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Introduction
Telecommunications –
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
One
Wavelength
(λ )
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
λ1 λ1
λ2 λ2
λ3 λ3
λ4 λ4
DWDM Signal
λ5 λ5
λ6 λ6
λ7 λ7
λ8 λ8
Primary Rate Multiplexing
Analogue Signal
PCM Signal
Multiplexing
Primary Rate Multiplexing
Analogue signal
Sampled at 8000 Hz
Primary Rate Multiplexing
Quantising
10110010110010010101010 Encoding
Primary Rate Multiplexing
2MBit/s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31
64KBit/s
31 Channels
31 Channel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31
Framing
15 Channels 15 Channels
30 Channel
Framing Signalling
PDH
140
565 140
565
140
34 140
34
34
8 34
8
8
2 2
8
PDH
140
565 140
565
140
34 140
34
34
2 34
2
PDH Limitations
Synchronisation
TX RX
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TX RX
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TX RX
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TX RX
DE
MUX HO HO
TX RX
MUX
Timing
extraction
RX TX
DE HO HO
RX TX MUX
MUX
Timing
extraction
PDH Limitations
Synchronisation
bit rate 2
4 3 2 1 J J 4 3 1
adaption
8Mbit/s
Master
oscillator
3 2 1 bit rate
J J J 3 2 1
adaption
‘slow’ incoming
2Mbit/s channel Justification
bits
PDH Limitations
Mux Mountain
140
565 565
140
140
34 140
34
34
8 34
8
Add / Drop
PDH Limitations
Lack Of Traffic Resilience
140
565 140
565
!
Alarm reported.
No diagnosis tools available.
Maintenance staff sent to site.
DCN DCN
565
140 140
565
Vendor A Vendor B
565
140 140
565
SDH
64Kb/s
(PCM) 1st Order 2nd Order 3rd Order 4th Order
x32 x4 x4 x4 x4
2Mb/s 8Mb/s 34Mb/s 140Mb/s 565Mb/s
E1 E2 E3 E4
X X
Not supported Non standard
in SDH.
SDH – Network Topologies
Line Systems
Terminal Terminal
SDH – Network Topologies
Line Systems
Terminal Terminal
Regenerator
SDH – Network Topologies
Ring Systems
ADM
ADM ADM
ADM
STM-1
Overheads
Pointers
Payload
Overheads
STM-1
270 Bytes
9 Bytes 261 Bytes
Overheads
Pointers
9
Bytes
Payload
Overheads
270 2430
269 2429
268 2428
Payload
261 Bytes
12 2172
11 2171
10 2170
9 2169
8 2168
Overheads
Overheads
Pointers
7 2167
9 Bytes
6 2166
5 2165
4 2164
3 2163
2 2162
1 271 541 811 1081 1351 1621 1891 2161
Bytes
9
STM-1 Overheads
9 Bytes
1 Byte AU Pointers
RS RS RS
MS
POH
STM-1 Overheads
MS
RS RS RS
POH
STM-1 RS Overheads
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
B1 MD MD E1 MD F1 X X
D1 MD MD D2 MD D3
AU Pointers
X – Reserved bytes
MD – Media dependent
Multiplex Section Overheads
STM-1 RS Overheads
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
London Paris
ADM ADM
“London” “Paris”
SDH Path Trace
London Paris
ADM ADM
“London” “Paris”
“Paris” “London”
SDH Path Trace
London Paris
“London”
“Paris”
ADM ADM
“London” “Paris”
“Paris” “London”
SDH Path Trace
London Paris
X
“Amsterdam” “London”
SDH
SDH SDH
! SDH
ADM ADM
“London” “Paris”
“Paris” “London”
STM-1 RS Overheads
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
DCN Network
DCN DCN
Connection Connection
Gateway Gateway
Node Node
STM-1 MS Overheads
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
X – Reserved bytes
B1 RepeaterE1
Section Overheads
F1
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
STM-1 MS Overheads
AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
STM-1 MS Overheads
AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
SDH Network Resilience
ADM
Standby path
ADM ADM
Active path
ADM
SDH Network Resilience
ADM
Active path
ADM ADM
Standby path
ADM
SDH Network Resilience
Network Management
Centre ADM Switch
Active path
ADM ADM
Standby path
ADM
STM-1 MS Overheads
AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
STM-1 MS Overheads
AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
SDH Network Synchronisation
Primary
reference ADM
ADM ADM
Secondary ADM
reference
SDH Network Synchronisation
Primary
reference ADM
ADM ADM
Secondary ADM
reference
SDH Network Synchronisation
Primary
reference ADM
ADM ADM
Secondary
reference
ADM
!
