Computer Basic Bangla Sheet T@NB!R

3
AvaywbK wekvb wevbi GKwUAwei Yxq Dveb nj vKwDUvi | eZgvb mf Zvi Ggb Kvb Kvhcwi mi bB,
hLvb mv_Kf ve KwDUvi i eenvi Ki vnq bv| cMwZkxj gvbe Rxebi cZKwUavci mv_B KwDUvi
RwoZ| gvbe mf Zvi GK wekl Avkxev` nj vKwDUvi |
KwDUvit gvbe mf Zvi P~ovceKwDUvi nj vGKwUAZvaywbK Bj KUwbK hwekl | A_vr KwDUvi nj v
egyLxKvRi gZvmbGKwUBj KUwbK h, hvi gvag Dcv MnY, webvmI wekl Y Ki vi ci H DcvK
wWevwZZ Rgvi vLvnq cqvRb eenvi Ki vhvq Ges B-gBj , BUvi bUKvhmbne|
KwDUvi GKwUBsi wR k| GwUMxK k Compute _K Computer i c De nqQ| MxK Compute A_nj v
MYbvKvi xBj KwUK h| myZi vs A_MZf ve ej vhvq-mykLj Ges mymseZ_mgw^Z wnme wbKvki Bj KwUK h
nj vComputer|
g~j Zt KwDUvi nj vwe`yr Pvwj Z GKwUegyLxgZvmbBj KUwbK hhvi gvag wekvj Z_f vvi msMn
Ki Zvi webvm, wekl Y, evLv, mshvRb, weqvRb Ki cqvRbxq Kvhvw` mymbKi vnq|
Bsi wRZ ej vhvq-Computer is a automatic problem solving machine whose main purpose is data processing or
processing information and which is represented electrically.
eZgvb weki wmwf j vBb mgvR Gi mvnvhKvR Ki v, Mvbkvbv, wnmve-wbKvk Ki v, WvUvmsMn, webvmKi v,
cvMvg Zwi Ki v, wUwf `Lv, mgq `Lv, wf wWI MBg Ki v, B-# =< #|< #||- <|<= <<|<|<
Ki vme nqQ|

KwDUvii gwj K gZv
<||<< | << <| |< <<|< | # =| =<| #<|< < |<<| |=|e KwZcq KvR
Ki Z cvi | Ze KwDUvi gvbyl i gZvbq Ges gvbyl i weK I bq| gvbyl Z_veenvi Kvi xhf ve KwDUvi K
wb`k `vb Ki eb mf ve KwDUvi KvR Ki _vK| GLvb gvbyl i eywgvB nj veo KwDUvi | gvbyl i mw
nj vKwDUvi | eenvi Kvi xi wb`kbvq KwDUvi KvR Ki _vK, Z_I dj vdj wZZ ai i vL, Dcvi evLv
wekl Y Ki Ges cqvRb cybi vq e Ki | Z_vwc AbvbBj KUwb hi PvBZ KwDUvi i wKQyAvj v`v
wekl ZAvQhvì K KwDUvi i gwj K gZvwnme ai vnq| A_vr KwDUvi i gwj K gZvwnme wbPi
`wf wj vKB weePbvKi vhvq| hgb-
1. KvRi MwZi `ZZv;
2. wbf yj KvR Ki vi gZv;
3. - | |=|<< |
4. KvwnxbZvI ci Y gZv;
5. wekvj wZi f vvi msi Y;
6. Abyf ~wZnxb Ges wbeva Bj KUwbK h;
7. wekvqb ceYZv;
8. Z_i `Z wekl Y I Dcvcb gZv|

KwDUvii eenvwiK iZ
Avgvì `bw`b Rxeb KwDUvi GKwUweqKi Bj KUwb hwnme Avwef ~Z nqQ| wmwf j vBR mgvR
Rxebi cZK B KwDUvi eeZ nQ| KvRB Avgvì gvbe mf Zvi weKvki mv_ mv_ KwDUvi i
eenvwi K i ZeY ewcqQ| w`b w`b Gi ZvrchI eoB Pj Q| gvbe mgvR KwDUvi eenvi i
cqvRbxqZvevGi eenvwi K i Zi KqKwUw`K wbAvj vPbvKi vnj v-
1. wkv`vbi t eZgvb wkv KwDUvi i eenvi eY ew cvQ| wekl Ki wkvMel Yv,
wkv`vb, Z_cwi ekb, Z_vwì mshvRb, msi Y, ckc cYqb, gy`Y, cvVcyK gy`Y, MvcbxqZvi v, B-
gBj BUvi bUG Z_vwì ci Y BZvw` KwDUvi eeZ nQ| GZ Ki wkvi Dbqb Avi vewk
MwZkxj ZvcvQ|
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4

2. wPwKrmv t wPwKrmv KwDUvi i eenvi Avi K weq mw Ki Q| wekl Ki i vMi j Y msi Y
mbv Ki Y, i vMwbYq, i vMi cwZKvi , J l ac mbv Ki Y BZvw` KvhKwDUvi eeZ nQ| G Qvov
i vMxi hveZxq Z_vwÌ msi Y Ges Mel YvKvheenvi Ki vme nQKwDUvi i gvag|
3. hvMvhvMi t eZgvb wekhvMvhvMi AbZg cavb gvag nQKwDUvi | Gi gvag B-gj , BUvi bU
Ki g~Zi gaB weki GK cvi Lei AbcvPj hvQ| GQvovmvUj vBUchyw , Z_chyw AvR
wekK GKwUMvg cwi YZ Ki Q|
4. Awdmeevcbvqt wewf bwk Kvi Lvbv, eemvcwZvb, wKsevckvmwbK A_evwkvcwZvbi Awdmeevcbvq
KwDUvi i Zc~YDcv`vb wnme eeZ nQ| ew KvhKwDUvi i eenvi AwdmeevcbvK AbK
ewk cMwZkxj Ki Q| Gi gvag `Z KvR Ki vme nqQ|
5. `bw`b wnmve wbKvkt Avgvì `bw`b Rxeb wewf bwnme wbKvk Z_vMvwYwZK mgmvi mgvavb KwDUvi
eeZ nQ| MvwYwZK Ges cwi msLvwbK Z_vwì evLvwekl Y Ges mgvavb Ki Y KwDUvi i eenvi i
ì b Avgvì Rxeb nqQAvi vewk MwZkxj , mnRZi Ges KvwLZ| KvRB Gi eenvwi K i ZAbK
ewk|
6. Z_ eevcbvt eZgvb hyMK ej vnq Z_ chyw i hyM| G hyMKwDUvi i gvag wevb, chyw , wkv,
wPwKrmv, Bwwbqvwi s BZvw` cwZwU B Z_i eevcbvnq _vK| hvi dj Avgi vAvgvì cqvRbi
mgq AwZ `Z Z_vwì mshvRb I Dcvcb Ki Z cvwi |
7. cKvkbvwk t eZgvb cKvkbvwk K KwDUvi AbK ewk mgKi Q| cvywj wc KvR, WvUvcmwms,
KvwUs, cws, bZzbZAvbqb, Kvj vi cmwms Ges wcwUs BZvw` hveZxq KvhKwDUvi eeZ nq _vK| hvi
dj kwZZ cyK cKvk Ki vmnR Ges `ZZi nqQ|
8. cvMvg ZwiZt gvbyl i cqvRbxq wewf bcvMvg Zwi Z KwDUvi eeZ nq| wekl Ki webv`b, evswKs,
Lj v, Z_vwì msi Y, wf wWI c`kbi cvMvg Zwi Z KwDUvi AZxe i Zc~YDcv`vb| GwUi eenvi
Rxeb nqQab|
9. dj vdj cKvk I mb` c`vbt wewf bci xvi dj vdj cKvk Ges `Z mb` c`vb KwDUvi i eenvi Ki v
nQ| GZ Ki wkv_xi v^ mgq Zvì mb` wKsevdj vdj kxUnvZi KvQcvQ| wkvi Dbqb KvhAvi v
ewk MwZkxj nQ| mshvRb nQZ_chyw i |
10. dvBj msiYt wewf bAwdmAv`vj Zi Ri wi Kvb i Zc~YdvBj msi Y KwDUvi i Ae`vb Ab^xKvh|
GwUwbi vc` I `xNgqv`x eev| G MvcYxq Z_vwì msi Y KwDUvi nj vMvcb Ges wekez|
gvbe mf Zvi weKvki mv_ mv_ Avgvì Rxeb nqQcMwZkxj | wekUvnqQMvevj wf j R| G KwDUvi
chyw i eenvi gvbe RxebK Avi vewk cMwZkxj Ki Q| A_vr, hvwK mf Zvq gvbeRxebK weKwkZ Ki Y
KwDUvi i Ae`vb Ab^xKvh|

KwDUvi Ges gvbyl i KvRi Zzj bv
KwDUvi gvbyl i Zwi | Z_vwc KwDUvi Ges gvbyl i KvR Ki vi gah_ mv`kGes emv`ki qQ| gvby l
Ges KwDUvi i KvRi mv`kGes emv`kZ_vZzj bvg~j K Avj vPbvwbPi QKi gaDcvcb Ki vnj v-
(K) KwDUvi Gesgvbyli KvRi mv`k
KwDUvi gvbyl
1. KwDUvi `Z KvR Ki Z cvi | 1. gvbyl I PvBj `Z KvR Ki Z cvi |
2. KwDUvi i KvR Ki vi gZvAvQ| 2. gvbyl i I KvR Ki vi gZvAvQ|
3. GwURwUj wnme wbKvk Ki Z
cvi |
3. gvbyl I RwUj wnme wbKvk Ki Z
cvi |
4. KwDUvi i eenvwi K egyLxZv
AvQ|
4. gvbyl i Kvhai Y I egyLx|
5. KwDUvi cqvRbxq Z_
ggvi xZ msi Y Ki Z cvi |
5. gvbyl I Rxebi cqvRbxq Z_vw`
ggvi xZ i vLZ cvi |
6. GwURwUj mgmvi mgvavb Ki Z
cvi |
6. gvbyl I RwUj mgmvi mgvab Ki Z
cvi |

5

(L) KwDUvi Gesgvbyli gwj K cv_K evemv`k

KwDUvi

gvbyl

1.

KwDUvi i AveM Abyf ~wZ
bB|

1.

gvbyl i AveMAbyf ~wZ AvQ|

2.

KwDUvi GKwUBj KUwb h|

2.

gvbyl Avj vni m Rxe|

3.

KwDUvi i Kvb Kvw

bB|

3.

gvbyl i Kvw

AvQ

4.

Gi wbR^Kvb eywweePbvGes
AvMn bB|

4.

gvbyl i wbRêyw weePbvGes
AvMn ceYZvi qQ|

5.

Gi Kvb DvebxgZvbB|

5.

Gi DvebxgZvAvQ|

6.

GwUcvMvg Zwi Ki Z cvi bv
ei s cvMvg gvZveK KvR Ki |

6.

gvbyl wbR KwDUvi i Rb
cvMvg Zwi Ki _vK|

7.

GwU cvMvgi ewk cwi eZb
Ki Z cvi bv|

7.

gvbyl Zvi BQAbyhvqxh Kvb
ewki cwi eZbi I cwi eab
Ki Z cvi |

8.

GwUh Kvb RwUj mgmvi `Z
mgvavb w`Z cvi |

8.

gvbyl KLbB KwDUvi i gZv
`Z KvR Ki Z cvi bv|

9.

GwU wecbK cwi ek KvR
Ki Z cvi |

9.

gvbyl Rxebi SzwKc~Ycwi ek
KvR Ki Z Pvq bv|

10.

KwDUvi Pj vPj Ki Z cvi
bv|

10.

gvbyl Rxebi Zvi Y ^Qvq
Pj vPj Ki Z cvi |

RAM

Gi f~wgKv

RAM

nj GKwUBsi wR ki msw i c| A_vr Random Acess Memory Gi wZbwUAì wbq GK MVb Ki v
nqQRAM. GwUKwDUvi i ggvi xi mv_ mswk wel q| KwDUvi i g~Levc avb wZ nj v`yB cKvi i Zvi
GKwUnj vRAM

Ges Aci wUnj vROM

evRead Only Memory. BbcyUwWf vBmnZ AvMZ mKj cKvi Z_
c_g RAM

G Rgvnq| RAM

G hLb ZLb bZzb Z_ j Lvhvq, Z_ coZ cvi vhvq| Avevi BQKi j
Z_vw`K gyQdj vhvq| RAM

Gi Z_covI j LvDf q KvRB Ki vhvq ej GK Avevi wj Lb cVb wZ bvgI
Awf wnZ Ki vhvq|

Kvb Kvi Y we`yr cevn e nj RAM

Gi mKj Z_gyQhvq| GRbGK Avevi AvqxwZ bvgI Awf wnZ Ki v
hvq| mvavi Y RAM

-G Z_vw` cybtcyb wj Lbi gvag cybi xweZ Ki Z nq| GRbB KwDUvi Z_vwì cVb I
cwi eZb RAM

eenvi Ki vnq _vK| Kvi Y RAM

wPc AewZ hKvb wZ vb mi vmwi wbevPb Ki vhvq Ges
hKvb wZvb mi vmwi WvUvgI Ry` Ki vhvq| cqvRbi mgq WvUvwb`k cvVKi vhvq| GwUKwDUvi i we`yr
mi ei vni mv_ mi vmwi mswk|

cKvif`t

KvhKvwi Zvi Dci wf w Ki KwDUvi i RAM-K Avevi `yB f vMwef Ki vhvq| hgb-

(K)

WvBbvwgK i vg (Dinamic Ram);

(L)

vwUK i vg (Static Ram)|

Dcmsnvit

KwDUvi KLbI gvbyl i mgK bq| KwDUvi hZ `Z MwZZB KvR Ki K bv; GwUevcK Kvh
gZvmbnj I gvbyl K KLbI KwDUvi i cvZi Kvb wKQyf vevwVK ne bv| gvbyl KwDUvi Avwevi
Ki QwKKwDUvi gvbyl Avwevi Ki wb| KwDUvi Kej gv gvbyl i wb`wkZ cvMvg gvZveK `Z KvR
Ki Z _vK| KvRB Gi wZ k KLbI gvbyl i gZvnZ cvi bv| Z_vwc cqvRbi Zvw`MAvgvì wewf bRwUj
gvbyl i weK wnme KwDUvi eenvi Ki vnQ|

KwDUvii kYxwefvMt

Avgvì `bw`b Rxeb eeZ Bj KUwb èvwì gaKwDUvi me Pq ewk i Zc~Y| wmwf j vBR mgvRi
cvq mKj B KwDUvi eeZ nq _vK| KwDUvi Ggb GKwUBj KUwb hhvi ewea KvR Ki vi gZv
i qQ| hvi dj kwZZ gvbyl Zvi cqvRb Abymvi wewf bai bi KwDUvi Dveb Ki Q|
7

KwDUvii kYxwefvM
|<|< <|< << < |=|< < ||<< <||<< || | ||<| <<| --

QKt KwDUvi i kYxwef vM

K. Gbvj MKwDUvit Gbvj Mki A_mv`kKi Y| mvavi Y _vgvwgUvi i KvRi mv_ mv`kKi evqyi Pv, Zvc,
DzZv, Av`Zv, evqycevn BZvw` cwi gvc Ki vi Rbh KwDUvi Dveb Ki vnqQZvKB Gbvj MKwDUvi
<| - =| =| |<<| |<| +| <| Ki _vK| Gbvj MKwDUvi e`ywZK msKZi
gvag cqvRbxq cwi gvcMZ dj vdj wWc`kb Ki _vK&GwUg~j Z c`v_we`vi bxwZi Dci cwZwZ| GwU
_vgvwgUvi i KvRi mv_ mv`kc~Yweavq GK Gbvj MKwDUvi bvg Awf wnZ Ki vnqQ|
KvR/eenvwiK iZt Gbvj MKw|< |- || <|<= ||- <<| - <-
1. e`ywZK Zvi i f vRi DVvbvgvcwi gvc Ki Y|
2. Kvb cvBc evNi i evwk Kvi Lvbvi f Zi i evqyevZi j c`v_i Pvci cwi gvc Ki Y|
3. evZvmi cevn I Pvc cwi ewZZ nI qvwbavi Y|
4. wMqvi i N~Yqb Ges kKUi Aevb cwi eZb Rvbv|
5. wk Kvi LvbvevAwdmi Af i xY evqyi Pvc, Zvc, cevn mKZ_vw` Rvbvi G KwDUvi i
eenvi Ki vnq|
L. wWwRUvj KwDUvit cPwj Z A_KwDUvi ej Z wWwRUvj KwDUvi KB eySvbvnq _vK| wWwRUk nZ
wWwRUvj ki Drcw nqQ| wWwRUnQmsLvevPK msLv| wWwRUZ_vMvwYwZK bxwZi wf wZ cwZwZ
KwDUvi KB wWwRUvj KwDUvi ej vnq| wWwRUvj KwDUvi i eYbv, eY, msLv, msKZ, cZxK BZvw`
BbcyUwnme wWwRUeeZ nq| GwULye m~f ve wbf yj dj vdj c`vb Ki _vK| mycvi KwDUvi , j vcUc
KwDUvi , WKwDUvi , wgwb KwDUvi BZvw` Gi Dj LhvMD`vni Y|
KvRt Avgvì `k cPwj Z KwDUvi j vi AwaKvskB wWwRUvj KwDUvi | hvì mvnvhwbv Kvhvw` mb
nq|
1. ||| <||< | |=| <<< |< <| <<
2. =| =< : -| | |- < <<< |=|<< Ki _vK|
3. GwULye m~Ges wbf yj f ve dj vdj c`vb Ki _vK|
4. GwUeYmsLvKvi Ui evmsKZi gvag BbcyUMnY Ki |

AvKvi, aiY GesgZvi Dci wfw Ki wWwRUvj KwDUvii kYxwefvMt
AvKvi , AvKwZ I Kvh`ZvI gZvi Dci wf w Ki wWwRUvj KwDUvi K Pvi wUkYxZ f vMKi vhvq Avevi
AvqZb Ges gZvi Dci wf w Ki wWwRUvj KwDUvi K Pvi wUkYxZ f vMKi vnq _vK| hgb-
K. mycvi KwDUvi ;
L. gBbdg KwDUvi ;
M. wgwbdg KwDUvi ;
N. |#=| <||<
KwDUvi
wWwRUvj KwDUvi nvBweWKwDUvi Gbvj MKwDUvi
|#=|
KwDUvi
wgwb
KwDUvi
gBbdg
KwDUvi
mycvi
KwDUvi
8

K. mycvi KwDUvit eZgvb weki mePq MwZ mb`Z KvhgZvhy eqej KwDUvi nj vmycvi
<||< |<|< |-< << =| <<- =< < - <|< | =< |=|<< |<| <<< =<
`ZMwZ mb| eZgvb m~evwbK Mel Yv, bf vhvb, Rxwegvb, cbvwbqY Gi eenvi Ki vnq|
K. gBbdg KwDUvit mvavi YZ GKwUeo KwDUvi i mv_ AbKj vQvUKwDUvi hy Ki AbKj v
gvbyl i KvR Ki vi myweav_h KwDUvi i cPj b Ki vnqQZvKB gBbdg KwDUvi ej vnq| GZ
-||<< |||| <<-|< <<| - = =<||<< |=| <<< <|<
L. wgwbdg KwDUvit mvavi YZ gBbdg KwDUvi i Pq QvUKwDUvi KB wgwb dg KwDUvi ej vnq|
GK Avevi wgwb KwDUvi ej vnq| GKI Avevi Uvwgbvj i gvag GK mAbK eenvi Kvi xeenvi Ki Z
cvi | Gi k `N32-64 weUch|
M. +|#=| <|-1<|<t |#=| < |- |< <|| - =< < << <||<<# |#=| <||<
bvg mevwaK cwi wPZ| Gi k `N8-32 weUch| ew MZ, eemvwqK, `vwi K Ges mi Kvwi I emi Kvwi
KvR GwUeeZ nq _vK| hgb-j vcUc, WUc G ai Yi KwDUvi |
M. nvBweWKwDUvit gvbyl i eenvwi K ZvwM` Gbvj MGes wWwRUvj G `yB kYxi KwDUvi chyw i mg^q wgk
chyw i h KwDUvi Dveb Ki vnqQZvKB nvBweWKwDUvi ej vnq| mvavi YZ hmgevwbK Mel Yv
<|<= < =| =< ||| <<< <|< | ||< -<<|< - < = -|#|<
KwDUvi i eenvi Ki vnq|
KvRt
1. Gbj vMcwZZ G KwDUvi Dcv msMnxZ nq Ges msMnxZ DcvK msLvi i cvKi Y wWwRUvj
Aski eenvi Ki vnq _vK|
2. =< ||| |< |=|< | - << <|<
3. GwUAcvKZ enr Ges Li P ej weavq gvbyl i `bw`b mvavi Y cqvRb eenvi Ki vnq bv|

eZgvb weki KwDUvi RMZi AbKUvB `Lj Ki i LQwWwRUvj KwDUvi | Gi eenvi w`b w`b ewcqB
|< |< | |<| |<| <<< ||| <||< |<< =| | || <|

KwDUvi Ges Kvj Kzj Uii ga we`gvb cv_K
, -Computer is a automatic problem solving machine whose main purpose is data
processing or processing information and which is represented electrically.

KwDUvi GesKvj Kzj Uii cv_K
A_MZf ve KwDUvi Ges Kvj Kzj Ui i ga Lye GKUvcv_K bB| Df qwUw`qB MYbvKi vhvq| Df qwUi
||<||< < -| |-< |<| < < <| |< <||< <<-|<< <|<| =-< <|<=< <<
cv_Ki qQ| KwDUvi Ges Kvj Kzj Ui i gacv_KwbP Dj L Ki vnj v-
Kvj Kzj Ui KwDUvi
1. Kvj Kzj Ui i AvKvi QvU| 1. KwDUvi i AvKvi eo|
2. Gi mvnvh aygv MYbvKi vhvq| 2. Gi KvhgZvewP Zvc~Y|
3. Gi mvnvhwf wWI `Lvhvq bv| 3. Gi mvnvhwf wWI `Lvhvq|
4. Gi mvnvhB-gj Ki vhvq bv| 4. Gi mvnvhB-gj Ki vhvq|
5. BUvi bUKvhGi eenvi bB| 5. BUvi bUi KvhGi eenvi AvQ|
6. GK gnvk~bMel Yvq eenvi Ki vnq bv| 6. GK gnvk~YMel Yvq eenvi Ki vhvq|
7. Kvj Kzj Ui i wWwRUmsLvmxgve| 7. KwDUvi i wWwRUmsLvmxgvebq|
8. Gi cvMvwgs gZvmxgve| 8. Gi cvMvwgs gZvmxgvebq|
9. Gi Z_msMni gZvKg| 9. Gi Z_msMni gZvAZewk|
10. Gi hvski cwi gvY Kg| 10. Gi hvski cwi gvY ewk|
11. Gi enb evvbvi mnR| 11. Gi enb evvbvi Kvj Kzj Ui i PvBZ KwVb|
12. GwUwnmei KvRi RbeeZ nq| 12. GwUAvgvì `bw`b Rxebi ewe` KvR eeZ
nq|
9

<|-1<|<< =+|<<|< #|+| (mswic)
<||<< =|<<|< #|-| < <|| <||<< < =< |<vi i cQb gvbyl i kZvxi ci kZvx
chcPvAenZ wQj | GLbI gvbyl Avi vDbZ Avi vewk Kvhg KwDUvi wKf ve Dveb Ki vhvq Zvi
cPvAenZ i LQ| g~j Zt cvPxb MYbvhnZB Gi Dvebx i nq|

<|-1<|<< =+|<<|< #|+|t |<< || | <|<= -# <||< |<< | << -
cvPxbKvj gvbyl MYbvi Rbbywo, wSbyK, `woi wMU, Qwoi wMUBZvw`K MYbvi Kvheenvi Ki Z| cvPxb i vgbi v
mi PuvObywo cv_i dj MYbvKi Z Ges Zvvbvwi Z Ki Z| i vgvb f vl vq Gme bywocv_i K ej vnZv
Kvj Kzwj (Calculi)| Avi G Kvj Kzwj nZ Bsi wR Kvj Kzj Ui kwUDe nqQ| Gi KqK nvRvi eQi ci
DvweZ nqQAvevKvmbvg MYbvi h|
AvevKvmGKwUcvPxb MYbvi h| GUvKB KwDUvi BwZnvmi c_g hwnme ai vnq _vK| g~j Zt AvevKvm
-# <||< #|-|< = <|| << - |<|<| | |<|| | |<< <| |<
Lx c~e500 A wgki wKsevPxb mec_g GwUDvweZ nqwQj | 1614 mvj Uj vi MwYZwe` bwcqvi
j Mvwi `g mvi YxAvwevi Ki KvwVi eenvi Ki MYbvi GKwUhDveb Ki b hvK bwcqvi i nvo (Napiers Bone)
ej vnZv| wbDUb Zvi Dbqb mvab Ki b|

