristics could be found by finding the area between ABCD in figure 4. Increasing heat load would have the following effects on the diagram in figure 4: 1. Increase in the length of line CD and a CD line shift to the right 2. Increase in hot and cold water temperature 3. Increase in range and approach areas The increase heat load causes the hot water temperature to increase considerably faster than does the cold water temperature. Although the area ABCD should remain constant, it actually decreases about % for every F increase in hot water temperature above F. to account for this decrease, an adjust hot water temperature is used in cooling tower design. Useful information 1. Orifice Calibration Formula Mass flow rate of air and vapour mixture, ( )
The mass flow rate of dry air, Where, X=orifice differential in =specific volume of air at the outlet =humidity ratio of the mixture ( )
2. Pump work input=80W (0.08kW) 3. Column inner dimension= 150 mm150mm600mm

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APPARATUS:
1 2
3 4
9 8
10
1 2 3 4 5
Orifice Water distributor Packed column Flow meter Receiver tank
6 7
Air blower Differential pressure transmitter 8 Make-up tank 9 Control panel 10 Load tank
14
SAFETY PRECAUTION/START-UP/ SHUT-DOWN PROCEDURES: General start-up procedure: 1. The valves are checked properly to ensure that the valves V1 to V6 are closed and V7 is partially opened. 2. The load tank is filled with distilled or deionised water. It is done by first removing the make-up tank and then pouring the water through the opening at the top of the load tank. The make-up tank is replaced onto the load tank and lightly the nuts. The tank is filled with distilled or deionised water. 3. The distilled water or deionised water is added to the wet bulb sensor reservoir to the fullest. 4. All appropriate tubing is connected to the differential pressure sensor. 5. The appropriate cooling tower packing is installed for the experiment. 6. Then, the temperature is set to the set point of temperature controller to 50C. The 1.0kW water heater is switched on and the water is heated up until approximately 40C. 7. The pump is switched on and the control valve V1 is slowly opened and the water flow rate is set to 2.0 LPM. A steady operation is obtained where the water is distributed and flowing uniformly through the packing. 8. The fan damper is fully opened, and then the fan is switched on. The differential pressure sensor is checked whether it is giving reading when the valve manifold is switched to measure the orifice differential pressure. 9. For about 20 minute, the unit is left to run for the float valve to correctly adjust the level in the load tank. The makeup tank is refilled as required. 10. The unit is ready or be use. General shut-down procedure: 1. The heater is switched off and let the water to circulate through the cooling tower system for 3-5 minutes until the water cooled down. 2. The fan is switched off and fully closes the fan damper. 3. The pump and power supply is switch off. 4. Retain the water in reservoir tank for the following experiment. 5. Completely drain off the water from the unit if it is not in used.
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T9.1: END STATE PROPERTIES OF AIR AND STEADY FLOW EQUATIONS
OBJECTIVES: 1. 2. To determined the end state properties of air and water from tables or charts. To determined Energy and mass balances using the steady flow equation on the selected systems. PROCEDURES: 1. The systems under the following conditions are set and stabilizing is allowed for about 15 minutes. Water flow rate Air flow rate Cooling load : 2.0 LPM : Maximum : 1.0 kW
2.
The make-up tank is filled up with distilled water up, the initial water level is recorded and then the stop watch are started.
3. 4.
The make-up water supplies are determined in an interval of 10 minutes. In this 10 minutes interval, a few sets of the measurements (i.e. temperatures (TI-T7), orifice differential pressure (DP1), water flow rate (FT1) and Heater Power (Q1)) are recorded, and then the mean value for calculation and analysis are obtained.
5.
The quantity of makeup water that has been supplied during the time interval are determined by noting the height reduction in the make-up tank.
6.
The observation at different conditions may be repeated, i.e. at different water flow rates, or different air flow rates and with different load.
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RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS: Initial water level Final water level Time interval : __20___cm :___11.9__cm :___10___cm
Packing Density Air Inlet Dry Bulb, T1 Air Inlet Wet Bulb, T2 Air Outlet Dry Bulb, T3 Air Outlet Wet Bulb, T4 Water Inlet Temperatures, T5 Water Outlet Temperatures, T6 Water Make-Up Temperature, T7 Orifice Differential, DP1 Water Flow Rate, FT1 Heater Power, Q1
m-1 C C C C C C C Pa LPM Watt
110 22.1 22.0 23.3 22.6 30.9 22.4 22.9 118.75 1.6 939
