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10. 3 + 3 = ( + ) 3( + )
3
11. 3 3 = ( ) +3( )
3
12. ( + + ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
2
: = {L , 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , L}
13. ( + + ) = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
: Q = / , *
. .. e, ,
14. = ( ) 1 + 2+L2 + 1 , *
5, 7
:
R.
: Q R
3
= = = =
=
=
=
=
= =
( )
=1
:
= +
= ( )
( )
3. 2 2 = ( + )( )
) , = 2 + 1
), = 2
18. , 0 : + 2
19. , , 0 : 3 + 3 + 3 3
20. , , 0 : + + 3
+
2
2
+
Euler
2
2
2
3 + 3 + 3 3 = 1 ( + + ) ( ) + ( ) + ( )
2
( + + ) 2 + 2 + 2
+ + = 0 = = + + = 3
3
R
1. x > y x y > 0
2. x > y y < x
3. x , y R : x > y x = y x < y
4.
x > y
x>z
y > z
1
=
6. xy < 0 x , y
7. x > y x + z > y + z
8. > 0 : x > y x > y
9. < 0 : x > y x < y
10.
x > y
x+>y+
>
11.
x > y > 0
x > y
> > 0
>
1 < 1
, > 0
>
1 > 1
, < 0
16.
4. 2 + 2 = ( + ) 2
2
5. 2 + 2 = ( ) + 2
2
6. ( + ) = 3 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3
3
7. ( ) = 3 3 2 + 3 2 3
3
)
+ )
8. 3 3 = ( ) 2 + + 2
9. +
17. + 2
2
15.
2. ( ) = 2 2 + 2
+L
1. ( + ) = 2 + 2 + 2
(
= ( + )(
+L+
= , , *
5. xy > 0 x , y
0 = 0
16. = ( + )
22. , > 0 :
= 1 1 =
15. + = ( + )(
21. 1 , : ( 1 + ) 1 +
: R 2
: = L
14
4244
3
x , x0
1. | x | =
x , x < 0
3. | x | = 0 x = 0
5. | x | x | x |
2. | x | 0
4. | x | = | x |
6. | x || y | = | xy |
7.
x = |x|
y
|y |
x 2 + x + = 0 0 :
8. | x y | | x | + | y |
1. = 2 4 > 0
9. | x y | | x | | y |
10. | x | x
11. | x | x x
12. | x |
13. | x | = | x |
14. | | = | | =
1. 0 , * :
= x x =
2
2. = 0 :
x=
2
3. < 0 R.
2. , 0 :
f(x) = x 2 + x + , 0
=x
( )
f( x) = x 2 + x + 0 :
= ,0
x 1 , x 2
( )
) > 0 , f( x) = x 2 + x + = ( x - x 1 ) ( x x 2 ) ,
2
x 0 =
2
) < 0 , f( x) = x 2 + x +
= , *
= , *
3. , 0 : > >
f(x) = x 2 + x + , 0
0<<1 <1
>1 >1
4. R :
0:
5.
, : x 1 , 2 =
> 0 ,
x 1 < x 2 x
x
2 =| | , *
= 2
> 0 x = x =
x1
x2
= 2
< 0 x = ()
f ( x) , > 0
= 2 + 1
> 0 x = x =
= 2 + 1
< 0 x = x =
f ( x) , > 0
f ( x) , < 0
x + = 0
2. = = 0 (
x R )
3. = 0 0
1. 0 : x =
x + > 0
2. < 0 x <
3. = 0 > 0 x R
= 0 0
x + < 0
1. > 0 x >
(x)=x+
x
( x) = x +
x=
= 0
x
x0 =
2
2
x
x0 =
f ( x) , = 0
f ( x) , > 0
f ( x) , < 0
< 0
x R
x
f ( x) , < 0
f ( x) , > 0
f ( x) , < 0
= =
= =
=
=
x =
k
, k Z
2
2 x
, x k + , k Z
2x =
1 + 2x
2
x x = 1 , x
2 x =
, 0 0 360 0
y
x
=
=
M (x,y)
y
x
y
= ,y 0
= ,x 0
x
y
x
= ( ) = x 2 + y 2
-1
-1
:
1
1
( ) = ( ) =
