Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Initially (in 2008) developed by Yigardu Mulatu (MSc ), Berhane Kidane (MSc.), Demelash Alem (MSc.), Tesfayhe Hunde (MSc.),Seyum Kelemeworek (PhD.), Alemayehu Rifera (MSc.), Abreham Yirgu (MSc.), Yohans Adane (MSc.)and Abayneh Deraro (PhD.)
Finally Revised (during the 2013 national research review, based on progress of the project) by Yigardu Mulatu (PhD), Forestry Research Center,
Addis Ababa
April, 2013
Bamboo has a considerable potential to the socioeconomic development and environmental protection (Baghel et al., 1998; Kumar et al., 1998; Perez et al., 1998; Sharma et al., 1998; Kumar and Sastry, 1999). It is becoming so increasingly important in the worlds forest economy, because 1) it is a superior wood substitute, 2) it is cheap and efficient, 3) it is environmentally friendly i.e. it has high potential for environmental protection and wide ecological adaptation 4) the world forest is shrinking. Globally, 1 billion people live in bamboo houses; the economy of 2.5 billion people comes from bamboo. Annual trade earns 5-7 billion USD from bamboo (tropical timber earns 8 billion USD) (Maxim, 2005). The values of bamboo are being satisfactorily utilized by tropical Asian countries. For instance, there are 25,000 bamboo based industries in India providing employment for about 20 million people (CIBART, 2004). China, which has 4.2 million hectares of bamboo, generates an approximate total of 40 billion birr annually. It earns US$ 130 million from export of edible bamboo shoots. Annual export of woven bamboo is valued at 117 million. Bamboo is also important raw material for many pulp and paper industries in China, India, Thailand and other Asia countries. Bamboo provides major uses in the rayon, handloom, fishing and sericulture industries, where it supports the livelihood of million of people (Kumar and Sastry, 1999). However, bamboo resource of Ethiopia is underutilized and has been neglected by development practitioners. Currently, its use is by far below its potential; Its uses have been customary and mainly limited to hut construction, fencing and to a lesser extent production of handicrafts, furniture, containers for water transport, and storage, baskets, beehive, firewood, fodder, house utensils, and various art-facts, walking sticks (Embaye, 2004). In some localities farmers generate income by selling raw bamboo culms and some communities like the Gumuz people in Benshangul Gumuz region state use bamboo shoot as food. The country should have potential to generate an approximate of 9.5 billion birr annually. Based on the CSA (Central statistical Authority) survey of 1997 this output accounts for almost three times of the gross value of production on handicrafts, urban informal sector operators and small scale manufacturing establishments in Ethiopia. Based on detailed studies carried out in Ethiopia (Luso consult, 1997; as cited by Pole, 2002), it would be possible to harvest one third of the total stock every year on sustainable basis (3 million tones of oven dry biomass). This could be used to supply part of the particleboard, fiberboard, pulp, furniture, construction and energy requirement of the nation. Its potential for industrial use has yet to be popularized, as it is presently undertaken in many tropical Asian countries (Embaye, 2000). Currently, there is indiscriminate forest loose and depletion hence the unique bamboo resource will be disappearing before its economical and environmental advantage is appreciated, unless important reversing mechanisms could not take place (ibid, 2004). The current economic policy of the nation strongly urges development practitioners to contribute to the economic development of the country. By the year 2020, Ethiopia is envisioning to reach middle income group countries of the world. In this regard bamboo can contribute more in generating income since it can be processed in to products for domestic use and export market. It can also create employment opportunity to a considerable portion of the society and harness environmental degradation problems. Despite these facts; research and development activities on bamboo resource of the country is scanty. Bamboo is not included in tree planting programs in which millions of tree seedlings have been established every year. Up to now only a very limited research works have been undertaken: vegetative propagation of highland bamboo (Tesfaye Hunde and Yohannes Adane, 2005),propagation of lowland bamboo by seed (Kassahun Embaye et al, 2003), utilization-
suitability of Yushania alpina for oriented particle board (Seyum Kelemework, 2005), the use of lowland bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica)as re-enforcement in construction (Melaku Abegaz, 2004) and ecological aspects and resource management of bamboo (Kassahun Embaye, 2003), Socioeconomic study (Ensermu et al., 2000) seed and fruit characteristics of lowland bamboo (Demelash Alem, 2006), Natural Regeneration and Growth Habitat Assessment of Lowland Bamboo in Mandura Woreda, Metekel Zone (Yigremachew Seyoum et al, 2007), ongoing research activities by Pawe and Holetta Research Centers and, studies by the UNIDO (United Nation Industrial Development Organization)/East African Bamboo Project (2006-2007). As compared to the significance of the commodity (bamboo resource), the research conducted so far is scarce. Information generated from the aforementioned research activities is an eye opener to create awareness and plan further research. Currently there area many research questions from different stakeholders such as farmers, investors and development practitioners on the propagation, management and utilization of the resource. There is also a need to establish bamboo plantations to fetch the benefits that can be accrued from the resource. Based on this understanding the following eight research components are identified to be addressed under this project proposal. Research Gap The following are research questions are not yet answered: Propagation methods Management methods for optimum yield stand dynamics Suitability of bamboo for different products, nutritive value of bamboo shoots, Important pests and disease and their control measures Performance of introduced bamboo species in the country Seed storage nature of lowland and highland bamboo Economic contribution and ethno-botany of bamboo
8) To determine the best storage medium and storage time for O.abyssinica and Yushinia alpina seeds. 9) Develop silvicultural management techniques to maximize productivity of lowland bamboo stands (Technique and intensity of harvesting)