Abw`K di vmxhyeK eBR 1642 mvj Dveb Ki b cvvj bvgK GKwUMYbvi h| Zvi ci 1670 mvj Rvgvb
MwYZwe` MUdvBWf b wj ewgR Dveb Ki b wj ewgR bvgK MYbvi h| hvi mvnvhhvM, weqvM, Y, f vMBZvw`
Ki vme nqQ| Zvi ci 1786 mvj Rvgvbxi g~j vi Dveb Ki Avi vDbZ MYbvi hwWdvi Bwb| hvK c _g
Kvj Kzj Ui wnme ai vnq| ci eZxZ Pvj meveR 1812 mvj cwi c~YMYbvi hDveb Ki b| hvK AvaywbK
KwDUvi i c~ei c wnme ai vhvq|

1887 mvj gvwKb cwi msLvbwe` Wt nvigvb nj wi_ Av`g gvi xKvhcvKvWeenvi Ki KwDUvi i
AMhv vK Avi vewk myl gvwZ Ki b| Zvi bZZMwVZ nq Ueyj wUsKvvbxhvi gvag KwDUvi wk i
eemvwqK `wf wi m~ cvZ NU| ci G KvvbxGes Avi vKqKwUKvvbxwgj KwDUvi Dveb Ges
evwYRi D kMwVZ nq IBM evBUvi bvkbvj weRbmgwkb bvg GKwUenr Kvvbx| ZLb _KB evRvi
Gmhvq Gbvj vBwUKvj Bwb bvg bZzb ai bi MYbvi h|
1946 mvj hy i vi cbwmj f vwbqvwekwe`vj qi AavcK Wt Rb gWmwj Ges Zvi Qv cmcvi GKvUENIAC
bvg GKwUMYbvi hDveb Ki b| Gi I Rb wQj 30Ub Ges f vKzg wUDe wQj 1900wU| hwUPvj vbvi Rb
we`yrkw i cqvRb nZv130 wKt I qvt Avi RvqMvi cqvRb wQj 1500 eMdzU| 1950 chGi eenvi Pvj ywQj |
Rb gvDmwj Ges cmcvi GKvU1951 mvj Avevi Dveb Ki b UNIVAC. hvi eenvi gZvwQj AZ
ewP gq| GwUB nj vevwYwRK wf wZ Zwi c_g Bj KUwbK KwDUvi | G |=| || # =< |<|
wUDe myBP eenvi Ki vnq| Gi mePq i Zc~Yewknj vGi mvnvhcov, MYbvGes Z_j Lvi KvR Ki v
hvq| cKZc ZLb nZB ek wKQycwZvb evwYwRK wf wZ KwDUvi Zwi Ki Z _vK Ges evRvi RvZ Ki |
1971 mvj i w`K gvwKb hy i vi KwZcq KvvbxAvi vewk Drcv`bg Ges Kvhg KwDUvi Drcv`b I
evRvi RvZ Ki Z i Ki | Gw`K Gwkqvi A_bwZK wKs RvcvbI G gvUI wcwQq bB| Zvi vI wewf b
gWj i ej KvhgZvmbKwDUvi Drcv`b I evRvi RvZ Ki Y wekK `Lj Ki wbqQ| Zvì Drcvw`Z
KwDUvi j v`vg mvAZ`Z MwZ mbGes gReyZ| weki gvbyl Rvcvbi KwDUvi i cwZ Avi vewk
SuvK co|

<||<< =|<<< #|-| ||-| <|| ||< =| |< <||<< #|-| | <<|
nj v| eZgvb AZQvUwPcmeenvi Ki AZvaywbK Ges QvUAvKvi i KwDUvi DvweZ Ki Q| GLb Avi
KwDUvi ayMYbvi hbq| Gi eenvi AZewP gyLxnqQ| hvi Kj vYKi w`K Amxg|

10

KwDUvii AMMwZi cQb Pvj meveR(KwDUvii RbK) Ae`vb t
KwDUvi weki DbwZi mv_ h gnvb ew i bvg Rwoq i qQwZwb nj b Pvj meveR| KwDUvi i
AvaywbKvqbi mv_ Pvj meveR Gi Ae`vb Ab^xKvh| wZwb g~j Zt GKRb Bsi R MwYZwe`| wZwbB mec_g
kw kvj xMYbvi hi Dveb Ki b| hvi Dci wf w Ki KwDUvi Dveb mnR nq|
Pvj meveRt Pvj meveR wQj b Bsj vi KvgweR wekwe`vj qi MwYZi AavcK| wZwb 1792 mvj RbMnY
Ki b Ges 1871 mvj gZzei Y Ki b| wZwb mvi vRxeb Mel YvKi GKwUkw kvj xMYbvi hAvwevi Ki b hvi
bvg wQj wWdvi wqvj Bwb evweqvMdj wf wK MYbvi h| wZwb GZ cvKvWi eenvi Ki KwDUvi i
AvaywbKvqbi m~ cvZ NUvb| ZvB ZvK AvaywbK KwDUvi i RbK ej vnq| Pvj meveR Zvi Mel YvKvhi Rb
ewUk mi Kvi KZK wekvj Aby`vb cqwQj b|
Pvj meveRi Ae`vbt 1812 mvj Pvj meveR j Mvwi `gi m~ K cqvMKi KwDUvi i wWdvi wqvj Bwb
Dveb Ki b| GZ wZwb GK mvwi cvmKj ai Yi MYbvi hGgbf ve mshy Ki b h GKwUi Output evdj vdj
Aci wUi Input evhvMvb wnme KvR Ki e| Pvj meveR Rxebi `k eQi Mel YvKi h wWdvi wqvj Bwb
Dveb Ki wQj b Zvi KvhgZvh_v_bvnI qvq ci eZxZ wZwb bZzb ai Yi hAvwevi gbvhvMxnb| Zuvi
<<| <|<= | -|
Pvj meveR Rxebi kl w`bwUchh hDveb KvwUqQb mwUnj vAvbvj vBwUKvj Bwb evwekl bxh|
Pvj meveRi G DvweZ wPvkw wKsevgwkb cwi K bvAvaywbK KwDUvi i g~j bxwZi Dci mycwZwwZ cvq|
A_vr Zvi cwi K bvi m~ ai B KwDUvi weki AvaywbKvqb me nqQ| GRbB Pvj meveRK AvaywbK
KwDUvi i RbK ej vnq|
Pvj meveR Zvi gwkb cwi K bvq AvaywbK KwDUvi i gZvwbqY Ask, MvwYwZK Ask, wZ Ask, MnYgyL Ask,
wbMgbgyL Ask wPwZ Ki wQj b| hwÌ eveRi cwi K bvwQj DbZ Ges evwbK Z_vwc ZLbI hyMvKvi x
chyw i Dbqb nqwb weavq Zvi cwi K bvK ZLb evevqb Ki vme nqwb| hvi dj ZLbKvi Abvbwevbxi v
eveR cwi K bvK eveRi g~LZv(Babbages Folly) ej DcnvmKi wQj | mi Kvi I Zvi Mel Yvi Aby`vb e
Ki wQj |
cKZ c Pvj meveRi wPvGes cwi K bvwQj kZ eQi i AvMvg wPv| A_vr KwDUvi RMZi kZ eQi
ci wKi c DbZ chyw i mshvRb nZ cvi Zvi B cwZdj b Ki wQj b eveR Zvi KwDUvi cwi K bvq| Ze Zu vi
wPvcm~Z cwi K bvZvi gZzi ci evevqb Ki vme nqwQj | Zuvi AmsLwP Ges bKkvAvaywbK KwDUvi
weKvki ci YvhywMqQ| eveRi wPvi GKk eQi ci KwDUvi i h chvq DbxZ nqQmi c KwDUvi
wPvwZwb GKk eQi AvMKi wQj b| ZvB wZwb AvaywbK KwDUvi i RbK wnme ^xKwZ cqQb|
KwDUvi i Dbqb AbK wevbxi bvgB wekl f ve RwoZ i qQ| Ze Pvj meveRi Ae`vb Ab^xKvh| hwÌ G
wevbxRxe kvq Gi ^xKwZ cq hZ cvi bwb| cw_exZ wZwbB GKgv wevbxwhwb mvi vRxeb GKwUgv h
DvebB KvwUqQb, Zeymdj nZ cvi b wb| ZvB wZwb Rxe kvq mZx_ì Dcnvmi cv cwi YZ nqwQj b|
KwDUvi cRb
<||<< =|<<< #|-| <| -< || |<<+< <<| - <||< <<| - =< |
KwDUvi i avi Yvwf bf ve MYbvi KvheeZ nZv| AvaywbK KwDUvi i AMhv vg~j Zt weMZ cvk eQi AvM
_KB i nqQ|
KwDUvi cRbt cRbMZ Ges HwZnvwmK DbwZ Abymvi KwDUvi i AMhv vK h KqwUf vMf vMKi vnqQ
ZvKB KwDUvi cRb(Generation of Computer) ej vnq| KwDUvi cRbi wnme 1946 Z_vwZxq wekhyi
ci nZB ai vnq _vK| Kvi Y ZLb _KB KwUvi i AvaywbKxKi Yi AMhv v i nqQ| KwDUvi i eenvi I
mcmvwi Z nqQ|
KwDUvi cRbi kYxwef vMt AvaywbK KwDUvi wevbxMY KwDUvi cRbK cvuPwUf vMf vMKi Qb| hvì K
GK GKwUKwDUvi cRbej vnq| hgb
K. c_g cRb(1
st
Generation)
L. wZxq cRb(2
nd
Generation)
M. ZZxq cRb(3
rd
Generation)
N. PZz_cRb(4
th
Generation)
O. cg cRb(5
th
Generation)
K. c_g cRbt 1946 mvj nZ 1958 mvj chKwDUvi i mgq mxgvK KwDUvi i c_g cRbej vnq|
Kvi vKvi vgZ G mgqmxgv1937 mvj nZ 1958 mvj chweZZ| wUDe wewk Bj vwbK ebxi ej
eenvi , Pz^Kxq Wvg evXvj K, wZ, mxwgZ Z_, avi Y gZv, cvKvW, BbcyUGes AvDUcyUmi vg Ges
11

KvWi eenvi BZvw` G cRbi cavb ewk| c_g cRbDvweZ KwDUvi j vi ga wbv j v
AbZg| hgb-
IBM 650, MARK- ii, ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC BZvw`|
ewkt c_g cRbi KwDUvi j vwbv ewkj vwe`gvb wQj -
1. KwDUvi j vwekvj AvKwZi wQj |
2. WvqvW, UvqvW, f vj f , i wRvi , gvcwmUvi BZvw` hvsk eeZ nZv|
3. gwkbi f vl vq cvMvg i wPZ nZv|
4. f vKzqvg wUDei AvqyKvj Yvqx|
5. i YveY I Dvc mgmvcLi wQj |
6. mxwgZ cvMvg avi Y gZv|
L. wZxq cRbt mvavi YZ KwDUvi weki 1959 mvj nZ 1965 mvj chmgqmxgvK KwDUvi i wZxq cRb
ej vnq| KwDUvi i wZxq cRbBbwUMUWmvwKWi h_v_eenvi , Zvcgv vwbqY, KwDUvi i AvKvi nvm
Ges wbf i hvMZvBZvw` mvdj f i cyi | G cRbASC ii cwZi DvweZ nq| G mgq nvWI qvi i cvkvcvwk
mdU&I qvi i cf ~Z DbwZ mvwaZ nqQ| KwDUvi i wZxq cRbi KwDUvi i gWj j vi gaIBM
1400, ACA 501, NCR 300 BZvw` AbZg|
ewkt
1. KwDUvi i AvKwZi msKvPb|
2. f vKzqvg wUDei cwi eZUvwRvi i eenvi |
3. gwWDj vi wWRvBbi eenvi |
4. P^K Kvi i eevni |
5. Zvc mgmvi Aemvb, AwWI I wf wWI i hvMDbqb|
6. DP MwZ mbBbcyUGes AvDUcyUmi vg|
M. ZZxq cRbt 1966 mvj nZ 1970 mvj chmgqmxgvK weki KwDUvi i ZZxq cRbej vnq| G cRb
KwDUvi Small Scale Integrated Circuit Ges Medium Scale Integrated Circuit eenvi nq| ZLb KwDUvi
AvDUcyUwnme Video Display Unit Ges DP MwZi wcUvi i cPj b nq| ZLb nZB BASIC f vl vi eenvi nq
Ges gvDmi eenvwi K KvhKvwi ZvAvi nq| KwDUvi i ZZxq cRbi KwDUvi j vi ga IBM-360,
IBM-370, PDP-8 BZvw` AbZg|
ewkt
1. KwDUvi i AvKwZi Avi vmsKvPb|
2. gyw`Z AvKvi AvDUcyUcvI qvi Rbj vBb wcUvi i eenvi |
3. KwDUvi cmmi weZZ wb`kgvj vweBb eenvi |
4. mgw^Z mvwKUeenvi I wbevnxcwZi Dbqb|
5. wgwb KwDUvi , DPZi f vl vi eenvi |
N. PZz_cRbt mvavi YZt 1971 mvj nZ 1994 mvj chweZZ mgqmxgvK KwDUvi PZz_cRbej vnq| G
mgq KwDUvi weki cf ~Z DbwZ mvwaZ nqQ| G cRbLSI Ges VLSI |#=|< =< Some
Conductor Memory w`q KwDUvi Zwi nqQ| G cRbRAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM AvweZ nqQ|
#|, , =< |<| | = << - = |#=| <||< |* < |
Ki Q| PZz_cRbi KwDUvi gWj j vi gaIBM-3030, IBM-4300, IBMS/36, Sharp PC-1211, Apple
II BZvw` AbZg|
ewkt
1. enr AvKvi i GKxf ~Z eZbx
2. evcK Z_avi Y gZv|
3. cvMvg cvKRi evcK DbwZ I cPj Y|
4. cvMvg cvKR DPZi f vl vi eenvi |
5. |#=| <||<< |
6. Uwej ewmq KvR Ki vi gZvew|
O. cg cRbt Rvcvb KwDUvi wevbxì enr mj bi gvag 1995 mvj nZ ci eZxmgqmxgvK
KwDUvi i cg cRbwnme ai vnqQ| Ze eenvwi K GLbI PZz_cRbi KwDUvi Pvj yAvQ|
eZgvb cRbAZvaywbK KwDUvi Dvebi cPvAevnZ i qQ| wewf bai bi wPcmGes AcwUKvj
dvBevi w`q cg cRbi KwDUvi mw nqQ| GwUAZvkw || |#=| < < < || <|<
gZvmbKwDUvi G cRbDveb Ki vnqQ| G cRbi KwDUvi K Knowledge Information,
Processing system =IPS evG cvUwmg ej vnq|
ewkt
1. Kw g eywgvi mshvRb|
12

2. |= <|- <|<=
3. gvbyl i Kî mbv Ki vi gZv|
4. wecyj gZvmbmycvi KwDUvi i Dveb|
5. weqKi wZ kw |

cvPxb Kvj Kzj Ui, AvevKvm, wWdvi Bwb Ges cevWt
cvPxb Kvj Kzj Uit mf Zvi i Z gvbyl Mybvi KvhAvyj , cv_i wKsevel Ki vc i nvoi eenvi Ki Zv|
ci eZxZ Zvi vwewf bai bi bywoK Mybvi Kvheenvi Ki Q| GK mgq gvbyl `woi wMUevwSbyKK Mybvi Kvh
eenvi Ki Z Af nj vcvPxb i vgvbi vmi MZevPvbywo dj enr Mybvi KvR mvi Z| i vgvb f vl vq QvU
cv_i evbywoK ej vnq Kvj Kzwj | Avi G Kvj Kzwj k nZB AvaywbK Kvj Kzj Ui Gi De nqQ| AvaywbK
Kvj Kzj Ui Dveb ewUk Ges Rvgvbì Ae`vb mevcvewk| Zvi vB wekevRvi AvaywbK Kvj Kzj Ui mcmvi Y
NwUqQ|
AvevKvmt cvPxb MYbvhi bvg nj vAvevKvm| GK c_g wWwRUvj MYbvhej vnZv| GwUKvj Kzj Ui Gi
gZvB MYbvh| avi YvKi vnq AvR nZ 2500 eQi c~ePxb A_evwgki AvevKvmai bi MYbvi heenvi Ki v
nZv| Ze weki MYbvi hwUAvevKvmbvgB cwi wPZ wQj | Pxb, Rvcvb, i vwkqvq GLbI MYbvi hwnme
AvevKvmeenvi Ki vnq Ges Gi mvnvhwkv cwZhvwMZvKi vnq| Rvcvb AvevKvmK ej mvi vevb Ges
i vwkqvq ej vwPi v|
AvevKvmnj vdgveì gawUmshy GKwUMYbvi h| AvevKvmi i qQ7 ev9wU`| cwZwU` `y B
w`K w`q dg AveGes gvSLvb AbGKwUdg w`q Pvcv`qvhvZ Ki Dci i wUmnR bxP Ges bxPi wU
mnRB Dci hZ cvi bv| wKeenvi Kvi xwbavwi Z Kkj wUi Dci bxP mshvMKgvZ evovZ cvi b Ges
vbPzZ Ki Z cvi b| ci eZxZ Uj vi MwYZwe` bwcqvi cvPxb AvevKvk hi Dbqb mvab Ki b| AbK ci
wevbxwbDUb AvevKvmMYbvhcf ~Z Dbqb mvab Ki b|
wWdvi Bwbt |= | << | ||<* #|= || |<|| g~j vi 1786 mvj wWdvi wqvj Bwb bvg
GKwUKvj Kzj Ui i cwi K bvKi b| Zvi cvq `yB hyMci ewUk MwYZwe` Pvj meveR |< |= < |-<
wWdvi Bwb Dveb Ki b| 1812 mvj Pvj meveR j Mvwi `wgK wnmvemn MvwYwZK wnmvei RbDbZ wWdvi
#|= |< << <|< << - :-- | ||< || ||<* #|= =< |< |=<||| =< |
|||< |-|< |=|< bKi gyw`&Z dj vdj cvwi evevqb Ki b|
GZ Ki MYbvhi cf ~Z DbwZ nq Ges ewUk mi Kvi Zvi RbAvw_K Aby`vbi eevKi b| wZwb cwi c~Yf ve
wWdvi Bwb Gi KvR kl Ki b| wZwb Gi Avi vDbqb mvab Ki 1862 mvj AvRvwZK wevb c`kbxZ
hwUi eenvi Ki `Lvb| G hi g~j wf w wQj Kvb mgxKi Yi X Gi wewf bgvbi RbY Gi wewf bgvbi
weqvMdj wf wK QK Zwi Ki v|
cKvWt KwDUvi RMZ cKvWi avi YvAbKUvB cyi bv| GwUMYbvi KvheeZ nq AvmQ| di vmxewk
mec_g cKvWi eenvi mshy nq| G di vmxewk xhvmd mvixi bvg wekl f ve Dj LhvM| wZwb
Kvcoi bKkvwbqY wQ`hy cKvWi eenvi Pvj yKi b| Zvi ci KwDUvi wevbxeveR Gi cKvWK
KwDUvi Avwì c Gvbvj vBwUKvj Bwb eenvi Ki b| ci eZxZ KwDUvi cKvWi eenvi `vi Y f ve cPwj Z
nq|
AvaywbK KwDUvi i KvhKi xc`c i nq c_g e`ywZK cKvWi eenvi i gvag| gvwKb hy i vi mvgwi K
Kvh`ZZi Ki vi Rbcwi msLvbwe` Wt nigvb nj wew_ 1890 mvj mec_g c KvWi eenvi Ki b| Gi ci
nZ KwDUvi MYbvi KvhcKvWeenvi i c _vevcKf ve Pvj ynq|
Gbvj vBwUK Bwb Ges Bj KwUK KwDUvi
Gbvj vBwUK Bwbt wevbxPvj meveR Rxebi kl w`bwUchh hwUAvwevi i RbweewPZ wQj b Zvnj v
Gbvj vBwUK Bwb evwekl Yxh| Pvj meveRi DvweZ KwDUvi cwi K bvi Dci wf w Ki B AvRKi
KwDUvi weki GZvekxmgwGmQ| A_vr Zvi KwDUvi cwi K bvi m~ ai B AZvaywbK KwDUvi i
Dveb NUvbvnhQ| GRbB Pvj meveRK AvaywbK KwDUvi i RbK ej vnqQ|
Pvj meveR GvbvBwUK Bwb bvg h DbZ gvbi KwDUvi i gKvwbKvj cwi K bvKi wQj b Zvci eZxZ wek
KwDUvi wece NUvZ mg nqQ|
13

Zvi c`wkZ KwDUvi cwi K bvq h Ask j vi avi Yv`qvnqwQj mj vi mv_ AvaywbK KwDUvi i wewf b
Aski `vi b mv`ki qQ| cwi K bvgZ Gvbvj vBwUK Bwb cavbZ mUvi , wgj Ges KUvj bvgK wZbwUAsk
_vKvi K_v| ZvZ cKvWi mvnvhmUvi mgZ_, wb`k Ges wewf bchvqi MYbvi dj vdj _vKe| wgj
wMqvi i mvnvhcKvWnZ cv Z_i wf wZ MYbvKi e| KUvj wgj K wb`k è KLb wK KvR Ki e|
Pvj meveR AvaywbK KwDUvi i gZvZvi gwkb wbqY Ask, MvwYwZK Ask, wZ Ask, MnYgyL I wbMgb gyL
Askj vwPwZ Ki b| cKvWw`q gwkbi mv_ mshvMmn gwkbi Af i xY KvhwbqYi RbI wZwb KvW
eenvi i wb`k `b| wZ Ask cvk AsK `Ni 1000 msLvmsi Yi cwi K bvKi b| Zvi cwi K bvAbyhvqx
cvk AsKi `yBwUmsLvi hvMevweqvMi RbGK mK Ges Yi Rb1 wgwbUmgq j vMvi K_v| eveRi
avi YvLyeB AvaywbK wQj | Zvi gwj K wPvcm~Z cwi K bvK Abymi Y Ki B AvRKi KwDUvi wevbxi v
AZvaywbK KwDUvi Avwevi Ki Z mg nqQ| hvi cf ve GLbI AenZ i qQ| wKRxe kvq wZwb Gmei
^xKwZ cvbwb|
Bj KwUK KwDUvit 1946 mvj hy i vi cbwmj f vwbq wekwe`vj qi AavcK Wt Rb gvBmwj Ges Zvi mnKgx
cmcvi GKvDENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) bvg h KwDUvi Avwevi Ki b ZvnvB
nj vBj KwUK KwDUvi | Gi I Rb wQj 30 Ub Ges f vKzg wUDe wQj 1900wU| hwUcwi Pvj bvKi Z we`yrkw i
cqvRb wQj 130 wKt I qvU| Avi RvqMvi cqvRb wQj 1500 eMdzU| 1955 mvj chGi eenvi cPwj Z wQj |
Gi mvnvh`k AsKi `ywUmsLvi Y Ki Z mgq j vMZ 1 mKi GK nvRvi f vMi wZb f vMGes hvMKi Z
| - |#=| < |< | << | : |#=||| <
ci eZxZ KgweR wekwe`vj qi AavcK gwim1949 mvj Zvi Avi vewk DbZ cvMvg mUKi b| Zvi ci
wevbxgvDmwj , , evKm, Mv vBb, Ges Rb weDgvbcgyLi cPvq EDVAC bvg cbvGes Abvbhyv
wbqYi KwDUvi DvweZ nq| ci eZxZ UNIVAC bvg Bj wbK eenvi hvMKwDUvi cewZZ nq| Dj L
UNIVAC # -| < < <|||< || |< #<|< <||< = <||< |=| || # =<
f vKzg wUDe mvwKUeenvi Ki vnqQ| Gi mePq Dj LhvMewknQGwUGKB mcov, MYbv, Ges Z_
j Lvi KvR Ki Z cvi Zv| cKZ c ZLb nZB ek wKQycwZvb evwYwRK wf wZ KwDUvi Zwi Ges evwYR
Ki Z _vK|
Zvi ci 1971 mvj hy i vi Bj Uj KvvbxwekevRvi Bj KUwbK KwDUvi i vbxKi Z _vK| Abw`K
Rvcvb l vUi `kK nZB wekevcxKwDUvi Drcv`b I evwYRKi Z _vK| AvRKvj GK Bw PI ov, ò Bw j ^v
Ges wmwK Bw cyi wPcmeenvi Ki AbK QvUA_P `Z KvR Ki vi MwZ mbKwDUvi Dveb Ki vnqQ|
hvevRvi cvI qvhvQ|
wkY I Mel Yv KwDUvii Ae`vb
wkvMel Yv KwDUvi i ewe` eenvi i qQ| wekl f ve wkv`vb, Mel YvKvh, Z_i msi Y, eenvi
Ges dj vdj c`vb KwDUvi eenvi Ki vnq _vK| QvUì KvUyb wP i gvag eYcwi Pq, DPvi Y wkLvbv, Qwe
c`kb, M i gvag wkKi Dcvcbi wmwWc`kb BZvw` KvhKwDUvi eenvi Ki vnq| G QvovQv Qv xi v
wbRi vB KwDUvi eenvi Ki mvavi Y vb Ges eenvwi K wekl vbi e Z_vw` AvqZKi Z cvi |
DPZi kYxi wkv_xì Rb evRvi AmsL KwDUvi mdU&I qvi cPwj Z i qQ| Gme md&UI qvi i gvag
wkv_xi vZvì wkY mwKZ AbK wel q mKAeMZ nZ cvi | wPwKrmvGes Bwwbqvwi s wel qi wkv_xi v
KwDvi wmwWeenvi Ki Zvì wel qMZ AbK Z_vw` PgrKvi f ve AeMZ nZ cvi | wmwWi gvag Gme wel qi
m~Ges wek` weei Y mKAeMZ nZ cvi | G KwDUvi wkv_xì nvZ Kj g wkv`vbi KvRwU
f vj f ve mv`b Ki vhvq|
wkv_xì DP wkvi kl chvq Ges DP wkvkl Mel Yvg~j K KvRi KwDUvi GKwUwekl mnvqK h
wnme KvR Ki _vK|
wkv_xì DP wkvi kl chvq Ges DP wkvkl Mel Yvg~j K KvRi KwDUvi GKwUwekl mnvqK h
wnme KvR Ki _vK Mel Yvi Z_vwì msMn wekl Y, Mel YvZ_i dj vdj c`vb, msi Y, gy`Y, Mel Yv
cwZe`b Zwi BZvw` hveZxq KvR KwDUvi i gvag mbKi vnq _vK| KvRB KwDUvi G mvavi YZ
gvwwgwWqvwnme eeZ nq _vK| Gi gvag `~i wkYi KvhwUI wekl f ve mbnQ| g~j Zt KwDUvi
cPwj Z wkvavi YvKB wekl f ve cv w`Q|
eZgvb wek cwZwUevwbK Mel Yvq GK i Z c~YI Acwi nvhDcv`vb nQKwDUvi | wekl Ki c`v_,
i mvqb, Rxewevb, cwi msLvb, MwYZ, Gvi vbwU , Gvi vWvg, wRb cKkj mn mKj ai bi evwbK Mel Yvq
KwDUvi eeZ nQ| KvRB wkvMel Yvi KwDUvi i Acwi mxg Ae`vb i qQ| hvAvR meRb ^xKZ|
14

