Electrical Machine-1 Manual PDF

LABORATORY MANUAL
For
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Subject Name:- ELECTRICAL MACHINES-1 Subject code:- ET-215-E
OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

V.P.O. : Juglan,12 KM stone, Hisar-Chandigarh Road, National Highway - 65 District. : Hisar Haryana
INDEX
S.No.
1.
Experiments
To find turns ratio & polarity of a 1-phase transformer. To perform open & short circuit tests on a 1phase transformer. To perform Sumpner's Back to back test on 1phase transformers. Parallel operation of two 1-phase transformers. To convert three phase to 2-phase By Scottconnection. To perform load test on DC shunt generator. Speed control of DC shunt motor. Swinburnes test of DC shunt motor. Hopkinsons test of DC shunt M/Cs. Ward Leonard method of speed control.
Page No. 1-3
2.
4-7
3.
8-12
4. 5.
13-15 16-18
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
19-21 22-24 25-30 32-35 36-37
ET-215-E
L T P
ELECTRICAL MACHINE LAB-I

External : 70 Marks
- - 2
Internal : 30 Marks Total : 100Marks Duration of Exam : 3 Hrs.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. To find turns ratio & polarity of a 1-phase transformer. 2. To perform open & short circuit tests on a 1-phase transformer. 3. To perform Sumpner's Back to back test on 1-phase transformers. 4. Parallel operation of two 1-phase transformers. 5. To convert three phase to 2-phase By Scott-connection. 6. To perform load test on DC shunt generator. 7. Speed control of DC shunt motor. 8. Swinburnes test of DC shunt motor. 9. Hopkinsons test of DC shunt M/Cs. 10. Ward Leonard method of speed control. NOTE: At least 10 experiments be performed in the semester. At least seven experiments should be performed from above list. Remaining 3 experiments may either be performed from the above list or designed & set by concerned institution as per scope of syllabus
OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Name of Subject:- Electrical Machines-1 Lab Subject Code:- ET-215-E
Page No. 1/3
EXPERIMENT: To find Turns Ratio & Polarity of a 1-phase Transformer Electrical Engineering Department Semester -III Exp.No.ET-EX.01 Apparatus Required
Sr. No.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Description Transformer AC Voltmeter Variac Connecting leads
Range (0-500V) -
Type M.C -
Qty 1 No 3 No 1 No
Circuit Diagram
Theory Polarity Test:- On the primary side of a two winding transformer, one terminal is positive with respect to the other one at any instant. At the instant, one terminal of the secondary winding is positive with respect to the other one. Polarity test is performed to determine the terminals having the same instantaneous polarity. The relative polarities of the primary and secondary terminals at any instant must be known for connecting windings of the same transformer in parallel, or series or for interconnecting two or more transformer in parallel, or for connecting single phase transformers for polyphase transformations of voltages. In subtractive polarity, the voltage between A1 and a1 is reduced. The leads connected to these terminals and the two windings are, therefore, not subjected to high voltages stress. On the other hand in additive polarity the two windings and leads connected to A1, A2, a1 and a2 are subjected to high voltage stresses. This is the reason that subtractive polarity is preferred over additive polarity. Voltage ratio test: - The true ratio is based on trun-ratio. If the secondary and primary voltages are measured on no load, their ratio is very nearly equal to the true value. Measurement of primary and secondary currents in short circuit test also gives fairly accurate result.

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Exp.No.ET-EX.01 Procedure Step 1:- As per circuit diagram, terminals A1 and A2 are marked plus and minus arbitrarily. Step 2:- Now terminal A1 is connected to one end of secondary winding and a voltmeter is connected between A2 and the other end of secondary winding. Step 3:- A voltage V3 of suitable value is applied to the high voltage winding. Step 4:- Measure E1 and E2 by connecting voltmeters V1 and V2 across two windings. Step 5:- If the voltmeter V3 reading, measured in step 3, is equal to E1 ,-E2, then secondary terminal connected to A1is positive and other terminal ve. Step 6:- If the voltmeter V3 reading is equal to E1 and E2, then secondary terminal connected to A1 is ve and other terminal +ve. Observation Table (A) Subtractive Polarity S.No Reading for V1 Reading for V2
Reading for V3
V3=V2-V1
(B) S.No
Additive Polarity Reading for V1 Reading for V2 Reading for V3 V3=V2+V1
Voltage Ratio Procedure: Step1:- Connect one voltmeter on the primary and the other on the secondary side, on open circuit, Step 2:- Note down readings of two voltmeters. Observation S.No Reading for V1 Reading for V2 Reading for V3 Voltage ratio=V2/V1
Calculation

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Exp.No.ET-EX.01 Precaution 1) 2) 3) 4) All connections should be tight. All steps should be followed carefully. Readings and calculations should be taken carefully. Dont touch the live terminals.
Result:When the voltmeter reads the difference E 1-E2, the transformer is said to possess a subtractive polarity and when the voltmeter reads E1+E2, the transformer is said to possess a additive polarity. The voltage ratio of a transformer is obtained from the readings of two voltmeters one on the primary, and the other on the secondary side, an open circuit. V2/V1=open circuit Viva Voce Q1) What is the difference between ideal and practical transformers? Q2) What happens when a transformer is connected with DC supply? Q3) What is the need for performing polarity test on a transformer? Q4) What is the need for performing voltage ratio test on a transformer?

