Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening A religious revival during the mid-1700s which was intended to uplift peoples religious spirits. The main figures of this movement were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. George Whitfield Winthrop was a very powerful and prominent speaker during the Great Awakening. He preached about human incompetence, and ignited a spiritual revolution in the colonies. Jonathan Edwards He was a preacher during the Great Awakening known for his sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. He delivered powerful speeches with detailed descriptions of hell and eternal punishment. New Lights New lights were ministers who supported the role of the Great Awakening in rejuvenating the religious spirit in the Americas.

Old Lights Old lights were orthodox clergymen that opposed the effects of the Great Awakening and were skeptical of the revivalists and the new light clergymen. Age of Reason/Enlightenment The Age of Reason/enlightenment was a book written by Thomas Paine that established heretical ideas about the church, such as the fact that the church only sought to use mankind to gain power and profits John Peter Zenger Zenger was a printer sent to trail for his supposedly illegal printing. However, the jury voted him not guilty, setting the stage for our modern freedom of press and democratic standings. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? Prior to the tremendous population growth in the Americas, the English outnumbered the American colonists twenty to one. However, after this population boom, English subjects had only a three to one population advantage. This effectively set a momentous shift in power between the two parties. Furthermore, this shift in power will eventually lead up to the outbreak of the Revolutionary war. A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? Large numbers of immigrants from places such as Germany and Scot-Ireland were responsible for the beginning of the large melting pot that is the United States. The large slave population and immigration from many other European countries contributed to the cultural diversity of the Americas. The south, with the majority of the slave population, had already begun displaying its monumental racial and social composition. Many of these different cultures also brought their hatred for the British crown, fueling the eventual American Revolution. The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. Eighteenth century American life, compared to England, advocated equality and freedom to a much higher degree. There was no hereditary nobility to dominate, and also no

low class to undermine the social hierarchy. However, there began to emerge a higher class of citizen, especially those who profited through armed conflicts such as wars. In the south, it was also evident that the plantation owners reaped all the profit, and the gap between them and the modest tenant farmer began to widen. Slaves remained at the bottom of the ladder, with no opportunity to ascend. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? The Scottish lowlanders, faced with overwhelming discrimination and taxation, fled to Ireland for temporary relief. However, they eventually found that making a living in Ireland was incredibly difficult, and many were taxed under the same degree as the Scottish lairds had enforced. Therefore, they fled once more to the Americas, and their restlessness was evident in the houses they built and the fields that they planted. This also established their seething hatred for the British crown, and ensured their participation in the Revolutionary War. Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. The intense agriculture and fishing practices in the Americas was a handsomely rewarding practice, and also profited the merchants who participated in the triangular trade route system. This time period also saw the emergence of the manufacturing system, as iron forges and other factories began to dot the countryside. With this, lumbering and shipbuilding became a major practice. Naval stores also stemmed from this, and soon made a huge profit from the British, who were continuously bent on naval dominance. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America? In the early Americas, travel was not even on par with that of the early Romans. Roads were scarce, and travelers were forced to use all sorts of means, such as rowboats, sailing sloops, and feet, in order to read a desired destination. Due to this, waterways such as rivers and canals were clustered with travelers. Although it was much slower and more undependable, water travel remained cheap and ultimately safer. Taverns were also eventually established on roadsides, and became places of gossip and information.

Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? Established religion, such as the Church of England and the Anglican Church, was not received warmly by many colonists. Church was hardly attended, and there was a dire need for new better behaved clerics. The heavy controversy over creating an American bishopric also helped to fuel the fires of rebellion and revolution.

