Scilab Textbook Companion

Scilab Textbook Companion for Electronic Devices And Circuits by B. Kumar And S. B.
Jain1
Created by Vivek Sharma Bachelor of Engineering Instrumentation Engineering N. S. I. T. College Teacher Mr. Satish Chand Tiwari Cross-Checked by TechPassion August 10, 2013
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT, http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project section at the website http://scilab.in
1 Funded
Book Description
Title: Electronic Devices And Circuits Author: B. Kumar And S. B. Jain Publisher: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi Edition: 1 Year: 2007 ISBN: 978-81-203-2981-2
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the above book. Exa Example (Solved example) Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book) AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular Example of the above book) For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 1 Semiconductor Physics 2 The p n Junction Diode 3 Application of Diodes 4 Bipolar Junction Transistors 5 BJT Biasing and Stability 6 BJT Ampiliers 7 Field Eect Transistors Characteristics and Biasing 8 FET Ampliers 9 Multistage Ampliers 10 Frequency Response of Ampliers 11 Feedback Ampliers 12 Oscillators 13 Power Ampliers and Voltage Regulators 4 11 15 28 65 73 86 94 104 108 117 138 157 159
List of Scilab Codes

Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.18 2.19 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.10 3.11 3.12 Electron concentration . . . . . . Intrinsic Silicon . . . . . . . . . . Extrinsic n type Silicon . . . . . Contact dierence of potential . Potential barrier . . . . . . . . . Ideal diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in diode voltage . . . . . Germanium diode . . . . . . . . Diode current . . . . . . . . . . . Change in diode voltage . . . . . Value of R . . . . . . . . . . . . Solving a circuit with diode . . . Output voltage . . . . . . . . . . Circuit parameters . . . . . . . . Solving a circuit with diode . . . Diode small signal model . . . . Barrier capacitance . . . . . . . Change in capacitance . . . . . . Diusion length . . . . . . . . . Two diodes in series . . . . . . . Full wave rectier . . . . . . . . Full wave bridge rectier . . . . Centre tapped full wave rectier Full scale reading . . . . . . . . . Full scale reading . . . . . . . . . Minimum and maximum value of Safe voltage range . . . . . . . . Voltage regulator . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zener diode current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 12 13 13 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 31 32 33
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21.a 3.21.b 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8
Range of load current . . . . . Zener diode . . . . . . . . . . . Zener diode regulator . . . . . Zener diode . . . . . . . . . . . Avalanche diode . . . . . . . . Zener diode . . . . . . . . . . . Zener diode . . . . . . . . . . . Regulation range of zener diode Clipping circuits . . . . . . . . Range of load current . . . . . Transfer characteristics . . . . Clipping circuit . . . . . . . . . Transfer characteristics . . . . Clipping circuit . . . . . . . . . Range of load current . . . . . Range of load current . . . . . Transfer characteristics . . . . Output voltage . . . . . . . . . EX30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output waveform . . . . . . . Clamping circuit . . . . . . . . Clamping circuit . . . . . . . . Value of Collector Current . . . CE transistor . . . . . . . . . . CE transistor . . . . . . . . . . Region of Operation . . . . . . Saturation region . . . . . . . . Output voltages . . . . . . . . pnp transistor . . . . . . . . . Solving a circuit with transistor Fixed bias circuit . . . . . . . . Determination of Q point . . . Self biased circuit . . . . . . . Amplier circuit . . . . . . . . Determination of Q point . . . Amplier circuit . . . . . . . . Amplier circuit . . . . . . . . Q point voltage . . . . . . . . . 5
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34 34 35 36 36 37 38 39 40 43 47 48 50 52 54 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 65 65 66 67 68 69 70 70 73 73 74 75 76 76 77 78
5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6
Stability factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Self bias circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stability factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variation of collector current . . . . . . Current mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Widlar current source . . . . . . . . . . Current Repeaters . . . . . . . . . . . . Output current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modied current mirror . . . . . . . . . Bipolar Junction Transistor . . . . . . . Hybrid h parameter model . . . . . . . Bipolar Junction Transistor . . . . . . . Simplied h parameter model . . . . . . Hybrid pi model . . . . . . . . . . . . . CC amplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltage gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hybrid pi model . . . . . . . . . . . . . re model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transfer curve of FET . . . . . . . . . . NMOS transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . n channel JFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . Self bias conguration . . . . . . . . . . Operating point . . . . . . . . . . . . . n channel enhancement type MOSFET . Operating point of MOSFET . . . . . . Transconductance . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed bias CS amplier . . . . . . . . . Self bias CS amplier . . . . . . . . . . JFET source follower . . . . . . . . . . Common gate JFET amplier . . . . . . E MOSFET amplier . . . . . . . . . . CE CC conguration . . . . . . . . . . . Two stage amplier . . . . . . . . . . . CC CE composite pair . . . . . . . . . . FET cascade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Three stage amplier . . . . . . . . . . FET and BJT cascade . . . . . . . . . . 6