3.1.1 Developing propagation techniques for highland and Lowland bamboo in Ethiopia
Success in plantation development relies on the combined applications of the various disciplines in forestry, the most important aspect being the availability of quality planting materials (seedlings). This is because; the performance of plants on reforestation (afforestation) sites depends on the ability of the planting materials (seedlings) to adapt to the field conditions. It must, therefore, be noted that the supply of quality planting materials through improved techniques is a prerequisite for any successful large-scale forest plantation program. According to Merlyn (2006), bamboos can be propagated either by sexual (reproductive) or asexual (vegetative) means. Sexual propagation is by means of seeds. However, this is not popular in the country due to the irregularity and rarity of flowering of common bamboo species. Vegetative or asexual propagation makes use of different parts of bamboo plants as propagation material. There are various methods of vegetative propagation described by various authors, ERDB-DENR/FAO/UNDP (1994) and PCCARD (1991). These are: (a) Clump division, (b) Basal Culm Division or Offset, (c) Culm cutting, (d) Branch cutting, (e) Ground layering, (f) Branch Marcotting (air layering), (g) Tissue culture: Given these various propagation methods, the most common method practiced in Philippines and Asian countries is culm cutting with some procedural variations found practical and effective by individual propagators. Offset method is found to be effective in propagating species where culm cutting is not so successful. In Ethiopia, the indigenous knowledge of farmers in propagating bamboo is by using the offset method. Offset method is superior to culms and culm cuttings (Tesfaye Hunde & Yohannes Adane, 2005). However the problems in using this method are 1) excavating out offsets is a Tire sum and labor intensive work 2) offsets are also difficult to transport for long distances because of their heavy weight and long length, 3) Excavating out offsets can damage the adjoining rhizome so the neighboring culms. Establishing large scale plantation by using this technique is very expensive and unfeasible. Previous research works in the propagation of bamboo in the country are not successful in bringing effective technique and hence further research that focuses on different techniques that were not tested well in previous researches is of paramount importance both on lowland and high land bamboo species.
From experience, an offset of a highland bamboo weighs 20-30 kg. Minimizing at least the culm weight by removing it at effective height can help. Producing seedlings from the stand itself while the mother plant is within the stand can be another option, so evaluating the response of bamboo for both ground and air layering and coming up to a decision is important.
Many important crop plants are increased vegetatively and grown as clones. Suitable methods for vegetative propagation have been developed over many centuries. These traditional macropropagation techniques (or macro-methods) which utilize relatively large pieces of plants, have been refined and improved by research. For instance, methods of applying fine water mist to prevent the desiccation of cuttings, better rooting composts and the control of temperature in the rooting zone, have considerably enhanced the rate at which many plants of horticultural or agricultural interest can be multiplied. In recent years, micro propagation techniques are also advancing for plant multiplication (George et al. (eds.), 2008). Over the centuries, villagers have replanted bamboos by dividing up clumps and their underground stems or cutting up the underground stems (rhizomes) of clumping species. However many species produce extremely large plants and it is not always easy to dig out pieces for propagation. A number of other techniques have been developed for a variety of species in many areas of the world. Many of them have been refined by appropriate research over the past 20years (Banik, 1995). Vegetative propagation has been found to cut costs of bamboo plantations in comparison to the use of more conventional vegetative methods. Starting from very recent years, the need of planting bamboo in larger scale than ever before has become increasing in Ethiopia, accordingly, cost effective and efficient techniques of propagation are required. Though, viability of seeds of O. abyssinica is relatively longer (three years, unpublished works of the Forestry Research Center) and has higher germination rate, seeds are not available on regular basis (LUSO, 1997; Azene Bekele, 1993). Besides, culms produced from seed longer period (seven years) to reach harvestable size. Under these circumstances, other techniques of propagation become important. Propagation methods by clonal/vegetative propagation is cost effective and desirable for large-scale application (Reddy, 2006). Several methods of vegetative propagation techniques using offsets, rhizomes, culm and branch cuttings, layers, and macroproliferation of seedlings are being practiced for different species (Banik, 1995; Kleinhenz and Midmore, 2001; Pattanaik et al., 2004; Othman, 2005). These methods also suit to the requirements of farmers and non-government organizations (NGOs) for their low cost and ease of management. Unlike tissue culture/micropropagation techniques, macropropagation techniques do not requires laboratory facilities, expensive chemicals, etc. (Jimnez and Guevara, 2007). Rhizome-based propagules can be directly planted into the field. In the cutting methods, culm cuttings or branch cuttings of desirable sizes are planted in polybags or nursery beds to raise saplings (Koshy and Gopakumar, 2005). Clump-based vegetative propagation technique is a time-tested and widely practiced method in Asia (NMoBA, 2004; Banik, 1995). A segment of the rhizome is severed or separated from the parent rhizome and nurtured to develop into an independent source of planting material. The detached portion of the rhizome carries all the elements needed for the growth of a new plant. It may be separated with other parts of the plant such as rhizome offsets, roots and culm. Common to all methods of rhizome-based propagation is the cutting away of a part of the rhizome from a healthy and mature clump. Nevertheless, studies on vegetative propagating Ethiopian bamboo species are limited.
