Maintenance under Hindu Law

Maintenance under Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956

Maintenance Maintenance means the right of dependents to obtain food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and reasonable marriage expenses for marriage of a girl, from the provider of the family or the inheritor of an estate. The basic concept of maintenance originated from the existence of joint families where every member of the family including legal relations as well as concubines, illegitimate children, and even slaves were taken care of by the family. However, maintenance does not mean unreasonable expectations or demands. Historical Perspective Joint family system has been a main feature of the Hindu society since vedic ages. n a joint family, it is the duty of the able male members to earn money and provide for the needs of other members such as women, children, and aged or infirm parents. In Manusmriti, it has been said that wife, children, and old parents must be cared for even b doin! a hundred misdeeds" !ince in the social structure of Hindu society the joint family system looms large, the law of maintenance has a special significance in Hindu law. "ll members of a joint family, whatever be their status and whatever be their age, are entitled to maintenance. Hindu law recogni#es that a hindu has a personal obligation to maintain certain near relations, such as wife, children, and aged parents and that the one who takes another$s property has an obligation to maintain the latter$s dependents. Thus husband has a direct obligation to maintain his wife. n modern system of law, the obligation exists even after the dissolution of marriage. Thus, a wife has right to maintenance in following situation% &hen the wife lives with her husband. &hen the wife lives separate from her husband, and &hen the wife lives separate under a decree of the court or when is dissolved. H"M" '()* codifies a lot of principles governing the maintenance of dependents of a Hindu male. +nder this act, the obligation can be divided into two categories , personal obligation and obligation tied to the property. #ependents based on personal obli!ation -ersonal obligation means that a Hindu is personally liable, irrespective of the property that he has inherited or his earnings, to provide for certain relations who are dependent on him. These relations have been specified in the following sections of H"M" '()*.

$ection 1%&1' declares that whether married before or after this act, a Hindu wife shall be entitled to claim maintenance by her husband during her lifetime. !ec './01 says that a wife is entitled to live separately without forfeiting her right to claim maintenance in certain situations. !ec './21 says that a wife shall not be entitled to separate residence and maintenance of she is unchaste or ceases to be a Hindu. n the case of (a anti vs Alamelu, 19)* Madras H+ held that the obligation to maintain one3s wife is one3s personal obligation and it exists independent of any property, personal or ancestral. #ependents based on obli!ation tied to propert " person has obligation to support certain relations of another person whose property has devolved on him. n this case, this obligation is not personal but only up to the extent that it can be maintained from the devolved property. !ection 0' specifies these relations of the deceased who must be supported by the person who receives the deceased property. '. father 0. mother 2. widow, so long as she does not remarry 4. son, predeceased son3s son, or predeceased son3s predeceased son3s son until the age of majority. -rovided that he is not able to obtain maintenance from his father or mother3s estate in the case of grandson, and from his father or mother, or father3s father or father3s mother, in the case of great grandson. ). daughter or predeceased son3s daughter, or predeceased son3s predeceased son3s daughter until she gets married. -rovided that he is not able to obtain maintenance from his father or mother3s estate in the case of granddaughter, and from his father or mother, or father3s father or father3s mother, in the case of great granddaughter. *. widowed daughter, if she is not getting enough maintenance from her husband3s, children3s, or father in law3s estate. 5. widow of predeceased son, or widow of predeceased son3s son, so long as she does not remarry and if the widow is not getting enough maintenance from her husband3s, children3s or her father or mother3s estate in the case of son3s widow. .. illegitimate son, until the age of majority (. illegitimate daughter, until she is married. !ection 00 /'1 says that heirs of a Hindu are bound to maintain the dependents of the deceased out of the estate inherited by them from the deceased. Thus, this obligation is to be