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78 79 80 81 82 83 83 84 84 85 86 86 87 88 89 90 91 91 92 94 94 96 96 98 100 101 104 104 105 105 106 107 108 109 111 112 112 114
9.7 9.8 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.12 10.13 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.23 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 12.1
Darlington emitter follower . Cascode circuit . . . . . . . . Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . Pole of transfer function . . . Low frequency response . . . Single pole model . . . . . . Upper half power frequency . Dominant pole approximation Cascode amplier . . . . . . Capacitances of transistor . . Common emitter stage . . . . Time constant method . . . . Gain bandwidth product . . Approximation of fH . . . . . Low and high 3 dB frequency Dominant pole approximation Time constant method . . . . Feedback network . . . . . . Amount of feedback . . . . . Second harmonic distortion . Closed loop parameters . . . Noise reduction . . . . . . . . Non inverting conguration . Upper 3 dB frequency . . . . Desensitivity . . . . . . . . . Transfer ratio . . . . . . . . . Gain with feedback . . . . . . Transfer ratio . . . . . . . . . Small signal gain . . . . . . . Closed loop parameters . . . Feedback in MOSFETs . . . Open and closed loop gain . . Closed loop parameters . . . Closed loop parameters . . . Voltage gain . . . . . . . . . Feedback in FETs . . . . . . Phase shift oscillator . . . . . 7
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114 115 117 121 122 123 123 124 125 127 128 128 129 130 131 132 134 135 138 138 139 140 141 141 142 143 144 145 145 146 147 149 150 151 152 154 155 157
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
12.2 12.3 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6
Wien Bridge oscillator . . . Hartley oscillator . . . . . . Series fed amplier . . . . . Transformer turn ratio . . . Class A amplier . . . . . . Class B push pull amplier Class B output stage . . . . Thermal considerations . .
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158 158 159 160 160 160 161 162
List of Figures
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Clipping circuits . . . . Clipping circuits . . . . Range of load current . Range of load current . Transfer characteristics Transfer characteristics Clipping circuit . . . . Clipping circuit . . . . Transfer characteristics Clipping circuit . . . . Clipping circuit . . . . Range of load current . Range of load current . Range of load current . Transfer characteristics Output voltage . . . . EX30 . . . . . . . . . . EX30 . . . . . . . . . . Output waveform . . . Clamping circuit . . . Clamping circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 41 43 44 46 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 95 97 98 100 102 118
Transfer curve of FET . . . . . . . . . Self bias conguration . . . . . . . . . Operating point . . . . . . . . . . . . . n channel enhancement type MOSFET Operating point of MOSFET . . . . .
10.1 Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10.2 Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118 120 120
10
Chapter 1 Semiconductor Physics
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Electron concentration

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example 1 . 1 : E l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n clc , clear V =0.1; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s I =5 e -3; // C u r r e n t i n ampere l_a =7 e8 ; // Length t o c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a r a t i o i n metre i n v e r s e mu =0.05; // E l e c t r o n m o b i l i t y i n m e t r e s q u a r e p e r v o l t second q =1.6 e -19; // Charge on an e l e c t r o n i n c o u l o m b s n =( l_a * I ) /( V * q * mu ) ; // E l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n i n v e r s e metres cube n = n *1 e -6; // E l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n i n v e r s e c e n t i m e t r e s cube disp (n , E l e c t o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( cm 3) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Intrinsic Silicon

1
// Example 1 . 2 : E l e c t r i c
f i e l d intensity , Voltage 11
2 clc , clear 3 l =3 e -3; // Length o f t h e b a r i n m e t r e s 4 a =50*10*1 e -12; // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m e t r e s
square
5 I =2 e -6; // C u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s 6 rho =2.3 e3 ; // R e s i s t i v i t y i n ohm m e t r e s 7 E = I * rho / a ; // E l e c t r i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y i n
v o l t per metres 8 V = E * l ; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e b a r i n v o l t 9 disp (E , E l e c t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y (V/m) = ) ; 10 disp (V , V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e b a r (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.3 Extrinsic n type Silicon