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EXPERIMENT: To perform Open and Short Circuit test on a 1-phase transformer. Exp.No.ET-EX.02 Electrical Engineering Department Semester -III
(A)
Sr. No.
Open Circuit Test

Description Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Auto Transformer Fuses Range 0-150V 0-2.5A 2.5A/150v 230/0-270V,8A 5A Quantity 1.No 1.No 1.No 1.No 2.Nos Type M.I M.I Dynamomteter 1-phase wire wound -
Apparatus Required:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Circuit Diagram:-
Theory: Transformer is a static device which transfers electrical power from one circuit to another circuit either by step up or step down the voltage with corresponding decrease increase in the current, with out changing the frequency. OC Test:-The main aim of this test is to determine the Iron losses & No- load current of the T/F which are helpful in finding Ro & Xo.In this test generally supply will be given to primary and secondary kept open. Since secondary is opened a small current(magnetizing current will flow and it will be 5 to 10% of full load current. The wattmeter connected in primary will give directly the Iron losses (core losses).
Procedure: Step 1: Give connections as per the circuit diagram. Step 2: Switch-ON the supply and apply rated voltage to the primary of the winding by using the auto transformer. Step 3:Note the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter

Page No. 2/4
Exp.No.ET-EX.02
Graph: A graph is drawn between P.F and % regulation by taking P.F on X- axis and % regulation on Y-axis.
Observation Table:V0 (Volts) I0 (Amperes) W0( watts)
(B) Short Circuit Test:Apparatus Required:Sr. No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Description Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Auto Transformer Fuses
Range 0-50V 0-5A 5A/50V 230/0-270V,8A 5A
Quantity 2.Nos 1.No 1.No 1.No 2.Nos
Type M.I M.I Dynamometer (UPF) 1-phase wire wound -
Circuit Diagram:-
SC Test: The main aim of this test is to determine the full load copper losses which is helpful in finding the R01, X01, Z01, efficiency and regulation of the T/F. Generally low voltage side will be short circuited and supply will be given to high voltage side & it will be of 5-10% of the rated voltage. The wattmeter connected in primary will give directly the full load copper losses of the T/F.
OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR
PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 3/4
Exp.No.ET-EX.02
Procedure:Step 1:-Give connections as per the circuit diagram. Step 2:-Switch-ON the supply and vary the Dimmerstat till rated Step 3:-Full load current flows through transformer. Step 4:- Note the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter
Observation Table:VSc (Volts) ISc (Amperes) WSc( watts)
Calculations:
Primary current, I1 = P / V1. Secondary current, I2 = P / V2. No load core loss, W 0 = V0 I0 cos 0.
-1 No load power factor angle, 0 = cos (W 0 / V0 I0). Iron loss component, Iw = I0 cos 0. Magnetizing component, Ia = I0 sin 0. R0 = V0 / Iw X0 = V0 / Ia 2
R01 = W SC / ISC
2 1/2 2 X02 = [Z02 R02 ] K = V 2 / V1 R01 = R0 / K2 X01 = X02 / K2
Percentage efficiency: h = (Output power / Input power) * 100 Output KVA = KCA * 1000 * fraction of the load 2 Copper loss = W SC* (load fraction) Total loss = (W 0 + copper loss) watt
Input = output + total losses

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Exp.No.ET-EX.02
Percentage regulation:1. At UPF
% R = (I2 / V2) [R
02
cos 0 * 100] (for cos = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8)
2. At lagging % 3. At leading
R = (I2 / V2) [R02 cos 0 + x02 sin 0]* 100
% R = (I2 / V2) [R02 cos 0 x02 sin 0] * 100
Regulation at Different Power Factors Lagging Upf 0.8 1 Leading 0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
Precautions:1) The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P position initially. 2) In OC test, rated voltage should be applied to the Primary of the Transformer. 3) In SC test, the Dimmer stat should be varied up to the rated load current only. 4) The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.
Result:- O.C and S.C tests were conducted on the given 1-phase transformer and
predetermined the regulation and efficiency curves.
VIVA-VOCE
1. How are the meter ratings selected for O.C and S.C tests? 2. Why is the O.C test conducted on the l.v side of the transformer and S.C test on h.v side? 3. What are the losses measured in an O.C test? 4. What are the losses measured in an S.C test? 5. What is the condition for maximum efficiency in a transformer? 6. What is meant by regulation of a transformer? 7. Is a high or low value of regulation preferred? Why? 8. How can the parameters on one side of the transformer be transferred to the other side?
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EXPERIMENT: To Perform Sumpners Back to Back test on a 1-phase transformers. Exp.No.ET-EX.03 Electrical Engineering Department Semester III Apparatus Required:S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Description
Auto Transformer Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Fuses
Range 0-270V 0-75V 0-150V 0-2A 0-20A 300V/10A 75V/5A 10A
Type 1-Phase wire wound M.I M.I M.I M.I L.P.F U.P.F -
Quantity 2 Nos. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 4 No.
Theory:-Sumpner's test is also known as back-to-back test. This test requires two identical transformers and is connected as shown in circuit diagram. By this test, the equivalent Circuit parameters, efficiency, regulation & heating of both the T/F can be determined. Each T/F is loaded on the other and both are connected to same supply. The primaries of Two T/Fs are connected in parallel across same supply and the Wattmeter connected in Primaries reads the core losses (Iron losses) of both transformers. The secondaries are so connected such that their potentials are in opposite to each other. By connecting so there would be no secondary current flowing around the loop formed by the two secondaries.

