Physics Chapter 3 Answers

Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics
Answers to Even-Numbered Conceptual Questions

2. 4. 6. 8. 10. Vectors A , G , and J are all equal to one another. In addition, vector I is the same as vector L . No. The component and the magnitude can be equal if the vector has only a single component. If the vector has more than one nonzero component, however, its magnitude will be greater than either of its components. No. If a vector has a nonzero component, the smallest magnitude it can have is the magnitude of the component. The vectors A and B must point in the same direction. The vector A can point in the following directions: 45, 135, 225, and 315. In each of these directions
Ax = Ay .
12. 14. Two vectors of unequal magnitude cannot add to zero, even if they point in opposite directions. Three vectors of unequal magnitude can add to zero if they can form a triangle. When sailing upwind, your speed relative to the wind is greater than the speed of the wind itself. If you sail downwind, however, you move with the wind, and its speed relative to you is decreased.
Solutions to Problems and Conceptual Exercises

1. Picture the Problem: Each component of a vector is doubled in magnitude. Strategy: Note the relationship between the components of a vector and its magnitude and direction to answer the conceptual question. Solution: 1. (a) Doubling each of the components of a vector will double its magnitude, or increase its magnitude by a multiplicative factor of 2. You can picture this in your head or confirm it mathematically with a calculation like:
A=
2 Ax2 + Ay
( 2 Ax )
2 + ( 2 Ay ) = 4 ( Ax2 + Ay ) = 2 Ax2 + Ay2 = 2 A 2
2. (b) Doubling each of the components of a vector will not change its direction at all; the direction changes by a multiplicative factor of 1. You can picture this in your head or confirm it mathematically with a calculation like:
= tan 1 ( Ay Ax ) tan 1 ( 2 Ay 2 Ax ) = tan 1 ( Ay Ax ) =

Insight: You can change a vectors direction only by changing the relative magnitudes of its components. In this exercise each component was changed by the same multiplicative factor, so the relative magnitudes were unchanged.
2.
Picture the Problem: Compare the magnitudes of the vectors depicted in the figure. Strategy: Concentrate on the lengths of the vectors as drawn and ignore their direction. Solution: By comparing the lengths of the vectors as drawn we can arrive at the ranking: B < C < A < D Insight: Note that the symbol B refers to the magnitude of the vector and B refers to both magnitude and direction.
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31
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 3.
James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition
Picture the Problem: Compare the magnitudes of the x components of the vectors depicted in the figure. Strategy: Concentrate on the value of the x component of each vector. A vector that is oriented vertically in the diagram has an x component of zero, whereas horizontal vectors have x components with large magnitudes, either positive (to the right) or negative (to the left). Solution: Note that the x component of D is large and negative. The value of its x component is therefore the smallest even though the magnitude of its x component is the largest. By comparing the values of the x components of the vectors as drawn we can arrive at the ranking: Dx < C x < Bx < Ax Insight: Note that the symbol Bx refers to the value of the x component of vector B .
4.
Picture the Problem: Compare the magnitudes of the y components of the vectors depicted in the figure. Strategy: Concentrate on the value of the y component of each vector. A vector that is oriented horizontally in the diagram has a y component of zero, whereas vertical vectors have y components with large magnitudes, either positive (upward) or negative (downward). Solution: Note that the y component of D is small and negative. The value of its y component is therefore even smaller than the zero y component of B . By comparing the values of the y components of the vectors as drawn we can arrive at the ranking: Dy < By < Ay < C y Insight: Note that the symbol By refers to the value of the y component of vector B .
5.
Picture the Problem: The press box is 32.0 ft above second base and an unknown horizontal distance away. Strategy: Use the tangent function to determine the horizontal distance. Solution: Use the tangent function to find x:
x= y 38.0 ft = = 119 ft tan tan15.0
x 15.0 32.0 ft
Insight: Dividing distances into right triangles in this manner is an important strategy for solving physics problems.
6.
Picture the Problem: You drive 1.2 miles along an inclined roadway, gaining 530 ft of altitude. Strategy: Use the sine function to determine the angle and then the additional distance x along the hypotenuse. Solution: 1. (a) Apply the sine function: 2. Now solve for
sin = y 530 ft = s 1.2 mi 5280 ft/mi
x 1.2 mi
150 ft
530 ft
= sin 1
530 ft = 4.8 6300 ft/mi

y 150 ft = = 1800 ft = 0.34 mi sin sin 4.8
3. (b) Use the known angle together with the sine function to find x: x =
Insight: It may be helpful for you to review the trigonometric functions sine, cosine, and tangent before tackling other problems in this chapter.
32
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 7. Picture the Problem: The road gains 6 ft in altitude for every 100 ft it spans in the horizontal direction. Strategy: Use the tangent function to determine the angle. Solution: Apply the tangent function:
100 ft
6 ft
y 6 ft = tan 1 sin = = 3 x 100 ft
8.
Picture the Problem: The vector direction is measured counterclockwise from the +x axis. Strategy: In each case find the vector components. Solution: 1. (a) Find the x and y components:
y
r
35.0
y
r
65.0
(a)
rx = r cos = ( 75 m ) cos 35.0 = 61 m ry = r sin = ( 75 m ) sin 35.0 = 43 m
(b)
2. (b) Find the x and y components:
rx = r cos = ( 75 m ) cos 65.0 = 32 m ry = r sin = ( 75 m ) sin 65.0 = 68 m
Insight: Resolving vectors into their components is an important skill for solving physics problems.
9.
Picture the Problem: The base runner travels from C (home plate) to first base, then to A (second base), then to B (third base), and finally back to C (home plate). Strategy: The displacement vector r is the same as the position vector r if we take home plate to be the origin of our coordinate system (as it is drawn). The displacement vector for a runner who has just hit a double is drawn. Solution: 1. (a) Write the displacement vector from C to A in terms of its x and y components: 2. (b) Write the displacement vector from C to B in terms of its x and y components: 3. (c) For a home run the displacement is zero:
+ ( 90 ft ) y r = ( 90 ft ) x + ( 90 ft ) y = ( 90 ft ) y r = ( 0 ft ) x + ( 0 ft ) y r = ( 0 ft ) x
Insight: The displacement is always zero when the object (or person) returns to its original position.
33
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 10. Picture the Problem: The ship approaches the rocks as depicted in the picture. Strategy: The distance to the rocks can be determined from a right triangle that extends from the sailor to the top of the lighthouse to the base of the lighthouse and back to the sailor. Find the length of the bottom of that triangle and subtract 19 ft to determine the distance to the rocks.
Solution: 1. Use the tangent function to find the distance L: 2. Subtract 19 ft from L to find the distance to the rocks:
tan 30 =
( 49 14 ft )
L
L=
( 35 ft )
tan 30
= 61 ft
d = L 19 ft = 61 19 ft = 42 ft
Insight: Identifying right triangles and manipulating the trigonometric functions are important skills to learn when solving physics problems. 11. Picture the Problem: The water molecule forms a triangle with the positions of the oxygen and hydrogen nuclei as shown. Strategy: Break the triangle up into two right triangles and use the sine function to find the distance between the hydrogen nuclei. The angle is half of the 104.5 bond angle, or = 52.25. Solution: 1. Use the sine function to find the distance d:
sin = d 0.96
2. The distance between hydrogen nuclei is 2d: 2d = 2 ( 0.96 ) sin ( 52.25 ) = 1.5 Insight: Identifying right triangles and manipulating the trigonometric functions are important skills to learn when solving physics problems. 12. Picture the Problem: The given vector components correspond to the vector r as drawn at right. Strategy: Use the inverse tangent function to determine the angle . Then use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine the magnitude of r . Solution: 1. (a) Use the inverse tangent function to find the distance angle : 2. (b) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine the magnitude of r : y
14 m
r
x 9.5 m
9.5 = 34 or 34 below 14 the +x axis
= tan 1
r = rx2 + ry2 = r = 17 m
(14 m )
+ ( 9.5 m )
3. (c) If both rx and ry are doubled, the direction will remain the same but the magnitude will double:
= tan 1
r=
9.5 2 = 34 14 2
2
( 28 m )
+ ( 19 m ) = 34 m
2
Insight: Any vector can be resolved into two components. The ability to convert a vector to and from its components is an essential skill for solving many physics problems.
34
James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition XII I y

r
13. Picture the Problem: The given vector components correspond to the vector r as drawn at right. Strategy: Determine the angle from our knowledge of analog clocks. The given component rx together with the angle will allow us to calculate the length of r and the component ry . Solution: 1. (a) Find the angle : 2. Find the length of r:
II
1 360 = 30 12
rx 3.0 cm = = 3.5 cm cos cos 30
3.0 cm
III
rx = r cos r =
3. (b) The components rx and ry are only equal when =45. Since in this case =30, the component ry will be less than rx or 3.0 cm. 4. (c) Find ry :
ry = r sin = ( 3.5 cm ) sin 30 = 1.7 cm
Insight: Any vector can be resolved into two components. The ability to convert a vector to and from its components is an essential skill for solving many physics problems.
14. Picture the Problem: The trip takes you toward the east first and then toward the north. The vector is depicted at right. Strategy: Use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine the magnitude and the inverse tangent function to determine the angle. Solution: 1. (a) Find the magnitude of r :
r=
680 ft
2
340 ft
( 680 ft )
+ ( 340 ft ) = 760 ft
2. (b) I estimate an angle of close to 30 based on the sketch above. 3. (c) Use the inverse tangent function to find :
= tan 1
340 ft = 27 north of east 680 ft
15. Picture the Problem: The two vectors A (length 50 units) and B (length 120 units) are drawn at right. Strategy: Resolve B into its x and y components to answer the questions. Solution: 1. (a) Find Bx:
Bx = (120 units ) cos 70 = 41 units
A
70
2. Since the vector A points entirely in the x direction, we can see that Ax = 50 units and that vector A has the greater x component. 3. (b) Find By:
Bx = (120 units ) sin 70 = 113 units
4. The vector A has no y component, so it is clear that vector B has the greater y component. Insight: Any vector can be resolved into two components. The ability to convert a vector to and from its components is an essential skill for solving many physics problems.
35
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 16. Picture the Problem: The four possible locations of the treasure are labeled A, B, C, and D in the figure at right. The position vector for location A is also drawn. North is up and east is to the right. Strategy: Use the vector components to find the magnitude and direction of each vector. Solution: 1. Find the magnitude of A : 2. Find the direction (from north) of A : 3. Find the magnitude of B : 4. Find the direction (from north) of B : 5. Find the magnitude of C : 6. Find the direction (from north) of C : 7. Find the magnitude of D : 8. Find the direction (from north) of D :
A=
A 22.0 m B 22.0 m A 15.0 m palm tree