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
// Example 1 . 3 : E l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n , H o l e concentration , Conductivity , Voltage clc , clear l =3 e -3; // Length on S i s a m p l e i n m e t r e s a =5 e -9; // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f S i s a m p l e i n metres square ND =5 e20 ; // Donor c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n i n v e r s e m e t r e s cube I =2 e -6; // C u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e b a r i n amperes ni =1.45 e16 ; // I n t r i n s i c c a r r i e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n i n v e r s e metres cube mu_n =0.15; // M o b i l i t y o f e l e c t r o n s i n m e t r e s s q u a r e per v o l t second q =1.6 e -19; // Charge on an e l e c t r o n i n c o u l o m b s n = ND ; // E l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n i n v e r e s e m e t r e s cube p = ni * ni / n ; // H o l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n i n v e r e s e m e t r e s cube sigma = q * n * mu_n ; // C o n d u c t i v i t y o f S i s a m p l e i n i n v e r s e ohm m e t r e s 12
13 V =( I * l ) /( a * sigma ) ; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e b a r i n
volts
14 n = n *1 e -6; // E l e c t r o n
concentration in inverese in inverese
c e n t i m e t r e s cube
15 p = p *1 e -6; // H o l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n 16 17 18 19 20
c e n t i m e t r e s cube sigma = sigma *0.01; // C o n d u c t i v i t y o f S i s a m p l e i n i n v e r s e ohm c e n t i m e t r e s disp (n , E l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( cm 3) = ) ; disp (p , H o l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( cm 3) = ) ; disp ( sigma , C o n d u c t i v i t y o f S i s a m p l e ( ohm 1 cm 1) = ); disp (V , V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e b a r (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Contact dierence of potential

1 // Example 1 . 4 : C o n t a c t d i f f e r e n c e o f p o t e n t i a l 2 clc , clear 3 N =5 e22 ; // Number o f a c c e p t o r o r d o n o r atoms p e r 4 ni =1.45 e16 ; // I n t r i n s i c 5 6 7 8
m e t r e s c u b e o f s t e p g r a d e d pn j u n c t i o n c a r r i e r concentration in i n v e r s e metres cube VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s Vo = VT * log ( N ^2/ ni ^2) ; // C o n t a c t d i f f e r e n c e o f potential in volts Vo = Vo *1 e3 ; // C o n t a c t d i f f e r e n c e o f p o t e n t i a l i n milivolts disp ( Vo , C o n t a c t d i f f e r e n c e o f p o t e n t i a l (mV) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.7 Potential barrier

1
// Example 1 . 7 : P o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r 13
2 clc , clear 3 rho_p =0.05; // R e s i s t i v i t y 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
o f p s i d e o f s t e p g r a d e d j u n c t i o n i n ohm m e t r e s rho_n =0.025; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f n s i d e o f s t e p g r a d e d j u n c t i o n i n ohm m e t r e s mu_p =475 e -4; // M o b i l i t y o f h o l e s i n m e t r e s s q u a r e per v o l t second mu_n =1500 e -4; // M o b i l i t y o f h o l e s i n m e t r e s s q u a r e per v o l t second ni =1.45 e16 ; // I n t r i n s i c c a r r i e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n atoms p e r m e t r e s c u b e q =1.6 e -19; // Charge on an e l e c t r o n i n c o u l o m b s VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s NA =1/( q * mu_p * rho_p ) ; // A c c e p t o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n atoms p e r m e t r e s c u b e ND =1/( q * mu_n * rho_n ) ; // Donor c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n atoms per metres cube Vo = VT * log ( NA * ND / ni ^2) ; // C o n t a c t d i f f e r e n c e o f potential in volts Vo = Vo *1 e3 ; // C o n t a c t d i f f e r e n c e o f p o t e n t i a l i n milivolts disp ( Vo , C o n t a c t d i f f e r e n c e o f p o t e n t i a l (mV) = ) ;
14
Chapter 2 The p n Junction Diode
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Ideal diodes