Tissue culture techniques have offered many practical advantages to various aspects of development in tropical forestry. These advantages include production of disease free plants as in populous spp. (Ahuja, 1993), selection of mutant varieties and in vitro clonal propagation (Rani and Raina, 2000), preservation of selected genotypes, somatic hybridization and genetic engineering, as in white pine (Pinus monticola) (Percy et al., 2000). It has also been used as a tool for the production of important secondary compounds from in vitro plant materials (Mulabagal and Sheng, 2004). This is of great importance for commercialization of potential tree species. The sole aspect of tissue culture that has so far been widely applied in tropical forestry is the possibility of propagation of elite, endangered, or difficult to propagate trees (Pena and Seguin, 2001). Micro propagation and morphogenesis have been attained through organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis of many important trees (Steven and Ben, 1999). The development of successful protocols for axillary budding (particularly for hardwoods), adventitious budding (particularly for conifers) (Minocha et al., 1995) and somatic embryogenesis for a number of tropical tree species (Raghavan, 1986; Anonymous, 1998), have been reported. However, unlike agricultural crops and horticultural plants, tissue culture of forest species in the tropics is still lagging behind. This is mainly because several difficulties arise, which can seriously affect the performance of explanted tissues from trees. These problems include difficulties to obtain sterile explant materials, tardiness of in vitro responses of explants, vitrification, browning of cultures, and difficulties in acclimatization of plantlets to field conditions, and somaclonal variations. Despite the profound research endeavors, tissue culture of bamboos is not yet advanced. Tissue culture of bamboos has never been worked up on so far in Ethiopia.
O. abyssinica (lowland bamboo) is a clump forming bamboo that extend 3-13 m high and 5-10 cm in diameter, nearly solid (Phillips, 1995). According to FAO and INBAR (2005), the major portion of Ethiopias bamboo (85%) is the lowland bamboo found in the Comb retum Terminalia-Deciduous woodlands of western Ethiopia together with other associated grasslands. In Ethiopia, the species is found in two forms in the altitudinal limit of 1200-1800 masl: (1) dense and as extended natural bamboo stand; with or without some scattered bushes/trees (2) sparsely populated or scattered natural bamboo stands: found with bushes and scattered tree, constituting roughly about 20% of vegetation (WBI, 2003) Appendix 1). Estimates by LUSO Consult reported the number of culms per ha as 8124 or 19.53 t/ha dry weight (LUSO, 1997). If managed, a clump produces 10-15 culms per clump per year. According to the local community, as reported by Demissew Sertse et al. (2011), lowland bamboo flowers every 30-35 years. During the 2010 mass flowering period that started before seven years in, Guba and Mankusha areas of Metekel Zone caused mass death of over 85% of the estimated total 400,000 ha bamboo in Benishangul-Gumz region (Demisew Sershe, 2010), As O. abyssinica is a clumping bamboo species and has no management, stand congestion has becomes a serious problem. Congested clumps pose a problem not only for the felling of the culms but also of fire due to the enclosed dead and dry culms (Ram Prasad (1988). Congested clumps do not allow new shoots to come up easily; even if any shoot comes up it becomes malformed (Suwannapinunt, 1988). Many working plans prescribe retention of a minimum number of old culms varying from 6 to 10 for providing support to the new culms (A. N. Chaturvedi, 1988) and avoidance of unnecessary retention of the dead and dried culms in a clump for quite a long period so as to allow the new shoots to come up in more beneficial way Suwannapinunt, 1988). In most bamboo forests, the cutting cycle ranges from three to four years, based on working convenience N. Chaturvedi (1988). Development of new culms, however, takes place near the previous years culms. Consequently, culms older than three years do not provide any support to the new culms. Prescription for management of clumping bamboos are forwarded in different countries for obtaining high productivity with the desired quality of culms. For instance in India, horseshoe harvesting technique is recommended for G. hasskarliana, a sympodial type rhizome, as older culms are often inside the clumps (Suwannapinunt, 1988). The clump is worked into a horseshoe to enable a man to get into the clump easily and work on all three sides and harvest old (older than three year old) culms. The frequency of cutting cycles is based on working convenience (Chaturvedi, 1988). Studies have shown that the development of new culms is not peripheral. The productivity of bamboo forests depends on the production and size of new culms. The management, in general, involves a selective felling system with a felling cycle of four years in Kerala, India with prescribed felling rules (Kumar, 1988). Culms less than two years old should not be cut and removed; All the new culms and 25 percent of the old culms should be retained; No clump should be clear felled except after flowering and when seeding has been completed; Culms should be cut as low as possible leaving one internode above ground; Cutting should begin from the side opposite to where new sprouts are emerging. On the other hand, X-shaped harvesting techniques is a recommended technique due to the least destruction and lower initial removal of bamboo culms for natural stands of Giaganthocloa scortechinii (most extensively found clumping bamboo in Malaysia) bamboo clumps with
