NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Meaning of Research
Research is a scientific investigation of phenomena, which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that link mans speculations with reality. (Calmorin)

Research is the continuous discovery and exploration of the unknown, an investigation of new facts leading to the discovery of new ideas, new methods or improvement. ( Sanches )

Research is a systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose of answering questions posed by the researcher. ( Parel )

Research is searching for a theory, testing for a theory and for solving a problem. (Sevilla)

Research is a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relation among the natural phenomena. (Kerlinger)

Importance of Research Research is a vehicle for mobility, a contribution towards the attainment of national goals.

 Research explains an issue or controversy.

 Research advances human knowledge and satisfies curiosity.

 Research improves instruction and student achievements.

 Research improves quality of life. Research satisfies mans needs.

 Research reduces the burden of work Research has deep-seated psychological aspect.

Objectives of Research
to seek new knowledge and answer specific question
provide useful information in the form of verifiable data

Characteristics of a Researcher
Intellectual Curiosity
Prudence Healthy Criticism Intellectual Honesty

Qualities of a Good Researcher

R- esearcher oriented E- fficient S- cientific E- ffective A- ctive R- esourceful C- reative

H- onest
E- conomical R- eligious

Characteristics of Research
Empirical. Research is based on direct experience and observation of the researcher.

 Logical.

Scientific investigation is done in an orderly manner.

 Cyclical.

Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

 Analytical.

Research utilizes proven analytical procedures

 Replicable.

The research design can be replicated for validation of results.

 Critical.

Research exhibits careful and precise judgements.

Types of Research
According to Use
Pure Research It is also called basic research or fundamental research that aims to discover basic truth and principles intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge

 Applied Research It involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem.

 Action Research It is a decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of scientific method in response to immediate need to improve existing practices.

According to Venue
Library Research Research done in the library where answer to specific questions or problems of the study are available.

 Field Research Research is conducted in a natural setting where no changes are made in the environment.

 Laboratory Research Research is conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study in rigorously specified and operationalized area.

 The purposes are: 1. To test hypothesis derived from a theory, 2. To control variance under research conditions, 3. To discover the relations between the dependent and independent variables.

According to Type of Data

Quantitative Research Research that utilizes numerical method of measuring or ascertaining the variable. It uses an objective method of measuring the variable and data are treated using statistical tools.

Qualitative Research
Research that do not utilize numerical data but instead data are presented through elaborate word descriptions of what is observed. Interpretation and analysis relies on the researchers personal judgement and critical analysis of the event, condition, or behavior observed under investigations. This is usually utilized with case studies.

According to Procedure and Techniques

Historical Research Research which is the accumulation of facts in relation to a particular time sequence to determine whether or what certain events in history actually happened.

Descriptive Research It includes all studies that purport to present facts concerning the nature and status of anything. It is concerned with condition of relationships that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs and processes that are going-on, felt influences and developing trends.

Experimental Method It is a problem-solving approach of research that describes what will be when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated. It is the technique of discovering information by means of experimentation.

Ex Post Facto Research Research which investigates a problem by studying the variables in retrospect. The dependent variable is immediately observable and the main concern is to find out the antecedents that give rise to this consequence.

The Research Process

Problem/Objective
Assumption Theoretical/Conceptual Framework Hypothesis Review of Related Literature Research Design Data Collection Data Processing and statistical Treatment Analysis and Interpretation Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Thank You