1 // Example 2 . 1 : ( a ) I , Vo 2 // ( b ) I , Vo 3 clc , clear 4 5 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 6 // A p p l y i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m a t XX , i n F i g . 2 . 5 ( a ) 7 Vth =15*20 e3 /(10 e3 +20 e3 ) ; // Thevnin e q u i v a l e n t 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
voltage in volts Zth =10 e3 *20 e3 /(10 e3 +20 e3 ) ; // Thevnin e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms // From t h e f i g u r e 2 . 5 ( c ) I = Vth /( Zth +20 e3 ) ; // L a b e l l e d c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s Vo = I *20 e3 ; // L a b e l l e d v o l t a g e i n v o l t s I = I *1 e3 ; // L a b e l l e d c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp (I , L a b e l l e d c u r r e n t I (mA) = ) ; disp ( Vo , L a b e l l e d v o l t a g e Vo (V) = ) ;
disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; // A p p l y i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m a t XX and YY , i n F i g . 2.5( b) 18 Vth1 =15*10 e3 /(10 e3 +10 e3 ) ; // Thevnin e q u i v a l e n t 15
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v o l t a g e a t XX i n v o l t s Zth1 =10 e3 *10 e3 /(10 e3 +10 e3 ) ; // Thevnin e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e a t YY i n ohms Vth2 =5; // Thevnin e q u i v a l e n t v o l t a g e a t YY i n volts Zth2 =5 e3 ; // Thevnin e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e a t YY i n ohms // From t h e f i g u r e 2 . 5 ( d ) I =0; // L a b e l l e d c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s Vo =5 -7.5; // L a b e l l e d v o l t a g e i n v o l t s disp (I , L a b e l l e d c u r r e n t I = ) ; disp ( Vo , L a b e l l e d v o l t a g e Vo (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Change in diode voltage

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// Example 2 . 2 : Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e clc , clear ID1 =1; // L e t t h e i n i t i a l d i o d e c u r r e n t be 1 A ID2 =15* ID1 ; // F i n a l d i o d e c u r r e n t VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s eta =1; // f o r Ge deltaVD = eta * VT * log ( ID2 / ID1 ) ; // Change i n d i o d e voltage in volts deltaVD = deltaVD *1 e3 ; // Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e i n milivolts disp ( deltaVD , Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e ( f o r Ge ) (mV) = ); eta =2; // f o r S i deltaVD = eta * VT * log ( ID2 / ID1 ) ; // Change i n d i o d e voltage in volts deltaVD = deltaVD *1 e3 ; // Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e i n milivolts disp ( deltaVD , Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e ( f o r S i ) (mV) = ); 16
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Germanium diode // Example 2 . 3 : ( a ) V o l t a g e // (b) Ratio of current in forward bias to that in r e v e r s e bias 3 // ( c ) Forward c u r r e n t 4 clc , clear
1 2 5 6 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 7 eta =1; // f o r Ge 8 T =300; // Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n s 9 VT = T /11600; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 17 V =0.05; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s 18 If_Ir =( %e ^( V /( eta * VT ) ) -1) /( %e ^( - V /( eta * VT ) ) -1) ; //
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s IS =1; // L e t r e v e r s e s a t u r a t i o n c u r r e n t be 1 A I = -0.9* IS ; // R e v e r s e c u r r e n t V = eta * VT * log (1+( I / IS ) ) ; // V o l t a g e i i n v o l t s V = V *1 e3 ; // V o l t a g e i n m i l i v o l t s disp (V , V o l t a g e (mV) = ) ;
Ratio of current in forward bias to that in reverse bias 19 disp ( If_Ir , R a t i o o f c u r r e n t i n f o r w a r d b i a s t o t h a t i n r e v e r s e b i a s = );

20 21 disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 22 IS =10 e -6; // R e v e r s e s a t u r a t i o n c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s 23 V =0.1; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s 24 ID = IS *( %e ^( V /( eta * VT ) ) -1) ; // Forward c u r r e n t f o r
0 . 1 V i n amperes 25 ID = ID *1 e6 ; // Forward c u r r e n t f o r 0 . 1 V i n micro amperes 17
26 disp ( ID , Forward c u r r e n t f o r 0 . 1 V ( A ) = ) ; 27 V =0.2; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s 28 ID = IS *( %e ^( V /( eta * VT ) ) -1) ; // Forward c u r r e n t f o r
0 . 1 V i n amperes
29 ID = ID *1 e3 ; // Forward c u r r e n t 30 31 32 33
for 0.1 V in
miliamperes disp ( ID , Forward c u r r e n t f o r 0 . 1 V (mA) = ) ; V =0.3; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s ID = IS *( %e ^( V /( eta * VT ) ) -1) ; // Forward c u r r e n t f o r 0 . 1 V i n amperes disp ( ID , Forward c u r r e n t f o r 0 . 1 V (A) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Diode current

