A HELPFUL GUIDE and TEMPLATE FOR SCIENCE FAIR REVIEW OF LITERATURE / Backgr !

nd In" r#a$% n Dra"$ %& n ' d!( n N )* +,&$* F%na- r(&(arc. /a/(r '.%c. %nc-!d(& 0 !r -%$(ra$!r( r()%('/1ackgr !nd %n" r#a$% n '%-- 1( d!( '%$. 0 !r &c%(nc( "a%r /r 2(c$* &c%(nc(#cc 0*'((1-0*c # T%/& and In" r#a$% n3 T.( R()%(' " L%$(ra$!r( %& $ r(/ r$ $ $.( r(ad(r 1ackgr !nd %n" r#a$% n and/ r ' rk d n( %n $.( /a&$ $.a$ /(r$a%n& $ $.( $ /%c " 0 !r /r 2(c$* Mak( &!r( 0 ! .a)( ,4 c%$a$% n&5 67 8 & !rc(& and 6 /aragra/.&* T.( -%$(ra$!r( r()%(' '%-- 1( n-0 1( n $.( $ /%c " 0 !r (9/(r%#(n$* I$ '%-- NOT 1( a1 !$ $.( (9/(r%#(n$: T.( /a/(r '%-- 1( 'r%$$(n %n $.( ;rd /(r& n* D n $ !&( /(r& na- /r n !n& <I5 #(5 #05 $.(#5 $.(%r5 ($c* E9a#/-(& " 'r%$%ng %n $.( ; rd /(r& n ' !-d 1( T.( r(&(arc. /(r& n5 T.( (9.%1%$ r5 r T.( r(&(arc.(r* F%r&$ Paragra/.3 In$r d!c$% n T(-- '.a$ 0 !r &c%(nc( "a%r $ /%c and /!r/ &( " (9/(r%#(n$ %& g %ng $ 1(* For example: The purpose of this science fair experiment was to discover which plant grows best under certain conditions. In order to better understand the experiment, research was done on the process of photosynthesis. You may cite some of your sources in your introduction. Wr%$( a c nc-!&% n &(n$(nc( $.a$ &!##ar%=(& $.( # &$ %#/ r$an$ "ac$ $.a$ 0 ! -(arn(d "r # 0 !r r(&(arc.* For example: The research led the reader to the basic conclusion that plants must have light in order to complete the process of photosynthesis. S(c nd Paragra/.3 U&( 0 !r n $(& $ &!##ar%=( $.( %n" r#a$% n 0 ! " !nd "r # n( r $' " 0 !r & !rc(&* > ! n((d a $ $a- " 6 & !rc(&5 1!$ 0 ! can &/r(ad !$ $.( %n" r#a$% n 0 ! ga$.(r(d )(r 0 !r $.r(( /aragra/.&* I" 0 ! &$a$( & #($.%ng $.a$ %& "r # n( " 0 !r & !rc(&5 #ak( &!r( 0 ! c%$( $.( & !rc(* R(#(#1(r3 G($ a& #!c. %n" r#a$% n a& 0 ! can: T.%rd Paragra/.3 F -- ' $.( a1 )( /r c(&& $ F !r$. Paragra/.3 F -- ' $.( a1 )( /r c(&& $ 'r%$( $.( %n" r#a$% n "r # 0 !r & !rc(&* 'r%$( $.( %n" r#a$% n "r # 0 !r & !rc(&*

F%"$. Paragra/.3 C nc-!&% n Wr%$( a &(n$(nc( r $' $.a$ &!##ar%=(& $.( )(ra-- "ac$& and %n" r#a$% n 0 ! ga$.(r(d "r # 0 !r r(&(arc.* For example: Overall, the research indicated the importance of genetics in determining the eye color of children. You E9/-a%n a "ac$ $.a$ 0 ! " !nd &!r/r%&%ng r %n$(r(&$%ng* For example: One of the most interesting things learned in the research on starfish was the concept of regeneration. hen a starfish loses an arm through an accident or disease, it will grow one bac!. E9/-a%n . ' 0 ! $.%nk $.%& %n" r#a$% n '%-- a""(c$ 0 !r .0/ $.(&%&* For example: "nowing this information will affect the science fair pro#ect because the reader now !nows that the controlled variable needs to be the same length of time in each testing situation. You will want to mention your variables

Wr%$( a c nc-!&% n &(n$(nc( $.a$ (9/-a%n& $.( )a-!( " d %ng $.%& r(&(arc. " -%$(ra$!r( 1(" r( c n$%n!%ng '%$. 0 !r &c%(nc( "a%r /r 2(c$* For example: $esearching and reviewing these three sources gave the exhibitor a much better understanding of simple machines. This !nowledge will help the exhibitor to complete a more successful experiment and pro#ect.

