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Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture
Themes

1. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison In 1803, William Marbury sued James Madison for not delivering Adams commission. Marshall, the Chief Justice, ruled that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. This opened up the idea of judicial review, where the Supreme Court has the final say on what is and isnt constitutional. Henry Clay Senator from Kentucky and also a War Hawk. He was a thorough advocate of the American System, which wanted to protect the American markets. . He also outlined the Compromise of 1850. Essex Junto Lead by Arron Burr, the Essex Junto was a group of extreme radical Federalists who wanted to have New England secede from the United States. It never went through. Burr Conspiracy Burr tried to plot the secession of New England and New York. He killed Hamilton in a duel since Hamilton exposed Burrs plot. Then, Burr attempted to create a new nation in Mexico and the Louisiana Territory. He was called to trial for treason but Marshall exonerated him and he was exiled in Europe. Impressment

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When British ships were harassing American sailors, who were kidnapped and taken in essentially as slaves. They were impressed into the British navy. This greatly upset Jefferson who then followed with the Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake/Leopard Incident The Chesapeake refused entry by British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. The British responded by firing on the Chesapeake. Consequently, the U.S. issued the Embargo Act of 1807. Non-intercourse Act The Embargo Act of 1807 was in a sense revised in the Non Intercourse Act of 1809. It allowed all American merchants to continue trading with every nation except France and Britain. It continued to strain their relationships and used Washingtons principle of neutrality. Macons Bill No. 2 This new revision of the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was further edited in 1810 with this bill. It prohibited trade with Britain and France but opened trading privileges to whomever changed their restrictions on neutral vessels first. France was the first to do this so trade was reignited with them. Still no trade with Britain. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe He lead an American Army at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811). He cruelly defeated Tecumsehs tribe at this battle. This sparked tensions within the Northwestern Indian tribes. War Hawks Notable War Hawks were Calhoun and Clay. They were people who supported the war with Britain. They wanted to get more land and because Britain was getting the Indians to turn against the Americans, who were attacking us on our own frontier.

Battle of Horseshoe bend This was was fought in central Alabama in March 1814. Indian allies and American forces led by Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks which effectively ended the Creek War. Hartford Convention

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Federalist wanted to redress their wrongdoings (midnight appointments). Wanted to get more money for the government. 2/3 vote did not pass. The last breath of the Federalist Party. Discussed secession but Burr was arrested for conspiracy. Treaty of Ghent This Treaty finally ended the war of 1812. It did not really benefit America. It stopped official fighting, but the British didn't remove posts from the Great Lakes and didn't agree to stop impressment. Treaty of Greenville 1795 Treaty after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 12 native Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio River Valley in exchange for a reservation and 10,000 dollars. Battle of New Orleans The way America won the war of 1812, which was won after the war actually ended. They tried to gather untrained soldiers because they were so unprepared and badly supplied. The Americans were incredibly outnumbered. Andrew Jackson was the leading general, which gained him military recognition for presidency. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? Adams still had to deal with the enemies of the Alien and Sedition acts, and also with his failed war preparations. Jefferson was accused of sleeping with another mulatto woman and his alleged atheism. They both suffered from great accusations. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. The 1800 election was far more important than the 1796 election because it was the first time in history when two different parties or opponents traded power positions without any war or bloodshed. Democracy was working and in action. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. Even though Federalists were in power for a short time, they still held importance. It gave America the first peek at a multiple party division. They were able to work together though democracy. The Federalists strengthened the young nations unity.

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Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" As said before, the Revolution of 1800 was an orderly transfer of power and all the parties accepted it. This was surprisingly especially after Adams rocky presidency that left the nation disjointed. Americans could take pride in their gutsy move to use democracy. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. During Jeffersons presidency, he had to sacrifice most of his beliefs for the betterment of the nation. He kept everything of Hamiltons financial plan, excluding the excise tax. Ironic it was as Jefferson was one of the major opponents of the national bank at its inception. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? John Marshall as Chief Justice was to magnify the courts authority. The last and final decision of how the constitution is seen in Marshalls ruling, which exemplified judicial review. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? After four years of fighting along the shores of Tripoli, Jefferson finally agreed to a treaty of peace. It was a bargain price of 60,000 dollars, which was essentially ransom for the captured American sailors. The Louisiana Godsend Know:New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. If the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States, a possible attack of Napoleon on the New World would have diminished all chances of the new fragile nation. Additionally, if America had not acquired all the new land, we would have no have discovered and become a larger nation. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?

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America more than doubled its land mass, avoiding a war with France and more importantly an alliance with England. It opened possibilities for future expansion. It also laid the foundations of a future major power. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? France renewed war with Britain. Thanks to Britains Orders in Council, ports were closed unless merchants stopped at Britain first, then France ordered a seizure of all ships. The U.S. could not trade with anyone without getting harmed. Impressment of American sailors also instigated the U.S. into war. The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? Most of the nation opposed the embargo because it greatly affected trade. The shippers in New England were unemployed and without work, while agrarians in the South were bothered by the surplus foodstuff they could not sell. It was greatly hurting the American economy. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? Napoleon followed Britains clause with the intention of having the U.S. resuming its embargo with the British. This lead to a renewed embargo which lead to the War of 1812. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? War Hawks wanted to wipe out the Indian threat. They also felt that they needed to get revenge on Britains Orders in Council that inhibited trade and Impressment that harmed their sailors. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? The New England Federalists were resentful of the Republicans affinity for Napoleon, and opposed the acquisition of Canada (which would add more agrarian states). They did this by supplying the enemy with foodstuffs and supplies when they needed to in Canada. Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