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// Example 2 . 4 ( a ) C u r r e n t // ( b ) Current // (C) C u r r e n t clc , clear IS =10 e -6; // R e v e r s e s a t u r a t i o n c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s eta =1; // f o r Ge VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; VD = -24; // R e v e r s e b i a s i n v o l t s ID = IS *( %e ^( VD /( eta * VT ) ) -1) ; // C u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s ID = ID *1 e6 ; // C u r r e n t i n micro a m p e r e s disp ( ID , C u r r e n t ( A ) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; VD = -0.02; // R e v e r s e b i a s i n v o l t s ID = IS *( %e ^( VD /( eta * VT ) ) -1) ; // C u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s ID = ID *1 e6 ; // C u r r e n t i n micro a m p e r e s disp ( ID , C u r r e n t ( A ) = ) ;
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21 disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 22 VD =0.3; // Forward b i a s i n v o l t s 23 ID = IS *( %e ^( VD /( eta * VT ) ) -1) ; // C u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s 24 disp ( ID , C u r r e n t (A) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.5 Change in diode voltage

1 // Example 2 . 2 : Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e 2 clc , clear 3 T =300; // O p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n s 4 VT = T /11600; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s
5 ID1 =1; // L e t t h e i n i t i a l d i o d e c u r r e n t be 1 A 6 ID2 =10* ID1 ; // F i n a l d i o d e c u r r e n t 7 eta =1; // f o r Ge 8 deltaVD = eta * VT * log ( ID2 / ID1 ) ; // Change i n d i o d e 9 10 11 12 13 14
voltage in volts deltaVD = deltaVD *1 e3 ; // Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e i n milivolts disp ( deltaVD , Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e ( f o r Ge ) (mV) = ); eta =2; // f o r S i deltaVD = eta * VT * log ( ID2 / ID1 ) ; // Change i n d i o d e voltage in volts deltaVD = deltaVD *1 e3 ; // Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e i n milivolts disp ( deltaVD , Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e ( f o r S i ) (mV) = );
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Value of R

1 // Example 2 . 6 : R 2 clc , clear
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3 // I n t h e c i r c u i t g i v e n i n F i g . 2 . 7 4 V =50 e -3; // Output v o l t a g e 5 VD1 =0.7; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s d i o d e 1 i n v o l t s 6 I1 =10 e -3; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e 1 a t 0 . 7 V i n 7 8 9 10 11 12
amperes VD2 =0.8; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s d i o d e 2 i n v o l t s I2 =100 e -3; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e 2 a t 0 . 8 V i n amperes eta_VT =( VD2 - VD1 ) / log ( I2 / I1 ) ; // P r o d u c t o f and VT I =10 e -3/( %e ^( V / eta_VT ) +1) ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e 1 i n amperes R=V/I; disp (R , R ( ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.7 Solving a circuit with diode

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// Example 2 . 7 : C u r r e n t , Diode v o l t a g e clc , clear VDD =5; // A p p l i e d v o l t a g e i n v o l t s VD =0.7; // Diode v o l t a g e i n v o l t s I1 =1 e -3; // C u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s a t d i o d e v o l t a g e = 0.7 V R =1000; // R i n ohms deltaVD =0.1; // Change i n d i o d e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s f o r every decade change in c u r r e n t ratioI =10; // Decade c h a n g e i n c u r r e n t eta_VT = deltaVD / log ( ratioI ) ; // P r o d u c t o f and VT ID =( VDD - VD ) / R ; // Diode c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s VD2 = VD + eta_VT * log ( ID / I1 ) ; // Diode v o l t a g e i n v o l t s ID = ID *1 e3 ; // Diode c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( ID , Diode c u r r e n t (mA) = ) ; disp ( VD2 , Diode v o l t a g e ( v ) = ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 2.8 Output voltage

