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As components age and equipment undergoes changes in temperature or humidity or sustains mechanical stress, performance gradually degrades.
This is called drift.
When this happens your test results become unreliable and both design and performance quality suffer.
While drift cannot be eliminated, it can be detected and either corrected or compensated for through Please contact Dr Fadhl to use this material the process of calibration.
Definitions
Calibration: process of comparing an unknown against a reference standard within defined limits, accuracies and Uncertainties
Verification: process of comparing an unknown against a reference standard at usually one data point
When to test
On newly acquired equipment prior to being accepted for use During routine planned preventative maintenance. After repairs have been carried out on equipment.
Need for Medical Equipment Testing Medical device incidents resulting in patient injury and death Ensure that the equipment is performing to the expected standards of accuracy, reliability, free of hysteresis and linear (as designed). Safe and effective devices need to be available for patient care Downtime costs money Regulations, accreditation requirements and standards.
Please contact Dr Fadhl to use this material
Test for electrical internal breakdown / damage to power cord, AC mains feed, etc. Meet codes & standards
AAMI, IEC, UL, NFPA, etc.
IEC 60601-x-xx
the IEC 60601-1-xx series of collateral standards for MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; the IEC 60601-2-xx series of particular standards for particular types of MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; and the IEC 60601-3-xx series of performance standards for particular types of MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.
IEC 60601-x-xx
IEC 60601-1-2, Medical electrical equipment Part 1-2: General requirements for safety Collateral standard: Electromagnetic compatibility Requirements and tests IEC 60601-1-3, Medical electrical equipment Part 1: General requirements for safety 3. Collateral standard: General requirements for radiation protection in diagnostic X-ray equipment
IEC 60601-x-xx
IEC 60601-1-6, Medical electrical equipment Part 1-6: General requirements for safety Collateral standard: Usability IEC 60601-1-8, Medical electrical equipment Part 1-8: General requirements for safety Collateral standard: General requirements, tests and guidance for alarm systems in medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems
The human body can easily detect macroshock and violent reactions occur to high current flow level in the body Below 1 ma (1,000 a), it is often much more difficult to detect the presence of a shock hazard from simple perception
Class I
Class I equipment has a protective earth. The basic means of protection is the insulation between live parts and exposed conductive parts such as the metal enclosure. In the event of a fault that would otherwise cause an exposed conductive part to become live, the supplementary protection (i.e. the protective earth) comes into effect. A large fault current flows from the mains part to earth via the protective earth conductor, which causes a protective device (usually a fuse) in the mains circuit to disconnect the equipment from the supply.
Class I
Class I
term referring to electrical equipment in which protection against electric shock does not rely on BASIC INSULATION only, but which includes an additional safety precaution in that means are provided for ACCESSIBLE PARTS of metal or internal parts of metal to be PROTECTIVELY EARTHED
CLASS II
term referring to electrical equipment in which protection against electric shock does not rely on BASIC INSULATION only, but in which additional safety precautions such as DOUBLE INSULATION or REINFORCED INSULATION are provided, there being no provision for protective earthing or reliance upon installation conditions
Class II
If battery operated equipment is capable of being operated when connected to the mains (for example, for battery charging) then it must be safety tested as either class I or class II equipment. Similarly, equipment powered from a SELV transformer should be tested in conjunction with the transformer as class I or class II equipment as appropriate. It is interesting to note that the current IEC standards relating to safety of medical electrical equipment do not recognise Class III equipment since limitation of voltage is not deemed sufficient to ensure safety of the patient. All medical electrical equipment that is capable of mains connection must be classified as class I or class II. Medical electrical equipment having no mains connection is simply referred to as "internally powered".
Equipments Type
different pieces of medical electrical equipment {APPLIED PARTS} have different areas of application and therefore different electrical safety requirements. For example, it would not be necessary to make a particular piece medical electrical equipment safe enough for direct cardiac connection if there is no possibility of this situation arising.
The RMS value of an alternating voltage or current is the same as the level of direct voltage or current that would be needed to produce the same effect in an equal load. For example, 1 V applied across a 1 resistor produces 1 W of heat. A 1 Vrms square wave applied across a 1 resistor also produces 1 W of heat. That 1 Vrms square wave has a peak voltage of 1 V, and a peak-to-peak voltage of 2 V.
