Transient Stability Analysis of 5-Bus system

Prajapati Bhavikkumar
Master of Engineering in Electrical, L. D .College of Engineering Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Er.Bhavikkumar@gmail.com
Abstract After major recent blackouts caused by power system instability lie importance of this phenomenon. Transient stability has been the dominant stability problem on most system and has been the focus of much of industrys attention concerning system stability assessment is concern with behaviour of synchronous machines after they have been experience a large disturbance in system. This paper present simulation case study of 5-bus, 3-machines system a 5o Hz & 220kv transmission line has two generators and an infinite bus as shown figure 2. Three phase fault occurs as shown figure 2. Finding the swing curve for each generator during the fault period. With help of MiPower software using time domain method.

Keywords Transient stability analysis, MiPower software, Time domain method, Swing curve, Load flow analysis

I. INTRODUCTION Successful operation of a power system depends on the engineers ability to provide reliable and uninterrupted service to the loads. The first requirement of reliable service is to keep the synchronous generator running in parallel and with adequate capacity to meet the load demand. Synchronous machine do not fall out of step under normal conditions. if a machine tends to speed up or slow down synchronizing forces tend to keep it in step. The second requirement of reliable electrical service is to maintain the integrity of power network. Interruption in this network may hinder the flow of power to the load. We may look at any of these as a change from one equilibrium state to another. These problems must be studied by the power system engineer and fall under heading power system transient stability.[1] Transient stability is part of rotor angle stability. If the magnitude of disturbance is very large dynamics of rotating machine affected more hence dynamic equation of rotating machine including that automatic voltage regulator, exciter, prime mover and generator will appear in mathematical calculation of stability analysis. Example of large disturbance like sudden change in load, loss of generator unit, change in transmission line parameter, switching and various faults etc.[2] II. METHODS OF ANALYSIS A variety of transient stability assessment methods have been classified into main three groups [3]: A) Heuristic B) Training based System C) Digital Simulation

Fig.1 Method of Transient stability Analysis

A. Heuristic Method: Heuristic or expert methods use the concept of artificial intelligence. In this approach, engineering knowledge is encoded into the sets of rules in a program. The program itself then forms two cores: the database and decision rules. a large number offline studies are required for a range of power system operating points and disturbances to form the required database.[4] B. Training Based System: Artificial neural networks and pattern recognition have been also used for transient stability analysis and classify as training system models. In these methods, the training sets are formed base on offline studies to form the pattern vector. Then the classifier needed to be designed for subsequent use in making decision online. Artificial neural networks have advantages over the traditional classifier as, after training ANNs have capability of generalizing. [5] C. Digital Simulation Method: Artificial neural networks and pattern recognition have been also used for transient stability analysis and classify as training system models. In these methods, the training sets are formed base on offline studies to form the pattern vector. Then the classifier needed to be designed for subsequent use in making decision online. Artificial neural networks have advantages over the traditional classifier as, after training ANNs have capability of generalizing.

1) Time Domain Solution Method: In this method the initial system state is obtained from the pre-fault system. This is starting point used for integration of fault on dynamic equation. After the fault is cleared, the post fault dynamic equations are numerically integrated. The machine angle may be plotted versus time and analysed. A maximum relative rotor angles threshold is nominated in practical for forming the transient stability criteria. For power system to be transiently stable, the maximum relative rotor angles of all generators are to be less than the transient stability threshold. If this angles are bounded, the system is stable otherwise unstable. 2) Direct Method: As time domain simulation methods were computationally expensive, some efforts were taken to assess the power systems transient stability directly, and without solving DAEs of power system. The first direct method which was used in power system transient stability was the equal area criteria (EAC) for single machine infinite bus(SMIB).the method is able to find the critical clearing time without the solving the system DAEs. Lynapunavs method was adopted in the power systems multi machine transient stability for first time[6] .the application of Lynapunavs method to power system is called transient energy function(TEF).these methods compare the energy of the system when the fault is cleared to the critical energy value of the system. if the system energy at fault clearing time, is less the critical energy value, the system will be stable following disturbance however there are number of disadvantages in this methods. In practice its require to simplify power system model deriving the energy function. It is difficult, if not impossible to include the detailed dynamic model of generators load and FACTS devices in derivation of the transient energy function. Furthermore, it is not straight forward to determine threshold value of the energy function for defining stability margin. [7]- [9] III. FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSIENT STABILITY Many factors affect the transient stability of a generator in a practical power system. The following factors can be identified [10]: The generator output during the fault. This is a function of faults location and type of fault. The Post-disturbance system reactance as seen from the generator. The weaker the post-disturbance system, the lower the P max will be. The duration of the fault-clearing time. The longer the fault is applied, the longer the rotor will be accelerated and the more kinetic energy will be gained. The more energy that is gained during acceleration, the more difficult it is to dissipate it during deceleration

The inertia of the generator. The higher the inertia, the slower the rate of change of angle and the lesser the kinetic energy gained during the fault. The generator internal voltage (determined by excitation system) and infinite bus voltage (system voltage). The lower these voltages, the lower the P max will be. The generator loading before the disturbance. The higher the loading, the closer the unit will be to P max, which means that during acceleration, it is more likely to become unstable. The generator internal reactance. The lower the reactance, the higher the peak power and the lower the initial rotor angle. IV. 5-BUS SYSTEM CASE STUDY

Take a 5-bus system consisting i.e. one slack bus or swing bus, two generator buses, two load buses. a50Hz, 220kv transmission line has two generators and an infinite bus as Shawn in figure2. A 500 MVA, 50Hz Generator-1 at bus 2 deliver 325MW over a double circuit line to an infinite bus. This Generator has moment of Inertia 12MJ/MVA, transient reactance Xd is 0.067p.u. And another 300MVA, 50Hz Generator-2 at bus 3 deliver 210MW over a double circuit line to an infinite bus. This Generator has moment of Inertia 9 MJ/MVA, transient reactance Xd is 0.10 p.u., |E|=1.1 p.u and infinite Bus voltage V=1.0L0O.on base of 100MVA.