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1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement This agreement between the U.S. and Britain established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes. It declared the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes, which was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/United States border. Second Bank of the United States Created in 1816. It had much more power than the First BUS. Loans were used to finance the post war period after the War of 1812. It went badly due to great overspeculation by branches in the West. Francis Cabot Lowell He was a merchant from Boston who developed a new power loom that increased manufacturing. He also organized the Boston Manufacturing company which revolutionized manufacturing in America and its workforce. Era of Good Feelings This was the phrase used to describe President Monroes term of 8 years. It was seen as a time of nationalism and territorial expansion without partisan conflicts. However this time was belittled with financial issues along with sectionalism throughout the United States. Adams-Onis Treaty In 1819, Spain ceded all of its territory in Florida to the United States. Spain also gave up its claim to territory of the forty-second parallel in the pacific northwest. In return, the United States gave up Texas.

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Panic of 1819 The first national financial panic since Washington took office. An economic depression due to overspeculation and the reduced demand for goods after the war. It was greatly attributed to the troubles of the Second Bank of the United States. Tallmadge Amendment This prohibited further introduction of slaves in Missouri and the emancipation of the children of current slaves. However this upset the Southern states since it ruined the balance. It was resolved by the Missouri Compromise. Missouri Compromise This made Maine a new free state while making Missouri a slave state above the 3630 line. All territory north of this line would become free states and all south would become slave states. John Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was an aging Federalist who decided the constitutional matters of the U.S. Supreme Court. He made the judiciary branch extremely important among the other branches. He was the lasting voice of Federalist President Hamilton. Latin American Revolution Americans supported their democratic causes. Britain tried to take advantage of this by offering them an alliance for Latin America against European despots but the United States refused and instead created their own clauses. Monroe Doctrine Created in 1823. The Americas were not to be considered subjects for colonization by European powers or intervention on their half. This showed the United States willingness to protect themselves and their nationalism. Made no real lasting affect on history.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. In the Us Navy fight for Canada, the US were extremely successful under Oliver H. Perry, the American Naval officer. On Lake Erie, he defeated Britain. This helped boost American morale. Additionally, MacDonough secured another surprising victory for the US Navy in New York.

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Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. Under great leadership, The United States were able to fight the War of 1812 effectively. Leaders like Andrew Jackson successfully lead victories like at Horseshoe Bend and The Battle of New Orleans. The armies stood strong even in the face of defeat, like at D.C. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent was not advantageous the United States. It just stopped the fighting between England and the US. They did not gain or lose anything. Problems of Indians, impressment, orders in council and confiscations were not solved. Yikes!!! Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The Hartford Convention gathered New England Federalists to request financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade. The 2/3 vote did not pass. They were rejected at Washington, overshadowed by success at New Orleans. Federalist party eventually died out. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? America got more credit as a young nation, and their diplomats were better treated in the future. There was a new case of Sectionalism in the nation which disjointed them once more. New was heroes were evident and manufacturing prospered. Indians were pushed back and no longer a threat.

Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? Art and Literature of the age reflected a new sense of nationalism after the War of 1812. A renewed Bank and national capital were also evidence of the new nationalism. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?

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After the War of 1812, nationalism was seen in manufacturing as Americans were taking pride in them. A tariff was made to protect these baby industries. Nationalism was also extremely evident in Henry Clays American System, especially via transportation. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? It was not an Era of Good Feelings because there were issues with economics like the tariffs and the national bank. Along with that, internal improvements and public land sales were not doing very well. Sectionalism was worsening and slavery was ever emerging back into politics. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. Outdoor gambling in the west by the BUS lead to overspeculation. The poorer classes were without houses and disrupted by bankruptcies and unemployment. Deflation, depression, bank failures, soup kitchens, and crowded debtors prisons also came about in the Panic of 1819. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? Westward movement since the colonial days played a large factor; people were just naturally curious. Cheap land and the Ohio fever by new European immigrants attracted them to the West. Less economic distress, no Indian threats, and transportation improvements also added to this new settlement.

Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? The addition of another free/slave state would put an end to the balance of the 11 free/11 slave states in the Senate. The South felt antagonized and the North wanted to break the Virginia Dynasty. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. The conflict was not resolved, it was simply put aside with a measly compromise. Neither side gained anything. The Northerners were somewhat happy with the 36/30 Compromise, but the Southerners were scared of future expansion.

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John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." Marshall wanted to greatly preserve the original Federalist ideal of a loose construction of the Constitution. He affirms that the Supreme Court has the final legitimate say in what is and what isnt constitutional. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. John Marshall was essentially Hamiltons Federalist ghost from the grave. His ideals of loose construction of the government were held within Marshalls power. Marshall had the power to decide which way the Constitution was to be determined, and therefore shaped our nation greatly. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. John Quincy Adams was more important to American territorial expansion. Jackson just fought and killed while Adams actually made the treaties that mattered. With the Treaty of 1819, they were able to gain Florida and Oregon. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? As America was sympathetic to democratic revolutions, GB saw this and George Canning, the British foreign secretary offered the US to join in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European despots to keep their hands off the Latin American republics. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? The United States made a willing argument in the Monroe Doctrine that warned Europeans of noncolonization and nonintervention. This threat avoided any alliance with Britain and made the states look extremely confident. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised

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18.

Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. Monroes Doctrine in reality was not all too important. He tried to look menacing but came off as weak and pretentious to the other European nations. Many Americans were proud at first then it was quickly forgotten. Even though it showed the immense nationalism during the time, it did not have much subsequent history.