Mel YvGes Mel Yvcv dj vdj gvbe mf ZvK DbwZi c_ cwi Pvwj Z Ki Q| Avi gvbe mf Zvi Dbqbi G
Mel YvK gwj K A_ZvwoZ Ki QKwDUvi | ZvBZvej vnq eZgvb KwDUvi QvovAvaywbK wkvMel Yv
APj |
cwi kl ej vhvq gvbe mf ZvK m~Yf ve DbZ Ki QwkvGes wkvMel Yv| hLvb eZgvb KwDUvi i
mnhvwMZvg~j K f ~wgKv Ab^xKvh| gvbyl i Kj vYi Rb KwDUvi eenvi Ges gvbexq mgmv mgvavbi
Mel Yvg~j K KgKv KwDUvi i eenvi w`b w`b Avi vewk ewcvQ|

KwDUvi wfwK Aciva Ges MvcbxqZvmgmvt
eZgvb mvgvwRK i ci LvZ_vmgvR Rxebi cwi eZb Avbqb KwDUvi i f ~wgKvAb^xKvh| hf ve KwDUvi i
evcKZvewcvQZvZ AvMvgxZ cwZwU KwDUvi i cqvMQvovmgvR Rxeb APj Ges AK bxq nq
DVe| KwDUvi i eenvi gvbe RxebK GZvwbweo eb AveKi Qhvej kl Ki vhve bv|
gvbyyli mgvR Rxeb I KwDUvii mKt gvbyl i mgvR Rxeb KwDUvi i mKAwZ wbweo| eZgvb mf Zvq
KwDUvi bvbvwea KvheeZ nQ| wekl Ki wkvMel Yv, Kj Kvi Lvbv, wk , eemv, hvMvhvM, cwi enb,
ì , AwdmAv`vj Z, wPwKrmvBZvw` KwDUvi i eenvi `Z mcmvwi Z nQ| KwDUvi eZgvb gvbyl i
Rxebi MwZK evwoq w`qQ| KwDUvi i eenvi mvi vcw_exAvR Mvevj wf j Rcwi YZ nqQ| gvbyl i
mv_ gvbyl i hvMvhvMi evcK DbwZ mvwaZ nqQ| Z_chyw i Dbqb KwDUvi i Awei Yxq Ae`vb cwZdwj Z
nqQ| KvRB mgvR Rxeb I KwDUvi AvR wbweo eb Avenq MQ| GZ Ki gvbyl AvR hvwK mf Zvi
KvQwRwnq coQ| gvbyl gvbyl i mcxwZ AbK B nvmcvQ| A_vr ej vhvq- KwDUvi gvbyl i
mvgvwRK mKi ebK Avj MvKi w`Q| Ze G Mf xi f ve wPvKi j `Lvhve h GRbgvbyl i
gvbwmKZvB wekl f ve `vqx| Kvi Y gvbyl wbRi Abyf ~wZK ai i L hi KvQci vwRZ nj vA_evwbRi Aw
ZK Abyf e Ki j bvGRbZvKwDUvi `vqxbq| KwDUvi Zvgvbyl i mw| KvRB gvbyl K wbRB wbRi Rxe
kZai i vLZ ne|
KwDUvi wfwK Acivat eZgvb wekGKwUj Yxq Aci va nQKwDUvi Aci va| KwDUvi i hvwK ggvwi Z
msi wZ g~j evb WvUvi wKQyAsk hw` KDf yj evBQvKZf ve b Ki Ze ZvDvi Ki vcvq Ame nq co|
mvavi YZ msi wZ WvUvBQvKZ f ve b Ki vB nj vKwDUvi Aci va| wekl Ki evswKs KvhKwDUvi i KvW
f KDhw` evsKi MwQZ wei vUAski UvKvAcmvi Y Ki wf bGKvDUvbvwi Z Ki AvZmvZ Ki , Ze Zv
nq KwDUvi i gvi vZK Aci vai Af y |
KwDUvi Aci vai gaMvcbxq KvWbî Pz wi Ki vAZgvi vZK| Kvi Y G UvKvAvZmvZKvwi wKsev
Aci vaxi nw`mcvI qvAZKwVb nq co| KwDUvi eenvi i evcKZvG ai bi Aci vai gv vK evwoq
w`qQ| GRbcqvRb gvbyl i Pwi i Dbqb, bwZKZvGes g~j eva wkvi mcmvi Y|
KwDUvi Aci vai gaAvi GKwUw`K nj vBUvi bU, B-gBj Gi gvag ebvg KDK Rxeb gZzi gKx`qv
G ebvgxAci vaKvi xai vQvqvi evBi Pj hvq Ges Abew dumhvq| GQvovI KwDUvi i gvag v
Z_vw` ci Y Ki ebvg ew K wec` dj vhvq| KvDK Ab_K nqi vwb Ki vhvq| GRbB Kovwbi vcveev
Ges AvBb-Kvbyb cqvMKi KwDUvi Aci va `gb Ki vhvq|
MvcbxqZvcKvkt KwDUvi i gvag ew MZ MvcbxqZvb nq hZ cvi | A_evew i ew MZ Z_vw` AbK
mgq ` Acvi Ui i Acvi wUs Gi gvag MvcbxqZvduvmnq hZ cvi | eznq KwDUvi evDwRs Gi gvag
A_evRbB-gj i gvag cwZvb ì wKsevew MZ Z_vw` m^ AeMZ nq ZvAb duvmKi `qvme nq|
eZgvb wekDbZ `k j vi cvq cZKB KwDUvi eenvi Ki _vK| Zvi vgb Ki ew i MvcbxqZvduvm
Ki vi KwDUvi GKwUgvi vZK gKxî c| Bj KUwbK gj i gvag msevì MvcbxqZvi vcvq bv|
Mvcb msev`wUme cKvwkZ nq hvq| gvwKb gyj yKi 54% RbMY gb Ki b Uvwgbvj eenvi Ki KwDUvi
ggvwi nZ msev` mnRB duvmKi `qvme| GQvovcw_exi wewf bvb KwDUvi i gvag WvUvPzwi i ceYZvI
Kg bq| KwDUvi i Aci va ceYZvnvmKi vi Rb KwDUvi cwZi vchyw i Dbqbi cvkvcvwk KwDUvi
eenvi MvcbxqZvi vi KwVb AvBb cYqb Ki vAcwi nvh|

15

KxevW: webvm, KvhcYvj xGes eenvi
KwDUvi i mvgbi nvZi KvQi Askj vKx-evW| BbcyUwnme Kx-evWi wekl f ~wgKvi qQ| GLb ch
cvq mKj KvR Gi mvnvhKi vnq _vK| GwU`LZ AbKUveo AvqZvKvi cvZi gZvhvZ AbKj vwb`kK
evZvg i qQ|
Kx-evWt eY, msLvGes wPhy AbKj vevZvgi mg^q MwVZ AvqZvKvi cvZi gZvAskKB Kx-evWev
Key Bord ej vnq| GwUKwDUvi i BbcyUhwnme mycwi wPZ| GwUKwDUvi i evBi i Ask hvZvi vi vg~j
hi mwnZ mshy _vK| GK mshvMwewQbKi Avj v`vf ve enb Ki vhvq|
KvhcvYvj xt Kx-evWAmsLevZvg i qQ| cZKwUevZvg wbw` KvRi wb`kK i qQ| hLb hwUi cqvRb
Pvcj B Zvxb Pj Avme| mvavi Y PvBc Kx-evWi h evZvgwUZ Pvc `qvnq mevZvgi mhy wP ev
Ai wUmi vmwi wi ebi Dci Pvc `q Ges Ai wUwi ebi cQb vcb Ki vKvMRi Dci gyw`Z nq| wK
KwDUvi i mhy Kx-evWi evZvg Pvc `qvi mmH evZvgi mmKhy wP evAi wUmi vmwi
gwbUi i c`vq `Lvhvq bvevgyw`Z nq bv| KwDUvi i mmshy Kx-evWi Kvb evZvg Pvc w`j mm
GKwUe`ywZK msKZ Zwi nq|

ZLb KwDUvi i Kx-evWi GbKvWvi (Keybord Encoder) bvgK Bj KUwbK mvwKUG e`ywZK msKZK mbv
<< =< <||<< || | | << =<# * |<< -| - << || |=|
`ZMwZZ mbnq| dj Kx-evWi evZvg Pvc Ì qvi mmB gwbUi i c`vq wP evAi wU`Lvhvq|
KvRi aiBAbyhvqxevZgi kYxwefvMt
1. wbqY evZvgt Ctrl, Alt, Command, Option I Tab Ges Zxj wPwZ evZvgj v(Arrow key) KvRi
|<| |=| | << <|<
2. Kvmii Aevb wbqY evZvgt WmAcvi wUs wmg Pg Dn, Pg Up, Home BZvw` wKQyevZgi mvnvh
Kvmi i Aevb wbqY Ki vnq _vK|
3. AcviwUswmg evcwiPvj bvcwZi evZvg evdvskb Kxt WmAcvi wUs wmg Kx-evWi GKevi Dci i
mvwi Z evevg w`K 12wUevZvg (F
1
.........F
12
) eenvi Ki Acvi wUs wmg evcwi Pvj bvcwZi KvR Ki v
nq| G evZvgj vdvskb Kx(Function Key) bvg cwi wPZ|
4. wbDgwiK Kx-cvWt Kx-evWi Wvb Ask Kvj Kzj Ui i gZ 0 _K 9 Ges hvM, wehvM, Y f vMBZvw`
wPwZ evZvgj vK wbDgwi K Kx-cvWej vnq| wnmve wbKvk `ZMwZZ Ki vi RbGB wbDgwi K Kx-cvo
eenvi Ki vnq|
Kx-evWnQKwDUvi i cavb BbcyUh| KwDUvi Mvwd evwf wWI GwWwUs RvZxq KvR QvovAbvb KvRi
kZKi vcuPvbeB f vMi I ewk Z_I wb`k c`vbi KvR mv`b Ki vhvq Kx-evWi mvnvh| Avi cvMvg Zwi i
KvR ZvmeUvB Ki vnq Kx-evWeenvi Ki , ZvmcvMvg hZ QvUevhZ eoB nvK bvKb|

16

Kx-evWi cKvif`
KwDUvi Z_UvBc, wb`k Ges Av`vb c`vbi AbZg gvag wnme h Kx-evWeenvi Ki vnq ZvcavbZ
`yB cKvi | hgb-
(i) vvWKx-evW(Standard keyboard)
(ii) Gbnv Kx-evW(Enhanced keyboard)
Kx-evWi mvnvh Kvmvbvibt
Kx-evWi Gvi vKxGes AbvbKxeenvi Ki wewf bf ve Kvmvbvwi Z Ki vhvq| eenvi Kvi xhw` Kx-evWi
Wvb AewZ wbDgvwi K Kx-cvWnZ Kxeenvi Ki Kvmvbvwi Z Ki Z Pvq Zvnj AekB Num Lock Kx
Ad _vKZ ne|
Avi Ab Ki v_vKj G Kx-Z GKevi Pvc w`q Ad Ki Z ne| Kx-evWeenvi Ki Kvmvbv<< |=|
Dcvqj vwbP Dcvcb Ki vnj v-
vbviY (To Move) Pvc `qv(To Presser)
GK Ai evg
GK Ai Wvb
GK j vBb Dci
GK j vBb wbP
GK k evg Ctrl +
GK k Wvb Ctrl +
j vBbi kl End
j vBbi i Z Home
eZgvb AbyQì i Z Ctrl +
c~ei AbyQì i Z Ctrl +
ci eZxAbyQì i Z Ctrl +
GK xb Dci Ctrl +
GK xb wbP Page Up
xbi wbcv Page down
xbi wki vcv Ctrl +Page down
WKzgUi i Z Ctrl +Home
WKzgUi kl Ctrl +End

gvDm: MVb, Kvhvewj Ges eenvi
KwDUvi i z`GKwUBbcyUhnj vgvDm| GwUmi vmwi A_evKwDUvi i Kx-evWi gvag KwDUvi i mwnZ
mshy _vK| gvDmwUmvavi Y KwDUvi i cvkUwej i Dci i L eenvi Ki Z nq| GwUnvZ w`q bvovPvovi
hvM|
gvDmt KwDUvi i z`Ges eenvi Kvi xi nvZi _vevq Pc ai Kvhg BbcyUhKB gvDmMouse ej vnq|
GwUz`GKwUPvKvhy _vK| GwUZvi i gvag KwDUvi i mwnZ mshy | GwUK nvZ w`q bvovPovKi KvR
Ki Z nq| GwUK Uwej i Dci gmY vb i L bvovPvovKi Z nq| Gi PvKvevej wUAZQvUhvAvgvì
kvnv`Z Aywj w`q bvovZ nq| hvi gvag Kvhwmwnq _vK|
gvDmi MVbt gvDm`LZ GKwUenr gvKzhi gZv| mvgb GKwUev`yBwUevZvg i qQ| evZvgK wKK Ki Z
nq KvRi mgq| mvavi YZ gwKbUvmKwDUvi i meeZ gvDmGKwUgv evZvg i qQ| Avi IBM.PC
KvwUDej KwDUvi i meeZ gvDm`yUvevwZbwUevZvg i qQ| `yPvi wUwekl KvR Qvovevg w`Ki
evZvgB ewki f vM eenvi Ki Z nq| gvDmi wbP GKwUPvKvevej i qQhvi NyYqb gvDmi Kvh
mnhvwMZvnq _vK|

gvDmi Kvhvewj t gvDmwUK Dwq ai j `Lvhve Gi wf Zi GKwUej evPvKvi qQgvDmwUK Uwej i Dci
i L bvovj ej wUI wewf bw`K Nyi Z _vK| ej wUK wNi _vK N~YqhvM PvKv| N~YqhvM PvKvhy _vK
GbevWvi ì m| gvDmbvovj PvKvNyi Z _vK Ges PvKvi NyYq MwZi wf wZ GbevWvi ` e`ywZK m`b
mw Ki | G e`ywZK m`b gvDmi MwZ Ges GK Aevb nZ AbAevb bvovbvi `~i Zwbavi Y Ki `q| Zv
ci eZxZ e`ywZK msKZ AvKvi i wb`k wnme KwDUvi ci Y Ki _vK|
gvDmi KvRi MwZt AvB weg Gi mvnvhKvmevBbgvmb cqUvi Aevb wbqY Ki Z nq| hgb Kvmj ev
Bbgvmb cqUvi i eZgvb Aevb nZ cuvP `k j vBb wbP Kvb GKwUki gvSLvb wbq Avmvi RbKx-evWi
Zxi wPwZ evZvg eenvi Ki j ek wKQyUvmgq j vM| wKgvDmbvovw`q AvB weg mi vmwi H ki gvSLvb
wbq Avmvhvq| G QvovcR gKvAvc evc mvi wewf bcvMvg Ges cBU/Wwqs cvMvg j vZ bvbvcKvi
ewk Avi vc Ki vGes i LvwP i wewf b Aj sKvi b Zwi Ki vi RbI wf wWI GwWwUs cvMvgi KvR Ki vi Rb
gvDmnQcavb Aej ^b| Gi KvhMwZ-cevn eenvi Kvi xi eenvi `Zvi Dci wbf i Ki _vK|
gvDmi eenvit KwDUvi i mv_ mshy gwbUi i c`vq gvDmi MwZwewa wewf bi c c`wkZ nq| wewf b KvRi
RbGi wewf bi c eenvi Ki vnq _vK| Ze gwbUi i c`vq gvDmi cavb i cwUnQZxi i dj vi gZv| Zxi i
dj vi gZvG i cwUK ej vnq gvDmcqUvi | gvDmi mvnvhmvavi YZ wbPi KvRj vKi vnq _vK| hgb-
(i) MvwdKvj BDRvi BUvdg evGUI Gi Acvi wUs wmgi KvRj vgvDmcqUvi i mvnvh Ki vnq
_vK|
(ii) GUI wmg wf wK eenvwi K Kgm~wPZ KvR Ki vi mgq gbyKgv KvhKi Ki vGes j Lvwebvmi KvRi
mgq gvDmcqUvi eenvi Ki vnq _vK|
(iii) j Lv-j wL evI qvWcmwms Gi mgq gvDmcqUvi Ibeam G i cvwi Z nq _vK| hvi mvnvhKvhwmw
Ki vhvq|
(iv) gvDmGi mvnvhKvb WvUvevZ_wKsevKvb ki wb`k wPwZ Ki Zvi ci Kx-evWeenvi Ki Zvmskvab,
cwi eZb, cwi eab evevwZj Ki vhvq|
gvDmGes Gi cqUvi KwDUvi eenvi Kvi xi wbKULyeB i Zc~Y| Gi mvnvheenvi Kvi xZvi cqvRbxq Z_i
mskvab, wbevPb I mshyw i wb`k w`Z cvi b| gvDmGi mv_ Kx-evWi mKAZMf xi weavq eenvi Kvi x
gvDmeenvi i ci eZxKvRwUKx-evWi gvag my -mbKi _vKb| gvDmKwDUvi i B zÀsk|
Kx-evWGes gvDmi ga Zzj bv

Kx-evWGes gvDmi gaGKw`K hgb wgj i qQAbw`K Awgj i cwi gvYI Kg bq| eenvwi K Gi v
AbK mgq GKB KvR Ki | Avevi wf bZi KvRI Gì vi vmbKi vhvq| wbP QKi gvag Kx-evWGes
gvDmi gacv_KDj L Ki vnj v-

wKevW

gvDm

1. Kx-evWi mvnvhe`ywZK msKZ
Zwi Ki vhvq|

1. gvDm Gi mvnvhI e`ywZK
msKZ Zwi Ki vhvq|

2. Kx-evW GbevWvi bvgK
Bj KUwbK mvwKUe`ywZK msKZK
mbv Ki gwbUi c`wkZ Ki |

2. gvDmPvKvi N~Yqb MwZi wf wZ
GbevWvi ì e`ywZK `b mw
Ki msKZ gwbUi c`kb Ki |

3. Kx-evWi mvnvh WvUv ev Z_
KvR Ki vhvq

3. gvDmGi mvnvh WvUv ev Z_
KvR Ki vhvq bv|

4. Kx-evWevZvgi mvnvh KvR
Ki vnq|

4. gvDmPvKvi mvnvhKvR Ki vnq|

5. Kx-evWi mvnvhKvb wKQywb`k
`qvhvq

5. gvDmi mvnvh Kvb wKQywb`k
`qvhvq|

6. Gi mvnvh Kvb wKQywWwj UKi v
hvq|

6. Gi mvnvh Kvb wKQywWwj UKi v
hvq bv, Ze mbv Ki vhvq|
KwDUvi i Kx-evWGes gvDmDf qwUB evBi i Ask hvBj KwUK mshvMi mvnvhKwDUvi i mwnZ hy _vK|
`yUvi mvnvhB KwDUvi i evBi i KvR Ki Zvi mwVK Aevb, hvPvB, evQvB, mskvab Ges gyQvBZvw` KvRj v
mbKi vnq| KvRB eenvwi K `yUvi B i Zi qQ|
19

cvMvwgs j vsqR
Programming Language: KwDUvi w`q KvR Kwi q bqvi RbKwDUvi K Ggb f vl vq wb`k w`Z nq
hvComputer eySZ cvi | h f vl vq `qvwb`k KwDUvi eySZ cvi mf vl vKB ej vnq Programming
Language.
KwUvi i evaMgf vl vq wb`k Lj vevUvBc Ki vi Rb3 ai bi cvMvwgs Gi f vl veenvi Ki vnq _vK| h_vt
1. hvwK f vl v(Machine Language)
2. Gvm^j xf vl v(Assembly Language)
3. DP i i f vl v (High Level Language)
1. hvwK fvlvt hvwb K f vl vi mnR K_vnQhi f vl v| Computer Gi hi f vl vnQevBbvi xf vl v| A_vr
Computer evBbvi xmsLvQvpvAbKvb f vl vevmsLvMYbvKi Z cvi bv| Avgi vComputer G h mKj
k j wL g~j Z ZvComputer G BbcyUKi vi ci DnvevBbvi xA_ vr 0 A_ev1| G cwi eZb Ki Processor
evHard Disk G ci Y Ki | Avevi gwbUi evwcUi gvag `Lvi mgq evBbvi x_K cwi eZb Ki D
k i cvwi Z Ki vnq| gvUK_vh f vl vq cvMvg i PbvKi vi Rbgwkbi f vl vA_vr evBbvi xmsLveenvi
Ki cvMvg i PbvKi vnq ZvK hvwK f vl vevMachine Language ej vnq| GB f vl vq cvMvg i PbvKi j
Zv`Z wbevn nq|
2. Gvm^j xfvlv(Assembly Language)t Computer K mi vmwi evBbvi xcwZZ BbcyUGes wb`k
c`vbi cwi eZBbcyUGes wb`ki f vl vK AbKUvgvbyl i KvQvKvwQf vl vq i cvi Ki h f vl vq cvMvg
i PbvKi vnq ZvK Gvm^j xf vl vevAssembly Language ej vnq| Kvb Computer K hvMKi vi
wb`k w`Z nj Machine Language G ADD wj L Program i PbvKi vnq|
3. DPii fvlv (High Level Language) t h f vl vq Program i PbvKi Z gvby l i gyLi f vl vK wbw`
wbqg eenvi Ki Program i PbvKi vnq ZvK DP i i f vl vevHigh Level Language ej vnq Kvb
BASIC, C++, Pascel BZvw`Z Programming i Pbvi f vl vK DyP i i f vl vevHigh Level
Language Programming ej vnq| DP i i f vl vK hi f vl vq i cvi Ki vi RbCompiler ev
Interpreter eenvi Ki vnq|
cvMvg iPbvi wewfbavc
wbf yj f ve Program i PbvKi Z 4wUavc KvR mbKi Z nq| avcj vnQ-
1. mgmvmbv Ki Y Ges wekl Y Ki v
2. cevnwP (Flow chart) Zwi Ki v|
3. KvWKi vevProgram i PbvKi v|
4. wU`~i Ki vevDebagging.
1. mgmvmbv KiY GesweklY Kivt Kvb cqvRbxq mgmvi mvl RbK mgvavb DcbxZ nI qvB GKwU
cvMvgi g~j j | KvRB c_g KvR nQmgmvwUK mwVKf ve mbv evwbavi Y Ki v| Zvc ci DnvK
cqvRb Abymvi wekl Y Ki v
Kvb Program i PbvKi ZvK|<<< << <|=|< <|| |< << -< |< |<|< << |<
wmv= |< << | - |< = < |+|=# Programming Gi f vl vq ej vnq Algorithm.
2. cevnwP (Flow chart) Zwi Kivt Kvb Program i PbvKi vi c~ecvMvgi i _K kl ch
avcj vK wP i gvag Dcvcb Ki vK cevnwP evFlow chart ej vnq| Program AsKb Ki wbZ ne|
3. KvWKivevcvMvg iPbvKivt Algorithm Ges Flow chart AbyhvqxProgram i Pbvevj LvKB-
Programming Gi f vl vq Cding ej vnq| GB avcwUB nQProgramming Gi Avmj avc| A_vr G avc
Program j Lvevi PbvKi vnq _vK|
4. wU`~i KivevDebugging Kivt Program i PbvKi vi mgq wewf bai bi wU`Lvw`Z cvi |
wUj vnQ-Syatax Error, Logical Error, Execultion Error BZvw`| G me wUj vai vcovi
20