2
C 5.00 m D
( 22.0 m )
+ (15.0 + 5.00 m ) = 29.7 m
A = tan 1
B=
22.0 m = 47.7 west of north 15.0 + 5.00 m

2
( 22.0 m )
+ (15.0 5.00 m ) = 24.2 m

2
B = tan 1
C=
22.0 m = 65.6 west of north 15.0 5.00 m

2
( 22.0 m )
+ (15.0 + 5.00 m ) = 29.7 m

2
C = tan 1
D=
22.0 m = 47.7 east of north 15.0 + 5.00 m

2
( 22.0 m )
+ (15.0 5.00 m ) = 24.2 m

2
D = tan 1
22.0 m = 65.6 east of north 15.0 5.00 m
Insight: If you ever find a treasure map like this one, youll be glad you mastered vectors in physics! 17. Picture the Problem: The whale dives along a straight line tilted 20.0 below horizontal for 150 m as shown in the figure. Strategy: Resolve the whales displacement vector into horizontal and vertical components in order to find its depth ry and its horizontal travel distance rx. Solution: 1. (a) The depth is given by ry: 2. (b) The horizontal travel distance is given by rx:
ry = r sin = (150 m ) sin ( 20.0 ) = 51 m rx = r cos = (150 m ) cos ( 20.0 ) = 140 m = 0.14 km
Insight: Note that both answers are limited to two significant figures, because although 20.0 has three, 150 m has only two significant figures. 18. Picture the Problem: Consider the two vectors A and B depicted in the figure. Strategy: Remember the rules of adding and subtracting vectors. Vectors are always added head-to-tail. To subtract vectors, reverse the direction of the negative vector and add it head-to-tail to the positive vector. Solution: 1. (a) To add A + B we must move B so that its tail is on the head of A . The resultant vector starts at the tail of A and ends at the head of B , so it points up and to the right like vector E . 2. (b) To subtract A B we must reverse B (so that it points to the left) and add it head-to-tail to A . The resultant vector points up and to the left like vector F .
36
3. (c) To subtract B A we must reverse A (so that it points down) and add it head-to-tail to B . The resultant vector points down and to the right like vector D . Insight: In the figure the vector C points in a similar direction to A B .
19. Picture the Problem: Consider the six vectors A through F depicted in the figure. Strategy: Remember the rules of adding and subtracting vectors. Vectors are always added head-to-tail. Solution: 1. (a) To add A + D we must move D so that its tail is on the head of A . The resultant vector starts at the tail of A and ends at the head of D , so it points up and to the right but is shorter than A . By the same analysis the vector
A + E , however, points up and to the right and is longer than A . We conclude that the magnitude of A + D is
less than the magnitude of A + E . 2. (b) As discussed in step 1, the vector A + E points up and to the right and is longer than A . Likewise the vector
A + F points up and to the left and is longer than A . We note the symmetry of the vectors E and F and conclude that
the magnitude of A + E is equal to the magnitude of A + F . Insight: In a similar fashion the vectors A + D and A + C would be equal in magnitude.
20. Picture the Problem: The two vectors A (length 40.0 m) and B (length 75.0 m) are drawn at right. Strategy: Add vectors A and B using the vector component method. Solution: 1. (a) A sketch (not to scale) of the vectors and their sum is shown at right.
B
50.0 20.0
A
C
2. (b) Add the x components: Cx = Ax + Bx = ( 40.0 m ) cos ( 20.0 ) + ( 75.0 m ) cos ( 50.0 ) = 85.8 m 3. Add the y components:
C y = Ay + By = ( 40.0 m ) sin ( 20.0 ) + ( 75.0 m ) sin ( 50.0 ) = 43.8 m
2 2 4. Find the magnitude of C : C = C x + C y =
(85.8 m )
+ ( 43.8 m ) = 96.3 m
2
5. Find the direction of C :
C = tan 1
Cy 1 43.8 m = tan = 27.0 C 85.8 m x
Insight: Resolving vectors into components takes a little bit of extra effort, but you can get much more accurate answers using this approach than by using a ruler and protractor to add the vectors graphically.
37
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 21. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in the problem are depicted at right. The control tower (CT) is at the origin and north is up in the diagram. Strategy: Subtract vector B from A using the vector component method. Solution: 1. (a) A sketch of the vectors and their difference is shown at right. 2. (b) Subtract the x components: 3. Subtract the y components: 4. Find the magnitude of D: 5. Find the direction of D:
Dx = Ax Bx = ( 220 km ) cos (180 32 ) (140 km ) cos ( 90 65 ) = 310 km Dy = Ay By = ( 220 km ) sin (180 32 ) (140 km ) sin ( 90 65 ) = 57 km
2 D = Dx2 + Dy =
( 310 km )
+ ( 57 km ) = 320 km = 3.2 105 m

2
D = tan 1
Dy Dx
1 57 km = tan = 10 + 180 = 170 or 10 north of west 310 km
Insight: Resolving vectors into components takes a little bit of extra effort, but you can get much more accurate answers using this approach than by adding the vectors graphically. Notice, however, that when your calculator returns 10 as the angle in step 5, you must have a picture of the vectors in your head (or on paper) to correctly determine the direction.
22. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in the problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Subtract vector v i from v f using the vector component method. Solution: 1. (a) A sketch of the vectors and their difference is shown at right. 2. (b) Subtract the x components: 3. Subtract the y components: 4. Find the magnitude of v : 5. Find the direction of v :
v
vi
y
vf
75
x
vi
vx = vf , x vi,x = ( 66 km/h ) cos ( 75 ) ( 45 km/h ) cos ( 0 ) = 28 km/h v y = vf , y vi,y = ( 66 km/h ) sin ( 75 ) ( 45 km/h ) sin ( 0 ) = 64 km/h
2 2 v = vx + v y =
( 28 km/h )
+ ( 64 km/h ) = 70 km/h
2
v y 1 64 km/h = tan = 66 + 180 = 114 where the angle is 28 km/h vx measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis.
v = tan 1
Insight: Resolving vectors into components takes a little bit of extra effort, but you can get much more accurate answers using this approach than by adding the vectors graphically. Notice, however, that when your calculator returns 66 as the angle in step 5, you must have a picture of the vectors in your head (or on paper) to correctly determine the direction.
38
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 23. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in the problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Deduce the x and y components of B from the information given about A and C . Use the known components to estimate the length and direction of B as well as calculate them precisely. Solution: 1. (a) A sketch of the vectors is shown at right.
2. (b) The vector B must have an x component of 75 m so that when it is added to A the x components will cancel out. It must also have a y component of 95 m because that is the length of C and A has no y component to contribute. Therefore B must be longer than either A or C and it must have an angle of greater than 90. I estimate that its length is about 120 m and that it points at about 130. 3. (c) Using the known components of B we can find its magnitude: 4. Find the direction of B :
B = (75 m) 2 + (95 m) 2 = 121 m
95 m = 52 + 180 = 128 75 m Insight: Here the length and direction of B are determined by its x and y components, which are determined from A and C . Learning to manipulate vector components will be a useful skill when tackling many physics problems.
B = tan 1
24. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in the problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Since A points entirely in the x direction, and B points entirely in the y direction, A and B are the x and y components of their sum A + B . Use the known lengths of A + B and A to find B. Solution: 1. Set the length of A + B equal to 37 units: 2. Solve for B:
y 30
A+B B
22 O x
37 = A2 + B 2 37 2 = A2 + B 2
B = 372 A2 = 372 ( 22 ) = 30 units
Insight: Here the length of B is determined by the lengths of the other two vectors because the directions of A and B are stipulated. Learning to manipulate vector components will be a useful skill when tackling many physics problems.
39
James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition y
25. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in the problem are depicted at right.
Strategy: Use the vector component method of addition and subtraction to determine the components of each combination of A and B . Once the components are known, the length and direction of each combination can be determined fairly easily.
BA
O
A B
AB
B A A+B
B
10
A
5
A+B
Solution: 1. (a) Determine the components of A + B : 2. Find the magnitude of A + B : 3. Determine the direction of A + B , measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis. 4. (b) Determine the components of A B : 5. Find the magnitude of A B : 6. Determine the direction of A B , measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis. 7. (c) Determine the components of B A : 8. Find the magnitude of B A : 9. Determine the direction of B A , measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis.
+ (10 ) x = 10x 5y A + B = ( 5 ) y
A+B =
(10 ) + ( 5)
2
= 11 units
A + B = tan 1
5 = 27 or 333 10
(10 ) x = 10x 5y A B = ( 5 ) y
AB =
( 10 ) + ( 5)
2
= 11 units
A B = tan 1
5 = 27 + 180 = 207 10
( 5 ) y = 10x + 5y B A = (10 ) x
BA =
(10 ) + ( 5)
2
= 11 units
B A = tan 1
5 = 27 10
Insight: This problem is simplified by the fact that A and B have only one component each, but a similar approach will work even with more complicated vectors. Notice that you must have a picture of the vectors in your head (or on paper) in order to correctly interpret the directions in steps 3, 6, and 9.
26. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in the problem are depicted at right.
Strategy: Add the vectors using the component method in order to find the components of the vector sum. Use the components to find the magnitude and the direction of the vector sum.
B
A+B+C
30
A
Solution: 1. (a) Make estimates from the drawing: 2. (b) Add the vector components:
A + B + C 20 m
45
1.5
+ A+B+C = 0 + ( 20.0 m ) cos 45 + ( 7.0 m ) cos ( 30 ) x
( 10.0 m ) + ( 20.0 m ) sin 45 + ( 7.0 m ) sin ( 30 ) y + ( 0.64 m ) y A + B + C = ( 20.2 m ) x