minimum number of 26 culms/clump (Abd. Razak and Azmy, 2009). The same report indicated that higher number of culms and lower dying culms were produced employing X-shaped harvesting technique as compared horse shoe shape harvesting (Abd. Razak and Azmy, 2009). Harvesting is done by cutting culms older than three years while leaving the younger ones since these are physiologicaly more active, have vigorous rhizomes and can produce more culms (Ueda 1960; 1968). In management, therefore, the selection system with a three or four year rotation is recommended and those culms more than three years old are harvested from each clump. In bamboos with sympodial type of rhizome, older culms are found inside the clumps, therefore the horseshoe harvesting technique is recommended (Suwannapinunt, 1988). However, other Studies have shown that the development of new culms is not peripheral (Chaturvedi, 1988). In Ethiopia, information on the type of harvesting technique and harvesting intensity is lacking for bamboo stands. Therefore, the objectives of this research is to determine the effects of (1) different harvesting techniques and (1) determine the intensity of harvesting on productivity and culm size of natural lowland bamboo stands from field experiment.
3.1.2.2. The effect of different weeding frequency on the early Performance of O. abyssinica
Since lowland bamboo currently is flowering gregariously, plantation establishment and subsequent management activities are important options to safeguard the extinction of this species are indispensable. Taking the versatile use of lowland bamboo to the local community and its potential to bring an additional household income to the farmers, this activity is believed to bring a solid contribution to food security. Among the various management practices that should be practiced on young seedlings, weeding is of a paramount importance. Because resources are limited, different plants, if planted together, compete each other. And hence optimum level of spacing is required to get better yield. As far as possible this competition should be kept to the possible minimum through different management options (Dupreiz & De Leener, 1998).The frequency of weeding and cultivation should also be looked for in order to Identify optimum level of management for better performance of the species. But there are no research works done on this species with this regard to plantation establishment and management despite the indications that O.abyssinica could grow together with other species and it is one of the shade loving plants especially during its establishment phases. Therefore determining appropriate weeding frequency is very important for the growth and development of the species since site specific managements are very important especially in the tropics (Shreppers et al., 1998). Establishment of this type of experiment will also be used as a demonstration site for the farmers so that they will use the technology for the development of the species in the surrounding and to consider it as one of the economic species as the success of Demonstration sites and bases will help encourage farmers to mobilize more technical inputs into the production of bamboo resources and products (Yushan, 2001).
Ethiopian native bamboo species shoots are not widely used as edible food. However, bamboo shoots are used very widely in Asian-Pacific countries for a long time. Shoots are famous for various delicious dishes as main courses and ingredient. Its considered as a healthy food rich in nutrition, which contains about 16 kinds of amino acids. Bamboo shoots contains several nutritive Substances that human body needs such as carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber and many other inorganic substances and vitamins. Moreover, bamboo shoots have certain extent of hygienic and pharmaceutical values. In this research the nutrient values of Ethiopian bamboo shoots and harvesting time will be determined. In addition to these best shoot preserving and fresh shoot processing techniques will be identified.
flowers in the natural habitat and also in storage. Moreover, the bamboo litter is colonized by a variety of fungal species which are saprophytic, sap staining and soft rot fungi, several root pathogens and sheath rot fungi also perennate in the litter (Jamaluddin and Tiwari, 1999).
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widening the genetic base of the resource is indispensable. These require introduction and evaluation of different potential species from different parts of the world.
3.1.6 Effect of different storage conditions on germination and field Emergence of O. abyssinica and Yushinia alpina seeds.
The poor viability of seed, flowering at long intervals and limited availability of seed is the practical problem in bamboo propagation using seeds both Oxytenanthera abyssinica and Yushinia alpine. Some studies have been reported on suitable methods for storage of bamboo seeds (Somen & Steethakshmi, 1989). Therefore devising appropriate storage mechanisms is very important. Seeds locally can be stored in different storage media such as bottle, sacks, plastic Boxes, Tin boxes, polyethen bags, cloth bags and jute bags. The storage time for the seeds of the species is not known.