( + ) =
( ) = ( ) = ( + ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( + ) =
( ) = ( ) =
( + ) =
=
2
+ =
2
=
2
+ =
2
=
2
+ =
2
=
2
+ =
2
( ) , ( ) ( 2 )
( +) ( )
( ) , ( ) , ( 2 ) , ,
2
2
, x k + , k Z
2
2
1 + x
x
, x k , k Z
x
1 x 1
, x R
1 x 1
2 x + 2 x = 1 , x R
x =
, x k + , k Z
2
x
0
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
-1
3
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
-1
3
3
3
3
0
0
x = 2k +
,k Z
x =
x = 2k +( )
= 2
2
2
= 2 2
2
2
2
= 2
1
2
= 1 2 2
2
f(2) f( )
x = 2k +
x =
, k Z
x = 2k
x = x = k + , k Z
x = x = k + , k Z
2 2k +
2
3 ( 2 k + 1 )
4 2k
, k Z
2
1 , 3 k
2, 4 k +
2
1, 2, 3, 4 k
2
1, 2, 3, 4
2
3
2 =
1 2k
2 =
3 = 3 4 3
3 = 4 3 3
2 = ( + ) + ( )
x = 1 x = 2k + , k Z
2
, k Z
x = 1 x = 2k
2
, k Z
x = 0 x = k +
2
x = 1 x = 2k , k Z
x = 1 x = ( 2k + 1) , k Z
x = 0 x = k , k Z
2 = ( + ) + ( )
2 = ( ) ( + )
+
+ = 2
2
2
=2
, k Z
2
2
2
( + ) =
+ = 2
( ) = +
= 2
( + ) = +
( ) =
( + ) =
+
1
( ) =
1+
( + ) =
1
+
( ) =
+1
2 = 2
2 = 2 2
= 2 1
2
= 1 2 2
2 =
2
1 2
2 =
1 2
1 + 2
1 + 2
1 2
2 =
2 =
2
2
1 2
2
=
1 + 2
x = 0 x = k , k Z
x = 0 x = k +
2
1 + 2
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
+
BA
=2
2
2
, 0 , x R :
f( x) = x + x = ( x + ) = 2 + 2
x =
, fmax = fmin =
R
x =
=
=
= 2R , R
.
2.
xx.
:
2 + 2 2
2
2 = 2 + 2 2
= + 2
2 + 2 2
=
2
2 = 2 + 2 2
2 + 2 2
2
y=
y=x
>0
0<<90
y
y=x
<0
y
x
, <0
x
x ( y=0)
.
y ( x=0)
.
x
y=
y=
=0
x
O
=>0
y=x+
<0
, >0
x
x
y=
y = x +
y =
x
O
y=x+
>0
y = x ,x 0
y = x 3 , 0
y = x 3 , > 0
y = x3 , <0
90<<180
x
y = x 2 (y = x 2 + x + )
y = x 2 , > 0
y = x 2 + x +
>0 , >0
y = x 2 , < 0
y = x , x [ ], > 0
O
x
y = x 2 + x +
<0 , =0
y = x 2 + x +
>0 , <0
:
1.
, x .
y = 2 x2
y
x
y
-
x
x
y = 2 x 2
O
y
= P ( )
1
-3/ 2
f(x)=
- -/ 2
/ 2
3/ 2
-1
1
-3/ 2
f(x)=
- -/ 2
/ 2
3/ 2
-1
f(x)=
y
-3/ 2
-/ 2
/ 2
3/ 2
(x)
(x)
(x)
(x)
( x ) (x) (x)=0
(x) o .
(x)= (x) - (x)
:
( x) = ( x) ( x) + ( x)
( x)
( x)
:
=( x) +
( x)
( x)
P ( x) : ( x + )
= P
, 0.
R P ( x) P ( ) = 0
( x) P ( x) = ( x ) ( x) x
P ( x) x P ( x) .
Horner
1
-5
17
-6
-12
10
-3
-6
15
=2
=(),
(2)=15
x 4 5 x 3 + 17x + 5 = ( x 2) ( x 3 3 x 2 6 x + 5) + 15
x
x ,
.
x
: x + 1 x 1 +L+ 1 x + 0 ,
0 , 1 , L , , .
P ( x)
x
.
0
.
- -
P ( x)
x = P ( ) .
P ( x)
P ( x)
.
(P() = 0) .
.
-
P ( x) x
[P( x) : ( x )]
: P ( x) = ( x ) ( x) + ,
x
1 .
Horner :
1.
P ( x) .
2. x
P ( x) .
3. P ( x)
x=.
4.
P ( x) x .
+1 = +
..