A+B+C =
3. Use the components to find the magnitude:
( 20.2 m )2 + ( 0.64 m )2
= 20.2 m
3 10
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 4. Use the components to find the angle:
= tan 1
0.64 m = 1.8 20.2 m
Insight: Resolving vectors into components takes a little bit of extra effort, but you can get much more accurate answers using this approach than by adding the vectors graphically. Notice, however, that when your calculator returns the angle of 1.8 in step 4, you must have a picture of the vectors in your head (or on paper) to correctly determine the direction. 27. Picture the Problem: The vector involved in the problem is depicted at right. Strategy: Determine the x and y components of and then express them in terms of the unit vectors. Solution: 1. Find the x and y components of r :
rx = ( 54 m ) cos ( 42 ) = 40 m ry = ( 54 m ) sin ( 42 ) = 36 m
y
42
54 m
r
2. Now express r in terms of the unit vectors:
+ ( 36 m ) y r = ( 40 m ) x
Insight: In general, an arbitrary two-dimensional vector A can always be written as the sum of a vector component in the x direction and a vector component in the y direction. 28. Picture the Problem: The vector involved in the problem is depicted at right. Strategy: Determine the x and y components of A . Solution: 1. Find the x component: 2. Find the y component:
Ax = ( 3.50 m ) cos (145 ) = 2.87 m
Ay = ( 3.50 m ) sin (145 ) = 2.01 m
A
145
Insight: Any vector can be resolved into two components. The ability to convert a vector to and from its components is an essential skill for solving many physics problems. 29. Picture the Problem: The vector A has a length of 6.1 m and points in the negative x direction. Strategy: In order to multiply a vector by a scalar, you need only multiply each component of the vector by the same scalar. Solution: 1. (a) Multiply each component of A by 3.7:
A = ( 6.1 m ) x = ( 23 m ) x so Ax = 23 m 3.7 A = ( 3.7 )( 6.1 m ) x
2. (b) Since A has only one component, its magnitude is simply 23 m. Insight: Multiplying both components of a vector by a scalar will change the length of the vector but not its direction. 30. Picture the Problem: The vector 5.2A has a length of 34 m and points in the positive x direction. Strategy: Divide the components of the vector 5.2A by 5.2 in order to find the components of A . From there we can easily find the x component and the magnitude of A . Solution: 1. (a) Divide both sides by 5.2:
5.2A = ( 34 m ) x A = ( 6.5 m ) x
2. The vector A has only an x component:
Ax = 6.5 m
3. (b) Since A has only one component, its magnitude is simply 6.5 m. Insight: Dividing each component of a vector by a scalar will change the length of the vector but not its direction.
3 11
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 31. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in the problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Determine the lengths and directions of the various vectors by using their x and y components. Solution: 1. (a) Find the direction of A from its components: 2. Find the magnitude of A : 3. (b) Find the direction of B from its components: 4. Find the magnitude of B : 5. (c) Find the components of A + B : 6. Find the direction of A + B from its components: 7. Find the magnitude of A + B :
A+B B
2.0 m O 2.0 m
A = tan 1
A=
2.0 m = 22 5.0 m
2
A+B
A
5.0 m
( 5.0 m )
+ ( 2.0 m ) = 5.4 m
2
B = tan 1
B=
5.0 m = 68 + 180 = 110 2.0 m

2
( 2.0 m )
+ ( 5.0 m ) = 5.4 m
2
+ ( 2.0 + 5.0 m ) y = ( 3.0 m ) x + ( 3.0 m ) y A + B = ( 5.0 2.0 m ) x
A +B = tan 1
A+B =
3.0 m = 45 3.0 m
= 4.2 m
( 3.0 m )2 + ( 3.0 m )2
Insight: In the world of vectors 5.4 m + 5.4 m can be anything between 0 m and 10.8 m, depending upon the directions that the vectors point. In this case their sum is 4.2 m.
32. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in the problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Determine the lengths and directions of the various vectors by using their x and y components. Solution: 1. (a) Find the direction of A from its components: 2. Find the magnitude of A : 3. (b) Find the direction of B from its components: 4. Find the magnitude of B : 5. (c) Find the components of A+B: 6. Find the direction of A + B from its components: 7. Find the magnitude of A + B :
A = tan 1
A=
12 m = 26 25 m
2
A+B
A+B
O
12 m
B x 25 m
( 25 m )
+ ( 12 m ) = 28 m
B = tan 1
B=
15 m = 82 2.0 m = 15 m
( 2.0 m )2 + (15 m )2
+ ( 12 + 15 m ) y = ( 27 m ) x + ( 3.0 m ) y A + B = ( 25 + 2.0 m ) x
A +B = tan 1
A+B =
3.0 m = 6.3 27 m
= 27 m
( 27 m )2 + ( 3.0 m )2
Insight: In the world of vectors 28 + 15 m can be anything between 13 m and 43 m, depending upon the directions that the vectors point. In this case their sum is 27 m.
3 12
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 33. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in the problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Since the components of the vectors are known, we need only add or subtract the components separately as specified in the problem statement. Solution: 1. (a) Subtract the components:
A BA
O 12 m
+ ( 12 m 15 m ) y A B = ( 25 m 2 m ) x = + ( 27 m ) y ( 23 m ) x
B
25 m x
2. (b) Multiply the answer B A = A B = to part (a) by 1:
+ ( 27 m ) y ( 23 m ) x
A AB B
Insight: Adding and subtracting vectors in component form is often easier than doing so graphically. 34. Picture the Problem: The vectors in the problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Use the information given in the figure to determine the components of each vector. Solution: 1. Find the components: 2. Repeat for B :
+ (1.5 m ) sin ( 40 ) y A = (1.5 m ) cos ( 40 ) x + ( 0.96 m ) y A = (1.1 m ) x B = ( 2.0 m ) cos ( 19 ) ( 2.0 m ) sin ( 19 ) + ( 0.65 m ) y B = (1.9 m ) x
3. Repeat for C :
+ (1.0 m ) sin (180 25 ) y C = (1.0 m ) cos (180 25 ) x + ( 0.42 m ) y C = ( 0.91 m ) x
4. Repeat for D :
+ (1.5 m ) y D = 0x
Insight: Any vector can be resolved into two components. The ability to convert a vector to and from its components is an essential skill for solving many physics problems. 35. Picture the Problem: The vectors in the problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Use the information given in the figure to determine the components of vectors A, B, and C . Then add the components. Solution: 1. Add the x component of each vector:
Ax = (1.5 m ) cos ( 40 ) = 1.1 m Bx = ( 2.0 m ) cos ( 19 ) = 1.9 m Cx = (1.0 m ) cos (180 25 ) = 0.91 m
( A + B + C)
= 2.1 m
2. Add the y component of each vector:
Ay = (1.5 m ) sin ( 40 ) = 0.96 m By = ( 2.0 m ) sin ( 19 ) = 0.65 m C y = (1.0 m ) sin (180 25 ) = 0.42 m
( A + B + C)
= 0.74 m
3. Express the sum in unit vector notation:
+ ( 0.74 m ) y A + B + C = ( 2.1 m ) x
Insight: In this problem the vector component method of addition is much quicker than the graphical method.
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Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 36. Picture the Problem: The various vectors depicted in the diagram represent position, velocity, or acceleration vectors. Strategy: We can identify any position vectors because they do not originate on the particles path (unless the path goes through the origin) and they always terminate on the path. Velocity vectors must always originate on the path and point tangent to the path, while acceleration vectors always originate on the path and could point in any direction. For uniform circular motion the acceleration vector always points toward the center of the circle.
Solution: 1. (a) By applying the strategy outlined above we can identify vectors 1 and 5 as position vectors. 2. (b) By applying the strategy outlined above we can identify vectors 2, 3, 7, and 8 as velocity vectors. In principle they could also be acceleration vectors, but because vectors 2 and 3 have the same length, and vector 4 points toward the center of the circle, we can assume vectors 2 and 3 are velocity vectors and vector 4 is an acceleration vector. 3. (c) By applying the strategy outlined above we can identify vectors 4 and 6 as acceleration vectors. Insight: Instantaneous velocity vectors always point tangent to the path, but average velocity vectors might not. 37. Picture the Problem: The two vectors involved in this problem are depicted in the figure at right. Strategy: Use the checkerboard squares as a coordinate grid to write vectors 1 and 2 in component form. Then use the components to determine the magnitude and direction of each vector. Solution: 1. (a) Because each vector has components of length 3.5 cm and 7.0 cm, the magnitude of displacement 1 will be equal to the magnitude of displacement 2. 2. (b) Find the components of each vector:
+ ( 3.5 cm ) y r1 = ( 7.0 cm ) x + ( 7.0 cm ) y r2 = ( 3.5 cm ) x
3. Use the components to find the magnitude and direction of displacement 1:
r1 =
( 7.0 cm )
+ ( 3.5 cm ) = 7.8 cm
2
1 = tan 1
r2 =
3.5 cm = 27 + 180 = 153 7.0 cm