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3.2.2 Facilities
Table 2.The status of facilities currently available at centers where the project is to be Executed Center Facility Office FRC Pawe Assossa Holetta D/Zeit Lab Green house Nurs ery Vehi cle Comput er Photocopier Cold room Store Communication Library/Information
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**
* ***
**
** * * * *
*** ** ** *** **
* ** ***
** ** *** ***
**
***
*** *
None * In adequate
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4. METHODOLOGY TO BE FOLLOWED
4.1. Developing propagation techniques for highland and lowland Bamboo in Ethiopia 4.1.1. Treatments (for highland bamboo)
1. Offsets (farmers method) 2. Rhizome, with out culm 3. Offset (two nodes) 4. offsets (four nodes) 5. offsets (six nodes)
Set 3: Tissue culture (Development of mass micro propagation protocols for Bamboo)
Growth regulators
Auxins: 2,4-D and NAA in various concentrations Cytokinins: TDZ, Kinetin, Zeatin Accessories: Activated charcoal, coconut water PH 5.7
Explants
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Culture condition In dark for somatic embryogenesis and in light for organogenesis
4.1.3 Procedure: (Steps in site selection, production of planting materials from different clonal propagation techniques and tending operations) Site selection
The planting site to be used will be a well drained soil (gently slopped) and nearer to bamboo forests and other vegetations so as to use them as plus plants (wind break). It will also be nearer to a water source so as to provide supplemental watering for the four months period after planting.
Rhizome with roots (Rhizome): In this method, the whole rhizome with the
accompanying root system will be severed from the parent rhizome.
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Rhizome with roots and culm (offset) or the traditional method in Ethiopia: In
this case rhizome was severed together will all aboveground plant parts. The upper most part of the culm was removed, so that bigger portion (12-15 node for big culms) and the corresponding branches and leaves were retained with the rhizome.
The whole culm method: The culm together with the stump (that keeps moisture and can
also produce new sprouts) was severed from the system. The top was cut with a slanting cut leaving 12 to 15 nodes for big culms. All primary branches were pruned to two nodes.The rhizome used in this method need not be big like the offset, rhizome-offset and rhizome methods. Culms having smaller rhizomes than propagules used under the rhizome-based techniques were selectively used.
Culm cuttings: culm segment of bamboos of 2 nodes bearing healthy branches were used
after trimming-off the branchlets to two internodes. The upper most and lower most parts of culms were not included. Then the cuttings were planted horizontally.
Branch cutting (branches having aerial roots at the base): Prominent primary
branches with five-six nodes were used after trimming-off the branchlets to two nodes. The cuttings were buried in prepared trenches by slanting roughly by 15o so as to leave its tip sticking out.
Season of planting: Planting was done on 10 July, 2009, when the soil got sufficiently wet.
The farmers in the area plant bamboo under this moisture regime. This is the time for new shoots to come out from the actively dividing buds. This is also the starting time of the winter season hence adequate moisture is available starting from planting.
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Control stress factors: avoid extremes such as inadequate or too much water and temperatures. Light availability for species that take longer periods to root and shade is beneficial. Shading, when needed, should be such that 50-60% of sunlight reaches the bed. Shading should not be continuous. It should be avoided during the rainy season or overcast days.
Data analysis
After data was summarized using MS-Excell, analysis will be made employing the different functions of PASW Statistics 18 (latest version of SPSS, Predictive Analytical Software). Descriptive statistics was used before the actual analysis to see into the distribution of observations and outliers. Shapiro-Wilks (n<50) test value was used to check whether the normal distribution of observations was fulfilled or not. The Levenes test will also used to check whether the assumption of homogeneity of variances was met or not. Univarate analysis of the General Linear Model (Three-way-ANOVA, taking replication as one factor). Tukey's Honest Significance Difference (HSD) test will be used (p < 0.05) is observed. when statistically significant differences
8,000.00
8,500.00
9,000.00
8,000.00
10,000.00
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2,500.00
6241 6245 6271 6313 Total 57,800.00 53,300.00 41,475.00 Maintenance 2,000.00 Barbed wire 8,000.00 Training Fixed asset 10,000.00 4,000.00 3,350.00 3,350.00 41,950.00 3,350.00 63,950.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 7,500.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00
Location: Assossa for lowland bamboo and Injibara and Tikur Inchini for highland bamboo Duration: 2013-2018 for lowland bamboo; 2008 -2013 for highland bamboo
The trial for highland bamboo was established two years after the planned time (2008). The trial plot for lowland bamboo was established at Assossa in 2008 but failed because of flowering of the propaguoles. Because of these reasons that make the experiment not to be accomplished in time, it is agreed (during the 2013 review period of EIAR) to extend the experimental period and produce complete results for both Ethiopian lowland and highland species
Responsibilities: Dr. Yosef Amha (Tikureinchine), Mohammed Dololo and Sintayehu Eshetu
(Assossa), Zebene Tadesse and Yared Kebede (Injibara), Dr Yigardu Mulatu (FRC)
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Treatments (for lowland bamboo): For lowland bamboo, harvesting in area basis is not a preferable silvivicultural practice, , rather considering clumps is advantageous. Besides, technique of harvesting is another factor while harvesting. Accordingly, there will be two experimental factors (Factor 1 with two levels and Factor 2 with 6 levels) making 12 treatments when factorially combined and making the total number of treatments 13, including the control (no harvesting technique and no harvesting intensity applied). Factor I: Harvesting techniques (2 levels): 1. Horse shoe harvesting technique; 2. X-shaped harvesting technique Factor II: Harvesting intensity (6 levels): 1. 50% cutting of culms older than two years; 2. 75% cutting of culms older than two years 3. 100% cutting of culms older than two years; 4. 50% cutting of culms older than three years; 5. 75% cutting of culms older than three years; 6. 100% cutting of culms older than three years. Three blocks each constituting sufficiently homogenous lowland bamboo stand and clump size will be selected. From each block, 52 clumps will be identified and the thirteen treatments, including the control, will be applied allocating four clumps per treatment. Accordingly, the total number of clumps to be used for the study will be 156 in number. The experimental design will be factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD).