%ee sciencemccoy.weebly.com for an example bibliography page

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The I%&F website must be one of your citations. You may choose to use the following sentence in your paper at this point: The I%&F website was accessed during research and all safety protocols and guidelines will be followed to complete this pro#ect. 'itations: (se )*+ format I%&F ebsite +ddress: http:,,www.societyforscience.org,isef,about,rules-regulations.asp

Sa#/-( N $(card& " r r(c rd%ng r(&(arc. %n" r#a$% n3 You must have ./ citations and at least 012 sources. One source will be the I%&F website, so that means a minimum of ? # r(. F%r&$ Card for any source should have the !ey information about the boo!,periodical,site being used: 3)any online sites 4 li!e google citation5 offer you the option of citing 6 use this resource to copy the correct information onto your card. It will be the most accurate way to cite your wor!.7 +uthor,&ditors 8ame4s5 Title of 9oo! and %ection, or )aga:ine and +rticle, or 'ity of ;ublication ;ublisher <ate of ;ublication + ebsite and %ection

*ayton, =ulia. A >?ow does gravity wor!@.> /. +pril A///. ?ow%tuff or!s.com. Bhttp:,,science.howstuffwor!s.com,CuestionADA.htmE /F October A//G.

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111 E9a#/-( " a In$r d!c$ r0 Paragra/. '%$. & !rc(& c%$(d3 *iCuids are all around us. &very day we drin! and eat items that contain liCuids, we use liCuids to clean ourselves and our belongings and liCuids can even be found in the places that we would not expect, li!e televisions. hen someone watches liCuid over time, an interesting thing begins to happen. The liCuid will slowly start to disappear. The formal term for the liCuid disappearing is evaporation.+ccording to +sminov, *iCuids are a state of matter that will ta!e the shape of the container that isholding it 4+sminov, A//F5. There are three common states of matter. These states of matter are liCuid, solid and gas. To transform a liCuid into a gas you

would typically apply heat, however, liCuids will also become a gas over time. This process is called evaporation. &vaporation is defined by Horin as theIconversion of a liCuid substance into the gaseous stateJ 4A//F5. Horin continues by explaining that liCuids can evaporate at room temperature as well as when they are heated. This !nowledge led the writer to wonder if liCuids evaporate at different rates. +fter observing liCuids evaporate I began to wonder what affects the evaporation of liCuids

Another Guide to Help You Write Your Science Fair Review of Literature INTRODUCTION GUIDELINES Your introduction is one paragraph and begins your Review of Literature. Follow the guidelines below to help you write your introduction. Your introduction tells what the paper is about and how it has been organized. DO NOT !" #RONO N! $%& YO & '"& (Y)*. First sentence: Gets the audiences attention with a question indicating the purpose For e+a,ple- 'hat is the best outdoor structure ,aterial to resist the effects of acid rain. Second sentence: Rete!!s the tit!e o" the pro#ect -- usua!!$ %est i" in question "or& For e+a,ple- 'hich ,aterial should the world use to defend itself fro, acid rain. Remaining sentences: '(ou &ight ha)e an$where "ro& *-+ sentences, Gi)es a !ist o" the questions or topics researched The order $ou put the questions researched in this paragraph shou!d %e the order $our u&%re!!as co&e in the %od$ paragraphs For e+a,ple- %n order to find out the answers to these /uestions& one ,ust e+plore how acid rain for,s and the effect of acid rain. 0lso& the physical properties of the five structural ,aterials ,ust be researched. These ,aterials include glass& steel& granite& wood& and bric1.

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CONCLUSION GUIDELINES Your conclusion is one paragraph and is the L0!T paragraph of your Review of Literature. %t ,ay sound si,ilar to your introduction but effort ,ust be ,ade to word the, differently. 0gain& DO NOT !" #RONO N! $%& YO & '"& (Y)*. First sentence: Repeats the question that the paper started with to regain the audiences attention '%ut worded di""erent!$, For e+a,ple- Does wood& steel& granite& bric1 or glass hold up best in acid rain. e!t few sentences: Su&&ari5e the &ain points o" the paper that he!p answer this question This shou!d %e in"o $ou ha)e !earned "ro& $our research For e+a,ple- 0cid rain ta1es out nutrients fro, leaves when it touches the,& therefore wea1ening the tree where wood for buildings co,es fro,. 0cid rain can also da,age steel and deteriorate the surface of granite and bric1. No da,age has been reported on glass.

e!t few sentences: Cites app!ications where this in"or&ation cou!d %e used 6h$ its i&portant For e+a,ple- These findings could help architects and builders choose /uality ,aterials that will withstand the pressures of acid rain in the future.