2
4. Use the components to find the magnitude and direction of displacement 2:
( 3.5 cm )
+ ( 7.0 cm ) = 7.8 cm
2
2 = tan 1
7.0 cm = 63 3.5 cm
Insight: Because the magnitude of a vector depends upon the squares of the components, it does not matter that the x component of displacement 1 is negative; the displacements still have equal magnitudes. 38. Picture the Problem: The displacement vectors are depicted at right. North is in the y direction and east is in the x direction. Strategy: Sum the components of the vectors in order to determine A + B . Multiply that vector by 1 in order to reverse its direction. Then find the magnitude and direction of the reversed vector. Solution: 1. (a) Add the two displacement vectors:
+ (120 m ) y A + B = ( 72 m ) x
A+B
120 m
A
x
2. Multiply by 1 in order to reverse the + ( 120 m ) y A + B = ( 72 m ) x direction of the net displacement and bring the cat back home:
72 m
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Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 3. Find the magnitude of the desired displacement: 4. Find the direction of the desired displacement:
A+B =
( 72 m )
+ (120 m ) = 140 m
2
= tan 1
120 m = 59 = 59 south of east 72 m
5. (b) Vector addition is independent of the order in which the addition is accomplished. The initial displacement is the same, so there is no change in the displacement for the homeward part of the trip. Insight: In this problem we could claim the cats initial displacement is a single vector with the given components. The answers wouldnt change, but it would simplify the solution a little bit. 39. Picture the Problem: The two legs of the cats path are indicated at right. North is in the y direction and east is in the x direction. Strategy: Determine the displacement from the known vectors that make up the two legs of the cats journey. Divide the displacement by the total time of travel to find the average velocity. Use the x and y components of the average velocity to determine its magnitude and direction. Solution: 1. Determine the displacement: 2. Divide by the total time (45 min + 17 min = 62 min) to find the average velocity: 3. Determine the magnitude of the velocity: 4. Determine the direction of the velocity:
+ ( 72 m ) x r = A + B = (120 m ) y
120 m
A r = A + B
x
72 m
v av =
120 m 1min r 72 m 1min + = x y t 62 min 60s 62 m 60s + ( 0.032 m/s ) y = ( 0.019 m/s ) x
vav =
( 0.019 m/s )
+ ( 0.032 m/s ) = 0.037 m/s

2
= tan 1
120 m = 59 + 180 = 121 72 m

d 120 + 72 m = = 0.052 m/s. The t ( 45 + 17 min ) 60 s/min
= 121 or 31 west of north

Insight: The average speed would be calculated differently: s =
average speed is faster than the average velocity because the total distance traveled is larger than the displacement. 40. Picture the Problem: You travel due west for 125 s at 27 m/s then due south at 14 m/s for 66 s.
Strategy: Find the components of the displacement vector. Once the components are known the magnitude and direction can be easily found. Let north be the positive y direction and east be the positive x direction. Solution: 1. Find the westward displacement: 2. Find the southward displacement: 3. Find the direction of the displacement:
rx = vx t = ( 27 m/s )(125 s ) = 3375 m ry = v y t = ( 14 m/s )( 66 s ) = 924 m
= tan 1
ry rx
1 924 m = tan = 15 + 180 = 195 3375 m
or 15 south of west
4. Find the magnitude of the displacement:
r=
( 3375 m )
+ ( 924 m ) = 3500 m = 3.5 km

2
Insight: The 15 refers to the angle below the negative x axis (west) because the argument of the inverse tangent function is ry rx , or south divided by west.
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41. Picture the Problem: You travel due east 1500 ft then due north 2500 ft.
Strategy: The components of the displacement are given, from which we can determine the magnitude and direction fairly easily. The direction of the average velocity will be the same as the direction of the displacement. The magnitude of the average velocity is the magnitude of the displacement divided by the total time of travel. Let north be the positive y direction and east be the positive x direction. Solution: 1. Find the direction of the displacement: 2. Find the magnitude of the displacement: 3. Find the magnitude of the average velocity:
= tan 1
r= vav =
ry 1 2500 ft = tan = 59 north of east 1500 ft rx

2
(1500 ft )
+ ( 2500 ft ) = 2900 ft 0.305 m/ft = 890 m

2
r 890 m = = 4.9 m/s t 3.0 min 60 s/min
Insight: The 59 refers to the angle above the positive x axis (east) because the argument of the inverse tangent function is ry rx , or north divided by east.
42. Picture the Problem: The jogger runs at 3.25 m/s in a direction 30.0 above the positive x axis.
Strategy: Find the components of the velocity vector according to the method indicated in Figure 3-7(a). Solution: 1. (a) Find the x component of v : 2. Find the y component of v :
vx = ( 3.25 m/s ) cos ( 30.0 ) = 2.81 m/s v y = ( 3.25 m/s ) sin ( 30.0 ) = 1.63 m/s
3. (b) If the joggers speed is halved, the direction will remain unchanged but the x and y components will be halved. Insight: In this case the angle of 30.0 corresponds to the standard angle as indicated in Figure 3-7(a).
43. Picture the Problem: The ball rises straight upward, momentarily comes to rest, and then falls straight downward.
Strategy: After it leaves your hand the only acceleration of the ball is due to gravity, so we expect the answer to be 9.81 m/s2. To calculate the acceleration we need only consider the initial and final velocities and the time elapsed. Because of the symmetry of the situation, the final velocity downward will have the same magnitude as the initial velocity upward. Apply equation 3-5, taking upward to be the positive direction. Solution: Apply equation 3-5:
aav =
v f vi
t
( 4.5 m/s ) y ( 4.5 m/s ) y 0.92 s
= ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) y
Insight: We saw in Chapter 2 how a uniform acceleration will produce a symmetric trajectory, with the time to rise to the peak of flight equaling the time to fall back down, and with equal initial and final speeds.
44. Picture the Problem: The skateboarder rolls down the ramp that is inclined 20.0 above the horizontal.
Strategy: To calculate the acceleration we need only consider the initial and final velocities and the time elapsed. Apply equation 3-5, taking the direction down the ramp to be the positive direction. Solution: 1. Apply equation 3-5:
aav =
v f vi
t
(10.0 m/s ) ( 0 m/s )

3.00 s
= 3.33 m/s 2
2. Compare with g sin :
g sin = ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) sin ( 20.0 ) = 3.36 m/s 2
Insight: The two are equal to within rounding errors. Or perhaps there was a small amount of friction between the skateboard wheels and the ramp. In Chapter 5 well be able to rigorously prove the two are equal using a free body diagram. See, for instance, Example 5-9.
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45. Picture the Problem: The skateboarder rolls down the ramp that is inclined 17.5 above the horizontal.
Strategy: The acceleration relates the change in velocity with the time elapsed. Solve equation 3-5 for the final speed, taking the direction down the ramp to be the positive direction. Solution: Solve equation 3-5 for v f :
2 v f = vi + a t = 0 + ( 9.81 m/s ) sin (17.5 ) ( 3.25 s ) = 9.59 m/s
Insight: Note that when the vector direction doesnt matter (this is essentially a one-dimensional problem) the equation 3-5 looks exactly like equation 2-7. In Chapter 5 well be able to rigorously prove that a = g sin using a free body diagram. See, for instance, Example 5-9.
46. Picture the Problem: The initial and final displacement vectors are depicted at right.
Strategy: Use the given formulae to determine the components of the initial and final positions. Then use those components to find the displacement vector. Divide the displacement vector by the elapsed time to find the velocity vector, and then determine its magnitude and direction. Solution: 1. (a) Find the initial position vector:
+ sin [ 0] y } ri = ( 3.84 108 m ) {cos [ 0] x = ( 3.84 108 m ) x
3.84108 m
r rf
ri
2. Find the arguments of the sine and cosine functions for t = 7.38 days. Let = 2.46 106 radians/s : 3. Find the final position vector:
t = ( 2.46 10 radians/s ) ( 7.38 d 86400 s/d )

6
3.8410 m
= 1.57 radians
+ sin [t ] y } rf = ( 3.84 108 m ) {cos [t ] x
+ sin [1.57 radians ] y } = ( 3.84 108 m ) {cos [1.57 radians ] x
+ ( 3.84 108 m ) y ( 3.84 108 m ) y rf = ( 3.06 105 m ) x
4. Find the displacement vector: 5. Find the vector v av :
( 3.84 108 m ) x r = rf ri = ( 3.84 108 m ) y

8 + ( 3.84 108 m ) y r ( 3.84 10 m ) x = t 7.38 d 86400 s/d + ( 602 m/s ) y v av = ( 602 m/s ) x
v av =
6. Find the magnitude of v av : 7. Find the direction of v av :
vav =
( 602 m/s )
+ ( 602 m/s ) = 852 m/s