The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? During the Great Awakening, new ideas about Hell and new preaching methods began to emerge, evident in the sermons of Jonathan Edwards and especially George Whitefield. In contrast to old light clergymen, new lights advocated the religious change brought about by the Great Awakening. This movement was the first mass movement in the Americas, and contributed to the American sense of individuality. Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? A young colonist was expected to be educated mainly in Latin and Greek, and also on religious teachings. They were discouraged to think individual thoughts, and rather conform to doctrine and dogmas. In college, students were mainly trained to become ministers, until many families became dissatisfied by this and sent their children abroad to get a philosophical education instead. A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. In terms of art and culture, England still outshone the American colonies. Aspiring artist such as John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, and John Copley were successful in their painting careers, but were only able to do so after receiving training and experience from working in England. There was also not much literary distinction in the Americas, with a few exceptions. Benjamin Franklins work served as an example for future writers, as his autobiography and his Poor Richards Almanac are regarded as classics. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? John Peter Zenger was placed on trial for his printing of printing heretic information. However, the jury voted him not guilty, much to the dismay of the judges. This decision was the first step in what is now our current policies of freedom of press and the democratic system. Newspapers were now developed to the stage where they were allowed to print critique of high ranking officials, although full freedom of press was still a long ways to come. The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America?

Colonial America was not considered a true democracy, but had more democratic elements than any other country in Europe. The royal colonies selected an upper house known as the council, while the common people selected a lower house known as the popular branch. Colonists were able to exercise certain rights, such as being able to vote for their taxes. The Colonial Assemblies held the Governors salary, thus exerting a certain authority over his work.

Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. But a Revolutionary Spirit had begun. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain Samuel Champlain was the first pioneer of the French people, and he allied himself with the natives of the region, as opposed to the British, who immediately treated the natives in hostile manners. William Pitt William Pitt was established as the new commander of the British forces after Braddocks numerous unsuceessful attempts. Pitt managed to secure an eventual victory for Britian over the French.

Pontiac

The Chief of the Ottawa Indians, he unsuccesfully attempted to rebel against the British colonies after the Seven Years War. They were met with brutal retaliation with a new form of biological warfare by the settlers, the transferring of smallpox.

Albany Plan of Union Inspired by Benjamin Franklins famous Join or Die drawing, it essentially attempted to create a union between the colonies in order to better defend themselves against native American attacks and other threats. Proclamation of 1763 The Proclamation prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains in order to prevent another uprising similar to the one seen led by Pontiac. Pontiacs Rebellion Pontiacs Rebellion was a revolt led by Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa Indian tribe in an effort to drive the British settlers out of the Ohio region. In retaliation, the settlers effectively wiped out most Indians by distributing blankets infested with smallpox. Paxton Boys The Paxton Boys protested the Quakers policy towards Indians. They did not believe that the Indians should receive such lenient treatment, and thus led a march on Philadelphia in 1764. Salutary Neglect This was a period of time following the British victory over the French in which they left the colonists to fend for themselves, thus seeding the first thoughts of independence. French and Indian War The fourth battle between the British and the French, and one of the largest, this war resulted in many territorial changes, and the eventual uprooting of France and Spain out of the Americas. The Battle of Quebec 1759

The British, led by their commander James Wolfe, were victorious over the French in this battle, which proved to be the turning point of the war. This eventually made the British prevail over the French in the War. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? Due to domestic religious conflicts, such as the bloody St. Bartholomews Day Massacre of over ten thousand Huguenots, France was heavily lagging behind in the colonial race for the Americas. However, France did manage to eventually succeed in establishing its own colonies, the beginnings of which stationed in Quebec. Led by the soldier and explorer Samuel de Champlain, Frances colonies differed greatly from those of the British North American colonies. For example, New France held different views towards the Indians, treating them with friendly relations. They also developed a much different government, as it was ruled by the king and was a direct autocracy. New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? New France, located in present day Canada, possessed an abundance of beavers, which many fur trappers and hunters pursued. These hunters, otherwise known as Coureurs de Bois, desired the valuable beaver fur clothing for its warmth and opulent appearance. The enthusiastic French settlers, the Voyageurs, also recruited many natives into the beaver hunting business, and hunted the beaver to extinction in many areas. Other Frenchmen traveled to New France in order to expand territories. One such man, Robert de la Salle, drifted all the way down to the southern Mississippi river, where he named the land Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. In the early stages of colonial warfare, the French and British colonies received no help from their motherlands in Europe, and therefore resorted to allying with the natives for primitive guerilla warfare. The first peace treaty signed at Utrecht granted the British lands in Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay. However, conflicts still remained over trading rights, and the War of Jenkinss Ear erupted between the British and the Spanish, in which heroes such as James Oglethorpe emerged. During the war of the Austrian Succession, known as King Georges war in the Americas, allies France and Spain once again faced a British threat of invasion, evident in the British capture of fort Louisbourg. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War?