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Figure 1. (a) Mature plantation stand of lowland bamboo; (b) horse-shoe and X-shaped techniques of harvesting of clumping bamboo species
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Data to be collected Initial data on the number of number of culms per plot, number of clumps per ha, number of culms per clump, diameter and height of culms will be recorded prior to application of the treatments. The number of newly coming shoots, number of recruited culms and number of aborted shoots will be counted during the shooting season (June-September), after application of the treatments. Time of shoot sprout; internode length, number of nodes, height, diameter, leaf size (leaf width and length) of newly produced culms will be recorded. Diameter at breast height and height of the newly recruited culms will be measure at the end of the shooting season (September).
Data analysis
Data analysis will be made employing SAS 9. Descriptive statistics will be used before the actual analysis to check the distribution of observations and to check outliers. One-Way-ANOVA and two-way-ANOVA will used for mean comparison. Sigma Plot 10 will used to construct graphs.
Budget requirement
Table 2. Budget requirement for harvesting intensity for the coming five years Budget code 6113 6114 6212 6217 6218 6219 6221 6223 6231 6232 6241 6245 6251 6256 6271 6313 Total Description Budge for contract staff Casual laborer Stationary Fuel and lubricants Farm supplies Office supplies Farm inputs Laboratory supplies Perdium Transportation Maintenance Barbed wire Service charge Land rent Training Fixed asset 2013/14 0 10,000 1000 4800 2000 1000 0 0 5000 500 2000 30,000 0 0 0 10,000 66300 0 5000 500 2000 2000 0 0 0 4000 31800 2014/115 0 9500 1000 4800 2000 1000 0 2015/16 0 9000 1000 5525 2000 1000 0 0 5600 500 2000 2000 0 0 0 3350 31975 2016/17 0 10,000 1000 5590 2000 1000 0 0 5400 500 3000 2000 0 0 0 4600 35090 20117/18 0 9500 1000 6500 2000 1000 0 0 5500 500 3000 2000 0 0 30,000 3500 64500 Total 0 48,000 5,000 27,215 10,000 5,000 0 0 26,500 2,500 12,000 38,000 0 0 30,000 25,450 229,665
Location: Pawe for lowland bamboo and Injibara and Tikur Inchini for highland bamboo Duration: 2013-2018 for lowland bamboo; 2008 -2015 for highland bamboo
The trial for highland bamboo was established two years after the planned time (2008). The trial plot for lowland bamboo was established at Assossa in 2008 but failed because of flowering of the experimental plot. Because of these reasons that make the experiment not to be accomplished in time, it is agreed (during the 2013 review period of EIAR) to
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extend the experimental period and produce complete results for both Ethiopian lowland and highland species Persons responsible (Researchers, TAS and other staff) Yared Kebede (Pawe ARC), Yosef Amaha (HARC), Yigardu Mulatu (FRC); Mohammed (AARC)
4.2.2 The effect of different weeding frequency on the early Performance of O.abyssinica seedlings under Pawe condition
O. abyssinica fruits will be collected in December from the gregarious flowering of bamboo in the surrounding and the seeds will be processed to extract seeds out of the fruits. They will be raised in nurseries to produce seedlings to carry out plantation for the establishment of the experiment. After the necessary land size is secured and cleared for the research, planting holes will be prepared with 3m*3m spacing. The dimension of the holes will be 60cm wide, 60m deep. This will be done two weeks before the onset of the rainy season. Equal sized seedlings in terms of height and diameter will be selected and used for the experiment by grading while they are in the nursery. The seedlings will be planted after the depth of soil moisture reached 30cm, which mostly occurs after three to four days continuous rain. The field lay out will be arranged in randomized complete block design Where four levels of weeding (non-weeding, every month, every two months and every three months) will be tried. Weeding will be made during the rainy season and during the dry season they will be left as they are except data taking and other observations. The number of seedlings to be used for each treatment will be 20. Other managements will be applied uniformly to all experimental units. For the determination of different parameters six central seedlings will be selected from each treatment in each block. Every month starting from the date of plantation, height, root collar diameter, number of leaves, number of nodes and internodes will be counted or measured. Survival count will be taken two times, two weeks after planting and at peak hot month of the year (April). Starting from the second year, other than the above-mentioned parameters number of newly emerged shoots from each planted sample seedling will be counted their corresponding height and diameter at the ground level will be measured. Number of nodes and their internodes will also be counted and determined.
