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LAB MANNUAL
GANDHI.R ,. ME
AP/EEE
zeeandhi@yahoo.com
+919942421427
GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,NAMAKKAL-18
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LAB CODE&NAMEGE2116-Engineering Practices Laboratory
(Common to all B.E. / B.Tech. Degree Programmes)
SEMESTER I
1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energymeter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.
3. Stair case wiring
4. Measurement of electrical quantities – voltage, current, power & powerfactor in RLC
circuit.
5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.
6. Measurement of resistance to earth of electrical equipment.
You are doing experiments with electric power. it may cause even a final or loss of
energy of your body system. to avoid this please keep in mind the followings.
1. In case of any wrong observation, you have to switch off the power supply with it.
2. You have to wear shoes compulsorily.
3. Once you enter in to lab keep silence.
CIRCUIT SYMBOL FOR ELECTRICAL ITEM
1 Direct current
2 Alternating current
3 Resistance
4 Capacitance
5 Inductance
Fuse
6
7 Main switch
8 Energy meter
11 Lamb
13 Bell
14 Buzzer
Siren
15
Horn
16
17 Ceiling fan
Fan regulator
18
19 Earth
20 Heater
Neutral link
27
28 Dc generator
29 Dc motor
30 AC generator
31 AC motor
32 3 pin socket
Choke
33
34 Cell
35 Battery
36 Dc volt meter
37 DC ammeter
38 Watt meter
Energy meter
39
WIRING DIAGRAM
Ex.no:1 Residential House Wiring
Date:
Aim,
To construct the residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy
meter.
Materials required:
S.no Components Qty
1. Bulb holder 1 no
2. Bulb 1 no
3. Fan 1no
4. Regulator 1 no
5. Single way switch(5Amps) 3no
6. Switch box 1no
7. Connecting wires As required
8. Main switch 1no
9. Energy meter 1no
10. Indicator 1 no
Procedure:
1. Mark the location of electrical items on the given wooden board.
2. Mark lines for wiring on the wooden board.
3. The required length of PVC pipe can be fixed along the line with the help of clips.
4. The wires of required length and colour were chosen and the wiring is being made
through PVC pipe.
5. The bulb holder and switches are fixed in the corresponding location.
6. Use the red holder colour wire for phase line to the bulb through two way switch.
7. The point of the bulb is connected to the neutral line.
8. The red and black wire terminals are connected to main switch.
9. Check the lamb, fan and plug point.
Result:
Aim ,
To check and assemble the accessories of a tube light.
Materials required:
Result:
Thus the checking and assembling the accessories of a fluorescent lamp is done.
WIRING DIAGARAM
STAIR-CASE WIRING
EX.NO:3
AIM,
Materials required:
Procedure
1. Mark the location of switch and bulb the given wooden board.
2. Mark the lines for wiring on the wooden board.
3. The required length of PVC pipe can be fixed along with the help of clips.
4. The wires of required length and colour were chosen and the wiring is being made
through the pipe.
5. The bulb holder and switches are fixed in the corresponding location.
6. Use the red colour wire for phase line to the bulb through two way switch.
7. Another point of the bulb is connected to the neutral line. Using black wire.
8. The red and black wire terminals are connected to main switch.
9. The supply was given to the circuit.
10. The supply was being made to glow by operating the switches as given below.
Result:
Thus the staircase wiring for the bulb was prepared and tested.
TABULAR COLOUM:
Ex.no:4
Aim,
To measure the electrical measurement of electrical quantities -voltage, current, power
and power factoring RLC circuit.
Apparatus required
S.no Apparatus name Range Qty
1. voltmeter (0-300 )V MI 1no
2. ammeter (0-2)A 1no
3. wattmeter 5AMPS/250V 1no
4. pf meter 5A/250V 1no
5. ohm meter 1 KΩ 1no
6. auto-transformer 1no
7. resistor 400 Ω/1A 1no
8. inductor variable 1no
9. capacitor variable 1no
PRECEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the auto transformer to have a zero output.
3. Gradually increase the output voltage until its 100v.
4. Measure the corresponding current .note down the reading in the given table. Also
read the watt meter and the power factor meter and record in table.
5. Calculate the apparent power from the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
Apparent power= V X I
RESULT
Thus the R-L-C circuit voltage, current, power and power factor are measured and
values are calculated.
TABLE:
AVERAGE VALUE
Ex.no:5
Measurement of resistance to earth of an electrical equipment
AIM,
To measure the earth resistance of given electrical equipment (transformer).