ci Gj vG j v`~i Ki w`Z nq| hLb Program wU wUgy ne ZLbB Program wU i c j Lv
mgv ne| wU`~i Ki vB nQProgram i Pbvi kl avc|
cvMvwgs j vyqR KwDUvi i Rb AZi Zc~~Y| Gi gvag Lye mnRB cvMvwgs AvDUcyUcvI qvhvq|
cvMvwgs j vsqR wewf bcKvi i nq _vK| eenvi Kvi K Zvi h_v_wb`kbvw`q eenvi Ki Z ne| Avevi
cvMvg Ki vi RbI eenvi KvxK h_v_cwZMZ avc Abymi Y Ki B KvR Ki Z ne|

msLvcwZ evbv^vwis wmg
t
mf Zvi Avw`Kvj _KB gvbyl MYbvi cqvRbxqZvAbyf e Ki AvmQ| MYbvi wewf bchvq gvbyl Avyj , KvwV, bywo
cv_i , i wkZ wMUw`q Ges gvwUZ ev`qvj `vMKUMYbvi Kvhmv`b Ki Q| mf Zvi weZbi wewf bch vq
MYbvi Rbwewf bDcKi Y eeZ nq AvmQ| G f ve MYbvwkvi Rbwewf bmvsKwZK wP, eY, msLvBZvwì
cPj b i nq| L c~e3400 mvj nvqwMwd (Hieroglyphics) wP evmsLvcwZ eenvi i gvag mec_g
MYbvi KvR wj wLZ msLvevwPi cPj b i nq| Gi ci i nq gqvY (Mayan) cwZ Ges L c~e400
mvj i vgvb (Roman) msLvcwZ i nq|
msLvcwZt mf Zvi AMMwZi avc avc gvbyl i eyw< ||< |<<| <|< |< =| |< <|
bvbvai bi wP evcZxKi eenvi i Ki | cvPxb evwej bi gvbyl `yai bi MYbvcwZ eenvi Ki Z| QvU
MYbvi Rb10-wf wK msLvcwZ eenvi Ki Z Ges eo msLvi Rbeenvi Ki Z 60-wf wK msLvcwZ| cvq
500 wL vi w`K Avi ei vG cwZ AvqZKi f vi Zxqì KvQ_K| Gi ci Avi e wevbxAvj Lvqvwi Rgx10-
wf wZ&K msLvcwZi Dci Avi exZ eB cKvk Ki b| Zuvi GB eBwUj vwUb f vl vq Abyev` Ki vnq BDi vc I DbZ
wekwn`y -Avi exq MYbvcwZ wnme cPwj Z nq| eZgvb mvavi Y wkveevq MvwYwZK KvRj vKi vnq 10-
wf wK msLvcwZZ|
MvwYwZK KvR mbKi vi RbAvgi vh wewf bDcvq MYbvi KvR Ki _vwK ZvK msLvcwZ evbv^vwi s wmg
ej vnq| A_vr MYbvi KvR Ki vi Rbh me cwZ eenvi Ki vnq ZvK msLvcwZ ej vnq|
msLvcwZi cKvif`t
eZgvb cPwj Z msLvcwZ Pvi wU| h_v-
1. Wwmgj (Decimal) ev`kwgK msLvcwZ|
2. evBbvi x(Binary) ev`yB-wf wK msLvcwZ|
3. Avj (Octal) evAvU-wf wK msLvcwZ|
4. n vWwmgj (Hexadecimal) evl vj -wf wK msLvcwZ|
1. Wwmgj (Decimal) ev`kwgK msLvcwZt h cwZZ msLvMYbvi Rb`kwUwf w eenvi Ki vnq ZvK
Wwmgj (Decimal) ev`kwgK msLvcwZ ej vnq| G cwZi wf w j vnQ0, 1 ,2 ,3 ,4, 5 ,6, 7, 8 I
9| eZgvb wnmve wbKvki RbAvgi vmvavi YZ G cwZ eenvi Ki _vwK| hgb 12 (evi ), 25 (cuwPk), 102
(GK kZ `yB) BZvw`|
2. evBbvix(Binary) ev`yB-wfwK msLvcwZt h cwZZ msLvMYbvi Rb2 (`yB) wUwf w eevni Ki vnq
ZvK evBbvi x(Binary) ev`yB-wf wK msLvcwZ ej vnq| Gi wf wj vnQ0 I 1| hgb 101 (cuvP),
111 (mvZ) BZvw` mvavi YZ KwDUvi h Kvb MYbvi KvR evBbvi xmsLvcwZi gvvag Ki _vK|
3. Avj (Octal) evAvU-wfwK msLvcwZt h msLvcwZi wf w 8 (AvU) wUZK Avj (Octal) evAvU-
wf wK msLvcwZ ej vnq| G cwZi wf wj vnQ- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 I 7| BnvI GKwUKwDUvi Gi
wnmve wbKvk K`xq msLvcwZ| hgb- 101 (cql w), 17 (cbi ) BZvw`|
21

4. n vWwmgj (Hexadecimal) evlvj -wfwK msLvcwZt h msLvcwZi wf w msLv16 (l vj ) ZvK
n vWwmgj msLvcwej vnq| Gi wf w j vnQ- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E I F|
BnvI GKwUKwDUvi Avf vwi b MYbvi msLvcwZ| hgb 1F (GKw k), 11 (mZi ) BZvw`|

KwDUvi MvwYwZK m~ vewj i eenvi evMvwYwZK mgmvewj i mvgvavb msLvcwZi cqvMKi vhvq| wekl Ki
cXwkUwekl Y cvMvg mn Abvb MvwYwZK Kvhvewj Z MvwYwZK msLvcwZ evbv^vwi s wmg Acwi nvh|
G eenvi Kvi xK AekB wewf bbv^vwi s cwZi cqvMmKRvbZ ne| Zvi ci Kvh Gi cqvMKi v
hve|

Wwmgj msLvK evBbvix, Avj I n vWwmgj GesWwmgj icv< |=<| t
h Kvb Wwmgj msLvK evBbvi x, Avj I n vWwmgj - G i cvwi Z Ki Z nj h cwZZ i cvwi Z Ki Z
-< +|< || | |<| t t | << < |< <|< |< < | << < || =|
wj Lj mswk msLvcwZi msLvwUcvI qvhve|
. Wwmgj msLv75 K evBbvi xZ i cvi
2 75
2 37-1
2 18-1
2 9-0
2 4-1
2 2-0
2 1-0
0-1
A_vr 75
10
=1001011
2

wet`t msLvi Wvb w`Ki bxPi w`K msLvwU`L wf wi msLvA_vr Kvb msLvcwZi msLvZveySvhvq|

. Wwmgj msLv75 K Avj msLvcwZZ i cvi -
8 75
8 9-3
8 1-1
0-1
A_vr 75
10
=113
8

. Wwmgj msLv75 K n vWwmgj msLvcwZZ i cvi -
16 75
16 8-B
0-4
A_vr 75
10
=4 B
16
h Kvb evBbvi xAvj A_evn vwWwmgj msLvK Wwmgj msLvq i cvi -
22

h Kvb evBbvi x, Avj A_evn Wwmgj msLvK Wwmgj msLvq i cvwi Z Ki Z nj Wvb w`K nZ msLv
|< =| | |bP wj L D msLvcwZi wf w msLvi NvZ (Power) () << =| :, -, , -,
-- BZvw` wj L D msLvj vi mv_ Y Ki mekl hvMKi j Wwmgj msLvwUcvI qvhvq-

(1) evBbvi xmsLv1001011 K Wwmgj G i cvi -
12
0
= 11 = 1
12
1
= 12 = 2
12
2
= 14 = 0
12
3
= 18 = 8
02
4
= 016 = 0
12
5
= 132 = 0
12
6
= 164 = 64
75
A_vr 1001011
2
=75
10

(2) Avj msLv113 K Wwmgj G i cvi -

38
0
=31 =3
18
1
=18 =8
12
2
=164 =64
75
A_vr 113
8
=75
10

(3) n vWwmgj msLv4K Wwmgj G icvi
16
0
=111 =11
416
1
=416 =64
75
A_vr 4

=75
10

23

md&UI qvi

g~j Zt KwDUvi i md&UI qvi nQGKwUA`kkw | Avgi vgvbyl i `nK nvWI qvi ai j md&UI qvi nQZvi
cvY| nvWI qvi mwZKvi A_KwDwUs KvR Ki Ges md&UI qvi KwDUvi Pvj vq| KwDUvi i nvWI qvi i Kvh
gZvK eenvi i RbcqvRbxq cvMvg mg~nKB md&UI qvi ej vnq| md&UI qvi eenvi Kvi xGes nvWI qvi i
mv_ hvMvhvMi vKi _vK| Dchy md&UI qvi i cf ve KwDUvi Ro c`v_nZ MvwYwZK kw mbeywgvb
< < |<| <<< |< ||, < |<| || || +| |D || <|<<
AvI Zvq co|

wewfbaibi md&UI qvi
KwDUvi i md&UI qvi wewf bai bi | eenvwi K i Zi Dci wf w Ki KwDUvi i md&UI qvi K cavbZ `yUv
kYxZ wef Ki vhvq| hgb
K. wmg md&UI qvi (System Software)
L. cvKR eveenvwi K md&UI qvi (Application software)
K. wmg md&UI qvit KwDUvi i GKwU i Zc~YGes AweQ` BDwbU nQwmg md&UI qvi | A_vr
KwDUvi i wewf bAski KvRi mg^q i vKvi xI eenvwi K wbevni mshvMi vKvi xBDwbUKB wmg
md&UI qvi ej vnq| KwDUvi cwi Pvj bvi RbeeZ wewf bcvMvg wmg md&UI qvi Gi Af y |
Acvi wUs wmg wmg md&UI qvi i GKwUi Zc~YAsk|
wmg md&UI qvii BDwbUt wmg md&UI qvi cavbZ || #| < | | D <<| -|-
1. wmg wbqY cvMvg|
2. wmg mnvqK cvMvg|
3. wmg Dbqb cvMvg|
L. cvKR eveenvwiK md&UI qvit <||< |<|< <<-||<< | |<| <| || |=|<<<
eeZ cvMvgKB eenvwi K md&UI qvi evcvKR md&UI qvi ej vnq| G cvKR md&UI qvK Avevi
=|D< <|< |< ||- <<| - <|< <||< <<-|<<|<| |# |< <||<< |<|
<<-|< << || < <| | |<| << <<| || |=|<<< || <| << |<
eenvwi K mgmvmgvavbi RbAbK i Kg cvMvg Zwi Ki evwYwRK cYwnme evRvi Qvovnq| I qvW
cmwms, WwmW, WvUveR BZvw` cvKR cvMvg ej eeZ Ges Rbwcq|
cKvif`t cvKR md&UI qvi K cavbZ `yUvf vMwef Ki vnq _vK| hgb-
1. =<< |=| |< <|<
2. mgw^Z |=|< |< <|<
1. =<< |=<| i|<t <<| =< <<< | |<|< =<< |=| |< <<-|< <<| - <|<
cvMvg eenvi Ki mnRB mgmvmgvavb Ki vhvq| mvavi YZ wj wc cZi RbeeZ I qvWvi , e i vBUvi ,
I qvW, I qvWcvi d, Mvd, evi PvU, cvB-|, #| =< << |, | D| #||- =<< |=|
cvKR cvMvgi D`vni Y|
2. +|+ |=<| i|<t =<||<< |=| |<|< < << <|||< |< |<| <| = <<<
|< ||< | |=| |< <| - = |<| |=| |<|< RbAbK i Kg cvMvgi
mg^q Ki vnq _vK| GKB dvBj i WvUvw`q wewf bai bi KvR Ki Z nj GKxf ~Z cvKR mnvqK nq|
|| :,-, |#=|, =?, <|<| #||- <<| | | |< ||

24

wmg md&UI qvi GescvKR md&UI qvi
KwDUvi i nvWI qvi i KvhgZvK eenvi i Rb cqvRbxq cvMvg mg~nKB md&UI qvi ej vnq| Dchy
md&UI qvi i cf ve KwDUvi Ro c`v_nZ MvwYwZK kw mbeywgvb hi c bq| wewf bai bi cvKR
cvMvg md&UI qvi i AvI Zvq co|
wmg md&UI qvit wmg md&UI qvi nQKwDUvi i GKwUAweQ` BDwbU| Acvi wUs wmg, wmg
md&UI qvi i GKwUi Zc~YAsk| KwDUvi eeZ wewf bcvMvg wmg md&UI qvi i GKwUi Zc~YAsk
|-<# |D ||< |<| <|< | <|<< || #| < <-
2. wmg wbqY cvMvg|
3. wmg mnvqK cvMg|
4. wmg Dbqb cvMvg|
wmg md&UI qvii KvRt <||<< | <|<< < <|<|<| | D <<| -|-
1. wmg md&UI qvi KwDUvi i wewf bAski mwnZ mg^q i vKi |
2. eenvwi K cvMvg wbevni RbKwDUvi mvg_K mv_Kf ve wbqvwRZ i vL|
3. Acvi wUs wmg wmg md&UI qvi GKwUi Zc~YAsk wnme KvR Ki _vK|
cvKR md&UI qvit KwDUvi h mKj cvMvg wbw` eenvwi K cqvRbi mvemKj cKvi wb`k Zwi Ki `qv
_vK eenvi Kvi xK wbR Kvb cvMvg Zwi Ki Z nq bv, wbw` eenvwi K cqvRb mvemKj cKvi wb`k Ges
myhvMGK Ki h me eenvwi K cvMvg Zwi Ki vnq ZvKB cvKR cvMvg ej vnq| GK Avevi cvKR
=|D< <|< |< ||- <<| - <|< |<|< <| |, |, ||< #||- |<
md&UI qvi bvg ej Rbwcq| cvKR md&UI qvi mvavi YZ `yB ai bi nq _vK| hgb-
K. cvMvwgs j vsqR|
L. cvKR cvMvg|
cvKR md&UI qvii KvRt KwDUvi cvKR md&UI qvi i i Zc~YKvhvewj wbDcvcb Ki vnj v
1. GZ wbw` eenvwi K cqvRbi mvemKj cKvi wb`k Zwi Ki v_vK|
2. GZ mKj myhvMGK Ki cvMvg Zwi Ki vnq _vK|
3. eenvwi K mgmvmgvavb GK eenvi Ki vnq|
wmg md&UI qvi GescvKR md&UI qvii cv_Kt KwDUvi i wmg md&UI qvi Ges cvKR md&UI qvi i
gagwj K A_h_ cv_Kwe`gvb i qQ| G ÙvB KwDUvi i i Zc~YAsk| Gì KvhKvwi ZvAbK
ewk| Gì cf veB KwDUvi MvwYwZK kw mbeywgvb hi c wbq _vK| KwDUvi i f vl veenvi Ki
cvqvRbxq cvMvg i PbvKi vme nq _vK| wbQKi gvag KwDUvi i wmg md&UI qvi Ges cvKR
md&UI qvi i gacv_KDcvcb Ki vnj v
wmg md&UI qv cvKR md&UI qvi
2. wmg md&UI qvi nj v KwDUvi i AweQ`
BDwbU|

3. GwUKwDUvi i wewf bAski mwnZ mg^q i v
Ki |

4. wmg md&UI qvi cavbZ wZbwUBDwbUhy |
5. wmg md&UI qvi i i Zc~YAsk nj vAcvi wUs
wmg|

6. wmg md&UI qvi cvKR md&UI qvi i Kvhvewj K
wbevn Ki Y mnvqZvKi _vK|
1. cvKR md&UI qvi nj v KwDUvi i GKwU
i Zc~YcvMvg|
2. GwUcvMvgi wbw` cqvRbi mvemKj cKvi
wb`k Zwi Ki `q|
3. cvKR md&UI qvi GKK cvMvg m^wj Z|
4. cvKR md&UI qvi i ga, I qvWcmwms,
WwmUGes WvUveR wekl i Zc~Y|
5. cvKR md&UI qvi wmg md&UI qvi i mnvqZv
wbq cvi mvbvj KwDUvi i eenvi hvM wewf b
cvMvg Zwi Ki _vK|

25

KwDUvii cvY : AcviwUs wmg

KwDUvi i cvYkw nQmd&UI qvi | mvavi YZ KwDUvi vi vKvb KvR Ki Z nj mLvb md&UI qvi wekl
cqvRb nq| md&UI qvi KwDUvi cwi Pvj bvKi _vK| GwUKwDUvi K w`q KvR Ki vq| eZ md&UI qvi nQ
KwDUvi i wb`kgvj v|
AcviwUswmgt
Acvi wUs wmg KwDUvi i GKwUi Zc~YAsk| Acvi wUs wmg bv_vKj KwDUvi i hcvwZ w`q A_ev
Kvb cvMvg w`q KvR Ki vhZ bv| Acvi wUs wmgi Rbgvbyl Lye mnRB KwDUvi eenvi Ki Z cvi Q|
myZi vs KwDUvi wkvi Acvi wUs wmg AZi Zen| Acvi wUs wmg KwDUvi i cvMvg
cwi Pvj bvi RbDchy cwi ek Zwi Ki _vK|
KwDUvi cwi Pvj bvq Acvi wUs wmg nj vg~j Zt GKwUwmg md&UI qvi | A_vr h md&UI qvi KwDUvi i
|<| < < |< << <||<< |<< <| || =||D< <|< |< || <<
ZvnvB nQAcvi wUs wmg| Abf ve ej vhvq KwDUvi i wbR^wbqYi Rbh me cvMvg eeZ nq ZvKB
Acvi wUs wmg ej vnq| wUAZi Zc~Y|
Acvi wUs wmg g~j Zt AbKj vcvMvgi mgw| mgw^^Zf ve G cvMvgj vKB KwDUvi i Af i
eenvi Kvwi i Kgcwi ek mw Ki _vK Ges eenvi Kvi xi nc QvovKwDUvi K Abei Z Pvj yi vL| D`vni Y
wnme wbv j vK Dcvcb Ki vhvq| hgb-
1. Wm 4. DBvR 98
2. BDwb 5. DBvR 2000
3. DBvR 95 6. gvK BZvw`|

AcviwUswmgi cqvRbxqZvt KwDUvi cwiPvj bvq AcviwUswmg D
it
KwDUvi i Acvi wUs wmg cvMvg cwi Pvj bvq Dchy cwi ek mw Ki _vK| md&UI qvi evcvMvg cwi Pvj bvi
RbAcvi wUs wmg eenvi Kvi xGes cvMvgK wekl wKQymweav cv`b Ki _vK| G myweavj vc`vbi g~j
D knj vKwDUvi eenvi mnRZi Ki v|

KwDUvi i Acvi wUs wmg cvMvg cwi Pvj bvq Dchy cwi ek mw Ki _vK| md&UI qvi evcvMvg cwi Pvj bvi
RbAcvi wUs wmg eenvi Kvi xGes cvMvgK wekl wKQymweav cv`b Ki _vK| G myweavj vc`vbi g~j
D knj vKwDUvi eenvi mnRZi Ki v| KwDUvi i cvY md&UI qvi Gi Avj vK Acvi wUs wmgi f ~wgKv
wbAvj vPbvKi vnj v-
1. cvMvg cwiPvj bvt KwDUvi cvMvg cwi Pvj bvKi vAcvi wUs wmgi c`vb KvR| Kvb cvMvg cwi Pvj bvi
Rb h mKj i wUb evdvskb cvMvgi cqvRb nq Acvi wUs wmg Zvmi ei vn Ki _vK| GQvov
eenvi Kvi xi eenvi i RbAcvi wUs wmg cvMvg ggvwi Z cqvRb Abymvi msi Y Ki _vK|
2. BbcyU/AvDUcyUAcvikbt GKwUwbevnxcvMvg h Kvb AvDUcyUAcvi kb hgb Kvb wbw` dvBj nZ cvi
Zgwbf ve GwUwbw` BbcyUAvDUcyUwWf vBmnZ cvi | G wbw` dvskb cvMvgi cqvRb nq|
3. dvBj wmg wbqYt Acvi wUs wmgi Avi GKwUi Zc~YKvR nj vdvBj wmg wbqY Ki v| mvavi YZ
cvMvg cwi Pvj bvi Rbwewf bi Kg dvBj i Z_wbw`Ki Y cqvRb nZ cvi | Gi cvkvcvwk wewf bai bi
dvBj Zwi evgyQdj vi cqvRb `Lvw`Z cvi | Acvi wUs wmg vi R wWf vBmG Kvhmbnq|
4. wUwbYqt Acvi wUs wmg me mgq mve wUwbYqi RbmRvM_vK| wUwewf bwWf vBmG `Lv
w`Z cvi | hgb ggvwi , BbcyU, AvDUcyUwWf vBmBZvw`Z wU`Lvw`Z cvi | KwDUvi cwZwU
wUi RbAcvi wUs wmg mwVK c`c bq Ges wUmvi vbvi eevI MnY Ki _vK|
5. wmg ebt hw` GKvwaK eenvi Kvi xGKvwaK cvMvgi mv_ Kvhi Z _vK Ze KwDUvi myzcwi Pvj bvi Rb
wmgi wewf bAsk mevi mv_ i ZAbymvi eb Ki w`Z nq| Acvi wUs wmgK me mgq wewf bi Kg
ebi KvR Ki Z nq| G wmg wekl wKQyAsk eb Ki vi Rbwekl eb KvWeeZ nq|
6. GKvDwUst AbK mgq eenvi Kvi xKZUzKzcwi gvY wmgi Kvb Ask eenvi Ki QZvwbYq Ki vi cqvRb
`Lv`q| m G me Z_msi Yi KvRI Acvi wUs wmg Ki _vK| GKvDwUs myweavc~Yi c MnYi
= || < - < |=| =<|Ri wi nq _vK|
26

7. Zveavbt hLb GKvwaK eenvi Kvi xGKwUwmg eenvi Ki ZLb cZK eenvi Kvi xZvi Z_K Abi
KvQ_K mwi q i vLZ mP nq| Acvi wUs wmg G myweavc`vb Ki _vK| Avevi hLb GKvwaK wewf b
i Kg KvR GKB mv_ cwi Pvj bvKi Z Ì qvnq ZLb hvZ GKwUKvR AbwUi weNbvNUvq Zvi h_vh_
Zveavb mywbwZ Ki Z nq|

