Artificial Intelligence

By: Luis Diego Vazquez and Stephon Mitchell

3000 BC
The original Papyrus was made in 3000 BC First know expert system.

13th C
Ramn Lull invented the Zairja. First device that systematically tried to generate ideas by mechanical means.

1651
Thomas Hobbes published book Leviathan. It says that Humans with the help of machines and organization would create new intelligence.

Hobbes referred to as patriarch of Artificial intelligence.

17th C-1726
19 year old Pascal invented the eight-digit calculator(1642). Gottfried Liebnitz invented the Liebnitz Computer. It multiplied by repetitive addition.

Leibnitz also conceived of a 'reasoning calculator' for interpreting and

evaluating concepts. Jonathan Swift anticipated an automatic book writer in Gulliver's Travels.

1880s
Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented the first programmable device to drive looms with instructions provided by punched cards. Charles Babbage designed the analytical engine.

George Boole developed first mathematical symbol reasoning for sets

Gottlob Frege went beyond George and proved general theorems from rules.

1800s continued
Hand-driven mechanical calculator. Herman Hollerith patented a tabulating machine to process census data fed in on punched cards. Company now known as IBM.

late 1800s
Leonardo Torres y Quevedo invented a relay-activated automaton which played games. Behaviorism was expounded by psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike in

"Animal Intelligence.

early 1900s
Term robot was invented. Minimax theorem for game playing programs. mechanical differential analyzer able to solve difficult equations.

Alan Turing and Alonzo Church both saw that all problems that a human
can solve can be reduced to a set of algorithms.

early 1900s contd.

calculator speed increased with electromagnetic relays. Zuse Z3 a general-purpose electromechanical computer. Vacuum tubes replaced electromechanical relays in calculators.

Walter Pitts and Warren McCullock showed how artificial neural

networks could compute, relying on the use of feedback loops. ohn von Neumann designed the basic computer architecture that we still use today.

early 1900s contd

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) runs 1,000 times faster.

1946-1956
Symbolic artificial intelligence emerged as a specific intellectual field. The transistor was invented by William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen.

Norbert Wiener published Cybernetics, a landmark book on information

theory. Donald O. Hebbs suggested a way in which artificial neural networks might learn.

1950
Turing proposed his test, the Turing test, to recognize machine intelligence.

1950s
1950s It became clear that computers can manipulate symbols and can also understand numerical concepts. 1955-1956 The first AI program was written by Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, and J.C. Shaw.IPL provided pointers between related pieces of technology and catered to creating, changing, and destroying interacting symbolic structures 1955- John McCarthy named the discipline Artificial intelligence. ~1956- IBM released the 701 general purpose electronic computer. The first one on the market. 1956- Dartmouth University held a 2 month conference on thinking machines.

1950s continued
1956 George miller published The Magic Number Seven for the limits of short term memory. 1956-1963 Themes of AI: Improved Search Engines for trial and error problems Learn how to play by themselves 1957 Edward Feigenbaum's EPAM gave a model on how people memorize how they remember nonsenses syllables. 1958 At the Massachusetts institute of Technology they founded an AI Laboratory.

1960s
AI researchers means of representing common knowledge on a computer. 1961 Mortimer Taube made the first anti AI book called "Computers and Common Sense: The Myth of Thinking Machines." 1962 America made the first industrial robots. 1963 ANALOGY the first program that can solve problems that include geometric patterns from the past and now. 1963 The Stanford University founded the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory under John McCarthy. 1965 Herbert Simon predicted that by 1985 robots can do any job human can do.

1960s continued
1966 National research council stopped his research on automatic translating research. 1968 They made the movie 2001 a space odyssey by Stanley Kubrick it was a reminder of the computer company IBM. 1969 A mobile robot named Shakey was made at Stanford it can follow simple instructions in english. There is two main problems they discovered one is the frame problem and the other is the qualification problem.

1970s
Abe Mamdani and Set Assilian demonstrated the fuzzy logic for use of control. Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel made the computer language PROLOG Herbert Dreyfus made the book what the computers cant do Sir james Lighthill told the british government to stop there research on AI research. Paul J. Werbos made the back-propagation algorithm that made it possible for multilayer neural networks.

1980
Fuzzy logic was introduced to the train system the system was made by Hitachi it also lowered energy consumption by 10% The first american meeting was held in Stanford California Fuzzy was also used for the Danish cement Manufacturer GE build an expert diagnosis system that can diagnose 80% of breakdowns. in 1985 speech systems can speek large vocabulary continuous speech recognition

1990
NCSA made the first computer software named Mosaic Deep Blue beat the world chess champion by calculating every chess move. 40 robot soccer players participated in the robocup. The sony cooperation made AIBO a robotic dog the dog understands over 100 voice commands. Remote Agent a robot commanded the first spacecraft and was on deep space for two days.

2000s
IRobot founded at MIT introduced Roomba a robotic vacuum. DARPA hosted the DARPA Grand Challenge which no robots finished. Stanley entered the competition next year and won only 5 robots finished the race.