fulfilled only from the inherited property and so it is not a personal obligation. 00/01 says that where a dependent has not received any share, by testamentary or intestate succession, he shall be entitled to maintenance from those who take the estate. 00/21 says that the liability of each heir is in proportion to the estate obtained by him. 00/41 says that a person who himself is a dependent cannot be forced to pay any amount of maintenance if the amount causes his share to reduce below what is re6uired to maintain himself. How much maintenance !ection 02/'1 says that courts will have complete discretion upon whether and how much to maintenance should be given. &hile deciding this, the courts shall consider the guidelines given in sections 02/01 and 02/21. !ection 02/01 says that that while deciding the maintenance for wife, children, and aged or infirm parents, the courts will consider% '. the position and status of the parties. 0. the reasonable wants of the claimants. 2. f a claimant has a separate residence, is it really needed. 4. the value of the estate and the income derived from it or claimant3s own earning or any other source of income. ). the number of claimants. !ection 02/21 says that while determining the maintenance for all other dependents the courts shall consider the following points% '. the net value of the estate after paying all his debts. 0. the provisions, if any, made in the will in favor of the claimants. 2. the degree of the relationship between the two. 4. the reasonable wants of the dependent. ). the past relations between the deceased and the claimants. *. claimant3s own earnings or other sources of income. 5. the number of dependents claiming under this act. $eparate earnin! of the claimant &hether the claimant has separate earning on income is a 6uestion of fact and not a 6uestion of presumption. t cannot be, for example, presumed that a college educated girl can maintain herself. n the case of ,ulbhushan vs" -a. ,umari wife was getting an allowance of 0)78, -M from her father. This was not considered to be her income but only a bounty that she may or may not get. However, income from inherited property is counted as the claimant$s earning. Arrears of Maintenance

n the case of -a!hunath vs #war/abai 19*1 0om H+ held that right of maintenance is a recurring right and non,payment of maintenance prima facie constitutes proof of wrongful withholding.

Maintenance of widowed dau!hter1in1law &$ection 19' /'1 " Hindu wife, whether married before or after the commencement of this "ct, shall be entitled to be maintained after the death of her husband by her father,in,law% -9:; <=< and to the extent that she is unable to maintain herself out of her own earnings or other property or, where she has no property of her own, is unable to obtain maintenance, /a1 from the estate of her husband or her father or mother, or /b1 from her son or daughter, if any, or his or her estate. /01 "ny obligation under sub,section /'1 shall not be enforceable if the father,in law has not the means to do so from any coparcenary property in his possession out of which the daughter,in,law has not obtained any share, and any such obligation shall cease on the re, marriage of the daughter,in,law.

2ife3s ri!ht to separate residence without forfeitin! the ri!ht to maintenance

!ection './01 says that a wife can live separately and still claim maintenance from husband in the following situations. '. <esertion% t the husband is guilty of deserting the wife without her consent, against wife3s wishes, and without any reasonable cause, the wife is entitled to separate residence. n the case of Meera vs $u/umar 199* Mad", it was held that willful neglect of the husband constitutes desertion. 0. >ruelty% f husband through his actions creates sufficient apprehension in the mind of the wife that living with the husband is injurious to her then that is cruelty. n the case of -am #evi vs -a.a -am 1964 Allahbad, if the husband treats the wife with contempt, resents her presence and makes her feel unwanted, this is cruelty. 2. f the husband is suffering from a virulent form of leprosy. 4. f the husband has another wife living. n the case of ,alawati vs -atan 196) Allahbad, is has been held that it is not necessary that the second wife is living with the husband but only that she is alive. ). f the husband keeps a concubine or habitually resides with one. n the case of -a.athi vs 5anesan 1999 $+, it was held that keeping or living with a concubine are extreme forms of adultery. *. f the husband has ceased to be a Hindu by converting to another religion. 5. ?or any other reasonable cause. n the case of ,esharbai vs Haribhan 196* Mah, it was held that any cause due to which husband3s re6uest of restitution of conjugal rights

can be denied could be a good cause for claiming a separate residence as well as maintenance. n the case of La7mi vs Maheshwar 19%5 8rrisa, it was held that if the husband fails to obey the order of restitution of conjugal rights, he is liable to pay maintenance and separate residence !ection './21 says that a wife is not eligible for separate residence and maintenance if she is unchaste or has ceased to be a Hindu. n the case of #attu vs 9arabai 19%5 0omba , it was held that mere cohabitation does not by itself terminate the order of maintenance passed under './01. t depends on whether the cause of such an order still exists.

Maintenance &Alimon ' under Hindu Marria!e Act, 1955

;arious rights have been attributed to Hindu wife and husband on matrimonial issues under the Hindu Marriage "ct. @et on few issues the rights of wife and husband are different from each other but on many issues both the spouses stand on e6ual footing. 9ight of alimony is also one of them. "limony means the allowances which husband or wife by court order pays to other spouse for maintenance while they are separated or after they are divorced /permanent alimony1 or temporarily, pending a suit for divorce /pendente lite1. The principle is that one who is unable to maintain oneself, has a right to be maintained. The object is not to publish but to make reali#e one$s legal liability, to provide for those who are unable to support themselves, to make the weaker section of the society to exist the live, to prevent destitution on public grounds and on the basis of moral support as well, the subject is legally acknowledged. Maintenance Pendente Lite: The object of enacting the provision for maintenance and expenses during the pendency of the proceeding in !ection 04 is that a wife or husband, who has no independent income sufficient for her or his support or enough to meet necessary expenses of the proceedings, may not be handicapped. !o the doctrine of pendente lite and permanent alimony is based on economic tutelage of a spouse. t aims at administering justice and maintaining e6uilibrium between the parties. This section applies to both husband and wife e6ually. Aaw has placed both the spouses on the same footing for this purpose. The power of the court of ordering alimony pendente lite in a pending proceeding for matrimonial relief has been provided by !ec. 04 of Hindu Marriage "ct, '()). The liability is on the person who initiates the proceedings to maintain the opposite party during the pendency of the proceedings if the opposite party is unable to maintain herself and to meet the expenses of the proceedings. n order of alimony pendente lite should be supported by reasons and the applicant is to establish that he or she has no independent income sufficient for his or her support and for