Rivalries between the French and British ensued, and tensions once again built up over the economic security of each colony. George Washington, placed in control as a lieutenant by the governor of Virginia, laid siege on the French Fort Duquesne, killing the French leader and igniting the war with France. However, his troops were surrounded at Fort Necessity, and he was forced to surrender command of them. This war led to the uprooting and relocation of all French citizens in Arcadia, as they were forced to move to the south, beginning a new ethnic race known as the Cajuns. Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? During the globally fought Seven Years War, the heaviest and most influential fighting was done in Germany. The British, led by Frederick the Great, was able to repel the French, Austrians, and Russian armies, and in return was subsidized in gold. However, the French exhausted the majority of their troops in Germany, and therefore forfeited lands in America due to their inability to send an adequate force there. Following this, Benjamin Franklin published in his famous Pennsylvania Gazette his drawing of Join or Die, which singlehandedly led to acts of colonial unity, such as the Albany Plan of Union. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? In the early stages of the French and Indian War, the British officer Edward Braddock was sent to the Americas to command the troops there. Bullheaded and stubborn, he and his troops laboriously hacked a path through the thick jungle towards Fort Duquesne, but were halted in his efforts by attacks from the French and Indians. They ultimately suffered heavy casualties and were forced to retreat. George Washington, the second in command, also unwisely decided to attack many exposed wilderness posts simultaneously instead of focusing one large force, resulting in continuous heavy defeats. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? With William Pitt assigned as the new commander of the British army in America, things began to look hopeful for the British. After the first successful siege of Louisburg, Pitt assigned the young officer James Wolfe to take Quebec. In the fateful Battle of Quebec, the French were eventually defeated and the city of Quebec was surrendered to the British. With this victory, the French were driven out of the Americas, with only small remains of their settlements in Canada. Thus, Britain became the dominant force in North America, as well as the leading naval power in the world. Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country?

The effects of the French and Indian War left colonists in a much more optimistic state than they had previously been. It successfully managed to boost the colonists selfesteem and sense of independence. It also eradicated the previously held concept that Britain was undefeatable and invincible. These newfound beliefs, however, created tensions between the British officers and the colonial citizens, known as boors. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? With the Treaty of Paris, the Seven Years War was officially ended, leaving in its aftermath many territorial changes. It effectively removed the Spanish and French from their land claims in Florida and Canada respectively. This in turn also proved detrimental to the Indians, as the European powers no longer had any opposition against each other. As a result, the Ottawa, led by their chief Pontiac, led many rebellions against the British in an attempt to uproot the British from the Ohio Valley. Following this, the American Daniel Boone, was able to settle past the Appalachian Mountains. As a result, the London government issued the Proclamation of 1763 in an attempt to quell future uprisings. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North A prime minister to King George the third of the British Empire. George Grenville Prime Minister at that time ordered the British navy to enforce the Navigation Laws. This

