Review-1

Sebutkan benda asing yang bersifat patogen Vaksin termasuk imunisasi aktif atau pasif?

Apa bedanya imunisasi aktif dan pasif?

Review-1
Sebutkan ciri imunitas alamiah Sebutkan contoh imunitas humoral Sebutkan sel yang termasuk sel myeloid

Review-1
Sel yang berfungsi mengeluarkan granula histamine Sebutkan organ yang menghasilkan sel T Sebutkan sel yang dapat menghasilkan antibodi

Respon Imune
Irma Suswati

Cells of the Immune System

Immune System

Myeloid Cells

Lymphoid Cells

Granulocytic

Monocytic

T cells

B cells

NK cells

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Macrophages Kupffer cells Dendritic cells

Helper cells Suppressor cells Cytotoxic cells

Plasma cells

Immune Sistem
Immune System

Innate (Nonspecific) 1o line of defense

Adaptive (Specific) o 2 line of defense Protects/re-exposure

Cellular Components

Humoral Components

Cellular Components

Humoral Components

Interactions between the two systems

Immune Sistem

biokimia

humoral

Immune Sistem
1.Sistem imun non-spesifik (natural/innate)
a. b. c. d. Pertahanan fisis dan mekanis Pertahanan biokimia Pertahanan humoral Pertahanan selular

2. Sistem imun spesifik (adaptive/acquired)

a. Sistem imun humoral b. Sistem imun selular

Innate Host Defenses Against Infection

Anatomical barriers
Mechanical factors Biochemical factors Biological factors

Humoral components
Complement Coagulation system Cytokines

Cellular components
Neutrophils Monocytes and macrophages NK cells Eosinophils

Anatomical Barriers - Mechanical Factors

System or Organ Skin Mucous Membranes

Cell type Squamous epithelium Non-ciliated epithelium (e.g. GI tract)

Mechanism Physical barrier Desquamation Peristalsis

Ciliated epithelium (e.g. respiratory tract)

Epithelium (e.g. nasopharynx)

Mucociliary elevator
Flushing action of tears, saliva, mucus, urine

Mechanical Factors
Pertahanan fisis
MUCUS Goblet Cell: Secretes mucus. GI dan Respiratory Tracts Komposisi Mucus
1% Mucin 1% Free Protein 1% Dialyzable Salts >95% Water

Melindungi epithelium dari stress, kerusakan enzym dan pertahanan bahan pathogen.

Anatomical Barriers - Biochemical Factors

System or Organ Skin Mucous Membranes Sweat HCl (parietal cells) Tears and saliva Defensins (respiratory & GI tract) Sufactants (lung) Component Mechanism Anti-microbial fatty acids Low pH Lysozyme and phospholipase A Antimicrobial Opsonin

Biochemical Factors
Lysozymes 14kDa enzim merusak dinding sel bakteri. Bakteri Gram-Positive: Streptococci Bakteri Gram-Negative
Bakteri autolysins Bakteri aggregasi Blocking bakterial adherence Inhibisi produksi asam

Biochemical Factors
Lactoferrin : Antiviral Activity DNA and RNA viruses are susceptible
CMV HIV HSV HBV HCV Rotavirus Respiratory syncytial virus

Effective pada infeksi awal

Biochemical Factors
Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) Epithelial cells SLPI pertahanan mucosa:
Inflammation Menghambat pertumbuhan bacteria, fungi, virus Meningkatkan penyembuhan luka

SLPI menghambat infeksi HIV

Mechanism belum diketahui???

Biochemical Factors
Defensins 3-5kDa cationic peptides -defensins-1, -2, -3, -4 dan -defensin-5. Anti-viral activity

Anatomical Barriers - Biological Factors

System or Organ Skin and mucous membranes Component Normal flora Mechanism Antimicrobial substances Competition for nutrients and colonization

Innate immunity/non-specific immunity

First barrier to microorganism entry : Skin,Mucous membranes, pH, temperature, Antimicrobial substances

Humoral Components
Component Complement Mechanism Lysis of bacteria and some viruses Opsonin Increase in vascular permeability Recruitment and activation of phagocytic cells Increase vascular permeability Recruitment of phagocytic cells -lysin from platelets a cationic detergent Compete with bacteria for iron

Coagulation system

Lactoferrin and transferrin

Lysozyme
Cytokines

Breaks down bacterial cell walls

Various effects

Cellular Components
Cell Neutrophils Functions Phagocytosis and intracellular killing Inflammation and tissue damage

Macrophages

Phagocytosis and intracellular killing Extracellular killing of infected or altered self targets Tissue repair Antigen presentation for specific immune response
Killing of virus-infected and altered self targets Killing of certain parasites

NK and LAK cells Eosinophils

Cellular Components

a)

The phagocyte recognises and binds the microorganism

b) The microorganism is engulfed by the phagocyte c) The microorganism is degraded inside the phagocyte

faal_imun/ikun/2006

22

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

Respon Imun
Tanggapan sistem imun terhadap konfigurasi asing, setelah terjadi proses pengenalan oleh sel-sel limfosit. Berdasarkan mekanisme dan jenis efektor 2 kategori respon imun
Respon imun alami Respon imun adaptif

Respon Imun Alami

Respon imun alami : respon imun seluler dan respon imun humoral Mekanisme bersifat stereotipik dan tidak spesifik : setiap paparan antigen berlangsung proses yang sama secara berulang

Respon Imun Alami

Tubuh terpapar oleh antigen asing terjadi mobilisasi unsur-unsur fagositik ketempat konfigurasi asing (respon imun seluler) menyusul adanya berbagai jenis kerusakan jaringan respon imun seluler sistemik : panas, komponen selular darah

Respon Imun Alami

Respon imun humoral melibatkan bahan yang secara langsung menghadapi partikel atau patogen : sistem komplemen dan interferon

Respon Imun Adaptif

Mekanisme bersifat spesifik : diperlukan sel khusus untuk menghadapi antigen Bila respon imun alami dalam upaya melenyapkan antigen tidak berhasil, maka dilanjutkan oleh respon imun adaptif sel fagosit (makrofag) bertindak sebagai APC dan dikenali oleh sel T dan mengaktivasi sel B

Respons Imun
1. Respons imun alami nonspesifik - ada sejak lahir - tdk memiliki target tertentu - terjadi dalam beberapa menit jam Reaksi inflamasi

faal_imun/ikun/2006

33

Respons Imun
2. Respons imun didapat spesifik - spesifik untuk jenis tertentu - respons thd paparan pertama terjadi dalam beberapa hari, paparan berikutnya lebih cepat

faal_imun/ikun/2006

34

Innate and adaptive immunity

Microbe

Innate immunity
Epithelial barriers
B lymphocytes

Adaptive immunity
Antibodies

T lymphocytes Phagocytes Effector T cells

Complement

NK cells

Hours
0 6 12 1

Days
3 5

Time after infection

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

No time lag Not antigen specific

A lag period Antigen specific

No memory

Development of memory

Infection dan Immunity

infection immunity

Disease =

Bolus of infection x virulence immunity

Efek System Immune

Menguntungkan:

Proteksi diri
Eliminasi

Merugikan:

Inflamasi Reaksi hypersensitivitas atau autoimun