necessary expenses of the proceeding or if he or she has income the nature of 6uantum of it, the income, of the respondent of the application for alimony and the 6uantum thereof, the nature and extent of applicant$s needs both for maintenance and expenses of proceedings. The discretion in the matter of granting maintenance pendente lite and cost of litigation is to be exercised on sound legal principles. f the applicant has no independent means, he or she is entitled to interim maintenance and expenses unless good cause is shown for depriving him or her of it. The matters that may properly be considered in this connection are% /i1 whether applicant is being supported by an adulterer, and /ii1 whether the respondent has not sufficient means. Thus, where the wife was prepared to go and live with the husband but the husband did not wish to keep her with him on the ground of her inability of consummate the marriage the wife is entitled to maintenance. The fact that the petitioning spouse is maintained by his or her parents is no ground to deprive the petitioner of his or her maintenance and expenses of litigation. ?or considering the application for grant of interim maintenance, only independent income of the petitioning spouse or the conduct of her is material. The expression Bsufficient$ in the collocation of the word Bsufficient$ means for his or her support. B!ufficient$ is not Bsome$. The word Bsufficient$ connotes that the income of the applicant must be such which would be sufficient for a normal person for his or her sustenance as well as to meet the necessary expenses of the proceeding. !o the fact that the wife sits in her father$s shop and earns a paltry sum by knitting and by tuition is not relevant in deciding the 6uestion of alimony pendente lite, neither the fact that the father of the wife is suporting her nor her refusal to live with the husband could be any ground for denial of maintenance under !ec. 04. The 6uestion whether the wife is guilty of desertion cannot be decided at the time of passing order of maintenance pendente lite. t is noticeable that !ec. 04 only refers to income and not other property. !o in case of alimony pendente lite other property of the spouses should not enter judicial consideration. Therefore immovable property yielding no income cannot be considered. :nly the income out of it received by the applicant can enter judicial consideration. To have almony pendente lite it is not necessary that petitioners should have no income of her or his own. f the income of the petitioners is found by court to be insufficient to support her8him the court may order the other party to pay to the petitioner an allowance monthly and litigation expenses. =ven if the petitioner fails to aver that she has no source of income the petition is not liable to be dismissed. The word sufficient is a relative term and has to be considered on facts of each case. The words Cwife having no independent income insufficient for her supportD suggests that income of the wife must be independent and must be sufficient for her support. !o, even if the wife$s parents are affluent, the wife has no independent income of her sufficient to support her is entitled to maintenance pendente lite under !ection 04 of the "ct. The plea of having no job when the husband is 6ualified and he refuses several offers of job on the pretext that it would not suit him is not available as a defence against a petition for alimony pendente lite by wife.

" husband who voluntarily incapacitates himself cannot be absolved of his liability to maintain the wife. n $ousseau Mitra v" +handana Mitra, the husband graduate in science and a E.=d. coming from respectable family and able bodied capable of earning, contended that he was earlier working as a typist,cum,clerk but had resigned and so was out of employment. The >ourt held that he couldn$t avoid his liability to maintain his wife and child by voluntarily incapacitate himself. The >ourt can legitimately take into consideration his ability to earn a reasonable amount. "limony pendente lite and litigation expenses may be granted in any proceedings under the Hindu Marriage "ct provided other conditions for such grant are satisfied. !ection 04 does not bar proceedings under !ection '0) of >r.-.>., being separate and independent remedies. "lso by reason of !ection 4/b1 of Hindu Marriage "ct it does not prevail over the provisions under >r.-.>. The amount of maintenance fixed under !ection '0) of >r.-.>. may be taken into account while awarding maintenance pendente lite.