AcviwUswmgi cKvif`

KwDUvi i Acvi wUs wmgK MVb Ges Kvhi Dci wf w Ki wbv wewf bkYxZ f vMKi vnq _vK| hgb-
1. evP cmwms wmg|
2. gvw cvMvwgs Acvi wUs wmg|
3. gvw cmwms wmg|
4. UvBg kqvwi s Acvi wUs wmg|
5. wi qj UvBg Acvi wUs wmg|
6. wWwweDUWAcvi wUs wmg|
1. evPcmwmswmgt h Acvi wUs wmg GKwUwbw` mgq ai wewf beenvi Kvi xUvwgbvj nZ Dcvj v
=<| ||- | ||< |+ < |+ || =<<| |=|<< << - |< <| |<|
wmg ej vnq| evswKs Kvhmvi vw`bi j b-`b kl g~j Uvwgbvj Dcvj vK vbvwi Z Ki Zvi
|=|<< << <<| - -j vBb cmwms Gi evP cmwms Ki vhZ cvi |
2. gvw cmwmsAcviwUswmgt KwDUvi h Acvi wUs wmg GK mv_ GKvwaK cvMvg GK cwi Pvj bv
Ki vhvq ZvK gvw cmwms Acvi wUs wmg ej vnq| GK Avevi gvwUvws Acvi wUs wmg bvgI Awf wnZ
Ki vhvq| gvw cmwms Acvi wUs wmg RAM Gi gva <|< |<|-| ||< |=| |<<< - <|<
G ai bi Acvi wUs wmg Kvb cvMvgi KvR e Ki Z nj CPU K BUvi cUcvMvwgs Gi RbAbyi va
cvVvq hvci eZxZ CPU KvhKi xKi _vK|
3. gvw cmwmsAcviwUswmgt KwDUvi gvw cmwms wmg `yB ev`yqi AwaK cmmi mgw^^Z cwZZ
KvR Ki _vK| GZ wewf bcvMvgi wb`k ev^ZcvMvg GKB mGKvwaK cmmi KvhKi xnq _vK|
Avevi wewf bcmmi GKB mvGKB cvMvgi wewf bwb`k KvhKi Ki Z cvi | G Acvi wUs wmg
mycvi f vBRvi cvMvg wewf bcvMvgi RbwZi cwi gvY ei v Ki _vK| G myL cmmi Ges cavb
cmmi wekl f ve KvhKi xnq _vK|
4. UvBg kqvwisAcviwUswmgt mvavi YZ CPU w`q GKB mgq KqKwUcvMvgi KvR GK mv_ mgv Ki vi
|=|# -| |# ||< |<| | = cZK eenvi Kvi xi KvR K`xq wKsevwbavwi Z cmmi
vi vmbnq _vK| GZ mgq ei v _vK GKs wbavwi Z mgqi gaAbcvMvgi mvnvhKi vnq _vK|
CPU <| ||< < < =<| << |# D|# <<-|< << <|<
5. wmqj UvBg AcviwUswmgt KwDUvi cKZ mgq evwi qj UvBg Acvi wUs nQPj gvb NUbvevcwi wwZi
dj | GZ Pj gvb NUbvevcwi wwZi cwi cwZ mmcqvRbxq eevMnY Ki vnq _vK| wi qj UvBg
+| ||< - |=| - <|< |< |# |<| | <| ||| -Z cv
BbcyUi Kj mmcZ nq| GZ GKB mGKvwaK Uvwgbvj KvR Pj Z cvi | cwZ wgwbUdvBj mekl
| <<|< |=| <|- <|< |<
6. wWwweDUWAcviwUswmgt KwDUvi wWwweDUWAcvi wUs wmg nQGK mshy KZj vcmmi
<| ||< <<| <D< KvbwUB kqvi Ki bv| cwZwUcmmi i wbR^j vKvj ggvwi _vK hvnvBxWWvUv
A_evj vBbi gvag wbRì gawbR^hvMvhvMi vKi _vK| wWwweDUWAcvi wUs wmg cavbZ
wZb cKvi i | hgb-
K. j vKvj Gwi qvbUI qvK|
L. gUvcwj Ub Gwi qvbUI qvK|
M. I qvBWGwi qvbUI qvK|
27

evPcmwmsGeswiqj UvBg cmwms
t
KwDUvi wewf bcKvi Acvi wUs wmgi gaevP cmwms Acvi wUs wmg Ges wi qj UvBg Acvi wUs wmg
AZi Zc~Y| Gì KvhKvwi Zvq h_ cv_Kwe`gvb i qQ|
evPcmwmsAcviwUswmgt KwDUvi < |<| | =<|< < =<| || <|= |<|| <<|
nq ZvKB evP cmwms Acvi wUs wmg ej vnq| G ai bi Acvi wUs wmg GKwUi ci GKwUKvR wbw` mgq
mbKi vnq _vK| G BbcyUGes AvDUcyUZ_i Av`vb c`vbi mgq CPU Aj mmgqcb Ki _vK|
eenvi Kvi xZvi myweavgZvwbavwi Z cvMvgi KvR wbavwi Z mgq mbKi vi gvbmevP cmwms Acvi wUs wmg
cqvMKi _vKb| evswKs KvhGwULye ewk KvhKi x|
wiqj UvBg cmwmsAcviwUswmgt mvavi YZ hvwK wmg wbqYi RbKwDUvi h me cvMvg eenvi Ki v
nq ZvKB wi qj UvBg Acvi wUs wmg ej vnq| G `yqi AwaK Acvi wUs wmg GK _vK| dj Kvb
=<| |<| | - |< |< |<| | |= - = < - |
Ges cvMvg b nq hvq bv| GZ eenvi Kvi xZvi c~Y`ZvK KvR j vMvZ cvi |
mvavi YZ mvUj vBUi Aevb, MwZ, Zi b, N~Yqb, mgq cY BZvw` Z_vwì h_v_wnme wbKvk wi qj UvBg
Acvi wUs wmg wekl f ve KvhKi xnq _vK| Gi mvnvh gnvk~bi i KUhvb, mvUj vBUi MwZ Ges Aevb
wbqY Ki vhvq| GRb ej vnq AZvaywbK KwDUvi cvMvgi Dbqb wi qj UvBg cmwms Acvi wUs wmg
AZKvhKi xi c eeZ nq|
evPcmwmsGeswiqj UvBc cmwmsGi cv_Kt evP cmwms Acvi wUs wmg Ges wi qj UvBc cmwms Acvi wUs
wmgi gacv_Kwbi QK Dcvcb Ki vnj v
evPcmwms wiqj UvBc cmwms
1. evP cmwms Acvi wUs wmg GKwUi ci GKwU
|| <|= |<|| << -
2. G GKwUwbw` mgq Ai Ai wbw` Kvh
mbKi Z nq|
3. G BbczU, AvDUcyU Z_i Av`vb c`vbi
mgq CPU Aj mmgq cb Ki _vK|
4. Gi KvhMwZ AcvKZ Kg nq|
5. Kvb Kvi Y Acvi wUs wmg e nq Mj mg
KvhMwZ _g hvq|

6. evswKs KvhWvUvcmwms Gi ai bi Acvi wUs
wmg Lye ewk KvhKi x|
1. mvavi YZ KwDUvi hvwK wmg wbqYi Rbh
me cvMvgi eenvi Ki vnq ZvKB wi qj UvBg
cmwms Acvi wUs wmg ej vnq|
2. GZ eenvi Kvi xKwDUvi c~Y`ZvK KvR
j vMvZ cvi b| mgq b nq bv|
3. G CPU Aj mmgq cb Ki vi Kvb
myhvMbB|
4. Gi KvhMwZ AcvKZ ewk nq _vK|
5. Kvb Kvi Y GKwUAcvi wUs wmg e nq
| || -# |= -
KvhMwZ _g hvq bv|
6. mvUj vBUGes gnvKvk hvbi MwZ I AveZb
wbqY G wmg eenvi Ki vnq|

AcviwUswmgi MVb
t
KwDUvi i Acvi wUs wmg KZj vcvMvgi mgw| Acvi wUs wmgi MVbK cavbZ `yB f vMf vMKi eY bv
Ki vhvq| hgb-
K. wbqY cvMvg (Control Programme)
L. mvwf mcvMvg (Survice Programme)
K. wbqY cvMvgt <||< | <<|< |< |< |<| | |< <| <<|< |= - |
||< D<| <<| -|| - # | =< <| | <<| -|< | =< <| |<
gaDcv Pj vPj wbqY Ki v, eo cvMvgj vK QvUQvUf vMwef Ki cwi Pvj bvKi v, cvMvg cwi Pvj bvi
<|<= <| <<| =< =<||<< || =<# * <<-|< <<|< <<| <<| <| <|, |<, ||<, #||-<
eenvi Ki Lye mnRB Kvhnvwmj Ki v| KwDUvi i wbqY cvMvgK Avevi wZb f vMf vMKi vnq _vK|
hgb-
1. mycvi f vBRvi cvMvg|
28

2. Re KUvj cvMvg|
3. BbcyUI AvDUcyUcvMvg|
1. mycvifvBRvi cvMvgt Acvi wUs wmg KwDUvi Pvj ynI qvi mv_ mv_ mycvi f vBRvi cvMvg K`xq
|=|<< #|< <| | <| << |< |b cvMvgj vmnvqK wZZ _vK| cqvRb
|< |<|#< || |-<< <| | | | =< || |<| |D <| <<
Avevi mnvqK wZZ wdwi q wbq hvq| Gf veB mycvi f vBRi cvMvg KvR Ki _vK|
2. Re KUvj cvMvgt KwDUvi i mvnvhKvR Ki vi mgq GKwUKvRi ci AbKvR Ki Z gvSLvb Aj mmgq
_vK| G Aj mmgqi AcPq cwi nvi Ki vi Rb AvaywbK cwZZ AbKj vKvR mvwi ef ve i vLvnq|
Acvi wUs wmgi wbqY cvMvgi A < <| || = ||<<+|< || <|| <|=
mbKi vi `vwqZcvj b Ki _vK|
3. BbcyUI AvDUcyUcvMvgt KwDUvi BbcyUGes AvDUcyUcvMvg nQAcvi wUs wmgi i Zc~YAsk|
# =< | || <||<< <-| |=|<<< #|< <|< |< |< << <|<
KvRi mgq BbcyUGes AvDUcyUhi mKvb cKvi cwZMZ AmwZ `Lvw`j ZvKwDUvi i c`vq
# =< | <-| |=|<< #| | =< <||- |- -|< <| |
I cwi Pvj bvKi _vK|
L. mvwfmcvMvgt <||<< |<| |< || || < |< |=|Ki Y Ges BDwUwj wUcvMvgi
mgw^^Z AevKB evSvbvnq _vK| mvwf mcvMvgi gvagB KwDUvi i Acvi wUs wmgi wbqY
cvMvgi Kvhvwì mdj ZvGm_vK| mvwf mcvMvgK `yB f vMwef Ki vhvq| hgb-
1. |=<|<< ||+t KwDUvi i mvwf mcvMvgi |=|<< ||< <|# - |<| < |<|
wj wLZ cvMvg hvwK f vl vq i cvwi Z Ki v| Acvi wUs wmgi mvwf mcvMvgi A |=|<< ||#
Abyev`K cvMvg wnme eenZ nq| Abyev`K cvMvgi cavb wZZ Aevb Ki DPi i f vl vq j Lv
cvMvgK hvwK f vl vq i cv|< << |=|<<< <| <|| << <|<
2. BDwUwj wUcvMvgt || ||< #||| || |=|<<< | =< <<|<
<|=|<|< |<Ki `q| webKi vGKvwaK dvBj GKxf ~Z Ki mekl Z_m^wj Z GKwUdvBj
Zwi Ki _vK| me kl BbcyUGes AvDUcyUwWf vBR nZ Dcvj vK vbvi b Ki _vK|

eYwfwK (CUI: Character User Interface) GeswP wfwK AcviwUswmg (GUI:
Graphical User Interface)

eYwfwK AcviwUswmgt mvavi YZ wewf bai bi eYevU Ueenvi Ki KwDUvi cwi Pvj bvKi vnj ZvK eY
wf wK Acvi wUs wmg (Text Based Operating System) ej vnq| G ai bi Acvi wUs wmg KxevWnZ wewf b
eY, msLv, cZxK BZvw` UvBc Ki KwDUvi cqvRbxq wb`kbvc`vb Ki Z nq| U Uwf wK Acvi wUs wmg
KvR Ki Z Mj eenvi Kvi xK AvM_KB Kgv Rvbv_vKZ nq Ges wmbU AbyhvqxZvcqvMKi Z nq|
|#=| <||< < << < ||< |<| | - DOS.
eYwfwK AcviwUswmgi myweavt
1. eYwf wK Acvi wUs wmg wewf beY, msLvcZxK UvBc Ki KwDUvi evZvg Pvc w`j B cqvRbxq wb`k
Pj Avm|
2. GZ wmg AbyhvqxKvR Ki j Lye f vj dj cvI qvhvq|
3. DOS Gi ej eeZ KwDUvi i vAcvi wUs wmg nj veYwf wK Acvi wUs wmg hvi eenvwi K
mydj AbK ewk|
Amyweavewj t
1. eYwf wK Acvi wUs wmg eenvi Ki Kvhnvwmj Ki Z mgq ewk j vM|
2. eenvi Kvi xi h_v_Kvh`Zvbv_vKj G BwZ D knvwmj nq bv|
3. h me eYUvBc Ki Z ne Zvì KvbwUGw`K I w`K nj KwDUvi Kvhmvov`q bv|
29

4. eYi gvS h_v_duvK i vLvevbxq bZzevdj wf bZi nq|

wP wfwK AcviwUswmgt mvavi YZ KwDUvi Mvwd evwP i gvag Kgv cqvMKi KwDUvi cwi Pvj bv
Ki vMj ZvK wP wf wK Acvi wUs wmg ej vnq| GZ wP wf wK Acvi wUs wmg wewf bKvRi RbAvBKb
Ges cyj WvDb gby_vK| hvi dj gvDmwKsevKxevWeenvi Ki Kgv cqvMKi vhvq| G KwDUvi Pvj y
Ki vi ci c`vq wewf bcvMvgi AvBKb evcZxKxwP DVAvm| hvi dj cqvRbxq cvMvgi AvBKvbi Dci
gvDmcqUvi w`q Wvej wKK Ki j B cvMvgwUPvj ynq hvq|
wP wf wK Acvi wUs wmg nj vDBvR-95, DBvR 98, GbwU.80 Ges gvK OS BZvw`|
myweavewj t
1. G U emWAcvi wUs wmgi Kgv gyLKi Z nq bv|
2. GLb eYi gvS duvK i vLvi weo^bvcvnvZ nq bv|
3. G aygvDmeenvi Ki KwDUvi cwi Pvj bvKi vhvq|
4. wP wf wK Acvi wUs wmg eenvi Kvi xK Kgvi Af i xY MVb Rvbvi cqvRb nq bv|
5. G Kvbi c Kgv gbygyLKi vi ceYZv_vK bv|
Amyweavewj t
1. wP wf wK Acvi wUs wmg eenvi Kvi xK Kgv gbymKRvbv_vKZ nq|
2. KxevWmwKZ avi YvMnYi i ZKg hvq|
3. <||<< <|<= | ||< |<|| <$ <|
4. h_v_cvMvg I cb Ki Z bvcvi j eenvi Kvi xi weo^bvcvnvZ nq|

wewfbcKvii AcviwUswmg Pvj yi KviY

evRvi cPwj Z wewf bKvvwbi KwDUvi i ggvi xmsMVb wewf bwKsevwewf bcvMvg Pvj vbvevKvh Ki xKi vq
wewf bKkj cqvMnq _vK| GQvovwewf bKwDUvi i gvawgK ggvwi wWf vBmwewf bi Kgi | G Kvi Y wewf b
Kvvbxi KwDUvi vi v wewf bKvhvewj mv`bi Rb wewf bcKvi Acvi wUs wmgi cPj b Ki vnqQ|
eZgvb evRvi cvq mvZ ai bi Acvi wUs wmg Pvj yi qQ| hgb-
1. evP cmwms Acvi wUs wmg|
2. gvw cvMvwgs Acvi wUs wmg|
3. gvw cvmwms wmg|
4. UvBg kqvwi s Acvi wUs wmg|
5. I f vi j vc cmwms wmg|
6. wi qj UvBg Acvi wUs wmg|
7. wWwweDUWAcvi wUs wmg|
evPcmwmswmgt KwDUvi evP cmwms Acvi wUs wmgi GKwUi Zc~YcKi Y hvGKwUwbw` mgq ai
wewf beenvi Kvi xi Uvwgbvj _K Dcvj vGKwUwbw` wZ f vvi mwZ mgq ci mwZ Dcvj vK
GKhvMKvR Ki _vK| hgb evsKi mvi vw`bi j b-`bi Dcv wewf bKvDUvi Rgv_vK| Zvi ci mLvb
<< ||< ||| = <||< |=|<< << <| mwms Gi Kvhnvwmj Ki vnq _vK| evP
| |=| ||<| |# | <| |-<< |
I fviivcWcmwms wmgt <||< < |=|< |< <| || =< |<|- <<| - |<#
I f vi j vcWcmwms wmg ej vnq| I f vi j vcWcmwms Acvi wUs wmg GK mGKvwaK KvhGK mb
Ki vhvq| G BbcyU, AvDUcyyUZ_vwì Av`vb c`vb CPU Aj mmgq cb Ki bv| eenvi Kvi xI f vi j vcW
cmwms wmgi gvag ^ mgq AbK ewk KvR Ki Z cvi | KvRB evcK wf wK Kvhnvwmj i RbG ai bi
Acvi wUs AvekK|
evPcmwmsGesI fvij vcWcmwmsGi cv_Kt evP cmwms Acvi wUs wmg Ges I f vi j vcWcmwms wmgi
gacv_Kwbi QK Dcvcb Ki vnj v


evPcmwms wmg

I fvij vcWcmwmswmg

1.

evP cmwms Acvi wUs wmg GKwUi ci GKwU
|| <|= |<|| << nq|

2.

GZ GKwUwbw` mgq GKwUwbw` KvR mbKi Z
nq|

3.

G CPU

BbcyUI AvDUcyyUi Z_Av`vb c`vbi
Aj mAevq mgq cb Ki _vK|

4.

evP cmwms wmg KvRi MwZ I f vi j vcWcmwms
wmgi Zzj bvq Kg|

5.

Gi eenvwi K myweavAcvKZ Kg _vK|

6.

evP cmwms Acvi wUs wmg eenvi eenvwi K Kvh
`ZvcLi nq|

1.

I f vi j vcW cmwms wmg GKB mgq
AbKj vcvMvg GK wbevn nq _vK|

2.

G GKB mgq GKvwaK Kvhmbnq|

3.

G CPU

KLbB Aj mAevq mgq cb
Ki Z cvi bv|

4.

I f vi j vcWcmwms wmg KvRi MwZ evP
cmwms wmgi PvBZ ewk _vK|

5.

Gi eenvwi K myweavAcvKZ ewk|

6.

I f vi j vcWcmwms Acvi wUs wmg Gi
KvhKvwi ZvRwUj weavq ` nvZ Zvi cwi Pvj bv
Ki Z nq|

gvw cvMvg Gesgvw cmwms

wewf bcKvi i Acvi wUs wmgi gagvw cvMvwgs wmg Ges gvw cmwms AZ

i Zc~Y| gvw cvMvwgs
wmgi gvag GK mGKvwaK cvMvg cwi Pvj bvKi vnq _vK| Avi gvw cmwms wmgi gvag wf bwf b
cvMvgi wf bwf bcmmi wbw` Ki `qvnq _vK|

gvw cvMvwgst

mvavi YZ h Acvi wUs wmg wewf bKwDUvi

GK mGKvwaK cvMvg cwi Pvj bvi cwi ek c`vb
Ki ZvK gvw cvMvwgs Acvi wUs wmg ej vnq| Gai bi Acvi wUs wmg KwDUvi i MwZ evwoq `q| gvw
cvMvwgs wmg KwDUvi i MwZ evwoq `q| gvw cvMvwgs wmg KwDUvi i CPU

Gi Aemi AevK KvR
j vwMq GK mvZ GKvwaK cvMvg cwi Pvj bvi myhvMmw Ki `q| ZvB gvw cvMvwgs Acvi wUs wmgK gvw
UvmwKs Acvi wUs wmg bvgI Awf wnZ Ki vnq|

gvw cvMvwgsGi ewkt

1.

gvw cvMvwgs wmgi gvag GK mv_ GKvwaK Kvhvw` mbKi vhvq|

2.

G RAM

Gi gvag cvMvg Kvhwbevnxi c cvMvg cwi Pvj bvKi vnq|

3.

G CPU

Aj mf ve em_vKvi Kvb myhvM_vK bv|

4.

gvw cvMvwgs Gi gvag KwDUvi i KvhMwZK e Y evwoq `qvme nq|

gvw cmwmswmgt

gvw ki A_nQ`yqi AwaK| KvRB A_MZ w`K w`q KwDUvi i GKi AwaK
Z_v`ywUcmmi wewk wmgK gvw cmwms wmg ej vnq| Kvh gvw cmwms wmg `yGi AwaK
cmmi Af ~ _vKZ cvi | gvw cmwms wmg `yqi AwaK cmmi mgw^Z cwZZ KvR Ki Z cvi |
G Acvi wUs wmgi mycvi f vBRvi wewf bcvMvgi RbwZi cwi gvY ei v Ki _vK Ges KwDUvi BbcyU
< | |=| | < |<||< -|| | << <|< <|# |<| | || | |
AZ

i Zc~~Y|

gvw cmwmsAcviwUswmgi ewkt

gvw cmwms Acvi wUs wmgi ewkvewj wbDcvcb Ki vnj v

1.

gvw cmwms Acvi wUs wmg cmmi j vi KvR mvgwMKf ve wbqY Ki |

2.

GZ wf bwf bcvMvgi Rbwf bwf bcmmi wbw` _vK|

3.

Gi Kvb cmmi BUvi GKwUf Ges Kvb cmmi evP cmwms Gi Rbmywbw` _vK|

4.

gvw cmwms Acvi wUs

wmgi QvUcmmi wUK ej vnq myL cmmi Avi eo cmmi wUK cavb cmmi
hvì KvR wf bZi |

5.

gvw cmwms wmg BUvi wckb cwi j wZ nq _vK |

gvw cvMvwgsGesgvw cmwmsGi cv_Kt
gvw cvMvwgswmg gvw cmwmswmg
1. gvw cvMvwgs Acvi wUs wmg GK mv_ GKvwaK KvR
mv`b Ki vhvq|
2. G GKwUcvMvgi ci Avi GKwUcvMvg nvZ w`Z
nq bv|
3. G RAM cvMvg Kvhwbevnxwnme KvR Ki
_vK|
4. GZ Kvb cmmi BUvi GKwUf Ges Kvb cmmi evP
cmwms Gi Rbmywbw` _vK bv|
1. gvw cmwms wmg wf bwf bcvMvgi Rb
wf bwf bcmmi wbw` i qQ|
2. G GKwUcvMvgi ci Avi GKwUcvMvgi Dci
KvR Ki Z nq|
3. GZ myL Ges cavb cmmi Gi gvag Kvhvw`
my -mbnq _vK|
4. GZ Kvb cmmi BUvi GKwUf Ges Kvb
cmmi evP cmwms Gi Rbmywbw` _vK|

Aski mg^q CPU

Gi MVb KvVvgvGes Kvhvewj mvw`Z nq Zvì K wbv Dcvq kYxwef vMKi
eYbvKi vhvq| hgb-

K.

wbqY Ask (Control Unit)

L.

cavb wZ Ask (Main Memory Unit)

M.

MvwYwZK/ hyw Ask (Arithmetic Unit)

K.

wbqY Askt

BbcyUwWf vBmmg~ni gvag c` wb`kbvZ_vcvMvgi avi vevwnKZvwbqY Ki vB
wbqY Aski KvR| GwUKwDUvi i cavb cavb mvsMVwbK Dcv`vbi gvag cvi wi K hvMhvM
wbqY Ki _vK| MnY gyL hvsk nZ cv me ai bi Kvhvewj mv`bi RbKwDUvi i wbqY
Ask e< - |<|< < - = |=|| - ALU

Gi gvag MvwYwZK Kvhvewj mv`b
Ki _vK|

Kvhvewj t

wbqY Ask wbv wewf bai bi KvR mv`b Ki _vK| hgb-

1.

cavb ggvwi nZ GKvwUi ci GKwUBbvKkb Avni Y Ki |

2.

ALU

K BbvKkb AbyhvqxMvwYwZK KvRi wb`k `q|

3.

ALU

Gi KvRi dj vdj cavb ggvwi Z ci Y|

4.

cavb ggvwi i dj vdj AvDUwWf vBmcvVvbv|

L.

cavb wZ Askt

h ggvwi i m

ALU

Gi cZ AvKmm_vK ZvK cavb wZ Ask evcavb
ggvwi ej vnq| AZ

`Z MwZZ MYbvKi Z mg ALU

Gi mv_ cavb wZ Ask mshvM_vKvi
Kvi Y cavb ggvwi I AZ

`ZMwZ mbnq _vK| hme WvUvevwb`k me mgq cqvRb ay
Zvì KB cavb ggvwi Z i vLvnq|

Kvhvewj t

<| |< <| <|<|<| | D <<| -|-

1.

BbcyUAvMZ Z_K BbcyUGj vKvq gI Ry` i vL|

2.

GLvb WvUvc|=|<< <|< << <|<

3.

|=|<<< $|

dj vdj AvDUcyUci Yi AvMch

gI Ry` i vL|

4.

<| | < || <- =|<| |=|<< =|

wb`k avi Y Ki vnq|

M.

MvwYZK evhyw Askt

cavb wZ Gj vKvi ci MvwYwZK Ask mshy nq| cavb wZi BbcyUgI Ry`
Gj vKvq WvUvGmRgvnI qvi ci ZvcqvRb AbyhvqxMvwYwZK Ask cwi Z nq| MvwYwZK Ask
|=|<<< | <| | | <<|< < |< |=|<< << - |||< |
mbKi MvwYwZK AvKvi dj vdj cKvk Ki _vK|

Kvhvewj t

1.

GLvb hvM, weqvM, Y, f vMKvhmbnq|

2.

GLvb hyw i wf wZ wbavwi Z `vwqZeb nq _vK|

3.

hyw Ges MvwYwZK wnme wf wZ Z_i cwi Pvj bvGes vbvi KvhGLvb mbnq|

4.