laws caused the colonies to resent him. George also passed the Sugar Act of 1764 which taxed the colonist in order to raise money to for debt. Grenville also went on to pass the stamp act causing even more resentment from the colonists. Charles Townshend Called Champagne Charley because he is a man who could give eloquent speeches even while intoxicated. Charles created the Townshend Act which taxed on imported goods. These taxes were used to pay for governors and judges in America. Baron Von Steuben A German drillmaster who trained the American rebels for combat. Baron taught the soldiers how to use bayonets and soon made them just as tough as British soldiers. Baron did all this while not being able to speak any English when first coming to America. Mercantilism A theory that the British authorities embraced which is justification of control of the colonies. To be a mercantilist means to believe that wealth is a source of power and wealth is measured by gold and silver. "Virtual" representation The colonist believed in no taxation without representation. Grenville though believed that the colonist were representation by telling the colonist that all Parliament members represented British subjects even for the colonist who never voted for members. _ Sons of Liberty A group of colonist who took the law into their own hands. This group would raid the houses of officials, confiscate their stolen money, and hanged the officials on flag poles. Admiralty courts These are courts that were set up and run by the British. The offenders of the Sugar and Stamp act were tried in these courts which lacked juries. In these courts also the defendant was believed guilty until could proven innocent. Committees of Correspondence First established by Samuel Adams in Massachusetts. Their goals were to spread the spirit of resistance to other parts of the colonies with their own committee of correspondence. Soon there was one intercolonial committee of correspondence which went to form the American congress. First Continental Congress A group of well respected men who met for several weeks to create a consultative body. The group consisted of George Washington, Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John Adams. During these meetings John Adams trying to persuade his fellow colleagues in revolting against British rule. Also during these meetings the Congress wrote up many documents such as draft of the Declaration of Rights and also the most important the creation of The Association. The Association proclaimed the boycotting of all British

goods. Loyalists (Tories) Loyalist were colonist who stayed loyal to the king opposed to the patriots who were the American rebels. The name Tories come from being the dominant political faction in Britain. A Tory though by the rebels was a colonist who had betrayed them. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The author said that because England was so far away from them that they left the settlers alone to grow by themselves and gain that independence from England. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. Mercantilists believed that a countries economic wealth ( hence its military/political power) could be measured by the amount of gold and silver. The colonies reduced. British need for imports and were a garenteed source for markets 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? Parliament used the colonies as a guaranteed source of markets and reduced the need for imports. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers of ship parts, over the protest of British competitors. Virginia tobacco planters also had a monopoly in the British market 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? Mercantilism stifled economic initiative and imposed a dependency on the British because they felt used for their own good. The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? The colonists were so upset because of the lack of representation the colonists had in the British government, including Parliament. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act

Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act? Colonists resisted the Stamp Act by mobilizing the support of nonimportation and did a lot of petitions and consumer boycotts. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The Townshend Acts enraged the colonists even more by basically paying more to house unwanted solders and tax glass, white lead, paint, paper and tea. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? The Committees of Correspondence was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and keep alive the opposition to Britain policy Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? Brittan caused the Boston Tea Party by adamantly sailing the tea into the Boston harbor even after colonial outrage. This ransacking of tea lead to bitterness and conflict Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The Intolerable Acts restricted the rights of colonists, particularly in Massachusetts and even made the colonists house solders. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The goal of the Continental Congress was to consider ways to address colonial grievances. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The British had the most powerful army and navy but they were overconfident and used different and ineffective tactics during the war. American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?

The Americans had great leadership in George Washington and had something to fight for while they had little to no supplies and their initial army was little more than militia. A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? African-Americans fought on both sides but they were poorly trained with only rudimentary skills. The end of the war starts the divide on slavery between the North and the South. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress was held by delegates from all thirteen colonies, and addressed the need for an army, navy, and proper constitution. It also appointed George Washington as the leader of the Continental Army. Hessians Hessians were German mercenary soldiers who fought for Britain in return for payment. The British employed 10,000 Hessians. Thomas Paine/Common Sense Thomas Paine was the author of the national bestselling article, Common Sense. In it, he stated that Britain had no right to rule the Americas, as never before had the smaller piece of land ruled the larger one. George Washington