1 // Example 2 . 8 : ( a ) Output v o l t a g e 2 // ( b ) Output v o l t a g e 3 // ( c ) Output v o l t a g e 4 clc , clear 5 6 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 7 // S i n c e b o t h t h e d i o d e s a r e i n OFF s t a t e 8 Vo =5; // Output v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 9 disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e (V) = ) ; 10 11 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 12 // S i n c e d i o d e D1 i s i n OFF s t a t e and d i o d e D2 i s 13 14
in
15 16 17 18 disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 19 // S i n c e b o t h d i o d e s a r e i n ON s t a t e 20 // A p p l y i n g KVL i n F i g . 2 . 1 6 ( d ) 21 I =(5 -0.6) /(2*4.7 e3 +300) ; // C u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h
ON s t a t e // From F i g . 2 . 1 6 ( C) I =(5 -0.6) /(4.7 e3 +300) ; // C u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e d i o d e D2 i n a m p e r e s Vo =5 - I *4.7 e3 ; // Output v o l t a g e i n v o l t s disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e (V) = ) ;
d i o d e D1 o r d i o d e D2 i n a m p e r e s 22 Vo =5 -2* I *4.7 e3 ; // Output v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 23 disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.9 Circuit parameters

1 // Example 2 . 9 ( a ) Output v o l t a g e , Diode c u r r e n t s 2 // ( b ) Output v o l t a g e , Diode c u r r e n t s 3 clc , clear 4 Vy =0.7; // Cut i n v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
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5 // I n t h e F i g . 2 . 1 7 6 R1 =5 e3 ; 7 R2 =10 e3 ; 8 9 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 10 // S i n c e d i o d e D1 i s OFF and d i o d e D2 i s ON 11 ID2 =(5 - Vy -( -5) ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D2 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 19 // S i n c e b o t h t h e d i o d e s a r e ON 20 VA =4 - Vy ; // I n t h e f i g . 21 Vo = VA + Vy ; // Output v o l t a g e 22 ID2 =(5 - Vo ) / R1 ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D2 i n 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
i n amperes Vo =5 - ID2 * R1 ; // Output v o l t a g e ID2 = ID2 *1 e3 ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D2 i n miliamperes disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e (V) = ) ; disp (0 , C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D1 = ) ; disp ( ID2 , C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D2 (mA) = ) ;
amperes IR2 =( VA -( -5) ) / R2 ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e R2 i n amperes ID1 = IR2 - ID2 ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D1 i n a m p e r e s ID1 = ID1 *1 e3 ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D1 i n miliamperes ID2 = ID2 *1 e3 ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D2 i n miliamperes disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e (V) = ) ; disp ( ID1 , C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D1 (mA) = ) ; disp ( ID2 , C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D2 (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.11 Solving a circuit with diode
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) 16 // From DC model i n F i g . 2 . 2 1 ( b ) 17 IDQ =( VAA - Vy ) /( RL + Rf ) ; // DC c u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e o r 18 19 20
// Example 2 . 1 1 ( a ) A l t e r n a t i n g component o f v o l t a g e acroos load r e s i s t a n c e // (b) Total voltage a c r o s s load resistance // ( c ) Total current clc , clear T =293; // O p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n s VT = T /11600; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s // I n t h e F i g . 2 . 2 1 ( a ) VAA =9; // i n v o l t s Vm =0.2; // i n v o l t s RL =2 e3 ; // Load r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms Vy =0.6; // Cut i n v o l t a g e i n v o l t s Rf =10; // Forward r e s i s t a n c e o f d i o d e i n ohms eta =2;
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load r e s i s t a n c e i n amperes rd = eta * VT / IDQ ; // Dynamic r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms // T h i s dynamic r e s i s t a n c e i s u s e d i n AC model i n Fig . 2 . 2 1 ( c ) Vom = Vm * RL /( RL + rd ) ; // A m p l i t u d e o f a l t e r n a t i n g component o f t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d r e s i s t a n c e in volts disp ( Vom , A m p l i t u d e o f a l t e r n a t i n g component o f t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d r e s i s t a n c e (V) = ) ; disp ( T h e r e f o r e , t h e a l t e r n a t i n g component o f t h e voltage across load r e s i s t a n c e i s 0.199 sin t V );
voltage across load r e s i s t a n c e in volts 26 disp ( VDQ , DC component o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d r e s i s t a n c e (V) = ) ; 23
23 24 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 25 VDQ = IDQ * RL ; // DC component o f
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disp ( T h e r e f o r e , t o t a l v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d r es is ta nc e i s (8.36 + 0.199 sin t ) V ) ;
28 29 disp ( P a r t (C) ) ; 30 IDQ = IDQ *1 e3 ; // DC c u r r e n t t h r o u g h l o a d 31
resistance
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33 34 35
in miliamperes idm = Vm /( RL + rd ) ; // A m p l i t u d e o f a l t e r n a t i n g component o f t h e c u r r e n t a c r o s s l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i n amperes idm = idm *1 e3 ; // A m p l i t u d e o f a l t e r n a t i n g component of the current a c r o s s load r e s i s t a n c e in miliamperes disp ( IDQ , DC component o f c u r r e n t a c r o s s l o a d r e s i s t a n c e (mA) = ) ; disp ( idm , A m p l i t u d e o f a l t e r n a t i n g component o f t h e c u r r e n t a c r o s s l o a d r e s i s t a n c e (mA) = ) ; disp ( T h e r e f o r e , t o t a l c u r r e n t a c r o s s l o a d r es is ta nc e i s (4.18 + 0.099 sin t ) mA ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Diode small signal model