Example Lu&ino! 'C708O9N9, is a che&ica! su%stance used %$ cri&e in)estigators to detect the presence o" %!ood in a cri&e scene 6hen !u&ino! is spra$ed on a sur"ace area3 etc 3 i" iron is present3 a %!ue g!ow wi!! %egan to !ight up The che&ica! reaction in which the g!ow is e&itted is not caused %$ the %!ood %eing there: its caused %$ the iron inside the %!ood This reaction is ;nown as a che&i!u&inescence3 the e&ission o" !ight as a resu!t o" a che&ica! reaction without an apparent change in te&perature '<Che&i!u&inescence3< *==9, Lu&ino! che&i!u&inescence is where the che&ica!s in the !u&ino! so!ution react with the he&og!o%in which are o>$gen carr$ing protein in %!ood '0arris3 *==*,3 and "or& new &o!ecu!es In this reaction the origina! &o!ecu!es ha)e &ore energ$ than the &o!ecu!es "or&ed That e>tra energ$ that the &o!ecu!es ha)e is then gotten rid o"3 which is how the g!ow is "or&ed when using !u&ino! Other than !u&ino! things that use che&i!u&inescence are "ire "!ies and the g!ow stic;s that $ou crac; to start a te&porar$ g!ow The che&ica! reaction che&i!u&enscence is "ound in side g!ow stic;s Inside the stic;s %e"ore its g!owing there is a )ia! inside it ho!ding che&ica!s Those che&ica!s wi!! react with the che&ica!s outside the )ia! to "or& the g!ow The &o!ecu!es %eing "or&ed %$ the two che&ica!s ha)e a !ow energ$ !e)e! whi!e others ha)e a high energ$ !e)e! -ecause o" the un%a!ance in the energ$ !e)e!3 that e>tra energ$ is %eing re!eased in the "or& o" photons or the te&porar$ g!ow?!ight 'Lew3 *==7, The co!or o" the g!ow is "or&ed %$ d$es a!so inside the tu%e 2ire "!ies a!so use the che&ica! reaction che&i!u&enscence to gi)e o"" their %right green g!ow at night The &a!e "ire "!ies are the ones that g!ow at night The$ gi)e o"" the g!ow to attract their &ates In the reaction a !uci"erin su%stance su%strate and the en5$&e !uci"erase reacts with o>$gen3 to "or& adenosine triphosphate '/T., as the energ$ source that creates the g!ow 'Sted&an3 *==@, Lu&ino! is a!so used "or other things %esides %eing used in cri&e scenes It has %een "ound that !u&ino! can %e used to he!p i&pro)e the conditions o" hospita!s and contro! in"ections Dutch researchers carried on an e>peri&ent to detect traces o" %!ood in their he&odia!$sis units3 where hepatitis C )irus is "requent!$ trans&itted '/non$&ous3 *==7, 6hen per"or&ing e>peri&ent the$ "ound &an$ traces o" %!ood on sur"aces such as te!ephones3 contro! pane!s3 and the "!oor /n essa$ on DN/ 2ingerprinting and the &an$ things that a persons DN/ ho!ds can do to person was written %$ Da)id E Newton In this essa$ he too; on and researched a case on a &an 1ir; -!oodsworth who was con)icted "or rape and &urder as his scenario In the essa$3 he e>p!ains how DN/ "ro& %!ood3 can put a person at a cri&e scene and the &an$ wa$s so&eones DN/ can %e detected3 one wa$ using !u&ina! che&i!u&inescence 6hen researching and testing3 Newton "ound that the intensit$ o" the g!ow o"

!u&ino! shows how &uch DN/ was present on the n$!on strip 'Newton3 *==8,3 or in other words the &ore DN/ the %righter the g!ow o" !u&ino! when spra$ed on a sur"ace In the conc!usions o" Newtons essa$ he question the accurac$ o" DN/ techno!ogies that continue to trou%!e research scientist3 !aw en"orce&ent o""icia!s3 and concerned citi5ens 'Newton3 *==8, Scientist Aean 4ienneau "ro& New (or; Co!!ege at 2redonia3 studied Lu&ina! Che&i!u&inescene3 and wrote her thesis on her studies "ro& o%taining her &asters degree In her studies the purpose was to seeing how the en)iron&ent and !u&ino! p!a$ed together She "ocused on the p0 !e)e!s o" the en)iron&ent &ore than an$thing She "ound that che&i!u&inescence intensit$ and tota! che&i!u&inescence e&ission 'so!ution phase, appear equa!!$ sensiti)e to p0 en)iron&ent '4ienneau3 BCC@, 0er resu!ts showed that a change occurs in the re!ationship with p0 and "o!!ows the &anner that cata!$st e""icienc$ )aries with p0 '4ienneau3BCC@, In her thesiss conc!usions she a!so stated that &ore research and wor; needs to %e required to "ind out how the en)iron&ent p!a$s with the intensit$ o" the che&i!u&inescence '4ienneau3 BCC@, o" !u&ino! In conc!usion3 research shows that !u&ino! can %e a""ected %$ en)iron&enta! "actors There are so&e "actors that can hurt its "ina! product or i&pro)e it Other research shows that there needs to %e &ore research to e)en sa$ what en)iron&ents a""ects che&i!u&inescene in one wa$ or another Lu&ino! is used around the wor!d "or &an$ di""erent reasons3 and its i&portant to societ$ and to us