George Washington was appointed by the Second Continental Congress as the leader of the Continental Army. He possessed extraordinary leadership talent, and served as a rallying point for his troops. Marquis de Layfette He was a young and wealthy French Nobleman who was appointed as a major general in the French Army. His actions played a valuable role in the American victory during the war. Baron Von Steuban Baron Von Steuban was a Prussian drillmaster who was effective in his training of the American troops and keeping them disciplined during the brutal winters. John Burgoyne He was a general in the British army who led his troops from Lake Chamberlain to Canada, where he was eventually surrounded and defeated by the General Gates in the battle of Saratoga, which was a turning point in the war. Benedict Arnold He led the American troops in a victory at Fort Ticonderoga, which helped the Americans in their fight on Bunker Hill. He also was responsible for the British delay in moving south to recapture Ticonderoga. However, he was later exposed as a traitor to the American cause. Treaty of Paris, 1783 This was a treaty signed by America, Britain, and France, in which America was granted generous terms of land and its independence. Loyalists were also no longer persecuted in America. Battle of Trenton During this battle, George Washington crossed the Delaware River in a surprise attack against the Hessians the day after Christmas. This victory served to boost the morale of the colonial soldiers, and was one of the first major victories for the Americans. Battles of Lexington and Concord The British thought that the colonists had hidden weapons in Concord, and marched there to capture John Adams and John Hancock as well. However, they were stopped in Lexington, and there the first shot of the American Revolution was fired. Battle of Saratoga In the most important battle of the war, General Burgoyne arrived at the scene of battle without the aid of his allies, was surrounded, and forced to surrender his troops to the American General Horatio Gates. Battle of Yorktown

The most decisive battle of the war, British General Cornwallis stationed his troops in Yorktown, where he was surrounded at sea by French forces and at land by the FrancoAmerican forces. His surrender marked the beginning of the end of the war. Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation became the foundation of the first government agreed upon by all 13 colonies. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? George Washington was chosen as the general of the American army by the Second Continental Congress because he was from Virginia, the largest and most populous of colonies. However, Washington was also gifted with great leadership qualities, and displayed much courage =, patience, and self-discipline on the battlefield. He also possessed a great moral force, and served as a symbol and a rallying point for the Americans, Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? Led by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allan, a small force of American troops managed to seize the fort Ticonderoga in upper New York. This was a decisive victory, as the fort contained supplies and weapons needed for the colonists to hold out against the British in the much anticipated Battle of Bunker Hill. In this battle, Britain managed to seize the hill, but at the cost of one thousand British lives to a mere one hundred colonists lives. Following this, the colonists sent over the Olive Branch Petition, but King George had already proclaimed the colonists in rebellion, an act punishable by treason. He also did the unthinkable by hiring foreign merchants, known as Hessians, to fight for the British. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. Before the July of 1776, fighting did not go well for the colonists. On October of 1775, the British burned the city of Falmouth, Maine. American leaders also falsely believed that an invasion of Canada would create a fourteenth colony, as well as striking a deep blow at Britain. American troops, led by the general Richard Montgomery, pushed his troops to Quebec, where he was joined by the bedraggled and famished Benedict Arnold and his troops. Together, they laid siege on Quebec, but were unsuccessful in their assault, leading to the death of Montgomery. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important?