Calculate RMS
0.707 Vpk
RMS is a sort of average and peak is the top level A peak is an instant reading - RMS is an "average" reading. RMS means to take the root of the mean and square it. RMS value is the DC equivalent value to an AC stream. The RMS value of an alternating voltage or current is the same as the level of direct voltage or current that would be needed to produce the same effect in an equal load.
Crest Factor
The Crest Factor is equal to the peak amplitude of a waveform divided by the RMS value. Electrical engineering for describing the quality of an AC power waveform
Applied Part
Accessible Part
Part of equipment which can be touched without the use of a tool. EXAMPLE 1 Illuminated push-buttons EXAMPLE 2 Indicator lamps EXAMPLE 3 Recorder pens EXAMPLE 4 Parts of plug-in modules EXAMPLE 5 Batteries
Leakage currents
Current that is not functional. several different leakage currents are defined according to the paths that the currents take. Earth Leakage Current Enclosure Leakage Current Patient Leakage Current Patient auxiliary current
Applicable to Class I, all types Limit: 0.2 DB9801 recommended?: Yes, at 1A or less. HEI 95 recommended?: Yes, at 1A or less. Notes: Ensure probe is on a protectively earthed point
Applicable to Class I, all types Limits: Not less than 50M DB9801 recommended?: Yes HEI 95 recommended?: Yes Notes: Equipment containing mineral insulated heaters may give values down to 1M. Check equipment is switched on.
http://www.ebme.co.uk/arts/safety/part6.htm
Proper grounding is the best defense against macroshock & microshock! The 2-terminal method is less accurate due to the effects of test lead resistance, especially with long leads and low resistance value measurements. The much preferred 4-terminal Kelvin technique negates the effects of test lead resistance and gives more accurate readings
Gross shock
Experienced by the subject by an accidental contact with electric wiring at any point on the surface of the body Current flows through the body of the subject (ex. from arm to arm) Body acts as a volume conductor at the mains frequency Degree of simulation varies from individual to individual
Tissue Resistance
Skin - 5000 ohms/cm2 Blood - 100 ohms/cm2 Muscle - 200-400 ohms/cm2 Fat - 2000-3000 ohms/cm2 Bone - 3000+ ohms/cm2 Current goes to the path of least resistance
Leakage Current
Inherent flow of non functional current from live electric parts of instrument to accessible metal parts Usually flow through 3rd wire connection to ground Magnitude of leakage current is determined by the value of the capacitance present Originates due to capacitive coupling from the power transformer primary to other parts of the transformer (or instruments)
Hold-on-type: A current level higher than let go current, the subject looses ability to control his own muscle action and unable to release grip on the conductor
Such currents are very painful and hard to bear Physical injury is caused b currents in range of 20-100mA
Recommendations of IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Continuous medical equipment current should not exceed 100 uA Should be with in a frequency range of 0 to 1kHz In abnormal situations recommended max. current is 500 uA Should be in a frequency upto 1 kHz Above 1 kHz max increases is proportionally with frequency
Precautions
Use apparatus or appliances with three wire power cord Provide isolated input circuits on monitoring equipment Have periodic checks of ground wire continuity No other equipment to be connected when patient monitoring equipment is connected Clearly mark functional controls Take care of adapter plugs that do not ensure proper grounding circuit Direct operating instructions to the operators Maintaining voltage differences
History
The expansion of technology was unregulated, and unexplained deaths in hospitals were attributed by some to electrical shocks Studies showed that electrical shock risks were the greatest when the patient had conductors internal to the body If a conductive catheter is placed in the heart, 100 micro amps at 60 Hz can cause fibrillation of heart and death