SDH Network Synchronisation
Primary
reference ADM
ADM
! ADM
Secondary ADM
reference
STM-1 MS Overheads
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
STM-1 MS Overheads
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
Remote Error Indication
B2 error
detected
Multiplex section
Multiplex section
Remote Error Indication
B2 error
detected
Multiplex section
Multiplex section
MS-REI MS-REI
received generated
STM-1 MS Overheads
D1 D2 D3
AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
SDH Pointers
AU Pointers
AU Pointers
Actual Payload
AU Pointers
Payload area
SDH Pointers
Payload area
Repeater Section Overheads
AU Pointers
Actual Payload
AU Pointers
Payload area
SDH Pointers
Payload area
Repeater Section Overheads
AU Pointers
Actual Payload
AU Pointers
Payload area
SDH Pointers
Payload area
Repeater Section Overheads
AU Pointers
Actual Payload
AU Pointers
Payload area
SDH Pointers
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
9 Bytes
SDH Pointers
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 0 0 1 S S 1 1
SDH Pointers
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
SDH Pointers
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
Pointer value
SDH Pointers
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
Payload
Past STM-1
STM16 Frame
4320 Bytes
144 Bytes 4176 Bytes
Overheads
Pointers
9 Bytes Payload
Overheads
Past STM-1
x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x7
x7 x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
Mapping
Aligning
x4
Multiplexing TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
C-4 140M
C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M
VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
Overhead bytes collectively
known as the Lower Order
Path Overhead are added to
the container to form a Virtual VC-2 C-2 6M
Container.
VC-12 C-12 2M
VC-3
x3
The VC-11/12/2 POHAU-3
is VC-3 C-3 45M
comprised of : 34M
TU-3 VC-3
A Pointer is added
x3 to the
Virtual Container to create
AU-3a VC-3 C-3 45M
Tributary Unit. 34M
This pointer functions in the
same way as the pointer
within the section overheads TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
but is applied at a lower level
and should not be confused
with the higher level pointer.
This lower level pointer is
known as the TU Pointer TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M
TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M
TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M
x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M
x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x7
Alternatively if the network is
carrying 34M or 45m traffic the
x1
TUG-3 can be created from a TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
single TU-3
x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M
x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
3 TUG-3s can be multiplexed x7
together to create a VC-4.
When this is created another
x1
layer of path overhead is TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
added. This is known as the
High Order Path Overhead.
x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M
x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x7
A single VC-4 will have a
pointer added to create an
x1
Administrative Unit, known TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
as an AU-4
x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M
x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
The Administrative Unit 34M
Group is created when
x7
multiplexing several
Administrative Units. x1
Using this route through the TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
hierarchy only one AU-4 is
needed to create the AUG, no
processing is performed or
overhead added. x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M
x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
To create the SDH signalAU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
several AUGs are multiplexed 34M
together with the section x7
overheads added to create the
STM-N signal.
x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
For example, one AUG would
be used in an STM-1, whereas
sixteen AUGs would be used
to create an STM-16 signal x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M
x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
Seven TUG-2s are multiplexed
together to form a VC-3. This
stage also adds a High Order
Path Overhead. x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M
x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
A pointer is added to the VC-3
to create an AU-3. This pointer
is know as an AU Pointer.
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M
x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x7
x7 x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
x3
Three AU-3s can be TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
multiplexed together to form
an AUG if an STM-1 or higher
is going to be created.
The AUG then has the section x4
overheads added.
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
DWDM Within The Network
Site A
ADM
Site C
Site B
ADM ADM
ADM
Site D
DWDM Within The Network
Site A
ADM
Site C
Site B
Site E
ADM ADM Network ADM
2
Site D
ADM
Site F
DWDM Within The Network
Site A Site C Site E
A A
D D
M
M
M M
D
D
A
A
Network Network
1 2
A A
D
M
M D
M
D
M
D
A
A
SDH
SONET
Ethernet
Digital Video
….
λ1
λ2
λ3
λ4
λ5
λ8
λ6
λ7
DWDM Coupler
Blue Amplifier
DWDM Amplifiers
Red Amplifier
Blue direction
Red direction
Blue Amplifier
Red Amplifier
DWDM Coupler
λ1
λ2
λ3
λ4
λ5
λ6
λ7
λ8
DWDM Equalisation
λ3
λ4
λ7
λ8
λ2
λ6
Fibre Management Frame Fibre Management Frame
An imperfectly shaped core can affect one of the Impurities within the core can delay the arrival of
components of the pulse one of the components.
Four Wave Mixing
With two wavelength within the fibre, two additional wavelengths are generated.
f(123)= f1+f2-f3
Power
Frequency (THz)
Four Wave Mixing
DWDM DWDM DWDM
channel channel channel
1529.55nm 1529.16nm 1528.77nm
( f1 ) ( f2 ) ( f3 )
Power
DWDM Channels
FWM Channels
195.9 195.9 195.9 196 196 196 196 196.1 196.1 196.1 196.1 196.2 196.2 196.2 196.2
Frequency (THz)