Calculation: 1. The make-up rate Water flow rate = 1.6 LPM 1.6 LPM = 0.0016 m3 per minute = 2.67 x 10-5 m3/sec Make-up rate, = FT1 x density of water = 2.67 x 10-5 m3/sec x 1000 kg/m3 = 0.0267 kg/sec
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2. The energy and mass balance
Orifice differential in mm
From the psychometrics chart : Vab= 0.864
Mass flow rate of air and vapour mixture, ( )
The mass flow rate of dry air
The energy balance equation:
may have a small value due to heat transfer between the unit and its surroundings.
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( )
( (
(The term (
can be neglected) ) ( )
= 0.05082kg/s (70.9-66.1) kJ/kg dry air + (0.05174kg/s)( 0.4615kJ/kg.C)(22.4-30.9C) = 0.041 kJ/s DISCUSSION:
(Esther Frederick Uyo - 26237) From the result obtained above, the water flow rate is remained constant at 1.6 LPM throughout the experiment. The result obtained has slightly error due to the human error when handling the cooling tower machine. From the data above, we use the psychometric chart to find enthalpy at given temperature. Hence, we use the energy and mass balance equation to find the energy done of the system per seconds. (Mohd Nur Hilmi bin Sahlan 27011) Based on the result, we know that the water flow rate is constant at 1.6 LPM or 2.67 x 10-5 m3/s. We also obtain the energy flow rate by using the energy and mass balance equation and the enrgy flow rate is = 0.041 kJ/s. In this result also we get the water level drop from 20 cm to 11.9 cm in 10 minutes. But the result has some error due to human error in reading and recording the temperature value.
CONCLUSION: In this experiment, we are asked to find the end state properties of air and water from the tables and psychometric chart. From the data above, we can determine the energy and mass balance using the steady flow equation.
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T9.2: INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON WET BULB APPROACH AND PRESSURE DROP THROUGH THE PACKING OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of air velocity on: a) Wet Bulb Approach b) The pressure drop through the packing PROCEDURES: 1. Systems were set under following conditions and stabilizing is allowed for about 15 minutes. Water flow rate: 2.0 LPM Air flow: Maximum Cooling load: 1.0 kW
2. A few sets of measurement (i.e. temperature (T1-T6), orifice differential pressure (DP1), water flow rate (FT1). Heater Power (Q1) and pressure drop across packing (DP2)) is recorded after the system stabilizes, then the mean value for calculation analysis obtained. 3. The test repeated with 3 different sets of orifice pressure drop values (75%, 50% and 25% of the maximum value) without changing the water flow rate and cooling loads. 4. The cross sectional area of the column is measured. 5. The test may repeated: a. At another constant load b. At another constant water flow rate
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RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:
Description Packing Density Air Inlet Dry Bulb, T1 Air Inlet Wet Bulb, T2 Air Oulet Dry Bulb, T3 Air Outlet Wet Bulb, T4 Water Inlet Temperature, T5 Water Outlet Temperature, T6 Orifice Differential, DPI
(when V4 and V5 open)
Unit m-1
o o o o o o
Air Flow 100% 110 22.1 22.1 23.5 23.2 30.8 22.8 118.75 1.6 913 43.75 75% 110 22.4 22.2 23.6 23.2 30.2 23.1 89.00 1.6 911 31.25 50% 110 22.4 22.3 23.6 23.4 30.3 23.3 59.38 1.6 913 25.00 25% 110 22.6 22.4 24.1 23.6 30.5 24.3 29.69 1.6 912 12.50
C C C C C C
Pa LPM Watt Pa
Water Flow Rate, FT1 Heater Power, Q1 Pressure Drop Across Packing, DP2 (when V3 and V6 open)
Calculations: 1. Calculate the normal velocity of air and approach to wet bulb. By taking the data obtained when 100% of air flow was employed: Air inlet wet bulb = 22.1oC Water outlet temperature = 22.8oC Approach to wet bulb = 22.8oC 22.1oC = 0.7 oC Air Outlet Dry Bulb = 23.5oC Specific volume of air at outlet by placing Air Outlet Dry Bulb and Attribute Psychometric Chart = 0.867 m3/kg
21
(x = 118.75 Pa X 1 mmH2O / 10.13mmH2O = 11.72 Pa) Mass flow rate,
= 0.05037 kgs-1 Air Volume Flow Rate = = (0.05037 kgs-1)(0.867 m3/kg) = 0.04367 m3/s Cross Sectional Area of empty tower A = 0.15 X 0.15 = 0.0225 m2 Air Velocity,
For 75% of air flow was employed, Va= 0.865 m3/kg (x = 89 Pa X 1 mmH2O / 10.13mmH2O = 8.78 Pa) Mass flow rate,
22
For 50% of air flow was employed, Va= 0.864 m3/kg (x = 59.38 Pa X 1 mmH2O / 10.13mmH2O = 5.86 Pa) Mass flow rate,
For 25% of air flow was employed, Va= 0.868 m3/kg (x = 29.69 Pa X 1 mmH2O / 10.13mmH2O = 2.93Pa) Mass flow rate,
= 0.02517 kgs-1 Air Volume Flow Rate = = (0.02517 kgs-1)(0.868 m3/kg) = 0.02185 m3/s
23
Cross Sectional Area of empty tower A = 0.15 X 0.15 = 0.0225 m2 Air Velocity,
Air Flow Nominal Velocity, m/s Approach to Wet Bulb, K Packing Pressure Drop , Pa
100% 1.94 273.7 43.75
75% 1.68 273.9 31.25
50% 1.37 274.0 25.00
25% 0.97 274.9 12.50
Graph 2.1
Approach to wet bulb against norminal velocity