Apparatus required
S.no Components Description Qty
1. Transformer 0-230v/110v 1no
2. Megger 1no
3. DPST 1no
Procedure
1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST should keep open.
3. Supply the desired voltage to megger for its operation for one minute.
4. Take the readings of megger.
5. Repeat the step 3 for at least five times take the average value. The average value
gives the earth resistance of the given transformer.
Result:
Thus the earth resistance of the given transformer was found by using megger.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO LOAD WATTMETER INDICATED %
CURRENT READING t POWER ERROR
I (Sec) W1
(Amps) (watts)
MODEL GRAPH:
+Ve
% Error
0
Wi
-Ve
EX.NO:6
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER.
AIM:
To calibrate the given single phase energy meter at unity and other power factors
OBJECTIVES
1. To study the working of energy meter
2. To accurately calibrate the meter at unity and other power factor
3. To study the % of errors for the given energy meters
EQUIPMENT
1. Energy meter – 1 No
2. Wattmeter – 1 No
3. Stop watch – 1 No
4. M.I Ammeter – 1 No
5. M.I Voltmeter – 1 No
DETAILS:
RATED CURRENT
RATED VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY
REVOLUTIONS/KWH
EXERCISE
1. Measure the experimental energy consumed
2. Calculate the theoretical energy
3. Calculate the percentage of error
4. Draw the calibration curve
PROCEDURE:
CALCULATION:
Let x revolution / kwh be the rating.
Now x revolution = 1 kwh
= 1* 3600*1000* watt-sec.
Constant k of energymeter = 3600 * 103/x watt-sec
For each load indicated power Wi is given as Wi = k/t watts
Where
K= energymeter constant (watt-sec)
T= time for 1 revolution(sec).
Actual power is indicated by the wattmeter reading.
% error = Wi-Wa/Wi* 100.
It can be zero +ve or –ve.
RESULTS:
Resistors
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A resistor restricts the flow of
current, for example to limit the
current passing through an LED. A
Resistor resistor is used with a capacitor in a
timing circuit.
Some publications still use the old resistor
symbol:
This type of variable resistor with 2
contacts (a rheostat) is usually
used to control current. Examples
Variable Resistor
include: adjusting lamp brightness,
(Rheostat)
adjusting motor speed, and
adjusting the rate of flow of charge
into a capacitor in a timing circuit.
Capacitors
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A capacitor stores electric charge. A
capacitor is used with a resistor in a
Capacitor timing circuit. It can also be used as
a filter, to block DC signals but pass
AC signals.
Diodes
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A device which only allows current
Diode
to flow in one direction.
Transistors
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Logic Gates
Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0,
low, 0V, off).
For more information please see the Logic Gates page.
There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electrotechnical
Commission).
Gate Traditional
IEC Symbol Function of Gate
Type Symbol
A NOT gate can only have one
input. The 'o' on the output
means 'not'. The output of a
NOT gate is the inverse
NOT
(opposite) of its input, so the
output is true when the input is
false. A NOT gate is also called
an inverter.
An AND gate can have two or
more inputs. The output of an
AND
AND gate is true when all its
inputs are true.
A NAND gate can have two or
more inputs. The 'o' on the
output means 'not' showing that
NAND
it is a Not AND gate. The output
of a NAND gate is true unless all
its inputs are true.
An OR gate can have two or
more inputs. The output of an
OR
OR gate is true when at least
one of its inputs is true.
A NOR gate can have two or
more inputs. The 'o' on the
output means 'not' showing that
NOR
it is a Not OR gate. The output
of a NOR gate is true when
none of its inputs are true.
An EX-OR gate can only have
two inputs. The output of an EX-
EX-
OR gate is true when its inputs
OR
are different (one true, one
false).
An EX-NOR gate can only have
two inputs. The 'o' on the output
means 'not' showing that it is a
EX-
Not EX-OR gate. The output of
NOR
an EX-NOR gate is true when its
inputs are the same (both true or
both false).
This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands.
So its value is 270000 = 270 k .
On circuit diagrams the is usually omitted and the value is written 270K.
The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10 . To show these small
values two special colours are used for the third band: gold which means × 0.1 and
silver which means × 0.01. The first and second bands represent the digits as normal. For
example:
red, violet, gold bands represent 27 × 0.1 = 2.7
green, blue, silver bands represent 56 × 0.01 = 0.56
Tolerance may be ignored for almost all circuits because precise resistor
values are rarely required.