Z_vw`K P~ovi c c`kb Ki _vK|

mvavi YZ KwDUvi i BbcyUwWf vBmmg~ni gvag cv Z_K wb`k Abyhvqx|=|<<< CPU

Gi
f ~wgKvAZ

< t |=|< | - | ||# - << CPU

Gi
f ~wgKvB mevwaK | KvRB KwDUvi AvDUcyUGes BbcyUwWf vBmmg~ni ga mg^qK wnme CPU
mKRvbvGKv

AvekK|

KwDUvi eenvi Kvi xwb`wkZ Z_ I wb`kbvi gvag mwVK AvDUcyUc`vbi Rb KwDUvi i qQmUvj
| #| <| <-| |=|<< = | | #| = i Zc~Yf ~wgKvcvj b Ki
_vK| Gi MVb KvVvgvKqKwUAsk wef |
CPU t KwDUvi i Central Processing Unit K msc CPU ej vnq| hvi Avwf avwbK A_nj vK`xq
|=|<< <|# <|< <||< <| <<|< =< <| <-| |=|<<
AskKB CPU bvg Awf wnZ Ki vnq _vK| g~j Zt KwDUvi cwi Pvj bvi g~j Pvwj Kvkw nQCPU.
evwnKf ve GwUGKwUz`cmmi | Gi MVbMZ AvKvi z`nj I Gi KvhKvwi ZvK bvZxZ| KwDUvi i
||< |=|<< <|<|<| CPU Gi gvag mvw`Z nq _vK| ZvB CPU K KwDUvi i K`xq
|=|<< <| |ej vnq|
KwDUvii CPU Gi MVb KvVvgvtKwDUvi i CPU =||D< |||< <| |- <<| |$|<
wZ, BbcyU, AvDUcyUwWf vBRj vi KvR wbqY Ki _vK| eo KwDUvi GK evGKvwaK mvwKWevW
<<| |#=| < =< | | ||< =< CPU MwVZ nq| Ze mvavi YZ h mKj
KwDUvii cwqvKiY Aski MVb KvVvgv t
34

KwDUvi ggvwi, c Kvif` Ges KvR

<||<< <-| |=|<< < < | <| ||< i Zc~Y| KwDUvi ggvwi i cavb
KvR nQKwDUvi WvUvmg~n mq Ki i vLv| KwDUvi i ggvwi j j wZ Kvl wbq MwVZ
nq| hvGKwUz`Zg vb wekl |
KwDUvii wZt KwDUvi WvUvmsi Yi RbeeZ gvag evavi KK KwDUvi i wZ evMemory
ej | A_vr KwDUvi i h mKj Dcv BbcyUwWf vBmi mvnvhBbcyUKi vnq| mj vK Rgvi vLvi Rb
h wbw` Ask _vK ZvKB KwDUvi i wZi c AvLvwqZ Ki vnq _vK| KwDUvi i wZ Ask j
j wZ Cell _vK| Avi wZ Cell Gi Aevbj K wZ vb ej vnq| KwDUvi i cwZwUwZ vb
GKwUKi wZ msLv_vK| h msLvvi vwZ vbwUmbv Ki vnq mmsLvwUK wZ vbi wVKvbvev
ggvwi GvWmej vnq| wZ vbi G wVKvbvcwi ewZZ nq bvei s wZ msLvwUcwi eZb nq _vK|
KwDUvi wZi cKvif`t KwDUvi i wZ evggvwi K cavbZ `yB f vMwef Ki vnq _vK| hgb-
K. cavb wZ (Main Memory)
L. mnvqK wZ (Auxilary Memory)
K. cavb wZt KwDUvi i h wZ mi vmwi K`xq cw=|<< < |< < <|< =< <| <|
|-< - < < |-|< - <<|< < |=|<<< < <<| - <|< |<# <|
wZ (Main Memory) ej vnq| A_vr KwDUvi MvwYwZK Aski cZ mshvMi gvag h wZ
Kvhvewj mv`b Ki _vK ZvK cavb wZ ej | G ai bi wZ AwZ `ZZvi mv_ Kvhvewj mv`b
Ki _vK| Z_msi Y I cybt Dvi i Dci wf w Ki KwDUvi i cavb wZK `yB f vMf vMKi v
nq _vK| hgb-
i. RAM t Bsi wR Random Access Memory K msc RAM ej vnq| BbcyUwWf vBmnZ AvMZ
mKj cKvi Z_c_g RAM G Rgvnq| Gi gvag bZzb Z_covhvq, j Lvhvq Ges BQv
Ki j gyQvhvq| RAM wPcmAewZ hKvb wZ mi vmwi wbevPb Ki vhvq, WvUvgI Ry` Ki vhvq
Ges WvUvwb`k cvVKi vhvq| RAM wPcmAvevi `yB ai bi | hgb-
a. WvBbvwgK RAM wPcmt KwDUvi cybtcyb wj Lbi gvag cybi xweZ Ki Z_vewj cvV
Ki Z nq ej G ai bi wZK WvBbvwgK wZ ej vnq| mvavi YZ WvBbvwgK RAM wZZ
wbv Dcvqj vcavb wZi Ask wnme KvR Ki _vK| hgb- gBbdg, wgwbdg
BZvw`|
b. vwUK RAM wPc&mt KwDUvi cybtcyb wj Lb ewZZ Z_mg~n cybi xweZ Ki cvVKi v
hvq h wZi gvag ZvKB vwUK RAM | <| - |<|< |#=| <||<
vwUK RAM wPc&mGi cwi eZWvBbvwgK RAM wPc&meenvi Ki vnq _vK| G
AbKj veenvwi K myweavI cvI qvhvq|
ii. ROM t KwDUvi wbqYg~j K KvRi RbgvB=| < |<< <<< |< <<| <
hvì K ROM ej | Bsi wR Read only Memory Gi mswi c nj vROM | GwUcwi Pvwj Z nq
|#=| ||< |< |<- <| |<| - < =< | |<-| |-||
Acwi ewZZ _vK| KwDUvi i wbw` wKQyKvRi |- | << |#=| || =
Gme wb`k hZ evi cqvRb ROM wPc&m_K ZZevi ZvcvVKi vhvq| wKGZ wb`k
cek Ki vbvhvq bv| ROM Gi cvMvg vqx| ROM wewf bcKvi i nq _vK| hgb-
a. Programmable Read Only Memory =ROM.
b. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory =EPROM
c. Electrically Alterable Programmable Read Only Memory =EAPROM.
d. Electrically Erasable Programmabel Read Only Memory =EEPROM.
L. mnvqK wZt #< <- |=|<<< < |=|| <- << <||<< <
wZ eeZ nq _vK mwUKB mnvqK wZ (Auxilary Memory) ej vnq| GwUmKvwi ggvwi
wnmeI Awf wnZ| cavb wZi Zzj bvq mnvqK wZi avi Y gZvAbK Y ewk| cqvRb Gi avi b
35

gZvnvmewKi vhZ cvi | Ze cavb wZi Zzj bvq mnvqK wZi KvhcwZ axi MwZ mb|
KwDUvi i Kvhvewj mv`bi mvavi YZ c`vb wZi gvag cqvRbxq Kvhvewj mvw`Z nq
mnvqK wZZ Zvmsi wZ nq _vK|

BbcyUGes AvDUcyUwWfvBm

KwDUvi i gwj K DcvqB nj vBbcyUGes AvDUcyyUwWf vBm| KwDUvi i Z_MnYi Rb i qQ
BbcyU Ge < |=|<<< < | -|< < | ||# <|e
KwDUvi G `yUvi i ZAbK ewk| Gì Dci B Kvh`ZvI gZvwbf i Ki |
BbcyUwWfvBmt mvavi YZ KwDUvi K `qvZ_ Ges wb`kbvK ej vnq BbcyU| Avi h hi ev
wWf vBmi gvag KwDUvi Z_evwb`kbvBbcyUevc`vb Ki vmj vKB ej vBbcyUwWf vBmevMnY
hcvwZ| KwDUvi wewf bai bi BbcyU wWf vBmi qQ| A_vr Avgi v h mKj hcvwZi gvag
KwDUvi Z_I wb`k ci Y Ki _vwK mme BbcyUwWf vBmj vnj wbi c| hgb-
1. KxevW
2. gvDm
3. vbvi
4. I . Gg. Avi
5. I .wm. Avi
6. Gg.AvB. wm
7. j vBUcb
8. MvwdK Uej U
9. wWwRUvj Kvgi v
10. vbvi |
AvDUcyUwWfvBmt <||< | < < |-|< || |=|<<< <| <<|< < <||<
h dj vdj c`vb Ki mB dj vdj KB ej vnq AvDUcyU| A_vr h me hcvwZi mvnvhKwDUvi nZ
c` Z_vwì dj vdj cvI qvhvq mj vKB KwDUvi i AvDUcyUwWf vBmej vnq| KwDUvi i wewf b
<<< | ||# | | ||<|<+ << D <<| -|-
1. gwbUi
2. Uvwgbvj
3. wcUvi
4. BcvUwcUvi
5. WUgwU wcUvi
6. WBwR Bj wcUvi
7. D||<
CPU GesBbcyUI AvDUcyUwWfvBmi WvUvAv`vb c`vb
KwDUvi i CPU Ges BbcyUI AvDUcyUwWf vBmB nj vcavb wbf i kxj Dcvq| Gme Aj vev`
w`j KwDUvi i i Zc~YAsk ej Z Avi wKQyB _vK bv| Gì mgw^Z Kvhmv`bi gvagB
<||< <||-< - |<D< |<vmmsi Y I mi ei vn Kvhmbnq| CPU Ges BbcyUI AvDUcyU
wWf vBmi gvag KwDUvi WvUvAv`vb c`vb mvavi YZ `yf ve mbnq| hgb-
K. mgvi vj cwi di vj BUvi dm|
36

L. wmwi qvj mshvMBUvi dm|
K. mgvivj cwidivj BUvidmt mvavi YZ CPU Ges cwi di vj i ga mgvi vj f ve WvUvPj vPj
Ki j ZvK mgvi vj evcvi vj vj cwi di vj BUvi dmej vnq| GKwUevKvej i f Zi w`q
Z_i 8wUweUcvkvcvwk 8wUc_K j vBbi gvvag Av`vb c`vb Ki cvi vj vj KwgwbKkb mbnq|
KwDUvi i mcvi vj vj KwgwbKkb cwZZ vwcZ mshvMK ej vnq cvi vj vj BUvi dm| vwR
wWf vBmj vcvi vj vj KwgwbKkb cwZZ WvUvAv`vb c`vb Ki _vK| GLvb wcUvi I cvi vj vj
BUvi dmwWf vBmf ~ nq KvR Ki _vK|
L. wmwiqvj mshvMBUvidmt CPU Ges BUvi dmi ga mgvi vj f ve wK BUvi dmI
cwi dwi qvj i ga wmwi qvwj WvUvPj vPj Ki j Zvnj wmwi qvwj mshvMBUvi dm| ZvB wmwi qvwj
KgywbKkb cwZZ vwcZ mshvMK wmwi qvj BUvi dmej vnq _vK| wmwi qvj KgywbKkb G
<| |< <| <|<< ||< - |<< || <|= |-| -| - <|< , |, =<
Avi vwKQyhcvwZ wmwi qvj KgywbKkb cwZZ WvUvAv`vb c`vb Ki _vK ZvB Gme hcvwZK
wmwi qvj KgywbKkb wWf vBmGes Zvì mshvM`qvi cvUK wmwi qvj cvUej vnq _vK|

nvWwWGes dwc wW eenvwiK cv_Kt
KwDUvi Z_msMn Ges vvi bi Rb nvWwWGes dwc wWAZxe i Zc~Y| Gì gvag
Z_vw` MnY, msi Y Ges Av`vb c`vb Kvhvw` mbnq _vK| eZgvb eenvwi K i ZAbyhvqxwewf b
ai bi nvWwWGes dwc wWevRvi cvI qvhvQ|
nvWwWt KwDUvi i nvWwWnQGKwUcvZj vMvj vKvi avZe cvZi mg^q MwVZ GKwUmnvqK
wZ evggvwi | avZe cvZi Df q c Pz^Kxq c`v_i cj c i qQ| GRbG ai bi wWK Pz^Kxq wW
ev gvMbwwUK wWbvg Awf wnZ Ki vnq _vK| wWi Mvj vKvi avZe cvZj v`LZ AbKUvMvgv
dvbi i KWi gZv| G cvZj vGKwUi Dci GKwUcvKvi mgvi vj web_vK| G avZe cvZi
gvSLvb AvavBwi gZvduvKvRvqMv_vK|
avZe cvZj vi gvSLvb GKwU` _vK| G ì mvnvhB cvZj vGKwUi Dci GKwUemvbv_vK|
mej vcvZ GKB mGKB w`K AvewZZ nq _vK| KvRi mgq G avZe cvZ Lye `Z AvewZZ nq|
cwZwUwWi f Zi i w`K c Dcv, Z_I cvMvg avi Y I msi Yi RbeeZ nq| cwZwUwWi c
`k AmsLe i Lvvi vwef _vK| ei Lvvi vwef exq Askj vK ej vnq UvK| Avi cwZwU
wWi mgw^Z webvmK ej vnq wmwj vi |
nvWwWi ewkt -||< |<|< <|| | D <<| -|-
1. nvWwWMvj vKvi GwUAvj ywgwbqvg cvZi Zwi |
2. nvWwWi Dci gvMbwUf A vBWi cj c i qQ|
3. Gi avi Y gZvI msi Y KvcvwmwUAbK ewk|
4. Gi G mUvBg AbK ewk|
5. GwUZzj bvg~j Kf ve AbK ewk axNvqx|
dwc wWt mvavi YZ GK KwDUvi nZ AbKwDUvi Z_i Av`vb c`vb Z_vZ_mg~n GK vb nZ
Abvb Av`vb c`vbi Rbh wWi eenvi Ki vnq ZvKB dwc wWevZ_Av`vb c`vb wWej vnq|
dwc wWGK KwDUvi nZ AbKwDUvi Z_ci Yi GKwUAbZg cavb gvag wnme eeZ nq|
GwUAZnvj KvGes Gi avi Y gZvKg| mnR Gi Z_vw` b nq hvq| Gi gvagB KwDUvi
|#<| = - |< |# | | <<-|< <| <| ej ^b Ki Z nq|
cKvif`t dwc wWK Zvi avi Y gZvGes AvKwZ Abyhvqx`yB f vMf vMKi vnq _vK| hgb-
K. 3.5 Bw dwc wW|
L. 5.25 Bw dwc wW|
dwc wWi ewkt dwc wWi wbv ewkmvavi YZ cwi j wZ nq _vK| hgb-
37

1. | | || =< | D||<< Zwi |
2. dwc wWi Dci nvj KvgvMbwUK A vBWi cj c i qQ|
3. Gi avi Y gZvZzj bvg~j Kf ve Kg|
4. Gi G mUvBg Kg|
5. G wWi vqxZGes wbf i hvMZvI AcvKZ Kg|

nvWwWI dwc wWi cv_Kt |< << |< -|| =< | |< |<< D <<| -|-
nvWwW dwc wW
1. nvWwW wf Zi _vK Ges Gi avi Y gZv
AbK ewk|
2. GwUAvj ywgwbqvg cvZi Zwi
3. Gi G mUvBg Kg
4. GwU dwc wWi Zzj bvq AbK ewk
wbf i hvM
5. Gi avi Y gZv 720 evBU nZ 1.44
wMMvevBUch|
1. dwc wWevwni _vK Ges Gi avi Y gZv
nvWwWnZ Kg|
2. =| D||<< |<
3. Gi G mUvBg ewk|
4. GwUnvWwWi Zzj bvq Kg wbf i hvM|
5. Gi avi YZ gZv100 wMMvevBU- 45 GB
ch|

wcUvi : BvGes bb-BvwcUvi

KwDUvi i c` Z_vewj i dj vdj m^wj Z nvWKwc cvI qvi hB nj vwcUvi | GwUKwDUvi i AvDUcyU
wWf vBmi GKwUAsk| GwUKwDUvi nZ cqvRbi ZvwM` wewQbKi i LI KwDUvi KvR Ki vi
Kvhnvwmj Ki vhZ cvi |
wcUvit KwDUvi i AvDUcyUwWf vBmi gai Zc~YGKwUhnj vwcUvi | A_vr KwDUvi c`
Z_vewj CPU =< |=|<<< < |< < hi gvag wcUKi vnq ZvKB wcUvi ej vnq|
KwDUvi mvgwMK KvR Ki vi ci c` dj vdj K wcUvi i gvag BQgZvwcUKi evBi mi ei vn Ki v
nq _vK| c` Z_vewj wcUKi vi ci KwDUvi i f vl vq ZvK nvWKwc ej vnq| A_vr nvWKwcB nj v
KwDUvi i wcUKwc|
wcUvii cKvif`t KwDUvi i wcUvi K mvavi YZ wbv Dcvq kYxwebvmKi vhvq| hgb-
K. avvwcUvi (Impact Pinter)
i. j vBb wcUvi (Line Printer)
ii. Ai wcUvi (Serial printer)
L. AavvwcUvi (Non-Impact Printer)
i. j Rvi wcUvi (Leser Printer)
ii. _vgvj wcUvi (Thermal Printer)
iii. Kej RUwcUvi (Ink-Jet Printer)
iv. wwZ e`ywZK wcUvi (Electrostatic Printer)
K. BvwcUvii Kvhvewj t h wcUvi Qvcvbvi KvR wcUvi nWavi Y `Lvi gvag KvhmbKi
_vK ZvK avv wcUvi (Impact Printer) ej v nq| A_vr BvwcUvi gy`Yi KvR Ki
Bj KUvgvKvwbKvj cwZ| GZ wcUvi nWwi ebi Dci AvNvZ Ki | wi ebi Kvwj dzwi q Mj bZzb wi eb
eenvi Ki Z nq| wi ebi cwi eZKveb KvMR w`j I AvcvZ Kvhmgvavnq _vK|
38

L. bb-BvwcUvit bb-BvwcUvi i mvnvhgy`Yi RbDvc Bj KUvvwUK, i vmvqwbK Ges
BsK RUchyw eenvi Ki vnq _vK| bb BvwcUvi BwcUvi BvwcUvi AcvDbZ
gvbi | ZvB bb BvwcUvi K Avevi j Rvi wcUvi I ej vnq|

OMR, OCR, MICR

OMR Gi eenvit mvavi YZ AcwUKvj gvKwi Wvi i msw i c nQI .Gg. Avi | A_vr Optical Mark
Reader =OMR| GwUnQwekl ai bi wP cvVKvi xBbcyUh| mvavi YZ bew K ci xvi c cwi wPwZ
g~j K weei Y, cYi evRvi Rwi c, RbgZ Rwi c, GmGmwm, GBP Gmwmci xvi bvg i vj , i wR bî
BZvwì MvcbxqZvi vi Rb KwDUvi OMR Gi eenvi Ki vnq _vK| OMR G eenvi i Rb
KvMRi Dci Mvj vKvi Ni m^wj Z QK Zwi Ki vnq _vK| hvcwj w`q f i vUKi Z nq|
OCR Gi eenvit mvavi YZ Optical Character Reader K mswi c OCR G eenvi i Rb c_g
KwDUvi i mv_ hy vbvi w`q U UdvBj K vb Ki vnq| Kvb Kvb mgq OCR md&UI qvi w`q
mi vmwi vb Ki vnq _vK| OCR vi vnvZi j LvKI mbv Ki vnq _vK|
Gi eenvit mvavi YZ Magnatic Ink Character Reader K msc MICR ej vnq| Gi A_nQPz^Kxq
Kvwj i mvnvhAi cov| ZvB ej vnq Pz^Kxq Kvwj w`q j LvAi cvVKi vi hB nj vMICR. mvavi YZ
evsK PK, Rgv--- BZvw`Z G ai bi Kvwj eenvi Ki vnq| evsK eevq MICR wekl f ~wgKvcvj b
Ki _vK| Gi gvag evsK cwZ wgwbU2500 Gi I ewk PK cvVKi vhvq|

vbvii KvRt mvavi YZ KvMR gyw`Z Qwe evKvgi vq Zvj vQwe vbvi i mvnvhKwDUvi ci Y Ki v
nq _vK| vbvi i mvnvhKwDUvi Qwe MnY Ges KwDUvi Qwe mv`bvi RbcavbZ dUvkc
|< <|<-||<< < | <| =||D< || <<-|< <<| - <|< |<|< ||< ||< <|
mse`bkxj hi gvag Qwe, i LvGes j LvBZvw` Z_cvVKi _vK| G OCR Ges OMR Gi
f ~wgKvwekl i Zc~Y|

WKzgUZwi wcUKivi cwZ t

KwDUvi Acvi wUs wmg KZj vcvMvgi mg^q MwVZ| GwUAbKj vcvMvgi mgw| wewf b
Acvi wUs wmg I cwi ek WKzgUZwi AbKUvB RwUj Ges `Zvc~YKvR| Kvi Y WKzgUcmwms
|=|| <# <| =< -|< |- << -
WKzgUt WKzgU(Document) ki mvavi Y A_nQcgvY `wj j , cgvY c , bw_c BZvw`| wK
KwDUvi wekl Ki I qvW cmwms Gi WKzgU ej Z
dvBj msi wZ j Lv-j wLi h Kvb wel qKB WKzgUevDocument ej vnq| KwDUvi WKzgUZwi
g~j Z RwUj I `Zvc~Y |=| +| |<<
|<|t |+ < |<< <<+ +|<< |=<|t gwKbUvk KwDUvi Ges IBMPC KvwUej
KwDUvi Df qwUi Acvi wUs wmg I cwi ek WKzgUZwi Ki vhvq| wbP Df q KwDUvi i
< |<< |=| <| <<| -|-
(i) gwKbUvk KwDUvii t gwKbUvk KwDUvi myBP Ab Ki vi ci gwKbUvk KwDUvi i
c`vq nvWwW,Uvk Ges AbvbKvRi AvBKb cvI qvhvq| AvBKb nPQnvWwW, dwc wW, dvBj
dv v, Uvk BZvwì cZxK wP | nvWwWAvBKbi Dci gvDmcqUvi w`q Wvej wKK Ki j nvW
39

wWi WvBi i xDBvLyj hvq| Gi f Zi nvWwWwe`gvb dvBj , dv vi Ges cvMvg mg~ni
||<| |<| <| = ||<| - |#=|-md&UI qvWcvMvgi k~bc`vevk~bWKzgUDBv
Gmhvq|
(ii) IBM gwKbUvk KwDUvii t AvB we Gg PC KvwUej KwDUvi i DBvR 95/98
Acvi wUs wmg KvR Ki vi RbKwDUvi i myBP Ab Ki vi ci c`vi DBvR 95/98 WUc
cwi ek cvI qvhvq| WUci wbP evg w`K vUevZvg gvDmcqUvi w`q wKK Ki j wewf b
cvMvg dvBj , dv vi BZvwì Zvwj KvcvI qvhvq| G Zvwj KvnZ cvMvg wKK Ki j wewf b
||< |< ||<| |<| <| = ||<| - |#=| <| =< |< < |<< <<
|#=| <| || | - <| <| <|
|<|, #| =< #| >:/>- =< < <| |<| | << |#=| <|
cvMvg Lvj vi ci cv |#=| <| ||< < #| - =<# <<< -
Ges Zvì KvRi myhvMI GKB ai bi | k~bWKzgUDBvwUnj vj Lv-j wLi Rbmv`vKvMRi
gZv| | KwDUvi i mhy Kx-evWmvnvhevsj vevBsi wR KvR Ki G WKzgUDBvZ
wPwVc cwZe`b, ce, M , KweZvBZvw` hKvb wel qi msw evbvwZ`xNwwel q ei j Lv-j wL
Ki vhvq|
j Lv-j wL evKvRi KvR kl Ki msi Yi D`vMwbj KwDUvi i f vl vq wekl Ki I qvW
cmwms cvMvg WKzgUej vnq| G Gi wel qeGK cvnZ kZvwaK cvchnZ cvi |
ZLb wel qeK dvBj i bvg w`q msi Y Ki Z nq| Zvi ci cZKwUdvBj B wf bwf bWKzgU
wnme weewPZ nq|
WKzgUwcUKivi cwZt Acvi wUs wmg WKzgUZwi Ki vi ci Zvi wcUKi vi Rbh_v_cwZMZ
|=|< < << -< |<|< <| < Zwi Ki vi ci cqvRbxq me i Kgi mv`bv, cvi
gvc wbavi Y Ki wcUwK i Kg ne ZvwcUwcwf D Ki `L wbwZ nq wcUwb`k w`q wcUKi vhvq|
G wZbf ve wcUwb`k `qvhZ cvi | hgb-
(i) Uzj evi evUb wKK Ki - GZ mi vmwi wcU i ne|
(ii) File gbyZ Print Ackb wbavi Y Ki |
(iii) Ctrl +p Kx-q Pc ai |

WKzgUcmwms, WKzgUdigwUs WKzgUmsiYt

KwDUvi WKzgUZwi , evbvb ci xY, mv`bvi ci WKzgUdi gwUs Gi KvR Ki Z nq| WKzgU
di gwUs evP~ov| <|| < D<| -| |<<, |`Pi b, cvÙxKv, gvwRb Ges cv
bî mshvRb| Zvi ci GK wbavwi Z wbqg msi Y Ki Z nq|
WKzgUcmwmst WKzgU(Document) ki A_nQcgvY `wj j , cgvY c , bw_c BZvw`| mvavi YZ
UvBwcs Gi gvag k msMwVZ Ki wj wc Zwi i cqvRbxq mv`bv, ggvwi Z Abywj wcKi Y, msi Y I
- #||- =<< | |=|<# < | <| Document Processing ej vnq|
WKzgUdigwUst WKzgUdi gwUs ej Z Kvb WKzgUi evbvb ci xY, mv`bv, cBwRs, gvwRb,
kxl Pi Y, c`vPi Y BZvw`KB h_v_wbqg mbKi vKB evSvbvnq _vK| WKygUdi gwUs Gi KvR
j vh_v_wbqg mbKi Z nq| WKzgUdi gwUs evmvi P~ov<|| -| <<|= |<<,
cv`Pi Y, cvÙxKv, cBwRs Ges gvwRb BZvw`| wbP Gì mKGKwUKv wbK WKzgUdi gUKi
Avj vPbvKi vI c`kb e `qvnj vt

