Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government A theory on the new society. Written after King James was over thrown. Federalist #10 Written by Madison. Refuted the conventional wisdom. It was impossible to extend a republican form. Republican Government The government was under the authority of the people. The power was in the hands of the people. Land Ordinance of 1785 The land from the Old Northwest would be equally divided into townships and sold for income. This would end confusion and disagreements. It was in support of education. Land Ordinance of 1787 If a territoy had more than 60,000 people it would be considered a state. Slavery was prohibited. It was a model for other frontier areas. Necessary and Proper Clause Also known as the Elastic Clause. IF the constitution didnt say so then it wasnt allowed to be done. It was an implied rule. Federalist Papers Articles written as propaganda. Printed in News papers in New York. Written by Hamilton, Jay and Madison. Shays Rebellion

Led by Daniel Shays. Angry farmers about losing their lands. Cheaper money and lighter taxes. Annapolis Convention Meeting of delegates from 5 states. Discussed regulation of commerce. Rallying point in to movement to a federal convention. Philadelphia Convention Intended to revise the Articles. Met in secret. Wanted to create a new government instead of fixing it. Delegated Powers Enumerated Powers. Powers that are stated in the constitution. Power given by a higher office to a smaller office.

English Traditions

Limited Govt
Magna Carta 1215 Bill of Rights 1689 Balance of power b/t King and Parliment

Colonial Governments Right to vote Natural rights philosophy Separation of powers Checks and balances

Influences on The U .S Constitution

NY State Constitution
Included Bill of Rights First popularly elected executive Right to petition Right to vote The Iroquois Confederacy Peace, justice, power of good minds Indians can do it, so can we

Reserved Powers Powers not given by the constitution. Implied by the Necessary and Proper Clause. Concurrent Powers Powers in nations with a federal system. Shared by the state and government. Supremacy Clause Established the federal constitution. Congress could nullify laws. They had to be consistent with the constituion. Anti-Federalists Disagreed with the Constitution. Believed that their rights were being taken. Didnt agree with annual elections. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution? As a result, most states reduced their property-holding requirements for voting. Rich men and women were called Mr. and Mrs. Employers were no longer to be called master, but boss.

Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? It was to establish that the colonies were new states. It would give authority to the people. It was a contract that stated the government powers and it drew authority from the people. Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? Positive outcomes are that the Americans learned to manufacture things on their own. They came up with new land. Negative outcomes are that the rich were suddenly becoming poor and there were some people who were suddenly becoming very rich. Also, on the manufactured goods, the profit gained would be more than 300%. A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? After the revolution they had to create and operate a new government. It was already difficult enough to set up a new government. The national government wanted to create a new TYPE of government. Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? The states heritage would be a part of what kept them unified during war. Fertile public land given to the central government would also keep them united. They would also have an agreement that they would be unified. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? The Articles of Confederation were weak in government. It was a loose confederation and the congress was weak. The good thing about the Articles of Confederation was that it was a major stepping stone for the Constitution. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. The Land Ordinance of 1785 stated that the land of Old Northwest would be divided up into equal parts and the 16 space would be kept for schools. The Northwest Ordinance stated that if there were more than 60,000 people it would be considered a state. This would help avoid a second American Revolution. The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers

8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. The United States was too weak and poor to fight. U.S couldnt control half of their territory. The U.S. was unprepared because of its newly established government so it would be considered weak. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. Yes, because the Articles was poorly constructed. The Articles didnt have a strong government and it was easy for the people to revolt. Since the government had almost no power over the people, they didnt pay taxes or agree with what the government wanted. A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? They were all leaders appointed by the state legislatures. They were a select group of men who were very insightful. They were described as demigods because the group was extremely experienced and knowledgeable. Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers. The purpose was to show that the founding fathers are taking what they know to help improve the U.S. They wanted to preserve the union, forestall anarchy, and ensure security. As the founding fathers they wanted to make it so that the people could live better. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. The compromises reach was that they would have a Bi-cameral legislature that meant that each state was the same. Virginia and New Jersey would get what they wanted. Each state would get their own voice. Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? It stated that the government was based on the consent of the governed. The powers of the government were limited. It was a unity of the people.