Fig.2 a 5- Bus system single line diagram

Plotting the swing curves for the Generator machines at buses 2 and 3 for the fault which is cleared by opening of circuit breaker at 0.275 sec.

V. SIMULATION A. Load flow Analysis First in transient stability analysis a load flow study is performed to obtain a set of feasible steady state system conditions to be used as initial conditions. In Mipower software simulation system bus voltage magnitude and angle (unknown variable) by solving the non linear algebraic network equation using fast decoupled method so that specified load are supplied. As solution progresses, if voltage at load bus find out of limits then corresponding adjustment are made to bring their voltage back in range. at end of solution process either solution has converged or the number of allowed iteration has been exceeded a solved load flow case is require to set the operating condition used to initialized for transient stability analysis. Fig.4 shows Load flow plot in MiPower software which will indicate Active power, Reactive power flow in transmission line and Bus voltages. Load flow Result:
TABLE I BUS VOLTAGE AND POWER

Transient Stability Result:

TABLE VVI MACHINE ANGLE AND POWER

Time 0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225 0.250 0.275 0.300 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 0.475 0.500 0.525 0.550 0.575 0.600 0.625 0.650 0.675 0.700 0.725 0.750 0.775 0.800 0.825 0.850 0.875 0.900 0.925 0.950 0.975 1.000

Bus No.

Volt Mag.

Angle

MW Gen.

Mvar Gen.

MW Load

Mvar Load

Bus-1 Bus-2 Bus-3 Bus-4 Bus-5

1.00 1.03 l.02 1.01 1.00

0.00 8.22 7.14 4.33 2.49

-378.94 -325.00 210.00 0.0000 0.0000

15.85 63.73 24.66 0.000 0.000

0.00 0.00 0.00 100 50.0

0.00 0.00 0.00 44.0 16.0

From Table- II result we can say that all buses voltage magnitude are within limit not violates A. Transient Stability Analysis 5-bus system analysis using Mipower software in that simulation, at 0 sec. a three phase to ground fault was applied at bus-4 and fault cleared at 0.275sec. Simultaneously applied change in transmission line parameter of line-1 connected between bus-4 and bus-5 at 0.275 sec. end time up to 1 sec. With simulation time of frame given from 0 sec. to 1 sec. by the time step is 0.025 sec. As fig.4 shows Transient stability simulation time frame and Disturbances applied in MiPower Software and Table-IIIIV shows Active power transfer with reference to rotor angle Delta (degree).

Delta(Degree) Bus 2 Bus3 19.4 18.3 19.7 18.3 21.2 18.5 24.1 18.8 28.4 19.3 34.1 19.3 41.3 20.4 49.9 21.1 60.0 21.7 71.4 22.2 84.3 22.6 98.6 51.7 113 22.8 62.8 6.94 138 21.6 149 20.3 158 18.6 167 16.6 175 14.4 181 12.1 187 9.85 195 7.71 205 5.81 218 4.23 235 3.04 257 2.25 283 1.89 314 1.91 348 2.27 384 2.9 419 3.71 451 4.61 482 5.48 511 6.21 538 6.67 567 6.78 600 6.45 637 5.64 679 4.33 723 2.54 767 0.35

P Gen(MW) Bus2 Bus3 325 210 17.4 183 17.7 185 18.3 189 19 194 19.8 200 20.7 207 21.5 215 22.4 222 23.1 230 23.7 236 24.1 242 823 284 719 284 599 280 472 271 390 259 765 246 630 227 269 207 -20.7 187 -240 171 -227 158 -507 147 -660 142 -755 143 -704 147 -433 155 37.3 166 534 180 844 196 870 214 652 233 683 253 6.9 267 -497 280 -736 289 -682 292 -251 287 382 276 830 261

Fig.3 Load flow Plot of 5-Bus System

Fig.4 Transient Stability Analysis Simulation Time Frame & Disturbances applied

B. Graph Graph is generate automatically in Migraph utility which Provide swing curve or plot between power angle (degree) & to time (sec.).here fig.5 show curve for machine-2&3 which are connected at bus-2&3.

allow machine to swing through a larger rotor angle from its original initial position before it reaches the critical clearing angle.

Fig.5 Swing Curve of Machine-2 and Machine-3

REFERENCES VI. CONCLUSIONS Before applying fault, the system has a satisfactory and stable initial condition. Voltage magnitude is fixed at1.0 p.u. and there is no oscillation during this period. During fault application voltage vector is set to zero (three phase fault) and machine angle start to increases until fault cleared time 0.275sec. After removing fault a angle of machine start oscillations.Machine-3 does not lose synchronism with rest of system since angle oscillation does not go over 90 degree. while Machine-2 lose synchronism or unstable. In this case study, A Simulation of Transient Stability of 5-Bus system using MiPower software by Time domain method. My idea was demonstrated by applying two disturbances on system. one of the applying three phase to ground fault at bus-4 and another one by changing transmission line parameter (opening of Transmission line).The methodology is built upon state of increases power transfer through healthy portion of network during disturbances, which
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