Data to be collected Survival count, root collar diameter, height, number of leaves and leaf area, number of nodes and internodes, time of shoot after planting, number of shots sprout, new shoot height, survival of new shots, diameter of new shoots, observable disease and pests. Data analysis: Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used. Data will be checked for normality and homogeneity of variance and the necessary data transformation will be conducted. ANOVA will be used to test the significance difference at P=0.05. Mean separation will be done for those parameters which showed statistical significance difference using least significance difference (LSD), which is built in SAS.
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4.4.2 Identification
Important insect pest (s) found attacking the bamboo plant will be identified before any subsequent works shall be followed. The insect feeding habit, attacking season, plant parts Attacked etc., have to be well identified and literature review works shall also be well done to Avoid duplications.
Pre and post spray (or any control method) pest population, Number and type of other pests, etc. 23
Planting material source for species 1 will be Munesa Shashemene Wood Enterprise, for the other species the source will be the East African Bamboo Project of the Ministry of agriculture and Rural Development.
Multiply seedlings on propagation bed at FRC and Debre Zeit Research Center as much as 48 seedlings per site can be obtained.
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Group the species as highland type and lowland type, using references and their preliminary performance in the nursery. Prepare planting sites that can also nurse the new seedlings as much as possible (nursery sites are preferable) 1. 16 plants will be planted per plot, and the experiment will be replicated three times (48 seedlings per species per site). The experimental design to be followed will be Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Data to be collected Number of shoots; length, height and root collar diameter of the emerging shoot; number of leaves, leaf size (diameter and width); culm diameter; shoot recruitment rate against time, useable culm yield against time, internode length, number of nodes, height, diameter of culms, mortality, disease and pest incidence/resistance Data analysis: The data on the performance and soil conservation potentials of bamboo will be Summarized using MS-EXCELL software and will be subjected for analysis. Descriptive statistics will be used. Location: This experiment was established in June 2010 at Chagni, Jimma and Holeta, and before four years at Gambo). It will also be established this year (2013) at Alemaya, Tepi, and Kulumsa. Duration: Currently, there is more opportunity to test the species at newly opened centers and higher learning institutes (researchers already employed to handle research on Non-Timber Forest Resources), hence there is need of extend the duration of the trial for more years (up to 2018).
Persons responsible (Researchers, TAS and other staff) Yared Kebede (Pawe ARC), Yosef Amaha (HARC), Negash (JARC), Mohammed (AARC), Eyasu (HU), Mussa (TARC), Getaneh (KARC)Yigardu Mulatu (FRC)
4.8. Effect of different storage conditions on germination and Field emergence of O. abyssinica and Yushinia alpina seeds
Seed collection and processing Mature fruits of O. abyssinica and yushinia alpina seeds will be collected from at least twenty five clumps for representativeness. Seed collection will be conducted in Pawe special Woreda, Mandura, and Bullen districts for lowland bamboo and Masha and Dawro area for highland bamboo since there exists gregarious flowering and seed setting of the species. Seed processing will be done according to the method followed by Demelash Alem (2006). The fruits will be airdried and separated in to single fruits. The fruit aggregates will be threshed manually to extract seeds. The seeds will be stored properly until initial germination test is carried out. Initial germination test will be done using 100 seeds with four replications. These sample seeds will be taken by thoroughly mixing the bulk seeds and taking randomly by hand. Approximately, equal sized seeds will be used for the study in order to avoid the effect of seed size on the germination test. The sample seeds will be taken out from bulk sample for initial germination test. The test will be carried out in Pawe and Forestry agricultural research center laboratory simultaneously with initial germination test, enough amounts of seeds (0.5kg per each collection medium) will be stored and will be used in subsequent germination testing periods. The necessary storage medium
25
will be purchased or prepared locally. After initial germination test, seeds to be used for subsequent germination test will be stored in different storage medium: such as stoppered glass bottles, screw top plastic boxes, tin boxes, polythen bags (with mouth folded three times and tied), mouth tied cotton cloth bags and jute bags. The experiment will be continued for 24 months, starting from the first germination test. At intervals of four months, seed samples will be taken out from each storage container and will be tested for standard germination for two consecutive years. Four hundred seeds in four replications of 100 seed each will be used in each test (ISTA, 1996). The germination test will be conducted on non-toxic moist germination paper on Petri dishes. Field emergence test will be conducted by sowing seed in potting mix of soil. The Observation on germinating seeds/ emerging seedlings will be recorded until no seeds will Germinate/emerge).