2
= tan 1
vav, y 602 m/s = tan 1 = 45 + 180 = 135 602 m/s vav, x
8. (b) The instantaneous speed of the Moon is greater than the average velocity because the distance traveled is greater than the displacement in this case. Insight: If the Moon had completed an entire orbit, instead of just one-quarter of an orbit, its displacement and its average velocity would have been zero. Its speed remains constant, however, at about 947 m/s using the data given in this problem. The given data correspond to a coordinate system where the x direction always points toward the center of the Sun even as the Earth orbits the Sun.
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y
v
47. Picture the Problem: The initial and final velocity vectors are depicted at right.
Strategy: Use the given formulae to determine the components of the initial and final velocities. Then use those components to find the change in velocity vector. Divide the change in velocity vector by the elapsed time to find the acceleration vector, and then determine its magnitude and direction. Solution: 1. (a) Find the initial velocity vector:
+ cos [ 0] y } v i = ( 945 m/s ) { sin [ 0] x = ( 945 m/s ) y
945 m/s
vf
vi
2. Find the arguments of the sine and cosine functions for t = 0.100 days. Let = 2.46 106 radians/s : 3. Find the final position vector:
t = ( 2.46 106 radians/s ) ( 0.100 d 86400 s/d )

= 0.0213 radians
+ cos [ t ] y } v f = ( 945 m/s ) { sin [ t ] x + cos [ 0.0213 radians ] y } = ( 945 m/s ) { sin [ 0.0213 radians ] x + ( 945 m/s ) y v f = ( 20.1 m/s ) x
4. Find the acceleration vector: 5. (b) Find the arguments of the sine and cosine functions for t = 0.0100 days: 6. Find the final position vector:
a=
( 945 m/s ) y ( 20.1 m/s ) x v f vi ( 945 m/s ) y = = ( 0.00233 m/s 2 ) x t 0.100 d 86400 s/d
t = ( 2.46 106 radians/s ) ( 0.0100 d 86400 s/d )

= 0.00213 radians + cos [ t ] y } v f = ( 945 m/s ) { sin [t ] x + cos [ 0.00213 radians ] y } = ( 945 m/s ) { sin [ 0.00213 radians ] x + ( 945 m/s ) y v f = ( 2.01 m/s ) x
7. Find the acceleration vector:
a=
( 945 m/s ) y ( 2.01 m/s ) x v f vi ( 945 m/s ) y = = ( 0.00233 m/s 2 ) x t 0.0100 d 86400 s/d
Insight: The two answers ended up being the same because both time intervals are fairly small. If instead we had component of v and a slightly different acceleration. examined an interval of 1.00 days there would have been a y In Chapter 6 we will examine circular motion and find an even easier way to calculate the acceleration of the Moon. The given data in this problem correspond to a coordinate system where the x direction always points toward the center of the Sun even as the Earth orbits the Sun.
48. Picture the Problem: The photo shows two airplanes flying together during a midair refueling operation.
Strategy: Take note of the fact that if the two aircraft have different velocities they could not remain joined together for more than an instant. Solution: 1. (a) The aircraft being refueled must have the same velocity as the KC-10A, or 125 m/s due east. 2. (b) The aircraft being refueled must have zero velocity relative to the KC-10A. Insight: As the aircraft being refueled approaches the KC-10A it must have a slightly higher speed than the KC-10A, and then needs a slightly lower speed in order to pull away from the KC-10A after refueling.
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49. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in this problem are depicted at right.
Strategy: Let v pg = planes velocity with respect to the ground, v ap = attendants
v ag v pg
v ap
velocity with respect to the plane, and add the vectors according to equation 3-8 to find v ag = attendants velocity with respect to the ground.
Solution: 1. Apply equation 3-8:
+ (16.5 m/s ) x = (15.3 m/s ) x v ag = v ap + v pg = ( 1.22 m/s ) x

vag = 15.3 m/s
Insight: If the attendant were walking toward the front of the plane, her speed relative to the ground would be 17.7 m/s, slightly faster than the airplanes speed.
Strategy: The x-component of the velocity was chosen perpendicular to the motion of the river. Therefore, the motion of the river will not affect the time it takes to travel across it. Divide the width of the river by the x component of the boats velocity to find the time it takes to cross the river. Solution: 1. Find the velocity of the boat relative to the water:
+ ( 6.1 m/s ) sin 25 y v bw = ( 6.1 m/s ) cos 25 x + ( 2.6 m/s ) y = ( 5.5 m/s ) x
2. Find the velocity of the boat relative to the ground: 3. Divide the width of the river by the x component of v bg :
+ ( 2.6 1.4 m/s ) y v bg = ( 5.5 m/s ) x + (1.2 m/s ) y = ( 5.5 m/s ) x

t= x 35 m = = 6.4 s vbg, x 5.5 m/s
Insight: In real life the velocity of the boat would not be constant during the trip across the river; the boat would have to accelerate from rest at one side of the river and then decelerate as it approached the opposite shore, making the travel time significantly longer than 6.4 s.
Strategy: Let v yw = your velocity with respect to the walkway, v wg = walkways

velocity with respect to the ground, and add the vectors according to equation 3-8 to find v yg = your velocity with respect to the ground. Then find the time it takes you to travel the 85-m distance.
v yw v yg
v wg
Solution: 1. Find your velocity with respect to the walkway: 2. Apply equation 3-8 to find your velocity with respect to the ground: 3. Now find the time of travel:
x 85 m = = (1.25 m/s ) x v yw = x x t 68 s
+ ( 2.2 m/s ) x = ( 3.45 m/s ) x v yg = v yw + v wg = (1.25 m/s ) x
x 85 m = = 25 s vyg 3.45 m/s
t=
Insight: The moving walkway slashed your time of travel from 68 s to 25 s, a factor of 2.7! Note that we bent the significant figures rules a little bit by not rounding v yw to 1.3 m/s. This helped us avoid rounding error.
3 19

Strategy: Let v yw = your velocity with respect to the walkway, v wg = walkways velocity with respect to the ground, and add the vectors according to equation 3-8 to find v yg = your velocity with respect to the ground. Then find the time it takes
you to travel the 85-m distance.
v wg v yw v yg
Solution: 1. Find your velocity with respect to the walkway: 2. Apply equation 3-8 to find your velocity with respect to the ground: 3. Now find the time of travel:
x 85 m = = ( 1.3 m/s ) x v yw = x x t 68 s
+ ( 2.2 m/s ) x = ( 0.9 m/s ) x v yg = v yw + v wg = ( 1.3 m/s ) x
t= x 85 m = = 90 s vyg 0.9 m/s
Insight: Going the wrong way on the moving walkway increases your time of travel from 68 s to about 90 s.
Strategy: Let v pg = velocity of the plane relative to the ground, v pa = velocity of the plane relative to the air, and v ag = velocity of the air
relative to the ground. The drawing at right depicts the vectors added according to equation 3-8, v pg = v pa + vag . Determine the angle of the triangle from the inverse sine function. vag v pa 65 km/h = sin 1 = 11 west of north 340 km/h
Solution: 1. (a) Use the inverse sine function to find : 2. (b) The drawing above depicts the vectors.
= sin 1
3. (c) If the plane reduces its speed but the wind velocity remains the same, the angle found in part (a) should be increased in order for the plane to continue flying due north. Insight: If the planes speed were to be reduced to 240 km/h, the required angle would become 16.
Strategy: Let v pf = the passengers velocity relative to the ferry, v pw = the

passengers velocity relative to the water, and v fw = the ferrys velocity relative to the water. Apply equation 3-8 and solve for v fw . Once the components of v fw are known, its magnitude and direction can be determined.
v fw
v pw
30
Solution: 1. Solve equation 3-8 for v fw :
v pw = v pf + v fw v fw = v pw v pf
v pf
2. Determine the components of v fw :
+ ( 4.50 m/s ) cos 30 y v fw = ( 4.50 m/s ) sin 30 x (1.50 m/s ) y + ( 2.40 m/s ) y v fw = ( 2.25 m/s ) x
3 20
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 3. Find the direction of v fw :
= tan 1
vfw, x 2.25 m/s = tan 1 = 43 west of north vfw, y 2.40 m/s
4. Find the magnitude of v fw :
2 2 vfw = vfw, x + vfw, y =
( 2.25 m/s )
+ ( 2.40 m/s ) = 3.29 m/s

2
Insight: If the person were to walk even faster with respect to the ferry, then v fw would have to be shorter and point more in the westerly direction.
55. Picture the Problem: The situation is similar to that depicted in the figure at right, except the boat is supposed to be a jet ski.
Strategy: Place the x-axis perpendicular to the flow of the river, such that the river is flowing in the negative y-direction. Let v bw = jet skis velocity relative to the water, v bg = jet skis velocity relative to the ground, and v wg = waters
velocity relative to the ground. Use equation 3-8 to find the vector v bw , and then determine its magnitude.
Solution: 1. Solve eq. 3-8 for v bw : 2. Find the components of v bg :
v bg = v bw + v wg v bw = v bg v wg
+ ( 9.5 m/s ) sin 20.0 y v bg = ( 9.5 m/s ) cos 20.0 x + ( 3.2 m/s ) y = ( 8.9 m/s ) x
3. Subtract to find v bw :
+ ( 3.2 m/s ) y v bw = v bg v wg = ( 8.9 m/s ) x ( 2.8 m/s ) y + ( 6.0 m/s ) y = ( 8.9 m/s ) x
vbw =
4. Find the magnitude of v bw :
(8.9 m/s )
+ ( 6.0 m/s ) = 11 m/s

