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Alexander V. Chayanov (Russian: ) (1888 October 3, 1937) was a Soviet agrarian economist, and scholar of rural sociology and advocate of agrarianism and cooperatives. Chayanov was born in Moscow, the son of a merchant, Vasily Ivanovich Chayanov, and an agronomist, Elena Konstantinovna (born Klepikova). He attended a Realschule (18991906) and the Moscow Agricultural Institute (19061911), becoming an agronomist; he taught and published works on agriculture until 1914, when he began working for various government institutions. In 1912 [1] he married Elena Vasilevna Grigorievna, a marriage that lasted until 1920. After the October Revolution, he served on several Soviet committees for agrarian reform and was a member of Narkomzem as well as "holding lecturing and administrative posts at several universities and [2] academies." In 1921 he married Olga Emmanuilovna Gurevich; they had sons Nikita (born 1922) [3] and Vasily (born 1925). He was a proponent of agricultural cooperatives, but was skeptical about the inefficiency of largescale farms. Chayanov's skepticism was rooted in the idea that households, especially peasant households which practice subsistence farming, will tend to produce only the amount of food that they need to survive. He believed that the Soviet government would find it difficult to force these households to cooperate and produce a surplus. These views were sharply criticized by Joseph Stalin as "defence of the kulaks". However, Chayanov was ultimately shown to be right about the problems with Soviet agricultural planning. In 1930 Chayanov was arrested in the "Case of the Labour Peasant Party" ( ), fabricated by the NKVD. The name of the party was taken from ascience fiction book written by Chayanov in the 1920s. The process was intended to be a show trial, but it fell apart, due to the strong will of the defendants. Nevertheless on asecret trial in 1932 Chayanov was sentenced to five years in Kazakhstan labor camps. On October 3, 1937 Chayanov was arrested again, tried and shot the same day.
His wife Olga was repressed as well and spent 18 years in labour camps; she was released in 1955 and died in 1983. Chayanov was rehabilitated in 1987. Chayanov's major works, Peasant Farm Organisation (originally published in Russian in 1925) and On the Theory of Non-Capitalist Economic Systems were first translated into English in 1966. Chayanov's theory of the peasant household influenced economic anthropology. The substantivist Marshall Sahlins drew on Chayanov in his theory of the domestic mode of production, but later authors have argued that Chayanov's use of neo-classical economics supports a formalist position. His book Puteshestvie moego brata Alekseia v stranu krestianskoi utopii [My brother Alexei's journey into the land of peasant utopia] (Moskva: Gosizdat, 1920) predicted a rapid transfer of power into peasant hands; its hero wakes up in 1984, "in a country where the village has conquered the city, where handicraft cooperatives have replaced industry." LikeEvgeny Zamyatin's We, it [4] contains theosophical elements. Between 1918 and 1928 he also wrote five Gothic stories which he published at his own expense under the pseudonyms Anthropologist A, Phytopathologist U, and Botanist Kh (Russian: [5] ), with illustrations by his friends; three of them have been translated into English.
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1 Consumption-labour-balance principle
1.1 In practice
8. Teodor Shanin 2009."Chayanov's treble death andtenuous resurrection: an essayabout understanding, about roots ofplausibility and about rural Russia" Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 36, no.1, pp.83-101.
Aleksandr Vaslievich Chaynov, (en ruso: ) (Mosc, 17 de abril de 1888 - 3 de octubre de1937). Fue un notable economista agrario ruso.
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Chaynov explic la organizacin de la unidad econmica campesina; sus objetivos y planes; la circulacin de capital y riqueza dentro de ella; la relacin entre tierra, capital,trabajo y familia; y las consecuencias de todo ello para la economa nacional e internacional y la articulacin de la economa campesina con el conjunto econmico. Coincidi con otros analistas en que la economa campesina en casi todas partes est ligada de diferentes maneras al mercado capitalista y sometida en varias formas al capital financiero (bancario e industrial). Pero ello no elimina las unidades familiares de explotacin agropecuaria. Concluy entonces, que en el futuro inmediato la unidad de explotacin domstica campesina seguira siendo parte importante e imprescindible de la vida de muchos pases y que en su conjunto la agricultura mundial se caracterizaba y se seguira caracterizando por la heterogeneidad. Mediante el estudio de la forma de produccin campesina tal cual es, estudi el material a partir del cual debera evolucionar el nuevo agro, por medio de cooperativas progresivamente integradas. Fue un defensor de la cooperacin agrcola, pero un escptico con respecto al fomento indiscriminado de la produccin agrcola en gran escala. Consideraba que para vincular al campesinado a la economa general y garantizar el desarrollo agropecuario, deba predominar la concentracin vertical y no la horizontal, es decir deba fomentarse fundamentalmente la asociacin e integracin cooperativa y slo secundariamente, paulatinamente, en casos determinados y precisos la colectivizacin de la produccin campesina. Esto estaba en contradiccin con la poltica de colectivizacin total de Stalin, quien en 1929 escribi que era "incomprensible que las teoras anti-cientficas de economistas 'soviticos' como Chaynov puedan circular libremente en la prensa".
Adems de su obra econmica en la que se destaca La organizacin de la Unidad Econmica Campesina publicada en 1925 con el patrocinio del Instituto de Investigacin Cientfica de la Economa Agrcola, en Mosc, Chaynov fue autor de la Historia del rea de Mosc (1918) y de varios trabajos poticos y narrativos. Es muy conocido el Viaje de mi hermano Alexis al pas de la utopa campesina, relato de ciencia ficcin de profundo contenido social. En sus cartas se han encontrado tsis sobre el papel de los intelectuales en la revolucin. Recientemente se publicaron las notas autobiogrficas que la NKVD le impuso escribir para su juicio. Obras literarias (1918)- (la historia de la mueca de peluquero) (1920) - (El viaje de mi hermano Aleksei en el pas de la utopa campesina) (1922) - (Venediktov) (1923) - (espejo veneciano) (1924) - (las aventuras excepcionales del conde Buturln) , (1928) - (Julia, o Encuentros cerca del Monasterio Novodvichi)