Jessie Zhao Period: 1 Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening During the 1700s when people started to lose faith in their religion and start to commit sins. George Whitfield a preacher who during the first great awakening preached about love and forgiveness so passionately that it lead to the idea of converting Indians and Africans to Christianity. Jonathan Edwards famous pastor who wrote Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God describing Gods wrath during the Great Awakening. New Lights the split between the older New England denominations. They believed in going through an emotional change. Old Lights Part of the Great Awakening, but did not believe in denominations.

Age of Reason/Enlightenment the Enlightenment period was a time about reason and logic. People believed in the law of nature and didnt have a strong faith in God. John Peter Zenger Newspaper printer who printed bad things about Parliament and was brought to trial for treason. Alexander Hamilton defended him and they won the court case for freedom of press because all the information on the paper was true. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? The significance of the population growth was that ratio of British and the Colonists. It allowed a power shift to occur.

A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? This allowed the colonist to not have people where their loyalties are not only with the British crown but other people.

The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. America was a land of equality so anyone could raise up to become wealthy while in England it would impossible.

Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? The Scots-Irish were people who preferred to be mainly independent. So it lead to the formation of independence in the colonies.

Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, lumber, and carpentry. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America? In the 1700s roads where connected to major cities, people could take carriages or walk. Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? It contributed to the growing sense that Americans had of themselves as a single people, united by a common history.

The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? During the Great Awakening, it was revival and it got people to go back to church. There was also a new way for preaching that came from that period.

Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? Many young boys would go to Harvard and learn Greek and Latin. They went for leadership and not citizenship and only for males. It was reserved for the aristocratic few.

A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. No, many Americans held onto the European art and were fascinated with architecture because people where not yet captured by the simplicity of pioneering life.

Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? It was important because he was proven not guilty and freedom of press was put into place.

The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? Colonial America wasnt democratic just yet but colonies slowly begin to unite with town meetings and assemblies. Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain He was a French explorer whose greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and his latter settlement in Quebec.

William Pitt HE got Pittsburg named after him. He earned the title Organizer of Victory because of his leadership and organization during the French and Indian war. Pontiac He was an Indian Chief who led the post-war flare in Ohio River valley and the great lake region in 1763 which led to the Proclamation of 1763.

Albany Plan of Union A plan developed by a committee led by Benjamin Franklin which proposed that the colonies unite to form a federal government.

Proclamation of 1763 An act which drew a line north to south along the Appalachian Mountains, not allowing colonists from settling west of this line without permission. Pontiacs Rebellion Launched in 1763 by Pontiac who was unsatisfied with the British from the French and Indian war. Paxton Boys Paxton Boys led an armed march in Philadelphia in 1764. Five Nations of the Iroquois Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Senea. Salutary Neglect A time period where the British ignored the American colonies and they thrived without the British.

French and Indian War Fight with the French and Indian verses the British and Americans. The goal was to gain land. The Battle of Quebec 1759 The Battle was led by James Wofle who won the British Canada. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies?

New France was based off of a fur trade economy. Settlers were mostly male and the colony was funded by the French Government who paid for the shipment of men to the colony. Alliance with the Huron Indians, No trial by jury, and Government: direct control of king.

New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? Beaver and fur trade was what brought French settlement in New France.

The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. Early war between the two countries was brutal and often went onto American settlements. It was a struggle for domination of the New World.

George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? When he was sent to negotiate boundaries with the French, they refused to give up their fort. They got into a fight about forty miles from Fort Duquesne and Washington fired the first shot. Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? While there was a war going on in Germany the Americans were fighting the French and the French wasted all their strength there so they didn't throw an adequate fore into the New World Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 5. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? The British weren't very close with the Indians, who played a very important role during the war. The French, however, had many Indian allies. Also, the French colonies were under one united government, while the British were broken into 13 separate governments. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? The victory made Great Britain the dominant power in North America.

Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? American colonies saw how they British treated them and started to get angry at the fact that the colonist believed they were equal to the British while the British thought the opposite. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? The native Americans didn't like the British and were still angry on losing their and moving more west. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North He was King George 3s stout prime minister who was also the governor during the Boston Tea Party. George Grenville British Prime minister who convinced Parliament to pass the navigational law, sugar act, quartering act, and stamp act. All those acts help fuel the Americans towards revolution. Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

A series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickson who argued that taxes on the colonists were unconstitutional. Gaspee Incident Colonists thought that there was a conspiracy against them so they dressed up like Native Americans and attacked British ships. Charles Townshend British Politian who convinced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts. Baron Von Steuben Prussian Drill master who put the American soldiers into shape. Mercantilism Mercantilism is an economic philosophy that states that a nations exports should be higher than its imports. "Virtual" representation British Parliament stood for the voice of the American Colonies which they did not like. Sons of Liberty A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. It consisted of Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Admiralty courts trials which were heard by judges not jury. Committees of Correspondence Created by Samuel Adams where the goal was to go against British policies on the colonies and spread propaganda. First Continental Congress First meeting in Philadelphia where leaders settled on boycotting all British goods. Loyalists (Tories) People who were loyal to the British Crown. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:

The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? Because when the colonists first arrived at Jamestown, people already started to form a country of their own without the British.

Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. The theory of it is that you have to sell your goods for a higher price than what you bought it for so you can make a profit. Colonists werent able to afford everything once the British started raising taxes. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? They started to put tax on the goods that were exported. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? Protection was also freely provided to the colonist due to the presence of the British red coats. 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government?

The colonists' position in the mercantilist system made them feel used, merely for the sole benefit of Britains economy.

The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? They didn't like how they had to pay taxes when they had no representation in Britain. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?

The Colonies resisted the stamp act by protesting and making a big wave of anger. They started to make there own things so they didn't have to pay for the stamp

The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The American colonies didn't like the Britishs attempt to enchain them so it led to the Boston Tea Party. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? The Committees of Correspondence went against British policies on colonists and spread propaganda for independence. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? The Boston tea party led to later conflicts with the British and was the ball that started to roll towards revolution. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The Intolerable Acts targeted Boston and made the colonies unite together to help Boston. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The goal was to boycott all British goods. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? Strengths: large well trained soldier, largest navy, American loyalists. Weakness: far from home, fighting style, communication, over confidence. American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? Strengths: fighting defensively, large and mass, 150 years of being self sufficient, know what their fighting for

Weakness: untrained troops, very little supplies, Profiteers, deserters, no government, loyalists. A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? If African Americans join then they were granted freedom. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress All States were there, and they elected Washington as the General for the Am. Rev. Hessians German Soldiers who the British hired to fight the colonists. Thomas Paine/Common Sense Author who introduced the idea of a republic society. George Washington First president of the United States and was the General for the Am. Rev. Marquis de Layfette Young major general of the colonies. Baron Von Steuban Prussian drill master that whipped the am. Soldiers into shape.

John Burgoyne British general who wanted to attack New York from Canada. Benedict Arnold Great general who prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga and thus delayed the British assault on New York. Later turned traitor. Treaty of Paris, 1783 Treaty with Great Britain to recognize American as an independent nation. Battle of Trenton One of Washingtons battle victories.

Battles of Lexington and Concord Fight with the British for gunpowder. Battle of Saratoga Major battle that brought t he French to aid the Americans. Battle of Yorktown Articles of Confederation the nations first constitution, that was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? Washington was chosen because he was patient, courageous, self-discipline, and had a sense of justice. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? King George declared the American colonies for their action as treason and wanted war. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery

3.

Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain.

No, the Americans were losing and they barely had any supplies, if it werent for the French, they might have lost the war. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? Common Sense introduced the idea of a republic society.

Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine wanted a democratic republic because it allowed the people to create their own government tailored to them . Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? The declaration of independence gives facts and reasons why American deserved to be free and all the things Parliament did wrong. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? The wealthy class was where most people were Loyalists.

Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war? The loyalists went back to England.

The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? Many loyalists were punished and taunted at,

Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant?

The Americans won at the battle of Saratoga because General Burgoyne did not have the support. It was important because the French decided to aid the Americans. Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? The French helped America win because your enemys enemy is your friend. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? It was important to the Americans because they didn't have much supplies and a porrly trained army. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. Yes, because the French aided them and they stood a chance of winning.

The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Yes, because it showed that it showed that the American could fight off the greatest navy in the world. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? It was important because it should the defeat of Britain for they were trapped with no escape. Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? They gained independence in the treaty of Pairs. They also got the great lakes.

A New Nation Legitimized

Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. Yes, because they finally got what they wanted and that was independence.

Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Explain.

Least true?

I think it was the fact that the colonists knew and strongly believed in what they were fighting for seemed the most true to me. I thought the betrayal of Arnold was the least because I don't it was because of jealousness.