40

wP t WKzgUdi gwUs

(i) ce RvZxq cwZe`b wKsevKvb cyKi cvywj wc KvR Ki vi mgq Zvi kxl Pi Y evkxl
wki vbvg wj L wbZ nq hvK kxl Pi Y evnWvi ej vnq| WKzgUnWvi w`j cwZ cvi Dci
Top gvwRb _K wbw` cwi gvY nWvi mw ne| mvavi YZ nWvi e cqvRbxq msLvwj L Gvi v
evUb wKK Ki j wb`wkZ msLvwbevPbvKi nWvi i Aevb Kvb vb ne Zvwbavwi Z nq hvq|
(ii) gvwRb WKzgUi Pvi w`K h wbw` cwi gvY RvqMvduvK _vK ZvK gvwRb ej vnq| gvwRb KwDUvi
wbavwi Z i c wnme Gmhvq| Ze gvwRKgvbvi evovbvi gZveenvi Kvi xi i qQ| wZwb BQ
gZvWKzgUi Pvi w`K gvwRb w`Z cvi b|
(iii) cv`PiYt WKzgUi cwZ cvi wbP/Dci cvi bî Ges dgvi msLvevAbKvb j LvKvR
Ki Z nq| G meKB cv`Pvi Y ej vnq| cvi msLvcv`Pvi Y QvovAbf veI mshy Ki vhvq| GwU
eenvi Kvi xi BQvi Dci wbf i Ki _vK| cv`Pvi Y KwDUvi KvRi mgq h_ mZKZvi mwnZ
Ki Z nq hvZ Ki gvwRb evdUf bvhvq|
(iv) cvÙxKvt AbK KwDUvi WKzgUj Lvi mgq Kvb k evZ_i msw evLvevcwi Pq
wnme cvÙxKvwj LZ nq| GZ Z_i Drmcwi Pq Ges D Z_i j LK evMel Ki cwi Pq I
< < D| - <|<
WKzgUmsiYi cqvRbxqZvt WKzgUZwi i GK chvq Z_msi Y evmf Ki wbZ nq| WKzgU
Zwi i mgq A_vr KvR Ki vi mgq we`yr Pj Mj evKvb Kvi Y KwDUvi _K we`yr wewQbnq
Mj KvR Ki vwel qenvwi q hvq| we`yr Pj Mj AvqxwZZ we`gvb wKQyB Aewk _vK bv|
AvqxwZ f vvi m~Yk~bnq hvq| wKKvR Ki vwel qeK c~eB mf Ki wbj mKj KvR
Ki vwel qemnvqK wZ hgb nvWwWPj hvq| ZLb nvWwWmsi Y Ki vwel qewe`yr Pj Mj I
Avi gyQhve bvevAcwi ewZZ _vKe| myZi vs Kvb wel qeKvR Ki vi mgq KqK j vBb KvR
Ki B Zvmsi Y Ki wbZ ne| hvci I KvR ne| hvci I KvR ne Zvmekl chwe`yr
wevUI msi wZ _vKe|

gvwRb

gvwRb gvwRb

gvwRb

kxl Pi Y cvbs

WKzgU

cvÙxKv
41

AvBKb, DBvR Ges gbyevi wPwZKiY I eenvi t

KwDUvi cwi Pvj bvi AvBKb, DBvR Ges gbyevi wPwZKi Y Ges Gì eenvi Ki Y AZv
i Zc~~~Y| Gì KvhcKwZI GK i Kg bq|
AvBKb (Icon)t AvBKb nQKwDUvi i nvWwW, dwc wW, dvBj dv vi Ges Uvk BZvwì cZxKx
wP | nvWwWAvBKvbi Dci gvDmcqUvi vcb Ki Wvej wKK Ki j nvWwWi WvBi i xDBvR
Lyj hvq| ZLb Gi wf Zi nvWwWi we`gvb dvBj , dv vi Ges cvMvg mg~ni Zvwj KvcvI qvhvq|
|<< = ||<| - |#=| <| ||< |#< |< |<< << |#=| <| ||
<| <| <||<< -| |#=| <| ||< -| = <| <| < #|
Gmhvq|
DBvR (Windows) t DBvR nj vLvj vRvbvj vi gZv| Lvj vRvbvj vw`q hgb Ni i f Zi i Ask
wekl Ges wRwbl c `Lvhvq Zgwbf ve KwDUvi I DBvR evLvj vRvbvj vw`q Gi f Zi i Ask
wekl `Lvhvq| cwZwUDBvZB vi evi , vi Zxi Ges mvBR e _vK| mvBR e Wvej wKK Ki
DBvcqvRb nj Dci wbP Ges cvkvcvwk c`vi mgvb L Ki vhvq| Avevi GK GK GKwUki mgvb
QvUKi I Avbvhvq|
gbyevi (Menu Bar)t KwDUvi i c`vi GKevi Dci GK mvwi Z File, Edit, View, Label,
Special BZvw` j Lv_vK| G mvwi wUK ej vnq gbyevi | File Edit k j vnQGKKwUgbyi bvg|
cZKwUgbyi Aaxb AbKj vKgv _vK| <<|< | |<< << |D < | <
Aaxb Kgvj v`Lvhvq| Gme Kgv eenvi Ki WUc evdvBvi j f j wWeevcbvi KvR
Ki Z nq| gbyevi i gZvB UvBUj evi nvWwW, dwc wW, dvBj dv vi BZvw` bvg j Lv_vK| Avevi
dwc wWKvb bvg `qvbv_vKj UvBUj evi ayUntitle j Lv_vKe|

I qvWcmwms

<|-1<|< ||< =<| "<t|=< |=<|<< +|+# | <<|< |t = +|++ t|+ <<
WKzgUZwi, dvBj Abywj wcKiY, WKzgUi Z_ msiY I cwiekb Kivnq _vK| gyj Zt WKzgUZwi
GesI qvWcmwmsGi wbwg eeZ GK wekl aibi KwDUvi eevKBI qvWcmwmsej vnq| Ze
Kvb mvaviY KwDUviI hLb I qvWcmwms cvMvg wbevn Kivi gvag WKzgUb cmmKivnq ZLb H
mgqi Rb KwDUviwUI qvWcmmii ic bq| I qvWcmwmsGi Rb eZgvb wewfbaibi cvKR
cvMvg evRvi cvI qvhvq| hgb- MS <<|<, <<|< |<#, <<|< |<, |<D<|#|<, <<|#|< Latex
GesgvKivBwUBZvw`| ej cPwj Z I qvWcmwmscvMvg|
I qvWcmmi i DchvwMZvt I qvWcmwmsGi KwDUvii ewea DchvwMZviqQ| Gì cfve
<|-1<|< <i<|<< <|ti+<+| =v <++|- |+|<<|< |<i|+ +|#=| <|<- <+<
<||<|+<+ +|#=| <<|< <| t MS I qvWI qvWcmwmsGi ej eeZ DbZ I qvWcmwms
cvMvg| mvivweki me BIBM GesGvcj Dfq KwDUviBGi cvMvgwUevcKfve eeZ nQ| gby
GesAvBKb wfwK G cvMvgwUmnRBPvj bvKi I qvWcmwmsGi hveZxq KvR Kivhvq| c_g ceZbi
mgq nZ GLb chMS I qvWi AbK DbZZi msiY evfvmb Pvj ynqQ| cieZxfvmb AvMi
fvmbi Zzj bvq DbZZi myhvMmyweaviqQ| KvRBKwDUvii evcK wfwK eenvi mywbwZ KiY
I qvWcmmii eenvwiK iZevDcvhvwMZvAZevcK|
I qvWcmmi i myweavt KwDUvi I qvWcmmi w`q ewea KvR Kivhvq| Gi cfve KwDUvii
eenvwiK iZegyLxZvcqQ| KwDUvi I qvWcmmi w`q wj wc cZi wbv myweavewj
cvI qvhvq| hgb-
1. j Lvi gvSLvb bZzb Kvb j LvmwbewkZ Kivhvq GesAcqvRbxq Kvb j LvgyQ`qvhvq|
42

2. j Lvi h Kvb Ask Ab h Kvb Ask Kwc Ki vbvwiZ Kivhvq|
3. GK dvBj i j LvAb dvBj mshvRb Kivhvq|
4. <|- <-|< "<t|=<|< -i <|- <|-| <|<
5. evbvb fyj wKsevevKiYMZ fyj wbYq I mskvab Kivhvq|
6. GKBaibi j Lvi KvR evievi Kivi cqvRb nj KvRwUK GKwUgv Kgv w`q msiY Ki
h_vvb eenvi Kivhvq|
7. wewfbfve j LvK mwZ Ki vqxfve gy`Y hvI qvhvq|
8. j LvK QvUeo Kivhvq Gesm`h eabi KvR mv`b Kivhvq|
9. GKBdvBj i g~j j Lvi mv_ Ab dvBj i msiwZ wVKvbvGesAbvb Z_ mshy Ki dgj Uvi
Zwi Kivhvq|
10. mekl cZKZ wj wcK fwelZi Rb eenvii D k msiY Kivhvq|

KqKwURbwcq I qvWcmmi
eZgvb weke aibi I qvWcmmi cPwj Z iqQ| Ze ej eeZ KqKwUI qvWcmmi cvKRi
D`vniY wbmshvRb Kivnj v-
1. +|#=| <<i|< <<|< (Microsoft Word)
2. I qvWcvid(Word Perfect)
3. j vU (Latex)
4. I qvWvi (Word Star)
5. gvK ivBwU(Mac write)
6. Gg.Gm. I qvW(MS- Word)
7. |<D <|# (Display Write)
Gg.Gm. I qvWt |+|<<|< |<i|+ +|#=| <|<- <+< <||<|+<+ +|#=| <<|< <|
msc MS I qvWcvMvg LyeBRbwcq Gesej eeZ DbZ I qvWcmwmscvcvg| mvivweki me B
IBM GesAvcj Dfq KwDUviBG cvMvgwUevcKfve eeZ nQ| AvR MS I qvWcvMvg LyeB
Rbwcq Ges ej eeZ nQ| Kvh Gi eenvwiK iZAbK ewk| G cvMvgi cqvMi dj
mvivwekKwDUvi eenvii RbwcqZveY eoQ|
Gg.GmI qvWi mvnvhWKzgUZwi t
1. Gg.Gm. I qvWKwDUvii DBvR 95/98 AcviwUswmg KvR Kivi Rb KwDUvii ON myBP
Pvc w`j BwKQyY ci gwbUii c`vq DBvR 95/98 W Uc cwiek `Lvhve|
2. W Uci wbPUv eivei evii evg w`K vUG gvDmcqUvi wbq wKK Kij c`vq wewfbcvMvg
Gesdv vi Zvwj KvcvI qvhve|
3. G Zvwj KvnZ Program G wKK Kij wewfbcvMvgi bvgi Zvwj KvcvI qvhvq| G Zvwj KvnZ
+|#=| <<|< = |<< << +|#=| ||+ t| <
4. DBvR 95/98 Lvj vi ci duvKvWKzgUcvI qvhvq| WKzgUhKvb bvg w`qBSave Ki ZvZ h
Kvb KvR Kivhvq|
wcUKi vi cwZt Gg.GmI qvWcmwmsGi gvag I qvWWKzgUZwi Kivi ci cqvRbxq me iKg
mv`bv, cvi gvc wbaviY Ki wcUKgb ne ZvwcUwcwfDKi `L wbwZ nq wcUwb`k w`q wcU
Kivhvq| wZb fve wcUwb`k `qvhvq-
1. Uzj evii evUb wKK Ki wcUw`Z ne|
2. File gbyZ Print Ackb wbevPb Ki|
3. (Ctrl +P) Kxq Pc|

43

W Uc cvewj wks Gi Rb cqvRbxq nvWI qvi Gesmd&UI qvi t

W Uct << << <|| <|< =+- +|#=| <|-1<|< =<t |-|< |<<<i|< < <<i|<< ||<i
cKvkbvi cvK gy`Yi hveZxq KvR KivKBW Uc cvewj wksej vnq| GZ Ki mgq, kg I A_i mvkq
nq _vK| GZ Ki KvR nq wbLuyZ I SKSK| mvaviYZ Gi mvnvh eB cyK, c cw Kv, mvgwqKx,
|<|- |+|-< <i||, <||<< |+<-- #+i||- +-< +< -<| <| |+=+ << <|< -1-
KiZ nq|
mvaviY cvewj wksGi Rb cqvRb Abyhvqxwewfbaibi nvWI qvi Gesmd&UI qvi eenvi Kivnq _vK|
G wbv j vAbZg|
nvWI qvi i bvgt cvewj wksKvRi Rb cqvRbxq nvWqvi mg~ni ga wbv j vAbZg
1. gUvivj v
2. BbUj
3. eWK BZvw`|
md&UI qvi i bvgt cvewj wksGi Rb cqvRbxq md&UI qvi mg~ni ga wbv j vAbZg| hgb-
1. MS I qvW(Gcj )
2. +|#=| <<|< (IBM)
3. +|#=| |<<|< <
4. +|#=| =
5. cBR gKvi|
6. KvqvK|
7. iwWmUMv|
8. dUvkc BZvw`|
W cvewj wks chyw i m~PbvGes cmvi t evsj v`k W cvewj wksGi hv v i nqQ1987 mvj nZ|
ZLb Rbve gvdvRevi mvw`Z mvvwnK Avb`c |<| <|-|< +<i |-< =< <|<=+ <
nqQ| wZwbBmec_g evsj v`k Gvcj i gwKbUvk KwDUvi Gesj Rvi ivBUvi eenvi Ki Zvi
mvw`Z mvvwnK Avb`c cKvk Kib 1987 mvj i 16Bg ZvwiL| GKBeQi 12 mî ZvwiL Ab
Avi GKwUcKvkbvq WBj xwbDR bvg Avi GKwUBsiwR cw KvcKvwkZ nq|
Avb`c Ges WBj xwbDRi ci mvvwnK ZviKvj vK I `wbK AvRv` W Uc cvewj wks Gi RMZ cek
Ki| msev`c GescKvkbvi RMZ W Uc cvewj wksevcK eenvi Zivw^^Z Kivi Rb Rbve gvdv
Revi wbR DbZgvbi dUZwii Pvq wbqvwRZ nb Gesmsev`c I cKvkbvi RMZi mwbqvwRZ
ew eMK GZ m nq eemvwqK KvhPvwj q bevi Rb Dy Kib|
W Uc cvewj wks(DTP) | ++t +|#=| <|-1<|<< ||<i |< +- <|<< <| -1- <<|<
=<| |=<| |+|-< - +-< -| +|+ t| |Qj | Gi GKwUnj vj Uvi cmgy`Y cwZ Avi
=<| | +- +|+ +< <++|- +|++ +-< -i < |<||t |=<|< <
< D +|<< < <<| <| =<| +| +|#=| <|-1<|<< ||<i -1- <<| < |<
Avi KwDUvii I qvUwebvmc|=<|< <| <<| < <<|< |t ||+< <i<|< << ||t = <++|-
mKj cKvi gy`Yi KvR Kivnq KwDUvi eenvi Ki|
cwikl ej vhvq Avgvì `k KwDUvi eenvi Ki gy`Yi Kvhi AMhv v i Ki W Uc cvewj wks
+|#=| <|-1<|< <|# =< <i<||<< <ZAbK Lvwb ewk| Gi cfve AvR Avgvì gy`Y RMr e
ewP Zvq kvwfZ nqQ|

44

evsj vI qvWcmwms t

<<|< |t <|-1<|<< =<| "<t|=< |=<|<< |=<| = +|++ t|+ << <<+ +|<,
dvBj , Abywj wcKiY, WKzgUi Z_ msiY I cwiekb Kivme nq _vK| I qvWcmwmsG I qvW
cmmi eenvi Kivnq _vK| Avgvì `k evsj vI qvWcmwms Gi KvR evsj v`k cKkj
wekwe`vj qi AweiYxq Ae`vb iqQ| 7 = ,
* S 3

evsj vI qvWcmwmst KwDUvii mvnvh evsj vfvlvq j Lvj wLi KvR KivBnQevsj vI qvWcmwms|
evsj vq I qvWcmwmsGi eZgvb Avgvì AbK myweZZ| G `ki mKj AwdmAv`vj Z eemv
cwZvb, ì, wkvcwZvb eeZ KwDUvi evsj vI qvWcmwmsGi ej eenvi iqQ| evsj vq
I qvWcmwmsGi evsj v`k cKkj wekwe`vj q, my`xNcuvPeQi Mel YvKi (1982-1984) c_g
weUmcw Kvq 1g Ges 2q msLvq evsj vq I qvWcmwmseenvi Kib| Zvici mvBdz vnvknxì Zwi
<|t| <<i|< <||< | =|<# <|<=+ |<| < |< =<t <|-1|-|< t?|< <|t| <<|<
cmwmsGi Dbqb nq|
evsj vI qvWcmwms Gi md&UI qvi t evsj vq I qvWcmwmsGi KZj vRbwcq Gesej cPwj Z I qvW
cmwmsmd&UI qvi iqQ| wbZvi KqKwUi DcvcbvKivnj v-
1. knx` wj wc md&UI qvi|
2. weRq md&UI qvi|
3. gwKbUvmMvwdKvj md&UI qvi|
4. AvBweGg Gi wcwmDBvR md&UI qvi|
5. evsj vw BUvi dR wmg md&UI qvi|
6. evsj vdUmd&UI qvi|
7. S / S h
8. evsj vweUgvc md&UI qvi BZvw`|
9.
Rbwcq evsj vdUt evsj vq hme dUAZRbwcq mj vi ga wbv j vweklfve cwiwPZ|
1. Z^x 6. mykx 11. P`veZx
2. myZ^x 7. wiswK 12. hgybv
3. Avb` 8. mvewibv 13. Ksm
4. Avb`c 9. iveqv 14. kevj
5. myZ^xkx 10 gNbv 15. eKzj BZvw`|
mvvWI qvWcmwms Gi myweavt mvvWI qvWcmwmsGi ewea myhvMmyweaviqQ| wbmj v
<|<=+ <"|- <<| |-
1. mnRBwj wcZ k, evK, cvivmshvRb GesAcqvRbxq Ask gyQ`qvme|
2. wj wci Ask GK vb nZ Ab vb vbviY me nq|
3. GK dvBj nZ cqvRbxq Ask Ab dvBj vbviY Kivme|
4. ||< <|- < |<<+- "<t|=<|< -+- <|-| -< <
5. evbvb I evKiYMZ fyj wbYq Gesmskvab Kivme|
6. wewfbAvKi KvMR vqxwj wc cZ me nq|
7. ggvwiZ wj wc msiY GescqvRbxqZvi ZvwM` msiwZ wj wc Abywj wc cZ Kivme|
8. ggvwiZ msiwZ WKzgUKvMR gyw`Z Kivhvq|
9. ggvwiZ msiwZ WKzgUcqvRb Ab Kvb gvag ciY Kivme nq|
45

10. cqvRbi ZvwM` wj wcK wewfbfve m`hew KivwKsevcvivq mvRvbvme nq|

Avro Keyboard

Avro Keyboard is distributed under Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. You are free to
share, distribute, copy this product. You CANNOT
alter/modify/decompile any of its parts. Avro as a Unicode
writing system introduced by Omicronlab
Avro Bangla Writing software can be downloaded free from
http://www.omicronlab.com/

KwDUvii dU

dUi MVbt KwD|<< <|<=+ <|t|< |<|- |+|-< +|< ||+|| +|-< |--< -<| -|+
cwiwPZ| AvKwZi w`K _K Gì wfbZvKg| A_vr AvKwZMZ w`K _K Gì wfbZvKg weavq Gì
eenvwiK AevqI wfbZvAcvKZ Kg nq| dUi MVbvwfbZvcwij wZ nq weavq KvhKvwiZvI
wfbZvc~Y| Avb` KwDUvii AbKj vwj vwcgvj vAvQ| hgb- Avb`, Avb`c , wibwK, P`veZx,
myZ^x, gqv, gNbv, XvKvi wPwV, cvywj wc, mykx, myZ^x, kxBZvw`|
KwDUvii AvDUcyUwWfvBmeenvii w`K nZ wj wcgvj vK Pvi fvMfvMKivhvq| hgb-
1. weUgvc dU|
2. AvDUj vBb dU|
3. xb dUI wcUvi dU|
4. UvBc-1 GesUz-UvBc dU
1. weUgvc dUt weUgvc Zwi nq AmsL WUevwc j i mg^q| WvUvevwc j i mvnvh Zwi
gwU i wfwZBweUgvc dUZwi nq| Avov-Avwo GesLvov-Lvwo iLvmg~ni cviwiK Qì
dj m mgvb gvci eM j vi cZKwUBnj vGK GKwUwc j | wc j nj vQwe evcwZwe^
Gi z`Zg Ask evDcv`vb| weUgvc dUK Mvwd dUI ej vnq|
2. AvDUj vBb dUt AvDUj vBb dUZwi KivnqMvwYwZK dig~j vi wnme wbKvk GesgvcRvLi
mvnvh| AvDUj vBbi dUi Aij vK Mvj vKvi Ask evKvbj vGesj ^vI mij iLvj v
Zwi nq m~ MvwYwZK gvcRvLi wfwZ| KvRBAvDUj vBbi Aij vhZBQvUeo nvK bvKb
weKZ nq bvevfhvq bv| KwDUvi GKwUmUi wfwZB AvDUj vBb dUi Ai h Kvb
AvKvi eo Kivhvq Ges gy`Y bqvhvq| mvaviYZ Kvb Kvb wcUviI AvDUj vBb dU`qv_vK|
AvDUj vBb dUi AbZg cZKvwi cwZvb nj vAdobe System Inc.
3. xb dUI wcUvi dUt xb dUnQgwbUii c`vq c`kbi Rb Zwi weUgvc dU| gag
iRyj kbi gwbUi G aibi weUgvc dU`L Gi cKZ gyw`Z ic wK ne ZvevSvhvq bv| wekl
Ki AvBweGg wcwmKcvwUej KwDUvi WmAcviwUswmg KvR Kivi mgq gwbUi Gaibi dU
`Lvhvh| Ai eo Kiv, gvUvKiv, BUvwj K KivBZvw` bvbviKg ewk Avivc Kivi ciI c`vq
we`gvb Aii Kvb cwieZb evSvhvq bv| mvaviYZ DPiRyj kbi wcUvi evj Rvi wcUvi Gme
ewk gyw`Z nq _vK|
46

4. UvBc-1 Ges Uz-UvBc dUt Adobe cv w dUi `ywUdvBj _vK| Gi GKwUK ej vnq weUgvcW
Ges AbwUK UvBc-1| GK mgq dUi AvaywbK chyw nj vUy-UvBc| G UyUvBc DBvR Ges
gw bUvk Dfq cKvii KwDUvi eenvi Kivhvq| eZgvb Gvcj DvweZ G chyw Z GKwUdU
dvBj _vK GesmBdUdvBj wUBgwbUi GeswcUvi eenvi Ki|
5. mwi d Ges m mwi dt AvKwZMZ w`K nZ BsiwR dUK `yfvMfvMKivnq| h_v-
K. mwid L. m mwid|
mvaviYZ ej vhvq mwid dUi Aij vkl cvchevovbv_vK| Abw`K m mwid dUi
kl cvj v_vK mgvb| UvBg ivgvb Mv i dUj vmwid Gesnj ewUK Mv i dUj vnQm
mwid dUi D`vniY| Kvh mwid dUGesm mwid dUAZxe iZc~~Y|

dvBj c |=<|<<, WvUvmsMVb <i|-<+ =i|< +|# |=<|<<
GKvwaK i KWi mg^q MwVZ nq GKwUdvBj | Avi KwDUvi i gadvBj i Af i xY Z_vw`KB ej vnq WvUv
(Data)| dvBj i Af i wewf bf ve WvUvmsMwVZ Ki vhvq| G wmKzqwqvj WvUvmsMVb wKsevi vbWg
=|< |# |=| |<<|< D<|
WvUvmsMVbt KwDUvi WvUvmsMVb AZi Zen| G Zvrchc~YKvhwUAZmZKZvi mwnZ Ki Z nq|
KwDUvi Kvb dvBj i Z_vw`KB WvUvej vnq| dvBj i Af i xY I Z_vw`K wekl wbqg mvRvbvevwebvm
<<|< |=|<# || <| - |# vUvmsVb cavbZ `yB cKvi i nq _vK|
K. wmKzqbwmqvj dvBj WvUvmsMVb
L. i vbWg evWvBi dvBj WvUvmsMVb|
|# || < |< || |<<- |D <|< <-
1. wmKzqbwmqvj Gvmmt P^K Uc I P^K wW
2. Random Gmmt P^K wW|
3. wmKzqbwmqvj GvKmmg_W|
4. BbW wmKzqbwmqvj GvKmmg_W|
5. KxUvdvi i kb
6. BbW wj s wj |
7. WvBi GvKmmBZvw`|

<i|-<+ =i|< |# |=<|<<

<| =|< |# |=|<< |#< |<|| |<|| |# | |<| = |# << -
<| =||< ||| <|< | =< |=vKi Yi RbdvBj K mUKi Z nq bv| Ze i KWmbv Ki Yi Rb
i KWKx, cqUvi , Ges BbW i cqvRb cqvRb co| G Kvb dvBj i mv_ ZvrwYKf ve mshvMI
dvBj AvaywbKxKi Y Ki vme nq| i vbWg dvBj i Rbmi vmwi mshvMhvMwZ eenvi Ki vnq Ges Drmi
=g Dcv`vbK KwDUvi `qvnq|