Name of Subject:- Electrical Machines-1 Lab Subject Code:- ET-215-E Exp.No.ET-EX.03
Page No. 2/5
PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2.Rated voltage of 110V is adjusted to get in voltmeter by adjusting the variac of the Auto Transformer which would be in zero before switching on the supply at the primary side. 3.The readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted on the primary side. 4.A voltmeter is connected across the secondary and with the secondary supply off i.e switch S is kept open. The voltmeter reading is noted. 5.If the reading of voltmeter reads higher voltage, the terminals of any one of secondary coil is interchanged in order that voltmeter reads zero. 6.The secondary is now switched on and SPST switch is closed with variac of auto transformer is zero. 7. After switching on the secondary the variac of transformer (Auto) is adjusted so that full load rated secondary current flows. 8. Then the readings of wattmeter, Ammeter and voltmeter are noted. 9. The Percentage Efficiency and percentage regulation are calculated and equivalent circuit is drawn.
Graph: 1) A graph is drawn between P.F and % regulation by taking P.F on X-axis and % reg on Y-axis 2) A graph is drawn between efficiency & O/P power by taking efficiency on X- axis and O/P power on Y-axis.
Observation Table:O.C V0 (Volts)
I0 (Amperes)
W0( watts)
S.C VSc (Volts)
ISc (Amperes)
WSc( watts)

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Calculations W1 Core loss of each transformer W o = ----- Watts 2 W2 Full load copper loss of each transformer W c = ------ Watts. 2
Wo W o = V1I1 Cos o o = Cos-1 --------V1 I1
Io I1 = ---- A 2
Iw = I1 Coso
I = I1 Cos
V2 = Vs/2 x A
Ro = V1 / Iw
Xo = V1 / I
Ro2 = Wc / I2
Zo2 = V2 / I2
Xo2 = Zo22 Ro22

2
Copper loss at various loads = I2 Ro2
Percentage regulation: 1. Upf : I2 / V (Ro2 Coso) X 100 2. Lagging pf : I2 / V (Ro2 Coso + Xo2Sino) X 100 3. Leading pf : I2 / V (Ro2 Coso - Xo2Sino) X 100 Output Power (1) Upf : 3Kw

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(2) Pf : 3Kw Coso Input Power = Output Power + Core loss + Cu loss
Output power Efficiency % = -------------------------- X 100% Input Power Equivalent circuit:
Model graphs:
Precautions: 1. 1. Auto Transformer whose variac should be in zero position, before switching on the ac supply. 2. 2.Transformer should be operated under rated values

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Result: Thus the efficiency and regulation of a given single phase Transformer is carried out by conducting back-to-back test and the equivalent circuit parameters are found out.
Viva Voce