= +1
= 1 + ( 1)
,,
+
.. =
2
,
..
S = ( 1 + )
2
S = [2 1 + ( 1) ]
2
+1 =
.. =
+1
= 1 1
,, ..
2 =
,
..
S = 1 , = 1
1
, 1
1
.. S = 1 , | | < 1
1
S = 1
1-1
f : A R 1-1
x 1 , x 2 A :
0<1
1. x y = x + y ,
x
x
( ) x = x x , ( x ) y = xy , = x
2. : A = R
3. : f( A) = ( 0 , + ) , f( x) > 0
x R .
4. 1-1: x 1 = x 2 x 1 = x 2
.. 2 x + 1 = 2 2 x + 1 = 2 x = 1
5. :
> 1
x 1 < x 2 x1 < x2
..
2
x2 +2
< 2 x + 2 < 3L
3
0 < < 1
x 1 < x 2 x1 > x2
..
1
5
x2 +2
1
< x2 + 2 > 3 L
5
6.
> 1
0 < < 1
f(x)= logx ,
0< 1 ,
x> 0
1.
. x = y log y = x
2. : = ( 0 , + )
3. : f( ) = R
4. 1-1: log x 1 = log x 2 x 1 = x 2
..
log 3 ( x 2 + 5) = log 3 7 x 2 + 5 = 7 L
5. :
> 1
x 1 < x 2 log x 1 < log x 2
..
0 < < 1
x 1 < x 2 log x 1 > log x 2
..
6.
> 1
y
1
x
lim = 0 , lim = +
X
log
log
0 < < 1
y
1
x
log =
x
x ln
x > 0 : x = e ln x = e
f(x) =
: log e x = ln x , ln x = y x = e x
f( x 1 ) = f( x 2 ) x 1 = x 2
()
x
log x = x
x 1 x 2 f( x 1 ) f( x 2 )
log = 1
1
log
log 1 = 0 , log =
log =
log k = k log
x +
lim = + , lim = 0
X
x +
:
log ( 1 2 ) = log 1 + log 2
log
1
= log 1 log 2
2
lim (log x ) = ,
x 0 +
lim (log x) = +
x +
yy ( 0 , 1)
y = 0 .
xx.
lim (log x ) = + ,
x 0 +
lim (log x) =
x +
xx ( 1 , 0)
x = 0 .
yy.
1 ( )
2 (
x2 + x + = 0 , 0 )
3 (
Horner)
:
) x 4 + x 2 + = 0 ( x 2 = y )
) ( x = )
x ,
| x | = x = | x | = | | x =
P ( x)
> 0 P ( x) Q( x) > 0 , ( < )
Q( x )
x
.
P ( x) Q( x) 0
P ( x)
0
, ( )
Q( x )
Q( x) 0
.
f( x) = g( x) : f( x) , g( x) 0
.
f( x) g ( x) = h( x) : f( x) , g( x) 0 .
,
.
1. f ( x ) =
) = g ( x ) f ( x ) = g ( x ) f( x) = g( x)
) g ( x )
2. f( x ) = 0 ( ). x = y > 0
f( y) = 0 . y x
x = y .
3. f( x , x ) = 0 ( ).
x
x = x =
(1).
4. f( x , x , x x ) = 0 (
). x x
x x
f , = 0
(1).
5. f( x) g ( x )
f( x) = 1 g( x) R
= 1 f( x) 0 g( x) = 0
f( x) = 1 g( x) =
( )
x
| x | x , | x | x x
x
, .
f( x) 0
f( x) g ( x) g( x) 0
f( x) g( x)
f( x) 0
g( x) 0
2
f( x) [g( x)]
f ( x) g ( x)
f( x) 0
g( x) < 0
( )
( )
:
x >
x =
2
2
3
x=
x=
2
4
4
x =
1
2
1
2
4
x=
x=
2
3
3
2/3
3/4
/4
( )
1 : ( x + > 0 )
2 : (
f( x) = x 2 + x + , 0 )
3 :
:
<
( x 1 )( x 2 ) L ( x ) = 0 .
>
+
+
- - - +
..
+
+
4/3
3
<x<
4
4
3
2k + < x < 2k +
, k Z
4
4
3/4
/2
-/4
-/2
2
4
x
3
3
2k +
2
4
x 2k +
, k Z
3
3
x < 1 . , ,
2 2
x = 1 x =
4
k < x < k , k Z
2
4