<i|-<+ =i|< |# |=<|<<< <| <|< < --< +|-<< <|| =| ||+-|< +|<i+
< <|-|-< |<|< |<" t< <<| < = |=<|<<< +< +||< +|#< < <|<
KiZ nq bvGesgvvi gvBj K ZvrwYKfve AvaywbKKxKiY Kivhvq| G QvovAvcWUcvMvg eenvi
<| |=<|<<< +|<i+ < <|< |<|- <|<< <|-|< |<| +|< <<| < =|- <+ <~
gvvi dvBj ej Z wKQy_vK bvmnZzcqvRb Abymvi gvS gvS P^K Uc dvBj i evK Avc Kwc
ivLvnq| wbiv-<+ =i|< |# |=<|<< |t< +|<i+ -|-| |-
47

|t <| =|< |# |=||<<

ivbWg GvKmmdvBj i myweavt i vbWg GvKmmdvBj i myweavewj wbDcvcb Ki vnj v-
1. mi vmwi mshvMUvwgbvj i gvag UvRKkb WvUveenvi Ki ZvrwYKf ve gvvi i KWAvaywbKxKi Y Ki v
hvq|
2. |D << | << |<|<|<< <| -
3. m~YdvBj coZ nqbvej mgq I Li P Kg nq|
4. i KWAbymvb mgq Lye Kg j vM|
5. GKmv_ GKvwaK dvBj AvaywbKxKi Y Ki vhvq|
ivbWg GvKmmdvBj i Amyweavt i vbWg GvKmmdvBj i Amyweavmg~n wbDcvcb Ki vnj v
1. |=|<<< |< << |< -
2. GKvwaK eenvi Kvi xi GKB dvBj eenvi Ki j Zvi eev_vK bv|
3. RwUj cvMvgi G cwZi evevqb KKi |
<| =|< |# |=|<< Kmva| ZvB h_v_mZKZvGes gbvhvMmnKvi KwDUvi Acvi Ui
<< = |=|<< < - <| dvBj Gj vgj vnq hZ cvi | G cwZZ KvR Ki vi hgb myweav
AvQZgwb AmyweavI GKevi Kg bq| KvRB G mZKc`Pvi YvAvekK|

* - DPii fvl v

f vl vnj vhvMvhvMi gvag| f vl vi gvag gvbyl ci i i ga gbi f vei Av`vb-c`vb Ki _vK| f vl v
mswZK mRxe i vL| KwDUvi GKwUBj KUwbK hwekl Gi gvag ewea KvR Ki vhvq| Gi wbRi GKwU
f vl vAvQhvi bvg cvMvgi f vl v| Kvi Y KwDUvi Zvi cvMvwgs f vl vi gvagB KvR Ki _vK| Zvi GgwbB GKwU
cvMvgi f vl vnj vDPi i f vl v|
DPii fvlvt KwDUvi i cvMvgi f vl vj vK cavbZ wbi , gai Ges DPi G wZbwUf vMf vMKi v
nq _vK| KwDUvi i ewmK, wm(C), wm++(C++) cvmKvj , dvi Uvb Ges Kvej BZvw` cvMvwgs Gi f vl vKB
DPi i f vl v(High Level Language) ej vnq| A_vr KwDUvi i h f vl vq meRb eva evK, eYI msLv
eenvi Ki cvMvg i PbvKi vnq ZvKB KwDUvi i DPi i f vl vbvg Awf wnZ Ki vnq| DPi i f vl vq msLv
cvq 500wU| Zvi gaBASIC, PASCAAAL, COBOL, APLE, ADA BZvw` AbZg|
mvgWKzgU

GwWUI KxnZ
wWi cvi Y
gvvi dvBj i KW
AvaywbKxKi Y

wi cvU

i KWAvaywbKxKi Y I msi Y

i KWcVb

gvvi dvBj

j MUvRKkb dvBj

48

DPii fvlvqcvMvwgs Gi ej vq ewea myweavwì DcwwZ iqQ| KwDUvii DPii fvlv
wnme gvbyli gyLi fvlvKBeenvi Kivnq _vK| A_vr Kvb GKwUwelq Avgivhfve Gesh fvlvq
eenvi Ki _vwK DPii cvMvwgsG GKBfve Ges GKB fvlvi eenvi Kivnq _vK| KwDUvi
DPii fvlvK hi fvlvq icvwiZ Kivi Rb KvBj vi, evBUvicUvi bvgi md&U-I qvi eenvi
Kivnq _vK| myZivsKvBj evBUvi cUvi eenvi Ki DPii fvlvq iwPZ cvMvg mvgvb cwieZb
Ki evKvb cKvi cwieZb QvovBhKvb aibi KwDUvi eenvi Kivhvq|

DPii fvlvq cvMvwgsGi myweavt KwDUvi eenvii Rb DPii fvlvq cvMvwgsGi ewea myweav
iqQ| wbmme myweavewj DD <<| |~
1. G f vl vq wj wLZ cvMvgmg~n hKvb KwDUvi eenvi Ki vhvq|
2. G f vl vmnR Ges meRb eva|
3. G f vl vmemvavi Yi eenvi DchvMx|
4. DPi i f vl vq ZvovZvwo cvMvg i PbvKi vhvq|
5. wbi i f vl vi cvMvgi Pvi -cuvPwUwb`ki RvqMvq DPi i f vl vq gv GKwUwb`k wj Lj B Pj |
6. Gf vl veenvi i RbnvWI qvi Gi Dci f vj `Lj _vKvi cqvRb co bv|
7. GZ wewf bf vMf vMKi cvMvg mvRvbv_vK|
8. GZ Kvb cKvi f yj _vKj ZvLye mnRB ai vco|
9. G Lye mnRB cvMvgi mshvRb weqvRb Ki vhvq|
10. DPi i f vl vi cvMvg KvR Ki Z mgq, kg Ges gavi AcPq Kg nq _vK|

cvMvg iPbvi avc

KwDUvi i wbR^Kvb eywbB| GwUwbavwi Z cvMvgi wb`k gvZveK KvR Ki _vK| f yj wb`k w`j f yj
f veB KvR Ki _vK| G f yj i RbKwDUvi `vqxbq; ei s wb`kZv`v`vqx| KvRB cvMvg i Pbvi mgq evcvMvg
eenvi Kvi xK wbf yj f veB cvMvg i PbvKi Z ne| wbf yj f ve KwDUvi cvMvg i Pbvi RbKZj vwekl avci
Abymi Y Ki Z nq|
<||< || <|< |<|< || |<| <||< <|= < << - <-
K. mgmv<| | |<< < |<D<
L. Gj Mwi `g I cevnwP cYqb|
M. cvMvg wj Lb I KvwWs|
N. cvMvg wKi Y I WKzgUkb|
O. cvMvg i YveY|
K. +i| -|<< < |<D<t || <|< < <| -| | |<< =< |< <<|< |<D<<<
G mveme w`K nZ mgmvwUi <| <<| - |<< |< <|| |<D<< |< =< <<|<| |<|<
Ki vnq _vK| G mgmvi mgvavb MvwYwZK gWj cZ Ki WvUvi mv_ me wKQywgwj q wbZ nq|
cqvRb KwDUvi wZi eenvi Ki v|
L. Gj Mwi`g I cevnwP cYqbt |< |<< =< <|| |<D< kl Zvi Gj wi `g Ges cevnwP i
cqvMKi Z nq| G mgmvi cqvRbxqZvwbavi Y I GKwUi Zc~Ywel q| cvMvgi Gj Mwi `g Ges
cevn wP cYqb Ki Zvi KvhKvwi Zvi w`K wb`k Ki Z nq| G cvMvg i Pbvq KqK ai bi f wgvi
eenvi Ki vnq _vK|
M. cvMvg wj LbI KvwWst cvMvg cwi K bvGes cevn wP Zwi i ci cKZ cvMvg i PbvKi vnq _vK| Kvb
f vl vq cvMvg wj LZ ne Zvwbf i Ki cvMvgi ai bi Dci | G evwbK KvwWs eenvi Ki vhZ
cvi | cvMvg wj Lvi RbAbK ai bi wekl QK KvMR eenvi Ki vhZ cvi | hvKvwWs f ~ cgvY|
49

N. cvMvg cixY I WKzgUkbt KwDUvi cvMvg i Pbvi cvq kl avc cvMvgK ci xY Ki vnq _vK|
cvMvgi ci xY kl Gi WKzgUkb Ki vnq| GwUGKwUi Zc~Ychvq| G cvMvgwUh_v_wKbvZv
ci L Ki `Lvnq _vK| Kvi Y WvUvGes Zvi cqvMKi Y, wj Lb j ewj s gWvi UKi Y BZvw` Kvhvw` kl
cvMvgK WKzgUkb hZ nq| G nvWwWGes dwc wWZwi i I D`vMbqvhZ cvi |
O. cvMvg iYveYt mvavi YZ wewf bai bi cqvRb I cvMvgi DbwZK cvMvg AvaywbKxKi Y, cwi eZb,
cvMvgi f yj mskvab, BZvw` Kvhvw` cvMvg i YveY KvRi Af ~ | ZvQvov bZzb I DbZZi
<||<< -|<|<< |< |= < || |<< << - |<|< | |=|<< <<|
|| <|< << |=| <|< <$ <$ ||| $

Gj wi`g I dvPvUi ga cv_K
=|<- =< ||< <| |<< |< < D <<| -|-

Gj Mwi`g dvPvU
1. GKwUcvMvgi wewf bavci my wbevmB nj v
Gj wi `g|
2. GwUnj vcqvRbi wf wZ wbw` mgvavb cuQvi
avemg~n
3. = <|| <|= |<_vK|
4. Gj Mwi `g Abymvi cvMvg i wPZ nq|
5. Gj Mwi `g evLvg~j K nvj evaMgZvAvm|
6. GwUAcvKZ RwUj |
1. dvPvUnj vcwi c~YGj Mwi `gi wP i c|
2. GwUnj vcqvRb Abyhvqxwbavwi Z mgvavb cuQvi
avc mg~ni wP i c|
3. GZ Gj Mwi `gi cwZwUavci h_v_Abymi Y bvI
nZ cvi |
4. dvPvUGj Mwi `g Abymvi i wPZ nq|
5. dvPvU`kgvb weavq mnR evaMg|
6. dvPvUAcvKZ mnR|

wmg dvPvUGes cvMvg dvPvU

Kvb wbw` KvR mnR Ges mwVKf ve mv`bi j mymsev` i xwZbxwZK mvavi YZ wmg bvg Awf wnZ Ki vnq|
|< = |< |<Dl Yi Rbwmg dvPvUGes cvMvgi KvRi avcj vwP i mvnvhDcvcbi Rb
cvMvg dvPvUeenvi Ki vnq _vK|

wmg dvPvUt | |<D< <| |< -, ||=|<<, < =< | -< < |-< |- <|
cevn wP eevni Ki vnq ZvKB wm || <| - | |<D< | || < |<| |
<< <|< = || | |=|<<< +|< |<| < < |=|<<< <|- -|| - =| |-
|| -, |=|<<, < =< | -< <|- <<| -
wbwmg dvPvU < <| |< - D << -|-

50

= |=|<< =gvbyqj KvR|

=Adj vBb wZ| =KxAcvi kb|

=mshyw =MnY/ wbMgb BZvw`|

GKwUwmg dvPvUi D`vni Yt mvavi Y GKwUKvi Lvbvi GKwUwmg dvPvUi D`vni Y wbDcvcb Ki vnj v
hLvb KgPvi xì mvvwnK eZbi wnme Dcvcb Ki vnj v

wP t Kvi Lvbvi KgPvi xì mvvwnK eZbi wnmei dvPvU|
cvMvg dvPvUt mvavi YZ KwDUvi Kvb cvMvg Gi KvRi avcj vwP i gvag DcvcbKB cvMvg dvPvU
ej vnq _vK| GwUAbKUvwmg dvPvUi gZvB| Ze wmg dvPvUhLvb cvMvgi KvRi wek` weei Yi
wP _vK bvwKcvMvg dvPvUhLvb KvRi wek` weei Y _vK| cvMvgi mnRB cvMvg dvPvUi mnvqZvq
cvMvg wj LZ cvi b| wmg dvPvUi gZvcvMvg dvPvUI wewf bai bi cZxK evSymbol eeZ nq| hgb-

= |=| = <|< |=|

= i evkl |
=MnY/ wbMgb| =Abcvi mshvRbx

=wmv| =cevn w`K|

=cwZ|

KgPvi xì KvRi gvUmmq
gvbyqj KvR
WvUvBbcyU
< |=|<< ||< |#
mwUsKi Y
eZb i wk` eZb wi cvU
51

GKwUcvMvg dvPvUi D`vniYt gb Kwi GKwUMvgi gvURbmsLv1200| hvì eqm18 evZvi ewk Zvi v
||< = ||<< |, ||< |, < ||< =|< || -< = | =<| || ||
Dcvcb Ki vnj v

bv nuv

wP t f vUvi Zvwj KvQvcvbvi cvMvg dvPvU
WvUvcmwms Ges gvbyqj WvUvcmwms

|| | <||<< =<| < <| -| ||< +| |<D<, |<| =< |=|<<
AZ` nvZ mbKi Z nq| bZzevf yj dj vdj Pvj AvmZ cvi | GZ Ki mKj KvhB e_Zvq chewmZ
nq _vK|
WvUvcmwmst <||< -| ||< || |<D< < |<| << | ||< < <<|< <
<||<# | |=|<< <| Data Processing ej vnq| WvUvcmwms Gi dj Z_wbf i I A_c~Ydj vdj
cvI qvhvq| hgb WvUvcmwms Gi gvag ci xvi cv bî i wf wZ <|= |<| <<| <| || | =<
|<|< || <| |< |=| << - <-
1. i KwWs| 4. kYxwef vRb 7 Kvj Kzj wUs
-. |D<| 5. mwUs evmvRvb 8. AvPK Abyaveb|
3. hvPvBKi Y 6. mvwRs GK xKi Y| 9. wi cvUKi Y|
cKvif`t KwDUvi mvavi YZ `yBf ve WvUvcmwms Ki Z nq|
hgbt (K) Bj KUwb WvUvcmwms|
(L) gvbyqj WvUvcmwms|
gvbyqj WvUvcmwmst mvavi YZ KwDUvi wenxb eevcbvq nvZ Kj g WvUvcmwms Ki nj ZvK gvbyqj cmwms
evnvZ Kj g WvUvcmwms ej vnq| hgb eenwqK cwZvbi Kgì eZb wi cvUevc-i vj Zwi Ki Z nj
cZK KggvUKZ NUvKvR Ki QZvi wf wZ Kvj Kzj Ui Pc KvMR Kj g wj L hvM, weqvM, Y I f vM
Ki P~ovwi cvUZwi Ki vnj vgvbyqj cmwms| GZ mvavi YZ mgq ewk j vMGes f yj nI qvi ceYZvewk
_vK| ZvB Bj KUwbK WvUvcmwms ewk wbf i hvMweavq Zvi eenvi ewk Ki vnq|
<|-1<|< |-< <|| |t |=<|t KwDUvi w`q AwZ `Z wbf yj f ve WvUvcmwms Ki vnq _vK| G
BbcyUwWf vBR w`q WvUvK KwDUvi XvKvbvnq| KwDUvi Zvi Avqxggvwi Z WvUvi L cvMvgi wb`k
i
bvg, wcZvi bvg
eqm, f vUvi
eqm
18 Gi Kg bvewk
wcZvi bvg, eqm
||< =|<
ci eZxgvUf vM
52

| <<| - <||< - |- <|| ||< |<||< |<|< |<D< << =< || |||<
|=| << <| <||< |+|MnY Ki vnq| mekl KvwLZ Z_DcbxZ nq AvDUcyUwWf vBmc`kb
Ki vnq hgb-
BbcyU(Z_) cmwms AvDUcyU(Z_)
wP t WvUvcmwms msMVb|
<|| |t =< <D< <|<||+t <||< |- || | =< <D< |||< |<|< || | - <<|
hZ cvi | hgb-

wP t KwDUvi i gvag WvUvcmwms

cKvif`t |<|< <||<< |D ||< < || << |< || | |=|< -'| | | <<| -
_vK| hgb-
K. MvwYwZK cmwmshvM, weqvM, Y, f vMBZvw`
L. AMvwYwZK cmwms mZwg_vwbavi Y, mwVK webvmKi Y BZvw`|
WvUvGes Z_i ga cv_K
WvUv<| | =< < <| #<< |<< | << |< D <<| -|-
WvUvevDcv Z_ evBbdigkb
1. Z_i z`Zg GKKK ej WvUvevDcv|
2. WvUvnj vmvRvbvbq Ggb wKQyweksLj
dv|
3. || |=|<<< <||< #
Ki vnq|
4. WvUvKwDUvi i gvag Z_i cvwi Z
nq|
1. myksLj f ve mvRvbvWvUvK Z_evBbdi gkb
ej hvevaMg|
2. Z_nj vwekl f ve mvRvbvGgb wKQydvmg~n|
3. || |=|<<< |< <||< - |#
Z_i c MnxZ nq|
4. Z_KwDUvi i gvag WvUvq i cvwi Z nq bv|

WvUvKvwWs
t
KwDUvi i Bbdi gkb wmg BbcyUwnme WvUv`qvnq| Avi Zvi ci AvDUcyUwnme Bbdi gkb cvI qvhvq|
mwVK WvUvBbcyUKi j mwVK Bbdi gkb cvI qvhvq| | GLvb BbcyUWvUvi YMZ gvbi Dci AvDUcyUi wbf yj Zv
wbf i Ki _vK| Bbdi gkb wmg mwVK WvUvBbcyUKi vi RbKvhKi WvUvKvwWs Ki Z nq|
BbcyU ggvwi msi Y
wbqY
MvwYwZK cmwms ev
AMvwYwZK cmwms
dj vdj c`vb
53

WvUvKvwWst KwDUvi WvUvKvwWs nj vKvb wbw` wbqg mvRvbvZ_K Kvb msc msLvevAi vi v
evSvbvi KvW| A_vr KwDUvi WvUvevDcvK mnR I msw AvKvi cKvki Kkj KB WvUvKvwWs (Data
coding) ej vnq| AvaywbK KwDUvi WvUvKv| =< <<-|< =<| D<| |-<
WvUvKvwWsGi myweavt KwDUvi WvUvKvwWs Gi AbK eenvwi K myweavi qQ| wbWvUvKvwWs Gi cavb
|<<|<| D <<| -|-
hgb-
1. WvUvKvwWs Gi mvnvh `yi n I RwUj WvUvK mnR I msw AvKvi KwDUvi GwUKi vnq|
2. KvwWs KvRi `ZvI wbf yj ZvK e Y evwoq `q|
3. WvUvKvwWs WvUvcmwms Gi Dchy mwUs KvR mnvvqZvKi _vK|
4. Gi dj eenvi Kvi xi mgq I kg Kg j vM|
5. || <|| =< ||< < | |=|<< -< -
WvUvKvwWscwZi cKvf`t AvaywbK KwDUvi wbv wewf bai bi KvwWs cwZi Abymi Y Ki Kvhmv`b Ki v
nZ _vK| hgb-
K. =| | |<| <||
L. =|< | |<| <||
M. AbyeZxKvwWs
N. <D< <||
O. wZ mnvqK KvwWs|
K. =+|t | |<| <||<tt mvavi YZ me wKQyK QvUQvU`j evDc wef vMf vMKi G ai bi KvwWs Ki v
nq _vK| hgb-=<| <|||< ||< |<= =|<| || | |<
i. kxlfvMt (Top Level)
1 = Aj
2 =ga Aj
3 =`wY Aj
ii. gafvM(Mid Level)
1 =i vRkvnx
2 =eov
3 =i scyi |
iii. wbfvM(Bottom Level)
1 =bI Mv
2 =bvUvi , j vj cyi
3 =cvebv|
myZi vs j vj cyi i RbkYxKvWnj v =112
L. -=|+< ||<| <||<tt = +| =|< <| < < -| - | | < =| < =<
cZK Dcv`vbi mbmbv Ki Y Ki Z kYxwef vRb KvWhy Ki vi RbeeZ nZ cvi |
M. AbyewZKvwWst G cwZZ Dcv`vbmg~n wKQycKwZK AbyewZZ mvRvbvnq| AZci Avi vwcZ KvWbî
cZK mgq ewKi vnq _vK|
N. <D< <||<tt = +| =< ||<| <<| |<|*| <| < <D< |< <<| - = <|
mvavi Y ewki Dci wf w Ki wmvbqvnq| hgb- =|-< |<<|< <D< <|| Gi bgybvwbi ct
wWcvUgUvi - 9-99;
mycvi gvKU 100- 199;
cvBKvi x`vKvb 200- 299;
Abvb`vKvb 300-----
O. mnvqK KvwWst G cwZZ me KvWbv^vi i Avmj Ask Avmj bvg eveYbv_K msw Ki vnq hvgb i vLv
mnR| hgb- Gqvi j vB wi Rvf kb LHR (London Healthrow ) FRA (Frankful) nj vbgvwbK KvW|

54

wmg, wmg wWRvBb Ges wmg Gbvwj |+ <-<- t= t
KwDUvi i mvavi Y Dcv MnY evBbcyU, cmwms Ges AvDUcyUG wZbwUg~j Ask wbqB wmgi g~j msMVb
Zwi nq| KwDUvi hKvb KvhmnR Ges mwVKf ve mv`bi Rbh_v_wmg, wmg Gbvwj wmm, wmg
wWRvBbi cqvRb nq| G mKj Kvhi h_v_eevcbvI evevqb Ki b wmg Gbvwj e`|
wmgt Kvb wbw` KvR mnR Ges mwVKf ve mv`bi j mymsei xwZ bxwZK wmg ej vnq| h Kvb
cwZvbi KvR Ki vi cwZK GKwUwmg ej vnq| hgb- KvwLZ gybvdvARbi j GKwUeemvq cwZvbi
cwi Kw Z I ci i mKhy KvRj vK mg^q weRbmwmg ej vhvq| GLvb wmg g~j wZbwUAsk wb
D <<| -|-
K. Dcv MnY/ BbcyU|
L. cmwms|
M. AvDUcyU|

wP t wmgi g~j msMVb
wmg wWRvBbt |<|< | |<D< << | <|evqbi Rbh cwi K bvevi c i LvZwi Ki vnq
ZvKB wmg wWRvBb ej vnq| wmg wWRvBb wbv wel qj vAf ~ _vK| hgb-
i. wmgi eYbv|
ii. md&UI qvi wbw`Ki Y
iii. Dcv I dj vdj wbw`Ki Y|
iv. wmg dvPvU |
v. WvUvemwbw`Ki Y|
vi. nvWI qvi myweavGes cwi Pvj bvgvbyqj |
wmg Gbvwj t wmg Gbvwj nj b GKRb ew , whwb KwDUvi i GKwUweRbmwmgi RbGbvwj wmm
Ki v, wWRvBb Ki vGes Gj vevevqbi Rb`vwqZevb KvhmbKi b| KwDUvi Bbdi gkb wmgi Dbqb
Ges GKwUi `vwqZi KvR hvZ AbK mgq, A_Ges gvbyl i cqvRb bvnq mw`K Lqvj i LB wmg
Gbvwj wmg Zwi Ki _vKb| GKRb wmg Gbvwj i mvavi YZ wbv Yvewj _vKvcqvRb nq| hgb
i. hvMvhvM`Zv|
ii. mgmvmgvavbi `Zv|
iii. eemvwqK vb|
iv. Kvwi Mwi vb|
v. KwDUvi `ZvBZvw`|
|+ <-<- t=t h Kvb wmg evevqbi Rbh KwZcq j ARb Ki Z nq Zvc~eB mbv KZ _vK|
Kvi Y wmg evevqbi gvag KvwLZ j AwRZ nq _vK| wmg evevqb KqKwUavc mbnq| wmg
ev<|< <|=|< <|| =<# | = <| System Development Life Cycle ej v
nq| mvavi YZ GKwUwmg evevvqbi RbGKwUi ci LvZwi Kvi xi cqvRb nq _vK|
wmg Dbqb c_gB wmgwUj vf RbK wKbvGes GwUi wKf ve Dbqb Ki vhvq Zvi GKwUcwi K bvMnY Ki vnq
_vK| Gi ci md&UI qvi Dbqb Ki wmgwUi evevqb Ki vnq _vK| wmgwUevevqbi ci GwUi g~j vqb
<< -|< | - <|< =<| | <<|< < =< <| =| |<| << - |< <|<
wmgwUi wUwePzwZ `~i Ki vi RbwmgwUi Dbqbi Rbcybt Dbqb Acwi nvhnq co| wmg cybt Dbqb
Ki vi Rbcwi eZb cqvMI wmg ev<|< < <| <| |= << - =<| | |<|| =<
< <|< tt <|<| =<| =|<|< < |<| - <|< <||< | = |<|<
|| <|< <|| <|= | <-
i. cvi wK Abymvb (Priliminary Investegation)
ii. | |<D< (System Analizes)
iii. wmg wWRvBb (System Design)
iv. md&UI qvi Dbqb (Software Development)
v. wmg ci xY (System Experiment)
vi. wmg evevqb (System Application)
vii. wmg i YveY (System Storage)
viii. cybtwbi xY (Review)
BbcyU cmwms AvDUcyU

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