Why is sumpner's test called back to back test? Why back to back test is performed on transformer? What is the use of sumpner's test in transformer? How do you perform a load test on a three - phase transformer? What is Back to back test of a transformer? Can sumpner's test be performed if the two transformers are of slightly different voltage ratios but otherwise identical? How the polarity test is performed to connect three single phase transformers in parallal? Can you back feed a three phase 480v transformer on the secondary side and get 480? What is the use of back to back test in transformer? How do you connect a megger on a three phase transformer for testing?
PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT: Parallel operation of two 1-phase transformers. Electrical Engineering Department Semester III Apparatus Required S.No 1. 2. Description Wattmeters Voltmeter Range 300v/10A 300v/20A 0-500v 0-300v 0-150v 0-10A 0-20A Type UPF M.I
Page No. 1/3
Exp.No.ET-EX.04
3.
Ammeter
M.I
Quantity 2 No 1 No 1 No 1 No 1 No 1 No 1 No
Circuit Diagram
Theory:- When transformation of three-phase power at one voltage to three phase power at
another voltage s desired it can be achieve by means of a single three phase transformer. A single phase transformer has three primary winding and three secondary windings. Another primary windings can be connected either in star or delta, same applies to secondary windings.
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Procedure :Step 1:- Make connections as for circuit diagram, keep the load switch and switch S open . Step 2:- Switch on the mains , see the volt meter reading of V1 , if this reading is 460V(double the secondary voltage of both the machines) then switch of and inter change the connections of secondary of any transformer . if reads zero then the switch S can be closed , this way the polarities can be checked since wrong polarity will short circuit the transformers if operated in parallel . Step 3:-Close switch S and then close the load switch. Step 4:- For various values of load current , record terminal voltage ,current in two secondarys ,power supply by the two transformers and the total power,(do not exceed 10 A for total current) Step 5:-ASwitch of load and switch of main. Step 6:- Determine the equivalent reactances and resistances of both transformers referred to HV winding by SC test Observation table
S. No
IA
Measur ement Calcula tion Meas ureme nt
IB
calculat ion
V
L
SA
SB
Cos A Cos B
WA
W
B
Calculations :For a given load current
IL at an angle the current and power supply by each transformer can be found out by the following formula
IA = (IL) x {(ZB)/(ZA+ZB)} IB = (IL) x {(ZA)/(ZA+ZB)}

If S is the load KVA, then the KVA shared by the transformers can be found out by
SA = (S)X{(ZB)/(ZA+ZB)} SB = (S)X{(ZA)/(ZA+ZB)}
Check the result obtained with the Theoretical calculations .
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Precautions: 3. 1. Auto Transformer whose variac should be in zero position, before switching on the ac supply. 4. 2.Transformer should be operated under rated values
Results:a) With the help of phasor diagram verify if IA = IB= I. b) Check if the load shared is proportional to the KVA capacities of the respective transformers c) From the results state if RA /XA =RB /XB Viva-Voce Q1) What is the material used for transformer core? Q2) List the different losses in a transformer? Q3) What is the condition of maximum efficiency?
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EXPERIMENT: To Convert three phase to two phase by Scott Connection Exp.No.ET-EX.05 Electrical Engineering Department Semester III Apparatus Required S.No 1 2 3 4 Description Auto Transformer Ammeter Voltmeter Fuses Load Box Range 415V/0-470V,15A 0-2A 0-5A 0-150V 0-250V 5A 230V/0-10A Type 3-phasewire wound M.I M.I M.I M.I Rheostatic Qty 1 Nos 3 Nos 2 Nos 2 Nos 1 No 2 Nos 1 Nos
Circuit Diagram
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Theory: In some cases, we may require 2 powers instead of 3 or 1 power. For that it is necessary to convert 3 to2 power (since 3 power is available at every nook corner). Scott connection is one by which 3-phase to 2-phase transformation is accomplished with the help of two identical 1 T/Fs having same current rating. One T/F has a center tap on primary side and it is known as Main transformer. It forms the horizontal member of the connection. Another T/F has 0.866tap on primary side and known as Teaser transformer. The 50% tap point on primary side of the main T/F is joined to 86.6% tap on primary of the teaser T/F. Obviously full rating of the T/Fs is not at all used. Refer to the fig. The main T/F primary winding center tap point D is connected to one end of the primary of the teaser T/F on secondary side, both the main & teaser T/F turns are used (not only 86.6%).Hence the voltage per turn will be equal for both T/Fs. Since point D is located midway on AB, V CD leads VAB by 900 i.e, voltages across primary are 900 apart also. Position of Neutral point N on primary side: Remember point D is not the neutral on primary , since its voltages w.r.t R, Y, B are not equal to V1/3 i.e, the neutral point is that one which gives equal voltage with R, Y, B. The neutral point is one third the way down the teaser T/F winding from C to D Or point N divides the teaser primary winding in the ratio of 1:2. Hence the neutral must be At 86.6/3=28.8% from D Current in Teaser T/F: w.r.t For 2:1 T/F, Current in Main T/F: N2 /0.866N1 = IR/IX IR = InK(1.15) IR = 0.57xIX N2/N1 = (IR/2 - IY/2) For balanced load, since IX & IY are at 900 IR =1200; IB =-1200 Like wise, IR, IY & IB are equal in magnitude and are 1200 apart from each other.
Procedure
Step No.1:-Give all connections as per the circuit diagram. Step No.2:-Switch-ON the supply and apply rated voltage to the primaries. Step No.3:- Note the voltmeters readings of both sec. Sides of both T/Fs. Step No.4:-Now join the sec. in series aiding as shown in fig.and note he resultant voltage. Step No.5:-Load both the T/Fs equally with out exceeding the rating and note the ammeter readings on primary side.
Observations: V4 (across sec. of teaser T/F) = V5 (across sec. of main T/F) =
Resultant voltage, VT =V21+V22 =
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Calculations:Load Applied A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Precautions:- 1) The Dimmerstat should be kept at minimum O/P position initially.