2
Insight: Note that the 35 angle is extraneous information for this problem. If we work backwards to find the angle from the components of v bw we get = tan 1 ( 6.0 8.9 ) = 34 , not exactly 35 due to rounding errors.
56. Picture the Problem: The situation is depicted in the figure at right, except the boat is supposed to be a jet ski.
Strategy: Place the x-axis perpendicular to the flow of the river, such that the river is flowing in the negative y-direction. Let v bw = jet skis velocity relative to the water, v bg = jet skis velocity relative to the ground, and
v wg = waters velocity relative to the ground. Set the y component of v bw
equal to the magnitude of v wg so that they cancel, leaving only an x component of v bg . Then determine the angle .
Solution: 1. (a) Set vbw, y + vwg, y = 0 and solve for :
vbw, y = vbw sin = vwg, y
= sin 1
( 2.8 m/s ) vwg, y 1 = 13 = sin vbw 12 m/s
2. (b) Increasing the jet skis speed relative to the water will increase vbw and therefore decrease the angle . Insight: Airplanes must also make heading adjustments like the jet skis in order to fly in a certain direction when there is a steady wind present.
3 21

57. Picture the Problem: The vectors for Jet Ski A and B are depicted at right. Note that v bw has the same magnitude for each jet ski but if you inspect the diagram for Jet Ski B you can see that vbw > vbg,B .
v bw
Jet Ski A
v wg v bg,A
Strategy: Use the x components of the velocities of each jet ski relative to the ground to determine the time required for each jet ski to cross the river. Solution: 1. (a) The time required for each jet ski to cross the river equals the width of the river divided by the x component of the jet skis velocity Jet Ski B relative to the ground. From the diagrams you can see that the x component of v bg,A equals v bw , but that the x component of v bg,B is shorter than
xriver v vbg, B, x vbw cos 35 tA bg, A, x = = = = 0.82 vbw tB xriver vbg, A, x vbg, B, x
v bw
35
v wg
v bg,B
v bw . Therefore Jet Ski A has a higher velocity in the x direction relative to the ground, and will cross the river first.
2. (b) Find the ratio of the times:
Insight: The ratio is less than one, so t A < t B and Jet Ski A reaches the opposite shore first. Remember this the next time you race jet skis across a flowing river!
58. Picture the Problem: Vector A points in the positive x direction and vector B points in the negative x direction. Strategy: Use the definitions of vector magnitude and direction to answer the conceptual question.
Solution: 1. (a) The magnitude of a vector is determined by its length and is independent of its direction. Therefore we is less than the magnitude of B = ( 3.4 m ) x : note that the magnitude of A = (1.2 m ) x 2. (b) The best explanation is I. The number 3.4 is greater than the number 1.2. Statement II is true, but not relevant, and statement III is true, but not relevant because the magnitude of a vector is independent of its direction.
= 1.2 m would still be smaller than Insight: Even if the signs were reversed the magnitude of A = ( 1.2 m ) x = 3.4 m. The magnitude of a vector is independent of its direction. B = ( 3.4 m ) x
59. Picture the Problem: Vector A points in the negative x direction and vector B points in the positive y direction. Strategy: Use the procedure for multiplying a vector by a scalar to answer the conceptual question.
= 3.1 m is equal to the magnitude of Solution: 1. (a) The magnitude of 1.4 A = 1.4 ( 2.2 m ) x = 3.1 m. 2.2B = 2.2 (1.4 m ) y
2. (b) The best explanation is II. A number and its negative have the same magnitude. Statement I is true, but not relevant, and statement III is false (the vectors are perpendicular). Insight: Even if the signs of each vector were reversed the products 1.4 A and 2.2B would have the same magnitude.
60. Picture the Problem: The ramp is depicted at right.
Strategy: Use the inverse sine function to find the angle using the pertinent sides of the triangle. Solution: 1. Write the definition of the sine function:
sin = height y = length r
10.0 ft
3.00 ft
3 22
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 2. Use the inverse sine function to find the angle:
= sin 1
3.00 ft = 17.5 10.0 ft
Insight: Finding a right triangle in any physics problem allows you to use the arsenal of trigonometric tools to find various other quantities of interest. Learn to find them!
61. Picture the Problem: The vector components of A and B are specified in the problem. Measure positive angles to be counterclockwise from the positive x axis.
Strategy: Multiply each component of A by 2 and add them to B . Use the resulting components to determine the direction and magnitude of the sum. Solution: 1. Multiply and add the components: 2. Find the angle: 3. Find the magnitude of the vector sum:
+ ( 32.2 m ) y = ( 24.2 m ) x + ( 32.2 m ) y 2 A + B = 2 (12.1 m ) x
= tan 1
2A + B =
32.2 m = 53.1 or 307 24.2 m
( 24.2 m ) + ( 32.2 m )
2
= 40.3 m
Insight: Once the components of the vectors are known it is a fairly straightforward procedure to determine the scalar product, sum, magnitude, and direction.
62. Picture the Problem: The x and y components of a vector are each negative.
Strategy: Use your knowledge of the quadrants of the coordinate system to answer the conceptual question. Solution: The quadrant in which both vector components are negative is the third quadrant, where the direction angle is between 180 and 270. Insight: If the x component were negative but the y component were positive, the vector would lie in the second quadrant and its direction angle would be between 90 and 180.
63. Picture the Problem: The x component of a vector is positive but the y component is negative.
Strategy: Use your knowledge of the quadrants of the coordinate system to answer the conceptual question. Solution: The quadrant in which the x component of a vector is positive but the y component is negative is the fourth quadrant, where the direction angle is between 270 and 360. Insight: If the x and y components were each positive, the vector would lie in the first quadrant and its direction angle would be between 0 and 90.
64. Picture the Problem: The vector components of A B , C , and A + B + C are specified in the problem.
Strategy: Use the given vector components to write three equations and solve them for A and B . Solution: 1. Add the three given equations to solve for A :
A + B + C = (13.8 m ) x AB Add: 2A = ( 51.4 m ) x C = ( 62.2 m ) x = ( 99.8 m ) x A = ( 49.9 m ) x
2. Now substitute the known vector A into the second equation:
B = ( 51.4 m ) x ( 49.9 m ) x B = (1.5 m ) x
Insight: None of the vectors have any y component. If they did, the problem would be a bit more difficult but still solvable as long as the number of unknowns is less than or equal to the number of equations.
3 23

65. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in this problem are illustrated at right.
Strategy: The x component of the balls velocity with respect to the train must be equal and opposite to the trains velocity in order for Gary to see the ball rise straight upward. That fact, together with the angle of the throw, can be used to find the speed vbt of Michelles throw as well as the speed vbg of the ball according to Gary. Solution: 1. (a) Michelle must have thrown the ball toward the rear of the train so that v tg could cancel out the x component of v bt and leave v bg
completely vertical.
65.0
2. (b) Set the magnitudes of the x components of v bt and v tg and solve

for vbt :
vbt, x = vbt cos ( 65.0 ) = vtg, x vbt =

cos ( 65.0 )
vtg, x
8.35 m/s = 19.8 m/s cos ( 65.0 )
3. (c) The magnitude of vbg equals the y component of v bt :
vbg = (19.8 m/s ) sin ( 65.0 ) = 17.9 m/s
Insight: Gary and Michelle disagree on the path taken by the ball, but each agree on the acceleration and time of flight. Well learn more about relative motion in Chapter 29.
66. Picture the Problem: The displacement vectors of the Hummer are depicted at right.
B
y
Strategy: Find the displacement vectors A and B using the given speed and time information. Use those vector components to find the final displacement vector C . Divide the displacement vector C by the time in order to find the direction and speed direction and east in the x of travel on the final leg. Let north point in the y direction. Solution: 1. Find the vector A :
+ v A t A cos ( 25 ) y A = v A t A sin ( 25 ) x = ( 6.5 km/h )(15 min 1 h/60 min ) + cos ( 25 ) y sin ( 25 ) x + (1.5 km ) y A = ( 0.69 km ) x
25
2. Find the vector B : 3. Find the vector C :
= (12 km/h )( 7.5 min 1 h/60 min ) x = (1.5 km ) x B = v B t B x
( Ay + By ) y C = A + B = ( Ax + Bx ) x (1.5 + 0 km ) y = ( 0.69 + 1.5 km ) x + ( 1.5 km ) y C = ( 0.81 km ) x
4. Find the direction angle :
= tan 1
C t
Cy 1 1.5 km = tan = 62 south of west C 0.81 km x
5. Find the speed of travel:
vC =
( 0.81 km )
+ (1.5 km )
22 min 1 h/60 min
= 4.6 km/h
Insight: Once the components of the vectors are known it is a fairly straightforward procedure to determine the scalar product, sum, magnitude, and direction.
3 24
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 67. Picture the Problem: The three-dimensional vector is depicted at right.
Strategy: Determine the z component of A by applying the cosine function to the right triangle formed in the z direction. Then find the projection of A onto the xy plane (A sin 55) in order to find the x and y components of A . Solution: 1. Find the z component of A : 2. Find the projection onto the xy plane: 3. Find the x component of A : 4. Find the y component of A :
Az = ( 65 m ) cos 55 = 37 m
Axy = A sin 55 = ( 65 m ) sin 55

Ax = ( 65 m ) sin 55 cos 35 = 44 m Ay = ( 65 m ) sin 55 sin 35 = 31 m
Insight: A knowledge of right triangles can help you find the components of even a three-dimensional vector. Once the components are known, then addition and subtraction of vectors become straightforward procedures. 68. Picture the Problem: The football maintains its horizontal velocity but increases its vertical velocity in the downward direction. Strategy: Find the vertical velocity v y of the football after 1.75 s assuming an initial v y of zero. The football maintains its horizontal velocity v0 , so the two velocities form the x and y components of the balls velocity at 1.75 s. Use the components to find the magnitude and direction of the velocity. Solution: 1. (a) Use equation 3-6 to find the components of v f :
m m + 9.81 2 (1.75 s ) y v f = v 0 + at = 16.6 x s s (17.2 m/s ) y = (16.6 m/s ) x

v=
2. (b) Find the magnitude of v f : 3. Find the direction of v f :
(16.6 m/s )
vy vx
+ ( 17.2 m/s ) = 23.9 m/s

