A CODE MIXING:

THE USING OF ENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASES

IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
SPOKEN BY STUDENTS
AT BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

By:
LAKASIANUS TAMNAU
05410014

GAJAYANA UNIVERSITY OF MALANG

FACULTY OF LETTER
2009
1.1 Background of the Study

Language has an important part in human life because it is a means of

communication. People need to communicate with others. Language is a mediator used
by people to transfer what they have in their mind to others. They use language to avoid
misunderstanding and miscommunication. This is related to Wardhaugh’s definition of
language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication
(Waldhaugh, 1972:3, in brown, 1987:4).
Indonesian societies are bilinguals and multilingual. When they communicate or
interact with the other, they may use code mixing or code switching. According to
Kunjana, a bilingual is an individual who knows or understand at least two languages and
multilingual is an individual who knows and understand many languages.
In bilingual and multilingual societies people may produce certain codes. They
may use code mixing or code switching in their conversation. Thelender (In Suwito,
1985:76) differentiates code switching code mixing. If an utterance is switched from one
language to another language supporting a distinctive function, it is called code
switching. Conversely, if an utterance, either phrase or clause, consist of a clause or
phrase does not support a distinctive function it is called code mixing.
In the era of a free trade, the use of English as a global language in Indonesia
especially in big cities has not only become a must for the settlers but also is getting more
and more in frequency. English has penetrated Indonesia Language and it seems there is
no stopping it, not a day passes in big cities in which English is not heard, although it
might not be spoken correctly”. They further pointed out that Indonesian people starting
from the president of Indonesia to business executives, celebrities, housewives, and
teenagers are adopting English words or phrases in their daily linguistic interactions.
English language, although its using is informal considered, it has became a
language that influenced the Universities students in Malang. Its use as young language
in daily conversation is the phenomenon that could found easily. Therefore, the link of
the language between English language and Indonesian Language is the use of many
borrowing English words by young Indonesian in their daily conversation.
Nevertheless, the main questions are: what factors caused they used English-Indonesian
code mixing in their conversation and what caused it is spread fast?
Such a phenomenon as Indonesia-English which can be defined as the
involvement of some English expressions in Indonesian discourses (oral and written).
Although such a term may be associated with other related terms such as Chinglish
(Chinese-English), Singlish (Singaporean- English), etc. but it is not an English variation
at all, giving a similar term like American English, British English, Bostonian English,
New Zealand English, Australian English, Indian English, etc.. Rather, it is simply
something to do with code-switching or in a softer term, code-mixing. (Abdul Hakim,
INDOLISH … 236).
Such a phenomenon has been the logical consequence of a multilingual society,
including Indonesia, where many languages are spoken by the society. As a result, they
are subject to employ more than one code in their social interaction and even they might
juxtapose two different language segments like words, phrases, and clauses within a
sentence which is well-known as code-mixing. However, the tendency for the settlers to
alternate from one code to another is unavoidable and as such has become an unmarked
and a natural way of communication (see also Hymes, 1974; Gumperz, 1982).
This is an explorative study, which is mainly aimed at finding out some factors
cause the using of Indonesian-English code mixing toward Brawijaya University students
in Malang, in terms of their words categories especially the pattern of intra sentential
code mixing. The patterns of intra sentential code mixing found are often rather different
from one another. Much of the confusion in the field appears to arise from the fact that
several distinct processes are at work: insertion, alternation, congruent lexicalization.
It is hopefully that this study, as an explorative study will invent types of
Indonesian-English code mixing used by Brawijaya University Students in Malang,
which will eventually enrich related previous publications. Moreover, the findings will
become a base for other sociolinguists to conduct a more comprehensive study on
Indonesian-English bilingual discourses.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

 What are patterns of intra-sentential code mixing found in young Indonesian

language?
 What factors caused the Brawijaya Universities students used English-Indonesian
code mixing in their conversation
 What factors caused the using of English words by Brawijaya Universities
Students?
1.3 Purpose of Study
 To finding out the patterns of intra-sentential code mixing found in Brawijaya
University Students
 To finding out the types of Indonesian-English code -mixing found in Brawijaya
University Students
 To finding out factors caused the using of English words by Brawijaya
Universities Students?
1.4. Assumption
 The researcher assumed that most of Brawijaya Universities Students
using Indonesian-English code mixing in daily conversation.
1.5. Significant of the Study
It is expected that this research will eventually enrich related previous
publications. Moreover, the findings will become a base for other sociolinguists to
conduct a more comprehensive study on Indonesian-English bilingual discourses.
1.6. Scope of Study
 The population of this research is Brawijaya Universities Students
youth in Malang and it is limited only students in Brawijaya University.
1.7. Limitation of Study
Because of limited time and to make the research directed, so the study has some
limitation as follows:
 This research does not analyze Indonesia- English Code Mixing of Youth in
Malang Generally but only for University students especially in Brawijaya
University
  This research only analyze oral language that is always spoken by youth in
Malang especially Brawijaya University students.
1.8. Theoretical Framework
Warrdhough (1986:103) state “code mixing occurs when conversant use both languages
together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a
single utterance”.
Wardhough (1986:98) State “a bilingual or multilingual situation can produce still other
effects on one or more of the language involved “.
Weinreich (1953:73) thought, “Intra-sentential code - mixing was a sign of a lack of
bilingual proficiency and interference”.
1.9. Definition of key term
 Code : It rever to a language or variety of language (Wardrough,
1986 : 86)
 Code Mixing : It occurs when conversant use both language to the extent that
they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance.
 Bilingualism : It is the ability to use two languages equally well by a speaker as
a native speaker mastering his language (Bloomfield, 1988 : 1)
 Multilingualism: Is the ability to speak three or more languages
(Pateda, 1990 : 57)
 Insertion is similar to (spontaneous) lexical borrowing, which is limited to one
lexical unit.
1.10. Research Design
This research is qualitative research. It can be called as non experimental research
because it only attempts to describe phenomena that happen in college students where
they using English noun and phrases in their conversation. So the methods used in this
research are descriptive and field method. The researcher tries to observe, to hear, and
record the youth speaking directly. The populations of this research are students from
Brawijaya University.
1.11. Data Collection
The researcher collects data using purposive sampling from the population
mentioned above. There are some kinds of collecting data:
 Using questioner
 Interview method (Personal note)
 Tape recording
 Observation (The situation in which the dialogues happen is observed)
 BAB II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this research, the researcher expects some theories used as foundation to