Permanent Alimon : $ection ;5

$ection ;5 makes provisions for the grant of permanent alimony. The object of this section is to treat both the husband and the wife on e6ual footing for the purpose of financial assistance to be rendered permanently to the spouse who is poverty,stricken without having any independent income of its own for maintenance and support. This grant of permanent alimony and maintenance is circumscribed by two conditions. ?irst, this grant will remain in force till the applicant remains unmarried and pursues the chaste life. !econdly, this grant is the personal right of the applicant and extinguishes with the death of the applicant. This section differs from the provisions of similar legislations on this issue to the effect that under analogous laws permanent alimony is granted only to the wife, but this section recogni#es this right for both the spouses alike following the legal principle of e6uality before law. Though !ection 0) does not use the expression Bpermanent alimony$ in any part of the enactment, the marginal note to the section clearly shows that the section is intended to deal with permanent alimony. The concept of Bpermanent alimony$ is not an indigenous concept grown on the soil and there was no law of divorce amongst Hindus in the country. The reason for awarding permanent alimony to the wife seems to be that if the marriage bond which was at one time regarded as indissoluble is to be allowed to be severed in larger interest of society, the same considerations of public interest and social welfare also re6uire that the wife should not be thrown on the street but should be provided for in order that she may not be compelled to adopt a disreputable way of life. The provision for permanent alimony is, therefore, really incidental to the granting of a decree for judicial separation, divorce or annulment of marriage and that also appears to be clearly the position if the language of !ection 0) is looked at. The right of permanent alimony is statutory right and as such it cannot be abridged or taken away by any contract of the parties to that effect. Thus the husband cannot contract out nor is the wife bound by any such contract. t is significant to note that the relief of permanent alimony is a relief incidental to the

granting of the substantive relief by the >ourt in the main proceeding. t is an incidental relief claimed in the main proceeding, though an application is necessary for claiming it. The application is an application in the main proceeding for claiming an incidental relief conse6uent upon the granting of the substantive relief by the >ourt. !ection 0) differs from !ection '. of the Hindu "doptions and Maintenance "ct, '()*. Though this section confers power on the >ourt to order the permanent alimony and maintenance but this power is discretionary and is exercised with reference to certain well established principles. :n the other hand, !ection '. of the H.".M.". does not provide any such discretionary power and as such the >ourt is to pass order under this section on determination of 6uestion of facts and 6uestions of law. Thus, no 6uestion of judicial discretion is involved in this matter. ?urther !ection 4 of the H"M", '()* does not impliedly repeal !ection 0) of the "ct. +nder !ection '., husband is personally liable for his wife$s maintenance because such right is an incident of the status of matrimony. ?or such right valid marriage is a pre,condition. This right of wife is a part of our ancient law but such right does not accrue in case of void marriage. The right may be refused if decree on restitution of conjugal right is operating against wife. !ection 0) does not deprive the wife of her right of maintenance even if the divorce is granted on the ground of desertion on the part of the wife. The >ourt can in appropriate cases grant relief of maintenance to women from the estate of her deceased husband even though it is found by the >ourt that the marriage was void. t may be noted that in sub,section /'1 of !ection 0), apart from various other matters to be taken into account, the >ourt is also to take into account Cthe conduct of the partiesD when a re6uest is made for payment of alimony and maintenance. !ub,section /01 provides for the >ourt varying, modifying or rescinding any order already passed under sub,section /'1 on being satisfied that there is a change in the circumstances of either party at any time after the order was passed under sub,section /'1. Eut there is another special provision contained in sub,section /21 making it obligatory on the >ourt to cancel an order passed under sub,section /'1, under the circumstances mentioned in that sub,section, the >ourt has to cancel an order passed under !ection 0)/'1. These circumstances are%F /i1 The party in whose favour maintenance is awarded has remarried. /ii1 f that party is the wife, that she has not remained chaste, and /iii1 f such party is the husband, that he had sexual intercourse with any women outside wedlock. n the context of !ection 0) the expression, Conly decreesD means any of the decree referred to in the earlier provision of the "ct, i.e. nullity of marriage, or of divorce passed under !ections ( to '4 of the "ct. &hen the main petition is dismissed and no substantive relief is granted under !ections ( to '4, there is no passing of a decree as contemplated by !ection 0) and the jurisdiction to make an order for maintenance under the section does not arise. The term Cany decreeD in the section, however, cannot be construed to include Cevery decreeD. n Ehau !aheb v. Aeelabai the issue involved was whether an order dismissing a wife$s petition seeking declaration that marriage was valid can come under the return Cany decreeD. The

>ourt considered some hypothetical situation to indicate that the term Cany decreeD cannot be expanded or streched too liberally to include any >ourt order.

It is su!!ested to !o throu!h the class notes also"