Written by the radical Thomas Paine, the pamphlet called Common Sense preached about the wrongdoings of the British crown. He also stated his theory that the smaller body of land should not be in control of the larger one, and referred to the King as the Royal Brute of Great Britain. His book was a national bestseller, and sold more than 120,000 copies in the span of a couple months. It also opened many colonists eyes to the evilness of the British, and increased the patriot population in the Americas. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Thomas Paine advocated not only for independence, but also for a new form of political society known as a Republic, where power would flow from the people themselves rather than a despotic monarch. His arguments that all officials should receive representation fell receptively to the colonists. Paine had inspired his contemporaries to view America as the cultivation ground for civic virtues such as sacrificing self-interest for the overall good of the public. However, there were some patriots against such a policy. To them, republicanism meant that the lower classes would also receive a sort of political equality, and favored a republic led by a natural aristocracy instead. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? The fiery Richard Henry Lee of Virginia was one of the first to voice his desire to break away from Britain with his famous cry that the United Colonies are free and independent states. Shortly afterwards, Congress appointed the brilliant Thomas Jefferson the task of drafting a formal statement of separation, called the Declaration of Independence. In his persuasive pronouncement, Jefferson states that the king had flaunted the natural rights of the citizens, and therefore justifying their break from Britain. He also included a list of 27 of the major grievances of the British throne, and brutally attacked King Georges tyrannous deeds. His Declaration of Independence was known as the shout heard round the world, as it eventually grew to have an international impact on many countries. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? As described by bitter patriots, a loyalist is a thing in whose head is in England and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched. Loyalists made up around 16 percent of the population, and effectively caused a split in many families. Many of the welleducated who believed that radical, violent, change was only detrimental to society were loyalists. Many loyalists also appeared in the older generation. The famous flaming speech of Patrick Henry, Give me liberty or give me death! was effective in rallying patriots. Loyalists also appeared as the kings troops, and as many members of the Anglican Church. Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war?

Many black loyalists experienced a betrayal from General Cornwallis, as they were abandoned in Virginia. As a result, many boarded ships to Britain in hopes of freedom, but were once again sold back into slavery. Many of the white loyalists suffered arrest, exile, confiscation of property, and the loss of legal rights. Many attempted to flee to Britain, but still lived lives in isolation. For the loyalists that remained in America, they faced the task of attempting to rebuild a life in a society that viewed them as traitors. Some did this by siding with the federalist call for a strong central government and a powerful executive. The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? After the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, harsh discrimination towards the Loyalists ensued. Many of them were arrested, and a few of them hung. Over the course of the war, around 80,000 loyalists were driven out of America, and those who stayed had their properties confiscated and sold in order to finance the war. Many other loyalists also volunteered their services to the British, serving as spies, inciting Indians, and keeping patriots at home to protect their families. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? Under the commander John Burgoyne, British troops marched from Canada down to Lake Champlain to meet with other troops led by General Howe and Colonel Barry St. Leger. After winning a desperate battle against the remainder of Benedict Arnolds forces, the British were forced to retire to Canada, where their campaign was put on hold. General Howe also began to surprise the colonists, as he began to march towards Philadelphia in an attempt to crush the rebel base. As Benjamin Franklin noted, Howe had not captured Philadelphia, rather Philadelphia had captured Howe. Meanwhile, at Saratoga, the British troops led by Burgoyne were surrounded by the American General Horatio Gates, and was forced to surrender his entire command. Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? One reason for this was because France was still bitter over its defeat to the British during the French and Indian War. Because France had been stripped of all of its North American Colonies, Britain had become a front ranked world power. In inflaming the quarrel that had been ignited in the Americas, France hoped to regain its status as a world power by toppling the British influence in the Americas. During his negotiation with the French in Paris, Franklin also played on the French fears of Anglo-American reconciliation and France eventually offered the Americas a treaty of alliance on February 6th, 1778. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Aside from the French, the Spanish openly declared war against Britain, and their combined naval forces outnumbered even that of the supreme naval power in the world. Catherine of Russia was also quick to join in opposition, as she established the Armed