2) The Dimmerstat should be varied slowly & uniformly. 3) Rated voltage should be applied to the primary of the Transformer. Result:-
Viva Voce Q1)Is the primary side balanced with a balanced load on secondary? Ans) Yes, if the secondary is unbalanced, the primary also is unbalanced. Q2) Is it possible to get a balanced three phase supply from a two phase supply? Ans) Ues, Use a scott connection and feed its 2 phase side from 2 phase syupply and connect the 3 phase load to the 3 phase side of the transformer. Q3) In the scott connection are the two single phase transformer magnetically coupled? Ans) The main transformer must not be magnetically coupled to the teaser transformer i.e there are two are different units. Q4) Name a method of 3 phase to 1 phase conversion and comment Ans) Open delta connection enables 3 phase to 1 phase conversion.
PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT: To Perform Load test on DC shunt generator. Electrical Engineering Department Semester III Apparatus Required S.No 1 2 3 4 Circuit Diagram Description Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat Tachometer Range 0-300v DC 0-10v DC 0-2A 0-5A 2ohm,600A Type M.C M.C M.C M.C Qty 1 No I No 1 No 1 No 2 No 1 No
Page No. 1/3
Exp.No.ET-EX.06
Theory
Load characteristics of the machine can be broadly classified into:1) External characteristics. 2) Internal Characteristics.
External Characteristics(V vs IL)

It is a curve showing the variation in terminal voltage of the generator as the load on the generator is increased. The characteristics are as shown in the figure. At no load, the terminal voltage of the generator is at its rated value. As the load current is increased the terminal voltage drops. The drop in terminal voltage is due to the following reasons:1. For a generator V = Eg IaRa, as the load current increases, Ia increases, IaRa drop increases, thus decreasing the terminal voltage V. 2. As the load current increases, Ia increases, armature reaction effect also increases. Due to demagnetizing effect of armature reaction, the induced emf Eg decreases, thereby
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decreasing V. 3. Due to reasons (1) and (2), the terminal voltage decreases, which in turn reduces the field current Ish, thereby decreasing Eg causing further decrease in V.
Procedure
Step 1:-Connections are made as shown in the diagram. Step 2:-Rheostat Rh1 is kept in minimum position and Rh 2 in maximum position. Step 3:- Switch S2 is kept open. Supply is switched on and the motor is started using a 3point starter. Step 3:-The motor field rheostat Rh1 is varied till the speed equals the rated speed of the motor. Step 4:-The generator field rheostat Rh 2 is varied till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage of the machine. Step 5:- Switch S2 is then closed. Step 6:-The load on the generator is increased.The readings of the voltmeter and ammeters are noted down. Step 7:- The experiment is repeated for different values of load current till the rated current of the generator is reached. During the experiment, the speed is to be maintained constant at the rated value. Step 8:-The load is then switched off completely, the rheostats are brought back to the original position and the machine is switched off. Observation
S.No
Volts(V)
IL(A)
Ish(A)
Ia(A)
Eg(V)
Sample Calculation (set no . . . ) Terminal Voltage (V) = . . . . . . . . . V Load Current (IL) = . . . . . . . . .A Shunt Field Current (Ish) = . . . . . . . . ...A Armature Current (IA) = IL + Ish = . . . . . . . . .A Generated emf (Eg) = V + IaRa = . . . . . . . . . Measurement of Armature Resistance
S.No
Volts(V)
I(A)
Resistance(ohm)
Armature Resistance Ra = . . . . . . . . .ohm
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Internal Characteristics [Eg vs Ia]
It is a plot of the internally generated emf (Eg) and armature current (Ia). It is a curve similar to the external characteristics and lies above it. Eg = V + IaRa & Ia = IL + Ish
Internal and External Characteristics
Machine Details
MOTOR 3.5 KW Speed - 1500rpm volts - 220V Amps - 18.6 A Winding - shunt GENERATOR 3.5 KW Speed - 1500rpm volts - 220V Amps - 16 A Winding shunt
Result
Conducted load test on the given DC shunt generator and plotted the external and internal characteristics.
Viva Voce
1. What is the need for starter with a d.c motor? 2. How does a 3-point starter function? 3. Why is Rh1 kept in minimum position at starting? 4. Why is Rh2 kept in maximum position at starting? 5. Why does the terminal voltage of a generator decrease with increase in load? 6. How are the meter ratings selected for this experiment?
PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT: To Perform Load test on DC shunt generator. Electrical Engineering Department Semester III Apparatus Required S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Circuit Diagram Description Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat Tachometer Connecting Wires Range 0-300V 0-20A 300ohm/1.5A 0-1500rpm Type MC MC Digital Quantity 1 No 1 No 2 No 1 Required
Page No. 1/3
Exp.No.ET-EX.07
Theory Speed(N) of a d.c shunt motor can be expressed as:N=(V-IaRa)/K rpm. The motor when connected across constant voltage supply draws constant field current. The flux () which is proportional to field current is thus constant. When motor is loaded, armature current Ia increases with the increases in load causing an increase in the armature drop IaRa . Generally, the armature resistance Ra is very small and hence the drop Ia Ra is quite small compared to applied voltage GH,. This causes quite a small drop in the speed on loading. If the speed of the shunt motor is plotted against armature current, the characteristics will be obtained the toque developed is proportional to the product of flux () and armature current Ia As as constant.T prop Ia
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Procedure:
Step 1:-Connections are made as per the circuit diagram Step 2:-After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST switch is closed and starter resistance is gradually removed. Step 3:- The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat. Step 4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load condition. Step 5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance readings and speed of the motor are noted. Step 6:- The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position, then DPST switch is opened
Observation Table S.No Voltage(V)