2
= tan 1
17.2 m/s = tan 1 = 46.0 or 46.0 below horizontal 16.6 m/s
Insight: The motion of the football will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 4 when we consider projectile motion. 69. Picture the Problem: The path of the football traces out a parabola as the velocity increases at a constant rate in the downward direction, but the velocity in the horizontal direction remains constant. Strategy: Use equation 3-6 to find the average acceleration over a time interval t . Then substitute the various time intervals into the formula to find aav . Solution: 1. (a) Find the average acceleration as a function of the time interval t .
a av = =
v v t + t v t = t t 2 ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) (t + t ) y (16.6 m/s ) x (16.6 m/s ) x ( 9.81 m/s ) t y
} {
t ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) t y = 9.81 m/s 2 y a av = ( ) t
2. Determine aav for t = 1.00 s: 3. (b) Repeat for t = 2.50 s: 4. (c) Repeat for t = 5.00 s:
aav = ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) y aav = ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) y aav = ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) y
Insight: The acceleration due to gravity is constant, so the average acceleration is exactly the same at any time.
3 25
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 70. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in this problem are illustrated at right.

v12
v1g
Strategy: Let v1g = velocity of plane 1 relative to the ground, v 2g = velocity of plane 2 relative to the ground, v12 = velocity of plane 1 relative to plane 2, and v 21 = velocity of plane 2 relative to plane 1 (not pictured). Let north be along the positive y-axis, east along the positive x-axis. Use equation 3-8 to find the components of v12 . Use the components to find the magnitude and direction. Solution: 1. (a) Find v12 by applying equation 3-8: 2. Use the given angles to find the components of v12 :
v1g = v12 + v 2g v12 = v1g v 2g
20
v 2g
v12 = (12 m/s ) y + ( 7.5 m/s ) sin 20 y ( 7.5 m/s ) cos 20 x + ( 9.4 m/s ) y = ( 7.0 m/s ) x
3. Find the direction of v12 :
= tan 1
v12 =
v12, y 9.4 m/s = tan 1 = 53 north of east 7.0 m/s v12, x

2
4. Find the magnitude of v12 :
( 7.0 m/s )
+ ( 9.4 m/s ) = 12 m/s

2
5. (b) Since v 21 = v12 the vector v 21 has the same magnitude as v12 but points in the opposite direction. Therefore,
v 21 = 12 m/s at 53 south of west .

Insight: There are other ways to approach this problem. For instance, in step 1 we could say v12 = v1g + v g 2 and then use the fact that v g 2 = v 2 g to write v12 = v1g v 2g . Its a little awkward to use v g 2 , which represents the velocity of the ground relative to plane 2, but learning to think about velocity from both perspectives can help you solve difficult vector motion problems.
71. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in this problem are illustrated at right. Strategy: To use the graphical method you must make a scale drawing of the vectors and then measure the vector sum with a ruler. To use the component method you must independently add the x and y components of each vector. Solution: 1. (a) Using the scale drawing above you can measure the length of the vector sum: 2. (b) Independently add the x and y components of the vector sum:
r 38 ft r = A + B + C + D = ( 0 + 45 ft 35 ft + 0 ) x + ( 51ft + 0 + 0 13 ft ) y + ( 38 ft ) y r = (10 ft ) x
r =
r = A + B + C + D
3. Find the magnitude of the sum: 4. Find the direction of the vector sum:
(10 ft )
rx r y
+ ( 38 ft ) = 39 ft
2
= tan 1
10 ft = tan 1 = 15 clockwise from A 38 ft
Insight: When adding vectors graphically you must always ensure you are adding them head-to-tail. The vector sum is a vector that starts at the beginning of the first vector ( A ) and ends at the end of the last vector ( D ).
3 26
Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 72. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in this problem are depicted at right.
Strategy: Use the component method of vector subtraction to find v . The average acceleration is then v divided by the time elapsed. Solution: 1. Find the components of v i : 2. Find the components of v f :
+ ( 4.10 m/s ) sin 33.5 y v i = ( 4.10 m/s ) cos 33.5 x + ( 2.26 m/s ) y = ( 3.42 m/s ) x ( 6.05 m/s ) sin 59.0 y v f = ( 6.05 m/s ) cos 59.0 x + ( 5.19 m/s ) y = ( 3.12 m/s ) x
vi
33.5
59.0
vf
vi
3. Subtract the vectors:
+ ( 5.19 2.26 m/s ) y v = v f v i = ( 3.12 3.42 m/s ) x + ( 7.45 m/s ) y = ( 0.30 m/s ) x
4. Divide by the time elapsed:
aav =
+ ( 7.45 m/s ) y v ( 0.30 m/s ) x + ( 3.73 m/s 2 ) y = = ( 0.15 m/s 2 ) x 2.00 s t
Insight: Subtracting vectors A B is the same as adding B to A . Note that acceleration can change both the magnitude and the direction of the velocity vectors.
73. Picture the Problem: The vectors involved in this problem are depicted at right. Strategy: Let v bg = velocity of the bus relative to the ground, v rg = velocity of the raindrops relative to the ground, and v rb = velocity of the raindrops relative to the bus. Apply equation 3-8 to form a right triangle of the velocity vectors as shown in the diagram. Use the right triangle to find the ratio vrg vbg and the value of vrg . Solution: 1. (a) Write out equation 3-8: 2. The vectors form a right triangle because the rain falls vertically and the bus travels horizontally. Use the triangle indicated in the diagram to find the ratio: 3. (b) Use the ratio to find vrg :
v rg = v rb + v bg
v rb
v rg
v bg
vrg vbg
vrb cos 1 1 = = = 3.7 vrb sin tan tan15
vrg = 3.7vbg = 3.7 (18 m/s ) = 67 m/s
Insight: The rain speed is a bit unrealistic; typical values for large raindrops are 10 m/s or about 20 mi/h.
3 27
74. Picture the Problem: The hands of the clock are depicted at right.
Strategy: Find the angles and that correspond to the time of 4:12 and then use the angles to find the components of the position vectors for the tips of the hands. Then subtract the position vectors to find the tip-to-tip distance. Solution: 1. Find the angle :
12 min = 360 = 72 60 min
y x
M
H
r = M H
2. Find the angle : 3. Find the components of M :
4 12 60 360 = 126 90 = 36 12
+ M cos y M = M sin x + (14 ft ) cos 72 y = (13 ft ) x + ( 4.3 ft ) y = (14 ft ) sin 72 x
4. Find the components of H :
H sin y H = H cos x ( 9.0 ft ) sin 36 y = ( 7.3 ft ) x + ( 5.3 ft ) y = ( 9.0 ft ) cos 36 x
5. Find the components of r :
+ ( 4.3 ( 5.3) ft ) y r = M H = (13 7.3 ft ) x + ( 9.6 ft ) y = ( 6 ft ) x
6. Find the magnitude of r :
r =
( 6 ft )
+ ( 9.6 ft ) = 11 ft
2
Insight: The tip-to-tip distance changes from 5.0 ft (when the hands are aligned) to 23 ft (when the hands are opposite each other) during the course of a day.
75. Picture the Problem: The velocities of the surfer v ss and the waves v ws relative to the shore are shown in the diagram at right.
Strategy: Set the y component of the surfers velocity equal to the velocity of the waves, and solve for the angle . Then apply equation 3-8 to find the surfers velocity relative to the wave. Solution: 1. (a) Set vss, y = vws :
shore vss
y x
v ws
vss sin = vws

v = sin ws vss
1
1 1.3 m/s = sin = 10 7.2 m/s
2. (b) Apply equation 3-8:
+ vss sin y ] vws y vss = vsw + v ws vsw = v ss v ws = [ vss cos x
3. Since vss sin = vws , the = ( 7.2 m/s ) cos10 x = ( 7.1 m/s ) x v sw = vss cos x y components cancel out: 4. (c) If the y component stays the same, but the vector increases in length, the angle it makes with the x-axis must decrease. Insight: In this problem we assumed that the water is at rest relative to the shore, so that the surfers speed relative to the water is the same as the surfers speed relative to the shore.
3 28
76. Picture the Problem: The diagram for Example 3-2 is shown at right. The width of the river along the x direction is 25.0 m.
Strategy: Let v bw = boats velocity relative to the water, v bg = boats
velocity relative to the ground, and v wg = waters velocity relative to the ground. Set the y component of v bw equal to the magnitude of v wg so that they cancel, leaving only an x component of v bg . Then determine the angle .
= sin 1
2. (b) Since the y components cancel, it follows that the x component of v bw is the same as v bg : 3. Now find the time to cross the river:
vwg, y 1 ( 1.4 m/s ) = 13 = sin vbw 6.1 m/s
vbg = vbw cos = ( 6.1 m/s ) cos13 = 5.9 m/s

t = x 25.0 m = = 4.2 s vbg 5.9 m/s
4. (c) If the speed of the boat is increased, it should make its heading more downstream in order that its y component remains 1.4 m/s and that it still lands directly across the river from its starting point. Insight: Airplanes must also make heading adjustments like the jet skis in order to fly in a certain direction when there is a steady wind present.
Strategy: Because A + B + C = 0, the x and y components of the vectors must
B
30.0
independently sum to zero. Since A has no y component, we can use the known y component of C to find the y component of B . The known angle that B makes with the x axis will yield Bx and give us a way to find the length of A .
Solution: 1. Set the y components equal to zero: 2. Determine Bx using the tangent function: 3. Find Ax and then A :
40.0
A
C
Ay + By + C y = 0 By = C y Ay = ( C sin 40.0 ) 0 By = (15 m ) sin 40.0 = 9.64 m

tan 30.0 = By Bx Bx = By tan 30.0 = 9.64 m = 16.7 m tan 30.0
Ax + Bx + Cx = 0 Ax = Bx C x = (16.7 m ) (15 m ) cos 40.0 = 28 m