275 0.97, 274.9 Approach to wet bulb (K) 274.8 274.6 274.4 274.2 274 273.8 1.94, 273.7 273.6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Norminal velocity (m/s) 1.37, 274 1.68, 273.9
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Graph 2.2
Packing pressure drop against norminal velocity

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 1 Packing Pressure Drop (Pa) 1.94, 43.75
1.68, 31.25 1.37, 25 Y-Values 0.97, 12.5
1.5
2.5
Norminal velocity (m/s)
DISCUSSION: (Esther Frederick Uyo 26237) From this experiment, we can find out the influence of air flow with the temperature of the air and water and the pressure drop across packaging. The air flow is represented by the nominal velocity. The pressure drop across the packing increases with the increasing in the nominal velocity of the air. However, there is some error of value in the temperature obtained due to the human error. This causing there are some errors result obtained in the wet bulb approach. (Mohd Nur Hilmi bin Sahlan 27011) Based on the graph, we know that the nominal velocity or air flow velocity will affect the temperature on wet bulb approach and the pressure drop through the packing. The higher the air flow velocity, the temperature will drop and the pressure will increase. In this result also we did have slightly error in recording the temperature that will affect the temperature in wet bulb approach due to human error.
25
CONCLUSION: In this experiment, we are to find the effect of air velocity to the wet bulb approach and the pressure drop through the packing. When the air flow is high, the greater the pressure drops through the packing. While the wet bulb approach decreases with the increasing in the nominal velocity of air.
26
T9.3: INVESTIGATING OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COOLING LOAD AND COOLING RANGE OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between cooling load and cooling range PROCEDURE: 1. The system is set under the following conditions and allowed stabilizing for about 15 minutes:
Water flow rate Air flow rate Cooling load
: 2.0 LPM : Maximum : 0.0kW
2. After the system stabilized, a few sets of measurements [i.e. temperature (T1-T6), orifice differential pressure (DPI), water flow rate (FT1) and heater power (Q1)] are recorded, the mean value then obtained for calculation and analysis. 3. Without changes in the condition, the cooling load increased to 0.5kW. When the system stabilized, all data are recorded. 4. The experiment is repeated at 1.0kW and 1.5kW. 5. The test may be repeated: i. ii. At other water flow rates At other air flow rate
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RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS: Description Packing Density Air Inlet Dry Bulb, T1 Air Inlet Wet Bulb, T2 Air Outlet Dry Bulb, T3 Air Outlet Web Bulb, T4 Water Inlet Temperature, T5 Water Outlet Temperature, T6 Orifice Differential, DP1 Water Flow Rate, FT1 Heater Power, Q1 Unit m-1 o c o c o c o c o c o c Pa LPM Watt 0.0kW 110 21.9 21.8 20.1 20.1 20.3 19.1 119.5 1.6 0 0.5kW 110 21.9 21.7 19.9 19.9 19.9 18.8 119.5 1.6 463 1.0kW 110 21.7 21.8 20.0 19.9 21.8 19.1 119.5 1.6 925 1.5kW 110 22.0 21.8 20.8 20.4 25.0 20.1 119.5 1.6 1390
Cooling Load (kW) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Cooling range (oc) 20.3 19.1 19.9 18.8 21.8 19.1 25.0 20.1
Average cooling temperature (oc) 1.2 1.1 2.7 4.9
cooling range against cooling load