Current (A)
Load S1
Torque
Speed(N) rpm
Input Pi
Output P0 watts
Efficien cy %
S2 T(Nm)
Calculation:
Circumference of the Brake drum = ______ cm Circumference R= -------------------2 Torque:-( S1 to S2) x R x 9.81Nm Input Power Pi = VI Watts Output Power= (2 NT)/60 Efficiency = output power/ Input Power
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Result: Thus load test on DC shunt motor is conducted and its efficiency is
determined.
Viva Voce Q1) A D.c Shunt motor is running at 1190 r.p.m when it delivers 2kW. How should the speed be raised to 1259r.p.m. under the loaded condition? Ans) By flux weaking i.e decrease the shunt field current. Q2) While starting d.c shunt motor, it is felt that it is running in a direction which is improper. How to run it in the correct direction? Ans) Direction of rotation can be reversed either by reversing field connective or by reversing armature connections. Q3) Ennumerate the different losses in Dc Shunt Motor? Ans) S.No 1 Losses Constant losses Total a) Friction and windage loss b) Copper loss in field winding c) Core loss in armature a) Armature Copper loss b) Stray load loss
Variable Loss
PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT: Swinburnes test of DC shunt Motor. Electrical Engineering Department Semester III Apparatus Required S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Description Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostats Tachometer Resistive Load Connecting Wires Range (0-20) A (0-300) V 1250, 0.8A (0-3000) rpm 5KW,230V 2.5sq.mm. Type MC MC Wire Wound Digital Copper 1 No 1 No Few
Page No. 1/3
Exp.No.ET-EX.08
Quantity 1 No 1 No 1 No
Theory: - It is a simple method in which losses are measured separately and from their
knowledge, efficiency at any load can be pre-determined in advance. The only running test needed is a no load test. Swinburne s test is applicable to those machines in which flux is practically constant i.e. Shunt wound and Compound wound machines. The machine is running as a motor on no-load at its rated voltage and its speed be adjusted to its rated value using Shunt regulator. The no-load armature current is measured using an ammeter where as shunt field current is given by another ammeter.
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Procedure 1. Step 1:-Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2 Step 2:-After checking the minimum position of field rheostat, Step 3:- DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed. 3. Step 4:-By adjusting the field rheostat, the machine is brought to its rated speed. 4. Step 5:-The armature current, field current and voltage readings are noted. 5. Step 6:-The field rheostat is then brought to minimum position DPST switch is opened.
Observation Table (A) As Motor