Neutrality, which effectively lined up all remaining European countries neutral to the war in a passive state of hostility towards Britain. Due to this, the American Revolution had now erupted into a global conflict. France also was a key factor to the American victory, as it provided the Americans with supplies, troops, and a navy. Excessive victories won by the Americans forced the British to retreat to Yorktown, where the decisive battle of Yorktown eventually ensued. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. In 1780, the war had been relatively successful to the patriot cause. Although there were many setbacks, such as the revered Benedict Arnold being branded as a traitor, morale among the colonists remained high due to the fact that the French and the Americans had finally begun to cooperate. The British plan to roll up the colonies began with the British rolling brutally through the south. However, the tide began to turn in 1780, as the tactician General Nathanael Greene utilized his strategy of delay to defeat the British. By standing and then retreating, he exhausted his foe General Cornwallis, and succeeded in clearing most of the British troops from the South. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Frontier fighting was a major asset towards the outcome of the war. Although the Iroquois Confederacy sided with the American cause, many other Indian groups sided with the British due to the popular belief that the westward expansion of the settlers would be stemmed. This treaty was signed at Fort Stanwix, and under its terms, the Indians ceded most of their lands. Furthermore, and audacious George Rogers Clark led a small force of about 175 men, and was successful in capturing scattered posts held by the British in the wild Illinois country, effectively forcing the British to cede the region north of the Ohio River. Americas navy, though irrelevant in terms of actual combat, played its role in the war as well. Led by the daring John Paul Jones, it managed to destroy British merchant ships and carry the war into the water surrounding the British Isles. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? In 1780, the British General Cornwallis had carelessly blundered into stationing his troops at Yorktown, assuming that the British would be in control of the sea. However, he miscalculated, and Washington took advantage of this. Marching with his troops a total of 300 miles to Yorktown from the New York area, he was joined by Rochambeaus French army, while the French navy, led by de Grasse, effectively blocked off the British fleet. As he was completely cornered, Cornwallis eventually surrendered his entire platoon on October 9th, 1781, thus marking the end of the crux of the war.

Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? In order to negotiate peace treaties with the world powers involved in the Revolution, America sent 3 convoys, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay, to Paris. There, the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783, which formally recognized the independence of the Americas. Furthermore, it also granted generous boundaries, stretching from the Mississippi in the west, to the Great Lakes in the North, to Spanish Florida in the South. The Yankees were also granted the fisheries of Newfoundland. In return, the colonists were to no longer persecute Tories, and all land confiscated was to be returned to its rightful owners. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. America received heavily favored terms in the Treaty of Paris. Britain, eager to persuade the Americans from alliance with the French, presented its terms in the treaty as alluring as possible. The Whig faction in Britain was determined to salve recent wounds and reopen trade channels in an attempt to dispel any possibilities of any future wars in the Appalachian region. Faring much better than the French, the Americans began their new heritage with a generous territorial birthright and the priceless heritage of freedom. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain. The interpretation by provided by Bernard Bailyn seems most true to me. He argues that the colonists were under the influence of the literary material at the time, and grew exceedingly wishful to protect their rights. Even though the taxes enforced at the time were by no means heavy or burdensome, the colonists rebelled because they believed that the principle behind the taxation was immoral. As they did not particularly believe in taxation without representation and merely sought to repeal the taxes, it shows that the colonists were in fact paranoid of any sort of British control. Because the fact that there was not a social hierarchy during this time period, the concept introduced by the progressive historians is least true. The Evolution of Colonial Organization 1643 to 1787 Dates 1643 to 1684 Attempt at organization New England Confederation Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies Dominion of New England The British government combined the 4 colonies into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Attendance 4

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1787

Governor Andros. Albany Congress/Plan of Union During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. Stamp Act Congress 27 delegates from 9 colonies to draw up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies Committees of Correspondence These started as groups of private citizens who began circulating information about opposition to British trade measures and exchange information and organize protests to British trade regulations. First Continental Congress Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the nonimportation of British goods by empowering local Committees of Vigilence in each colony to fine or arrest violators. It was meant to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts. Second Continental Congress Met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain. Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation delegated most of the powers to the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. The Articles gave the federal government so little power that it couldnt keep the country united. The Articles only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. The Articles were abandoned for the Constitution. Alexandria Conference Representatives from Virginia and Maryland look to improve navigation rights on the Potomac River Annapolis Convention 8 states invited and 5 arrive to discuss problems with the Articles leads to a call for another convention Philadelphia Convention

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