6 5 coolong range (oc) 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 cooling load (oc) 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0, 1.2 0.5, 1.1 1.5, 4.9
1, 2.7
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DISCUSSION: (Esther Frederick Uyo 26237) We can clearly obtain the explanation by observing the graph above. The cooling range is influence by the cooling load. The greater the cooling loads, the greater the cooling range of the tower. There are some slightly error in the cooling range obtained, this is due to the human error handling and obtain the data from the cooling tower machine. (Mohd Nur Hilmi bin Sahlan 27011) From the graph obtained, we can see that cooling load will affect the cooling range. If we increase the cooling load, the cooling range will also increase. However, the graph shows a slightly drop in cooling range at the beginning and increase after that. This is once again due to the error in recording the temperature. CONCLUSION: We can found out the relationship of cooling range and cooling load from this experiment. The cooling range increases with the increasing in the cooling load.
OVERALL SUMMARY: Bench top cooling tower is used to study the performance of a cooling tower. From this experiment, we obtained the entire desired objective. We use the psychometric chart, properties table, energy and mass balance equation to solve the entire question given in this experiment. Through this experiment, we can verify the effect of the following factor on the performance of the cooling tower: 1. Water flow rates 2. Water temperature 3. Air flow rate 4. Inlet air relative humidity
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t9 Cooling Tower

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KNJ 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory 3 Faculty of Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak

Experiment 9.1 Objective Procedure Result and Discussion Conclusion

Experiment 9.2 Objective Procedure Result and Discussion Conclusion

Experiment 9.3 Objective Procedure Result and Discussion Conclusion

T9: BENCH TOP COOLING TOWER

The Absolute or Specific Humidity is defined as follows: (4)

The Relative Humidity is defined as follows: (5)

The Percentage Saturation is defined as follows:

The mass flow rate of dry air, (0)

From the steady flow equation, P = exit - entry ( )B ( ) A (11)

=tower characteristic =value of =value of =value of =value of at at at at ( ( ( ( ) ) ) )

Figure 5: graphical representation of tower characteristics

2. Pump work input=80W (0.08kW) 3. Column inner dimension= 150 mm150mm600mm

Orifice Water distributor Packed column Flow meter Receiver tank

T9.1: END STATE PROPERTIES OF AIR AND STEADY FLOW EQUATIONS

m-1 C C C C C C C Pa LPM Watt

2. The energy and mass balance

From the psychometrics chart : Vab= 0.864

Mass flow rate of air and vapour mixture, ( )

The mass flow rate of dry air

The energy balance equation:

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:

(x = 118.75 Pa X 1 mmH2O / 10.13mmH2O = 11.72 Pa) Mass flow rate,

100% 1.94 273.7 43.75

75% 1.68 273.9 31.25

50% 1.37 274.0 25.00

25% 0.97 274.9 12.50

Approach to wet bulb against norminal velocity

Packing pressure drop against norminal velocity

1.68, 31.25 1.37, 25 Y-Values 0.97, 12.5

Norminal velocity (m/s)

Water flow rate Air flow rate Cooling load

: 2.0 LPM : Maximum : 0.0kW

Cooling Load (kW) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Average cooling temperature (oc) 1.2 1.1 2.7 4.9

cooling range against cooling load

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