Expt. No.2 STUDY OF LOGIC GATES
AIM:
To verify the truth table of basic digital ICs of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-OR
gates.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
a. AND gate:
b. OR gate:
c. NOT gate:
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y=A.B
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 1 0
3. 1 0 0
4. 1 1 1
OR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y=A+B
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 1 1
3. 1 0 1
4. 1 1 1
NOT GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A Y = A’
1. 0 1
2. 1 0
NAND GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIARAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y = (A . B)’
1. 0 0 1
2. 0 1 1
3. 1 0 1
4. 1 1 0
NOR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y = (A + B)’
1. 0 0 1
2. 0 1 0
3. 1 0 0
4. 1 1 0
EX-OR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
S.No
A B Y=A B
1. 0 0 0
2. 0 1 1
3. 1 0 1
4. 1 1 0
d. NAND gate:
A NAND gate is a complemented AND gate. The output of the NAND gate will
be ‘0’ if all the input signals are ‘1’ and will be ‘1’ if any one of the input signal is
‘0’.
e. NOR gate:
A NOR gate is a complemented OR gate. The output of the OR gate will be ‘1’ if
all the inputs are ‘0’ and will be ‘0’ if any one of the input signal is ‘1’.
f. EX-OR gate:
A B = ( A . B’ ) + ( A’ . B )
It is similar to OR gate but excludes the combination of both A and B being equal
to one. The exclusive OR is a function that give an output signal ‘0’ when the
two input signals are equal either ‘0’ or ‘1’.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
The truth table of all the basic digital ICs were verified.
Expt. No. GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL ( MULTIVIBRATOR)
AIM:
To design an Astable multivibrator circuit for the given specifications using 555 Timer
IC.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Similarly the time during which the capacitor discharges from 2/3 Vcc to 1/3 Vcc is equal
to the time the output is low and is given by,
td = 0.69 (R2) C
The term duty cycle is often used in conjunction with the astable multivibrator. The duty
cycle is the ratio of the time tc during which the output is high to the total time period T.
It is generally expressed in percentage. In equation form,
[ To design an astable multivibrator with 65% duty cycle at 4 KHz frequency, assume C=
0.01 µF]
Given f= 4 KHz,
Therefore, Total time period, T = 1/f = ____________
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
Time period
Amplitude ( No. of div x
( No. of div x Time per div )
S.No
Volts per div )
tc td
1. Output Voltage , Vo
2. Capacitor voltage , Vc
MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
The design of the Astable multivibrator circuit was done and the output voltage and
capacitor voltage waveforms were obtained.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITHOUT FILTER:
WITH FILTER:
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
AIM:
To construct half wave rectifier and to draw their input and output
waveforms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
Ripple Factor =
Where Im is the peak current
THEORY:
A rectifier is a circuit, which uses one or more diodes to convert A.C voltage into D.C
voltage. In this rectifier during the positive half cycle of the A.C input voltage, the diode
is forward biased and conducts for all voltages greater than the offset voltage of the
semiconductor material used. The voltage produced across the load resistor has same
shape as that of the positive input half cycle of A.C input voltage.
During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and it does not conduct. So
there is no current flow or voltage drop across load resistor. The net result is that only the
positive half cycle of the input voltage appears at the output.
PROCEDURE:
RECTIFIER:
RESULT:
Thus the half wave rectifier was constructed and its
input and output waveforms are drawn. The ripple factor of capacitive filter is
calculated as
Ripple factor=
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER
To construct a full wave rectifier and to measure dc voltage under load and to
calculate the ripple factor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA
Ripple Factor = √ [(Im/√2) / (2*Im /л)] -1
2
THEORY:
The full wave rectifier conducts for both the positive and negative half cycles of
the input ac supply. In order to rectify both the half cycles of the ac input, two diodes are
used in this circuit. The diodes feed a common load RL with the help of a centre tapped
transformer. The ac voltage is applied through a suitable power transformer with proper
turn’s ratio. The rectifier’s dc output is obtained across the load.
The dc load current for the full wave rectifier is twice that of the half wave
rectifier. The lowest ripple factor is twice that of the full wave rectifier. The efficiency of
full wave rectification is twice that of half wave rectification. The ripple factor also for
the full wave rectifier is less compared to the half wave rectifier.
. PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus, the full wave rectifier was constructed and the ripple factor was calculated
as
Ripple factor =