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the germination capacity. Therefore, the germination energy of O. abyssinica will be determined based on these three methods. Germination value The germination value aims to combine in a single figure total germination together with an expression for germination energy or speed of germination. From the germination test data, the germination value of O. abyssinica seeds will be computed according to the method of Djavanshir & Pourbeik (1976):
27
T0= control T1 = Glass bottles P1= 0 Months T2= Plastic boxes P2=4 Months T3 = Tin boxes P3=8 Months T4= Polythen bags P4=12 Months T5 =Cloth bags P5=16 Months T6= Jute bags P6=18 Months T7= Clay Pots P7 = 24 Months T8= Kil T9 = +5 oC FRC seed laboratory3 Data to be collected: Germination percentage, seed viability, date of 50% germination, date of complete germination, germination energy, field emergence of seeds, cumulative germination energy, observable pests and diseases Data analysis: data will be checked for normality and homogeneity of variance and the necessary data transformation will be carried out to normalize the data. The SAS software will be used for analysis and mean separation will be done using LSD, which is built in SAS.
2 2.1 2.2.
Injibara, Tikureinchine
Assossa
3 4
5 6
Pawe,Mankush and Assossa Pawe,Mankush and Assossa Chagni, Gambo, Jimma Pawe
Table 6.Administrative boundaries of the research areas S. Research area Administrative Administrative N region Zone 1 Pawe Benishangule Metekel Gumuze
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Assossa Awi West shewa Bole Special zone East Shewa Jimma Zone
7. Institutional arrangement
The organizational structure of the project is to be seen in accordance with the business process re-engineering of the institute that is currently underway. EIAR/Holetta will coordinate and supervise the implementation of this project. The monitoring and evaluation team of Forestry Research process, researchers, woreda agriculture officials and experts, farmers, potential investors, small scale bamboo processors of the nearby research centers will be involved in monitoring and evaluation of the project.
Beneficiaries of the project are farmers, investors, NGOs, GOs, handicrafts, cottage industries. This project will have great economic, social and environmental role. It also has significant impact on the target farmers livelihood. The outputs of the project have great potential for scaling-up to a larger number of users/beneficiaries. Economic benefits Provide raw material for industries thereby increase the income of investors Diversify and increase farmers income. Create employment opportunities to the community Social benefits The community participation will increase as it is income generating plant The output of the research will have great contribution in poverty alleviation as it is income generating plant species with diverse products and services Great number of the community including especially small income farmers, investors, small The project Number of beneficiaries specifying the major social groups that benefit most Environmental benefits The output of the project will have great contribution to the environment as the species has important characteristics for soil and water conservation and environmental amelioration. The project will also have great role in the conservation of remaining forest resources as it is reports, progress reports, research project evaluating team report, review meetings and travelling workshops.
The storage behavior and germination potential of lowland and highland bamboo seeds will be known The best propagation techniques for highland and 30
lowland bamboos will be identified; Efficient micro propagation and invitro regeneration protocol developed. Regeneration, stand characteristics and yield of highland and lowland bamboos under different harvesting intensities and techniques will be investigated; Nutritive value and preservation techniques of bamboo shoots identified The performance of exotic bamboo species will be known and the best performing ones will be selected for different agro-ecologies; The phenotypic variation of different provenances and genetic variability of Ethiopian highland bamboo will be known and the best performing and with Desirable characteristics will be selected. Important pests and diseases of bamboo will be known; Table 7. Work plan for old bamboo project S.N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Major Activities Seed collection Seed extraction and storage Conduct germination test lab Conduct germination test nursery Marking of new shoots removing of un marked shoots Conduct thinning Lowland bamboo shoot collection Bamboo shoot nutrient analysis Protocol set up using tissue culture Seedling propagation in the nursery Propagation of seedlings in tissue culture using biotechnology Identification of genetic variation using molecular markers Assessment of disease and pest Site clearing and preparation Field layout and planting Weeding and cultivation Quantity kg kg month month ha ha ha area month # spp no no month location ha ha ha ha m2 ha 31 Measuremen t
30/07/2013
Fiscical year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 10 205 100 5 200 100 100 8 2 3 3 8 2 3 3 1.8 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 300 50 50 100 100 25 1000 250 0 250 250 8 4 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 2 2 1.5 5 5 2.5(2 4 x) 400 5 40 0 800 5 1.5 5 2.5(1 6X) 2
5(3 times)
2.8(8xmonth)
3200 10
21 Follow up and supervision 22 Report writing Manuscript development for 23 completed activities
month no no
8 5 2
24 1
24 1
24 1
24 2 2
16. REFERENCES
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