overcome the research problems. They are theories of language, Multilingualism, Code-
mixing.
2.1 Language
Everybody knows that human being has two roles in life, namely: human being as
individual creature and as social one. As a social creature, of course he needs a tool or a
device for communication or even for interaction. That’s why He creates a language for
interacting and communicating with others. Shortly He uses a language as a device to do
these things. In relation to this, Wardhaugh defines a language as “a system of arbitrary
vocal symbol used for human communication” (Wardhaugh, 1972:3 in Brown, 1987:4).
Wardhaugh’s definition seems to focus on human communication possessed by animals.
Meanwhile, Pei also focuses his definition on human communication. He says: “a
language is a system of communication by sound, operating through organ of speech and
meaning among members of given community and using vocal symbol processing
arbitrary conventional meaning” (Pei, 1966:14 in Brown, 1987:4).
2.1 Multilingualism
A person who has ability to speak three or more languages is called multilingual
(Pateda, 1990:57). In many parts if the world it is quite normal that people can speak
several languages. Meanwhile, in Indonesia as a part of the world, we of course found
many multilingual. These multilingual are divided into two kinds: those who speak a
native language, Indonesian and other regional languages; and those who speak
Indonesian and other foreign languages such as Arabic, Dutch. French, English, etc.
2.3 Code-mixing
Code-mixing is the use of two or more languages or dialect in non formal
situation among the intimate people (Subyakto and nababan, 1992:106). In this informal
situation, we can mix the code freely; especially if there are terms which can not be
expressed in other language. Code-mixing occurs in either bilingual or multilingual
societies. It happens because the conversant tend to use more than one language.
 Code-mixing according to wardhaugh (1986:104) provides the following
examples of conversational code-mixing among Spanish-english bilinguals:
 No van a bring it up in the meeting (They are not going to bring it up in the
meeting)
 Todos los Mexicanos were riled up (All the Mexicans were riled up)
 Estaba training para pelear ( He was training to fight)
Furthermore, conversational code-mixing is often used by bilinguals or even
multilingual primarily as a solidarity marker.
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METODOLOGY
Some methods are needed to achieve the aim of the research. The methods are
also important to make research director and easier. By using them, the research will be
able to produce scientific contribution to the readers.
In this chapter, it will be discussed research design, data population, the technique
of collecting data and procedure of data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This study is a descriptive or qualitative research. It can be called as non
experimental research because it only attempts to describe phenomena that happen in
human life. Moreover, the researcher has to observe the phenomena directly from the
field area in which they happen, to get some information and data that are needed in this
research, so he can get the conclusion.
Based on the explanation above, the methods used in this research are descriptive
and field method. The former is used to achieve the purpose, that is, to obtain knowledge
about the using of English words and phrases in Indonesia language spoken by Brawijaya
students as a code-mixing.
Meanwhile, the latter gives the researcher a chance to observe, to hear, and to
record English words and phrases in Indonesia language spoken by Brawijaya students.
3.2 Data Population
The population of this research is the students of Brawijaya University. Data are
corpus in the form of dialogues made by Brawijaya students.
3.3 The Technique of Collecting Data
In collecting data, recording, personal note and observation are used.
 Umur :
Jenis kelamin:Laki-laki/Perempuan :
Jurusan/Semester
: :
1. Menurut pendapatmu, bahasa Inggris Anda bagimana?
o Sangat baik
o baik
o kurang baik
o tidak baik
2. Apakah Anda pernah menggunakan kata-kata atau frasa bahasa Inggris
dalam
percakapan?
o Ya
o Tidak
Frasa/ kata-kata apa yang Anda gunakan? Mohon dituliskan yang Anda ingat.
(Contoh kata atau frasa: next time deh, thanks ya, thanks ya. Bye, love
u...dll.)
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3. Sering pakai frasa/kata-kata Inggris atau jarang? (Tandai yang paling
cocok)
o Sangat sering
o –Lebih 10 kaliper hari
o Sering –Lebih 5 kali perhari
o Lumayan sering –Satu sampai limakali perhari
o Jarang –Kira2 satu kaliper minggu
o Sangat jarang –Kira2 satu kaliper bulan
4. Mengapa menggunakannya? Apa alasan Anda?
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5. Dalam situasi apa lebih sering menggunakan frasa/kata-kata bahasa
Inggris?
Kapan dan dimana?
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6. Dari mana kamu mendapat frasa itu? (Tandai semua yang cocok)
o Teman-teman Indonesia
o Teman-teman asing
o TV Majalah
o Surat kabar Internet Yg lain:(mohon
 ditulis)............................................................
7. Menurut pendapat Anda bagaimana penggunaannya dianggap oleh orang
Indonesia
lain?....................................................................................................................
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8. Bagaimana pendapat Anda sendiri terhadap penggunaan bahasa Inggris
dalam bahasa
Indonesia?..........................................................................................................
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Terima kasih atas bantuannya!