A = 28 m
4. Find the magnitude of B :
2 B = Bx2 + B y =
(16.7 m )
+ ( 9.64 m ) = 19 m
2
Insight: We kept an extra significant figure when calculating the components of B in order to avoid rounding error.
3 29
Strategy: Let v1g = velocity of boat 1 relative to the ground, v 2g = velocity of boat 2
relative to the ground, v12 = velocity of boat 1 relative to boat 2. Let north be along the positive y-axis, east along the positive x-axis. Use equation 3-8 to find the components of v 2g , and use the components to find its magnitude and direction.
Solution: 1. Apply equation 3-8 to find v 2g :
v1g = v12 + v 2g v 2g = v1g v12 ( 2.15 m/s ) sin 47.0 x v 2g = ( 0.775 m/s ) y + ( 2.15 m/s ) cos 47.0 y + ( 0.691 m/s ) y v 2g = ( 1.57 m/s ) x
v12
47.0
v1g
v 2g
2. Find the magnitude of v 2g : 3. Find the direction of v 2g :
v2g =
( 1.57 m/s )
+ ( 0.691 m/s ) = 1.72 m/s

2
= tan 1
0.691 m/s = 23.8 south of west 1.57 m/s
Insight: If you pay attention carefully to the subscripts, equation 3-8 can help you solve complex relative motion problems like this one. It is also helpful to draw a diagram as well. Then you can visually check your answer.
79. Picture the Problem: A dragonfly approaches its prey along a path that makes it appear motionless to the prey.
Strategy: Use vector components to make the y component of v d exactly
the same as the y component of v p .

Solution: Set vd, y = vp, y
vd sin = vp vd = vp sin = 0.750 m/s = 1.00 m/s sin 48.5
and solve for vd :
Insight: In the extreme case of = 0 the dragonfly would have to fly infinitely fast in order to match the y component of the preys velocity. If the maximum speed of the dragonfly were 2.00 m/s, then it must approach the prey at an angle greater than = sin 1 ( 0.750 m/s 2.00 m/s ) = 22.0.
Strategy: Consider the effect of the angle on the magnitudes of the components of v d to answer the conceptual question. Solution: If the angle were made larger, a larger fraction of the dragonflys velocity would be in the y direction. It would not need to fly as fast in order to match the y component of the preys velocity. That means its speed would be less than the 1.00 m/s determined in Problem 79. Insight: In the extreme case of = 90 the dragonflys speed would only need to match the preys speed of 0.750 m/s.
3 30

vd sin = vp vd = vp sin = 0.750 m/s = 0.806 m/s sin 68.5
and solve for vd :
Insight: Our answer to Problem 80 is confirmed; the dragonflys speed is less than the 1.00 m/s required in Problem 79.

vd sin = vp
and solve for :
= sin 1
vp 1 0.750 m/s = sin = 52.1 0.950 m/s vd
Insight: The dragonfly must adjust its angle constantly to correct for wind and the possibility that its prey might not continue flying in a straight line at constant speed.
83. Picture the Problem: The diagram for Example 3-2 is shown at right.
Strategy: Let v bw = boats velocity relative to the water, v bg = boats
velocity relative to the ground, and v wg = waters velocity relative to the ground. Set the y component of v bw equal to the magnitude of v wg so that they cancel, leaving only an x component of v bg . Then determine the angle .
= sin 1
vwg, y 1 ( 1.4 m/s ) = 12 upstream = sin v bw 7.0 m/s
2. (b) If the speed of the boat is increased, it should make its heading more downstream in order that its y component remains 1.4 m/s and that it still lands directly across the river from its starting point. Therefore the angle needed to go directly across the river will decrease. Insight: Airplanes must also make heading adjustments like the jet skis in order to fly in a certain direction when there is a steady wind present.
3 31
84. Picture the Problem: The diagram for Example 3-2 is shown at right.
Strategy: Find the angle that v bg makes with the positive x axis by using the coordinates of the dock (the displacement and velocity vectors are parallel for uniform motion). Apply equation 3-8 to determine the relationship between v bg and v bw . Solve the two equations with two
unknowns to find the angle . Then the magnitude of v bg can be found from its known components.
Solution: 1. (a) Because the displace ment and velocity vectors are parallel, the ratios of their components are equal: 2. Write equation 3-8 in component form:
vbg, y vbg, x
ry rx
28 m 55 m
v bg = v bw + v wg + vbg, y y = [ vbw cos x + vbw sin y ] vwg y vbg, x x vbg, x = vbw cos vbg, y = vbw sin vwg
3. Independently equate the x and y components:
4. Divide the y equation by the x equation: 5. Square both sides to get everything in terms of sin . The units of m/s apply to each of the velocities, but are omitted at right in order to save space:
vbg, y vbg, x
vbw sin vwg vbw cos

2
vbg, y v bg, x
2 2 vbw sin 2 2vwg vbw sin + vwg = 2 vbw cos 2 2 2 vbw sin 2 2vwg vbw sin + vwg = 2 vbw (1 sin 2 ) 2
2 6.7 2 ) sin 2 2 (1.4 )( 6.7 ) sin + (1.4 ) ( 28 = 55 ( 6.72 ) ( 6.72 ) sin 2
6. Rearrange the equation into one that is quadratic in sin : 7. Apply the quadratic formula.
11.6 11.6sin 2 = 44.9sin 2 18.8sin + 1.96 0 = 56.5sin 2 18.8sin 9.64
sin =
( 18.8) 4 ( 56.5)( 9.64 ) = 0.279, 2 ( 56.5 ) = sin 1 ( 0.612 ) = 38 upstream

18.8
2
0.612
8. (b) Now find the components of v bg :
vbg, x = vbw cos = ( 6.7 m/s ) cos 38 = 5.3 m/s vbg, y = vbw sin vwg = ( 6.7 m/s ) sin 38 1.4 m/s = 2.7 m/s
9. Use the components to find vbg :
2 2 vbg = vbg, x + vbg, y =
( 5.3 m/s )
+ ( 2.7 m/s ) = 5.9 m/s

2
Insight: While the boat is pointed 38 upstream, it is actually traveling tan 1 ( 2.7 5.3) = 27 upstream of the positive x
axis due to the water flow. Notice that we get the same angle for the displacement vector tan 1 ( 28 m 55 m ) = 27 .
3 32

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Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics

Answers to Even-Numbered Conceptual Questions

Solutions to Problems and Conceptual Exercises

2 + ( 2 Ay ) = 4 ( Ax2 + Ay ) = 2 Ax2 + Ay2 = 2 A 2

= tan 1 ( Ay Ax ) tan 1 ( 2 Ay 2 Ax ) = tan 1 ( Ay Ax ) =

Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 3.

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

530 ft = 4.8 6300 ft/mi

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

y 6 ft = tan 1 sin = = 3 x 100 ft

2. (b) Find the x and y components:

rx = r cos = ( 75 m ) cos 65.0 = 32 m ry = r sin = ( 75 m ) sin 65.0 = 68 m

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

9.5 = 34 or 34 below 14 the +x axis

Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition XII I y

340 ft = 27 north of east 680 ft

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

A 22.0 m B 22.0 m A 15.0 m palm tree

+ (15.0 + 5.00 m ) = 29.7 m

22.0 m = 47.7 west of north 15.0 + 5.00 m

+ (15.0 5.00 m ) = 24.2 m

22.0 m = 65.6 west of north 15.0 5.00 m

+ (15.0 + 5.00 m ) = 29.7 m

22.0 m = 47.7 east of north 15.0 + 5.00 m

+ (15.0 5.00 m ) = 24.2 m

22.0 m = 65.6 east of north 15.0 5.00 m

Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

2 2 4. Find the magnitude of C : C = C x + C y =

5. Find the direction of C :

Cy 1 43.8 m = tan = 27.0 C 85.8 m x

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

+ ( 57 km ) = 320 km = 3.2 105 m

1 57 km = tan = 10 + 180 = 170 or 10 north of west 310 km

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

B = 372 A2 = 372 ( 22 ) = 30 units

Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition y

+ A+B+C = 0 + ( 20.0 m ) cos 45 + ( 7.0 m ) cos ( 30 ) x

( 10.0 m ) + ( 20.0 m ) sin 45 + ( 7.0 m ) sin ( 30 ) y + ( 0.64 m ) y A + B + C = ( 20.2 m ) x

3. Use the components to find the magnitude:

Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics 4. Use the components to find the angle:

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

0.64 m = 1.8 20.2 m

2. Now express r in terms of the unit vectors:

2. The vector A has only an x component:

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

5.0 m = 68 + 180 = 110 2.0 m

+ ( 2.0 + 5.0 m ) y = ( 3.0 m ) x + ( 3.0 m ) y A + B = ( 5.0 2.0 m ) x

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

2. (b) Multiply the answer B A = A B = to part (a) by 1:

+ (1.0 m ) sin (180 25 ) y C = (1.0 m ) cos (180 25 ) x + ( 0.42 m ) y C = ( 0.91 m ) x

2. Add the y component of each vector:

3. Express the sum in unit vector notation:

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

3. Use the components to find the magnitude and direction of displacement 1:

3.5 cm = 27 + 180 = 153 7.0 cm

4. Use the components to find the magnitude and direction of displacement 2:

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

120 m = 59 = 59 south of east 72 m

+ ( 0.032 m/s ) = 0.037 m/s

120 m = 59 + 180 = 121 72 m