S.N o.
V(volts)
IL(amps)
Ia(amps)
Ia Ra(watts)
Total Losses W(watts)
O/P power (watts)
I/p power(watts)
Efficiency (%)
(B ) As Generator
S.N o.
V(volts)
I1(amps)
Ia(amps)
Ia Ra(watts)
Total Losses W(watts)
O/P power (watts)
I/p power(watts)
Efficiency (%)
S.No.
If Io V (Amps) (Amps) (Volts)
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DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE:-
PROCEDURE: Step 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Step 2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch. Step 3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted. Step 4. Armature resistance in Ohms is calculated as Ra = (Vx1.5) /I. Observation Table for Armature resistance: S.No. Voltage V (Volts) Current I (Amps) Armature Resistance Ra (Ohms)
CALCULATIONS Hot Resistance Ra = 1.2 X R Constant losses Where Iao = VIo Iao2 Ra watts = (Io If) Amps
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AS MOTOR: Load Current IL = _____ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of rated current) Armature current Ia = IL If Amps Copper loss Total losses Input Power Output Power Efficiency % = Ia2 Ra watts = Copper loss + Constant losses = VIL watts = Input Power Total losses Output power = ---------------------- X 100% Input Power AS GENERATOR:
Load Current IL = _____ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of rated current)
Armature current Ia = IL + If Amps Copper loss Total losses Output Power Input Power Efficiency % = Ia2 Ra watts = Copper loss + Constant losses = VIL watts = Input Power +Total losses Output power = ----------------------- X 100% Input Power PRECAUTIONS: The field rheostat should be in the minimum position at the time of starting and stopping the motor RESULT: Thus the efficiency of the D.C machine is predetermined by Swinburnes test. Viva Voce Q) Explain the use of Swinburns Test?
PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT: Hopkinsons test of DC Shunt M/Cs. Electrical Engineering Department Semester III Apparatus Required APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1 Description Ammeter Range (0-1)A (0-20) A (0-300) V (0-600)V 1250, 0.8A (0-3000) rpm 5KW,230V 2.5sq.mm. Type MC MC MC MC Wire Wound Digital Copper
Page No. 1/3
Exp.No.ET-EX.09
Quantity 1No 2 No 1No 1No 2No 1No 1No Few
Voltmeter
3 4 5 6
Rheostats Tachometer Resistive Load Connecting Wires
Theory:- This test is called regenerative test or to back test which can be carried out on two identical d.c. machines
mechanically coupled to each other and simultaneously tested. Thus the full load test can be carried out on two identical shunt machines without wasting their outputs. One of the machines is made to act as a motor while the other as a generator. The mechanical output obtained from the motor drives the generator whose electrical output supplies the greater part of input to the motor. The motor is connected to the supply mains only to components for losses since in absence of losses, the motor-generator set would have run without any external power supply. But due to losses, the generator output is not sufficient to drive the motor. Thus motor takes current from the supply to account for losses.
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PROCEDURE: 1. 2. Step1 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Step2 After checking the minimum position of field rheostat of motor, maximum position of field rheostat of generator, opening of SPST switch, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed. Step3 The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor. Step4The voltmeter V1 is made to read zero by adjusting field rheostat of generator and SPST switch is closed. Step5 By adjusting field rheostats of motor and generator, various Ammeter readings, voltmeter readings are noted. Step6The rheostats and SPST switch are brought to their original positions and DPST switch is opened. Observation Table
S.N o Suppl y volta ge V(Vo lts)
I1(amps) I2(Amps) I3(Am ps) I4(amps)
3. 4. 5. 6.
I1+I2
Motor Armatu re cu loss(W atts)
Generat or Armatu re Cu Loss W(Wat ts)
Total Stray Loss W(Wat ts)
Stray Losses per M/C(watts)
As Motor I1(amp V
s)
I2(Amps)
I3(A mps)
Motor Field Stray Total Output Input Efficien Armature Cu Loss(watts) Loss Losses Power Power % Loss W ( (Watt) (watt) Weatts) I2(Am)
As Generator I1(amp I2(Amps) Motor V

