Daniel Takanishi Period 2 10/6/13

Beverage Density Lab

Background: Have you ever wondered why it is much harder to stay afloat in a swimming pool, but it is a lot easier to stay afloat in the ocean, or why a tiny rock sinks to the bottom of a river, while you pile on pines on the same river and they stay afloat? This here is an example of density. Density is the mass of an object divided by its volume. So when you drop a rock into the river, the rock will sink because its mass is much greater than its volume, and the pines will float on the river because its volume is greater than its mass. The judgment on how things will float or sink on water is based off of this system. If the object is over the density of water (1.00g/cm3), then the object will sink, and if the object is under the density of water, then the object will float. When the object is exactly at the density of water, then the object will float between the surface and the bottom. Density is everywhere, you just need to start looking out for it. Hypothesis: I believe that you can find the percentage of sugar a beverage has by finding out its density. The sugar in the beverage makes the beverage more dense, so the more sugar you add to the beverage, the higher the density will be. I will also be using the conversion factor equations to find the percentage of sugar. Experiment: We first started off with finding the percentage of 5 solutions that have known amounts of sugar (0%-20%). By doing this we poured 10mL of the liquid in a test tube and measured it. Once we found the mass and the volume, we then found its density. Once we found out the density of those percentages, we went on to find our beverages that have unknown sugar percentages. We have proceeded with the same procedure and found our densities. With our densities found, we made a graph. On the x- axis, we had the sugar percentage, and on the y-axis, we had the density of the known solutions and the unknown solutions. With that we drew a best fit line through the known solution percentages to find the percentages of the unknown sugar densities. Once that was completed we have found our results, but were not done yet. We still must find the actual sugar percentage of the beverage. To find that, we used a conversion factor and equation as shown below to find the sugar percentage. Example:

Once we found out how many grams the soda weighed, we then found divided the grams of sugar on the nutrition label by the mass of the beverage.

This percentage is the actual sugar percentage from our beverage. Pre-Lab Questions 1. If the following mass and volume data are used to calculate the density of solution, how many significant figures are allowed in the calculated density? Mass of solution = 12.53 g; volume of solution = 8.27 mL. The density of the solution is 1.52, it contains 3 sig figs. 2. Calculate the density of the solution described in Question #1. The density of the solution is 1.52g/mL. 3. According to its nutrition label, orange soda contains 49 g of sugar per 355mL serving. If the density of the beverage is 1.043 g/mL, what is the percent sugar concentration in orange soda? Hint: This is a 2 step problem. First, use the density to convert the 355-mL serving size to grams. Then calculate percent sugar in the beverage. The percentage of sugar is 13.2% Purpose: To construct a graph of sugar content versus density for 5 sugar solutions. To determine the sugar content of 4 beverages and an unknown using graphical analysis. Materials: balance small beaker, 5 sugar solutions graduated cylinder, 4 beverages plus unknown Safety: goggles, glass breakage, spills Data Table A: Density of Reference Solutions Solution 0% Sugar 5% Sugar 10% Sugar 15% Sugar 20% Sugar Mass, g 9.89g 10.02g 10.26g 10.49g 10.54g Sample Volume, mL 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Density, g/mL .989g/mL 1.002g/mL 1.026g/mL 1.049g/mL 1.054g/mL

Data Table B: Beverage Densities Beverage Pepsi Diet Pepsi Powerade Lemonade Apple Juice Unknown _____ Mass, g 10.28g 9.87g 10.09g 10.43g 10.32g 10.40g Sample Volume, mL 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Density, g/mL 1.028g/mL .987g/mL 1.009g/mL 1.043g/mL 1.032g/mL 1.04g/mL

Post-Lab: Results Table Measured density, g/mL 1.009 1.028 1.032 .987 1.043 Amount of sugar (Nutrition label) 21g 360mL 41g 355mL 27g 240mL 0g 31g 240mL Percent sugar (calculated from Nutrition label) 5.781% 11.235% 10.901% 0% 12.384%

Beverage

Percent sugar (experimental) 4.5% 10.5% 10.5% 0% 13%

Percent error 77.8% 93.4% 96.3% 0% 104.9%

Powerade pepsi Apple Juice Diet pepsi Lemonade

Conclusion: You can find many things by finding its density. You can find the percentage of how much sugar is in a beverage, to making a boat out of steel, density is very important. In this lab we have learned that more sugar in the beverages will have a greater density than those with less sugar in it. Now how will you apply this knowledge to chemistry? This will bring us to the states of matter, and knowing the density is very helpful throughout chemistry.