CHAPTER 4 PART 2 FILL IN THE BLANK

Part 2: The Body's Defenses Against Disease and Injury Write the word or words that best complete each sentence in the space(s) provided. 1. A single-cell organism with a cell membrane and cytoplasm, but having no organized nucleus, is a(n) __________________ . 2. Toxic substances secreted by bacterial cells during their growth are called __________________ . 3. Molecules in the walls of certain gram-negative bacteria that are released when the bacterium dies or is destroyed, causing toxic effects on the host body, are called __________________ . 4. The systemic spread of toxins through the bloodstream is called __________________ . 5. An organism visible only under an electron microscope and that can grow only with the assistance of another organism is a(n) __________________ . 6. A marker on the surface of a cell that identifies it as "self" or "non-self" is a(n) __________________ . 7. A(n) __________________ is a substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign antigen. 8. __________________ is a long-term condition of protection from infection or disease. 9. The body's response to cellular injury is __________________ . 10. The substance released during the degranulation of mast cells is __________________ . 11. __________________ are substances synthesized by mast cells during inflammatory response that cause vasoconstriction, vascular permeability, and chemotaxis and may also cause pain. 12. __________________ is a liquid mixture of dead cells, bits of dead tissue, and tissue fluid that may accumulate in inflamed tissues. 13. Healing of a wound with a scar formation is called __________________ . 14. The cleaning up or removal of debris, dead cells, and scabs from a wound, principally through phagocytosis, is called __________________ . 15. __________________ is an exaggerated or harmful immune response. 16. A chemical or physical disturbance in the cells or tissue fluid produced by a change in the external environment or within the body is called __________________ stress. 17. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation results in the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which constitute the category of hormones called __________________ .