s)
Armature Cu Loss(watts) Loss Losses Power Power % Loss W ( (Watt) (watt) Weatts) I (Am)
Field
Stray
Total
Output Input
Efficien
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Procedure: Step 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Step 2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch. Step 3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted. Step 4. Armature resistance in Ohms is calculated as Ra = (Vx1.5) /I. Observation Table for Armature Resistance S.No. Voltage V (Volts) Current I (Amps) Armature Resistance Ra (Ohms)
Calculations:Input Power Motor armature cu loss Generator armature cu loss Total Stray losses W Stray loss per machine As motor: Input Power Total Losses = = = = Armature input + Shunt field input (I1+ I2) V + I3V = (I1+I2+I3) V Armature Cu loss + Field loss + stray loss (I1 + I2)2 Ra + VI3 + W/2 watts = = = = = VI1 watts (I1+ I2)2 Ra watts I22 Ra watts V I1 - (I1+I2)2 Ra + I22 Ra watts. W/2 watts.
Input power Total Losses Efficiency % = ------------------------------------- x 100% Input Power As generator: Output Power Total Losses = VI2 watts = Armature Cu loss+ Field Loss + Stray loss = I22 Ra + VI4 + W/2 watts Output power = -------------------------------------- x 100% Output Power+ Total Losses
Efficiency %
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Sample Graph
Precautions: The field rheostat of the motor should be in the minimum position at the time of starting and stopping the machine. The field rheostat of the generator should be in the maximum position at the time of starting and stopping the machine. SPST switch should be kept open at the time of starting and stopping the machine.
Result: Thus Hopkinsons test is conducted on a pair of identical DC machines the efficiency of the machine as generator and as motor are pre-determined Viva Questions Q) Will the iron losses be included in the calculations of Hopkinsons Test? Ans) Since the machines are operated at full load conditions, change in iron loss due to distortion in flux at full load will be included in the calculation. Q) What are the adverse situation happened at Hopkinsons test Ans) As the machines are tested under full load conditions, the temperature rise and quality of communication of the two machines can be observed. Q) Write a few disadvantage of Hopkinsons Test? Ans) 1.There is difficulty in availability of two identical machines. 2. The iron losses in the two machines can not be separated. The iron losses are different in both the machines because of different excitations. Q) Is the machine is suited for lower machines? Ans) No, it is only suited for large machine. Q) Which is the most difficult part of the hopkinsons test Ans) The machines are not loaded equally in case of small machines which may lead to difficulty in analysis.
PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT: Ward Leonard Method of Speed Control. Electrical Engineering Department Semester III Apparatus Required S.No Description 1 1 HP 3phase I.M 1 HP DC Shunt Generator 2 3 1 HP DC Shunt Motor 4 3-phase 3 pole MCB 5 Star-Delta Starter 6 DC MCB 7 Rheostat 8 Ammeter 9 Voltmeter 10 Fuse Circuit Diagram
Page No. 1/2
Exp.No.ET-EX.10
Range (0-220ohm)/2A (0-2A) (0-300V) -
Type M.C M.C -
Qty 1 No. 1 No 1 No 1 No 1 No. 1 No 1 No 2 No 1 No 5 No
Theory:- This system is used where an unusally wide and very sensitive speed control is required as for colliery winders,electric excavators,elevators and the main drives in steel mills and blooming and paper mills. M.I is the main motor whose speed control is required. This field of this motor is perman ently connected across the dc supply lines. By applying a variable voltage across its armature, any desired speed can be obtained. This variable voltage is supplied by a motor-generator set which consis ts of either a dc or an ac motor M2 directly coupled to generator G is directly fed to the main motor M1. The voltage of the generator can be varied from zero up to its maximum value by means of its Field regulator,By reversing the directon of the field current of G by means of the reversing switch Rs Generated voltage can be reversed and hence the direction of rotation of M1. It should be remember That motor generator set always runs in the same direction.
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Procedure Step 1 Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. Step 2 At base speed motor armature is fed at rated voltage. Step 3 Field current is adjusted to the maximum value. Step 4 For obtaining speeds below base speed armature voltage is reduced. Step 5 For obtaining speeds above base speeds field is gradually weakened. Observation Table (A) Variation of speed below of base speed S.No Armature Voltage(V)
Speed(RPM)
(B) Variation of speed above base speed S.No Field Current(A)
Speed(RPM)
Calculation Eb=V-IaRa=(ZNP/60A) N 1/, N 1/Ra ( N is the rpm in speed) Is flux per pole & Ra is armature resistance. Precaution 1) All connections should be right. 2) Dont touch live terminals. 3) Dont insert the resistance in field winding, when motor begins to start. 4) Reading should be obtained carefully. Result:- Draw Power vs speed and Torque vs speed characteristics. Viva Voce Q1) Explain power vs speed and torque vs speed characteristics for ward-leonard method? Q2) In order to increase the speed above rated speed, which method of speed control is used in DC shunt motor? Q3) In order to decrease the speed below rated speed, which method of speed control is used in DC shunt motor?

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LABORATORY MANUAL

Subject Name:- ELECTRICAL MACHINES-1 Subject code:- ET-215-E

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Page No. 1-3

19-21 22-24 25-30 32-35 36-37

ELECTRICAL MACHINE LAB-I

Internal : 30 Marks Total : 100Marks Duration of Exam : 3 Hrs.

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 1/3

Description Transformer AC Voltmeter Variac Connecting leads

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Additive Polarity Reading for V1 Reading for V2 Reading for V3 V3=V2+V1

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 1/4

Open Circuit Test

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 2/4

Observation Table:V0 (Volts) I0 (Amperes) W0( watts)

(B) Short Circuit Test:Apparatus Required:Sr. No.

Description Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Auto Transformer Fuses

Range 0-50V 0-5A 5A/50V 230/0-270V,8A 5A

Quantity 2.Nos 1.No 1.No 1.No 2.Nos

Type M.I M.I Dynamometer (UPF) 1-phase wire wound -

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR

PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 3/4

Observation Table:VSc (Volts) ISc (Amperes) WSc( watts)

2 1/2 2 X02 = [Z02 R02 ] K = V 2 / V1 R01 = R0 / K2 X01 = X02 / K2

Input = output + total losses

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR

PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 4/4

Percentage regulation:1. At UPF

cos 0 * 100] (for cos = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.8)

R = (I2 / V2) [R02 cos 0 + x02 sin 0]* 100

% R = (I2 / V2) [R02 cos 0 x02 sin 0] * 100

Regulation at Different Power Factors Lagging Upf 0.8 1 Leading 0.8

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR

PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 1/5

Range 0-270V 0-75V 0-150V 0-2A 0-20A 300V/10A 75V/5A 10A

Quantity 2 Nos. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 4 No.

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR

PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 2/5

Observation Table:O.C V0 (Volts)

S.C VSc (Volts)

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR

PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 3/5

Wo W o = V1I1 Cos o o = Cos-1 --------V1 I1

Xo2 = Zo22 Ro22

Copper loss at various loads = I2 Ro2

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR

PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 4/5

Output power Efficiency % = -------------------------- X 100% Input Power Equivalent circuit:

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR

PRACTICAL MANUAL INSTRUCTION SHEET

Page No. 5/5

OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JUGLAN,HISAR

Page No. 1/3