The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? Anti-Federalists were people who believed that the peoples rights were being taken. They didnt want an annual election. They didnt believe in the nonexistence of God. The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? Yes, because they were in favor of the change. Although some hesitated at first they eventually agreed. They also had to make a decision on what document they wanted to go by. The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? They believed that the liberty was being killed. They just didnt agree with the new ideas that were being presented. The last states didnt want to ratify but were forced to. A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."? That although it set a form or an outline of Revolution it was done so that it would be able to be controlled. That even if there was a Revolution it would be easily controlled. This predicts and upcoming revolution. Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War: Henry Knox; cabinet is not mentioned in the Constitution.

Judiciary Act of 1789 Organized Supreme Court; 5 justices and 1 chief justice; created the judicial branch; created the Attorney Generals office. Federalists For the constitution. Wealthy, educated, more respectable. Strong federal government. Lived along Eastern seaboard. Democratic-Republicans Led by Jefferson. Pro-French, liberal, middle class. Favored a weak central government. Strong state rights.

Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision

Hamilton wanted a bank-Jefferson says its unconstitutional. Hamilton develops the Elastic Clause-Jefferson says if its not in the constitution it isnt allowed. Jefferson was about strict interpretation. Hamilton was loose interpretation. Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit The people werent good a developing products so less people bought them. America had large debt. They taxed imports so that the products being developed in America would be purchased. Jays Treaty Offered concessions to Britain. French said it violated their treaty with America. British wouldnt keep their word. Pinckneys Treaty Gave America what they wanted from the Spanish. Free navigation. Unexpected success. Washingtons Farewell Address Warned against formation of political parties and permanent alliances. Rejected. Wasnt given orally. Midnight appointments Wanted the judiciary to be reorganized and increase federal courts and judges. Wasnt passed. Federalists lost both houses of congress. Revolution of 1800 Peaceful tranfer of power. Federalists stepped down from office. Republicans peoples party. Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight Judges Act. Provide more convenient organization of the courts. Addition of 16 judges.

XYZ Affair 3 agents set to meet with Talleyrand. Told to pay a bribe just to talk. No garuntee of agreement. Made America feel disrespected. Chisholm v Georgia Alexander Chisholm wanted to sue Georgia. Angry over payments for goods that were supplied to Georgia. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain. Yes, he was elected unanimously. Only president to get all votes. Created a Cabinet with Jefferson, Hamilton and Knox. The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? They created the amendments. The crated a Peoples Rights and a States rights amendment. John Jay first chief justice of the U.S. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? Virginia didnt agree with Hamilton because they didnt want more debt. IN exchange they were given the District of Columbia. The plan that Hamilton wanted to pass was passed. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America. Hamilton was the Father of National Debt. He wanted the government to pay for debt. He wanted a bank to keep order of the money. He put taxes on imports, exports and Whiskey. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? It showed that their ideas clashed with each other. Jefferson wanted to follow the rules. Hamilton believed that there were rules but there were also implied rules. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain.

The Whiskey Rebellion was a victory for order. It showed that the government could handle anything. Showed the government was better than the Articles. The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? They realized that they believed in different ideas. It was bad because they disagreed they would fight. They came as a surprise to the government. The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists? The Democratic republicans were in favor of the French and the Federalists were in favor of the British. A majority of the Americans were in favor of the French. This would cause a separation in America. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. Washington thought it would be best if America just be impartial to the war. America wasnt ready for battle. Republicans and Federalists angered because even though they werent ready they wanted to fight. Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? The British would harass America. British ignored the Neutrality and attacked anyway. When war was declared Washington refused. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. Yes and No because the interests were double sided. Britain was forced to repay all the things that were destroyed. America would have more debt to pay off from Britain. John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? John Adams was in a political rival with his vice president. He got into situations which almost lead to war with France. He was a rival to Hamilton. Adams had many problems during his term as President.

Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century? French would have America pay a bribe to speak to Talleyrand. America would be offended and feel disrespected. America would result to having a 32 million dollar loan. Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career? Adam would be greatly praised. It was his greatest achievement for avoiding the war. This would result in America making the Louisiana Purchase. The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Alien Act was created because Adams knew immigrant would come to America and turn into Democrats. Sedition Acts were created to give a kind of warning to the people who speak badly of the government. It would reduce the power of Jefferson. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions because it gave the states the right to nullify unconstitutional laws. It declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional. This would be dangerous because the sates could get rid of any law they didnt want. Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? Federalists were old federalists before the constitution. They wanted a strong government. Democratic-Republicans wanted a weak government. They were mostly common people.