Standard Features
The most advanced Electrical Safety Analyzer on the market EN60601-1, EN601010-1, and AAMI & ESI test loads (user selectable) into one device The One-Touch-Testing user interface Allows user to perform rapid tests on various medical devices Multiple enclosure-leakage points Multiple patient-applied-part types 601PRO Series XL
Standard Features
601PRO Series XL
Power ON/OFF delay DC only for patient- and auxiliary-leakage tests User-programmable test sequences Offers manual, auto, step, and computer-control mode operations ASCII data transfer Memory for up to 1000 device-information records Conducts electrical safety testing in accordance with IEC 601-1, VDE 751, VDE 701, HEI 95, IEC 1010, AAMI, and AS/NZS 3551 requirements
Standard Features
601PRO Series XL
Flags failures, and simulates performance, ECG, and arrhythmia, waveforms. Results automatically analyzed and saved in nonvolatile memory Accepts device information that is input using an
External keyboard, Integrated keypad, Barcode keyboard wedge
Optional Feature
Onboard thermal printing
Specifications
Voltage Range: Accuracy: Insulation Resistance Range: 0 to 300 V True RMS (single and dual lead) DC - 100 Hz 1.5 % of reading 1 LSD 0.5 to 400.0 M
601PRO Series XL
Accuracy:
Current Consumption Range: Accuracy: Mains on Applied Part
5 % of reading 2 LSD
0 to 15 A ac True RMS 5 % of reading 2 LSD
Applied Voltage: 110 % of mains voltage Accuracy: 2 % of reading 6 A 0.000 to 2.999 5 % of reading 4 m (1 A, 10 A, and 25 A test currents) (Refer to Operators Manual for additional specs qualifying the effects on accuracy of variations in load inductance and phase angle.) 90 to 265 Vac, auto switching
Range:
Specifications
IEC601-1 and AAMI Leakage Currents Range: 0 to 8000 A True RMS (per IEC601-1 or AAMI filter), -DC - 1 kHz 1 % of -reading 1 A -1 to 100 kHz 2 % of reading 1 A - 100 kHz to 1 MHz 5 % of reading 1 A DC - 5 Hz (approx) 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 BPM
601PRO Series XL
Accuracy: DC-Only Frequency Response: ECG Simulation and Performance Testing ECG Complex: Performance Pulse: 600 to 700 s rise and fall time Sine Waves: Square Wave: Triangle Wave:
10, 40, 50, 60, 100 Hz 0.125, 2.000 Hz (50 % duty cycle) 2 Hz, 2 mV 16.62 in L x 11.75 in W x 5.56 in H 17lb / 7.7kg
Dimensions Weight
601PRO Series XL
Accessories
Probe/Safety Lead, Red - 1 Probe/Safety Lead, Black - 1 Adapter, Banana/Alligator - 5 Operators Manual - 1 Large Clamp, Red - 1 Warranty Card - 1 Printer Paper Roll (original) - 1 Printer Paper Roll (new style) - 1 601PRO Series XL
Optional Accessories
Carry Case RS232 Cable (9M-9F) Printer Cable Barcode, Keyboard, Wedge Adapter, Banana, ECG Keyboard English Powercord Set Australian Powercord Set Schuko Powercord Set US 120 V Powercord Set UK
601PRO Series XL
System Characteristics
601PRO Series XL Keys grouped by color and functionality Red keys -used to access menu options
Include previous key, the four SOFT KEYS, and the enter key
601PRO Series XL
Manual Mode
601PRO Series XL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connecting the Device Under Test The Power-Up Sequence Selecting the Test Standard Selecting the Class/Type Saving Standard, Class, Type and Test Current 6. Using View Present Settings 7. Manual Operation
Auto/Step Modes
601PRO Series XL
1. Selecting Auto or Step Mode Testing 2. Executing Auto and Step Mode Tests 3. Creating/Editing a Device Record or Template
Test Records
601PRO Series XL 1. Sending Test Results from the 601PRO to the Host 2. Computer 3. Test Data Record: Serial Output 4. Printing Test Records 5. Deleting Test Records
601PRO Series XL
Testing Devices
1. Permanently Wired Devices 2. Portable Devices 3. Portable Devices in Isolated Power Systems 4. Testing Three-Phase Portable Devices 5. Testing Conductive Surfaces 6. Detachable Power Supply Cable 7. Battery-Powered Equipment 601PRO Series XL
1. Accessing System Setup 2. Selecting the Test Standard 3. Referring to Test Limits for the Selected Standard