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// Example 2 . 1 2 : ( b ) Vo // (c) I clc , clear
disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; // I n t h e F i g . 2 . 2 2 ( a ) vs =10 e -3; // i n v o l t s Rs =1 e3 ; // i n ohms eta =2; VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s 11 I =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 12 Vo = vs * eta * VT /( eta * VT + I * Rs ) ; // i n v o l t s 13 Vo = Vo *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i v o l t s 24
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disp ( Vo , Vo f o r I= 1 mA (mV) = ) ; I =0.1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Vo = vs * eta * VT /( eta * VT + I * Rs ) ; // i n v o l t s Vo = Vo *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i v o l t s disp ( Vo , Vo f o r I= 0 . 1 mA (mV) = ) ; I =1 e -6; // i n a m p e r e s Vo = vs * eta * VT /( eta * VT + I * Rs ) ; // i n v o l t s Vo = Vo *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i v o l t s disp ( Vo , Vo f o r I= 1 A (mV) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; Vo = vs /2; // i n v o l t s I = eta * VT *( vs - Vo ) /( Vo * Rs ) ; // i n a m p e r e s I = I *1 e6 ; // i n micro a m p e r e s disp (I , I ( A ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.13 Barrier capacitance

1 // Example 2 . 1 3 : B a r r i e r c a p a c i t a n c e 2 clc , clear 3 A =1 e -3*1 e -3; // Area o f pn j u n c t i o n i n m e t r e s 4 5 6 7 8 9
square W =2 e -6; // S p a c e c h a r g e t h i c k n e s s i n m e t r e s E =16; // D i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f Ge Eo =1/(36* %pi *1 e9 ) ; // A b s o l u t e p e r m i t t i v i t y o f a i r C = E * Eo * A / W ; // B a r r i e r c a p a c i t a n c e i n f a r a d s C = C *1 e12 ; // B a r r i e r c a p a c i t a n c e i n p i c o f a r a d s disp (C , B a r r i e r c a p a c i t a n c e ( pF ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.14 Change in capacitance

1 2
// Example 2 . 1 4 : ( a ) Change i n c a p a c i t a n c e // ( b ) Change i n c a p a c i t a n c e 25
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
clc , clear C =4 e -12; // D e p l e t i o n c a p a c i t a n c e i n f a r a d s V =4; // i n v o l t s K = C * sqrt ( V ) ; // a c o n s t a n t
disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; V =4+0.5; // i n v o l t s C_new = K / sqrt ( V ) ; // i n f a r a d s deltaC = C_new - C ; // Change i n c a p a c i t a n d e i n f a r a d s deltaC = deltaC *1 e12 ; // Change i n c a p a c i t a n d e i n p i c o f a r a d s 13 disp ( deltaC , Change i n c a p a c i t a n c e ( pF ) = ) ;
14 15 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 16 V =4 -0.5; // i n v o l t s 17 C_new = K / sqrt ( V ) ; // i n f a r a d s 18 deltaC = C_new - C ; // Change i n c a p a c i t a n d e i n f a r a d s 19 deltaC = deltaC *1 e12 ; // Change i n c a p a c i t a n d e i n p i c o
f a r a d s 20 disp ( deltaC , Change i n c a p a c i t a n c e ( pF ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.18 Diusion length // Example 2 . 1 8 : D i f f u s i o n l e n g t h clc , clear I =1 e -3; // Forward b i a s c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s C =1 e -6; // D i f f u s i o n c a p a c i t a n c e i n f a r a d s Dp =13; // D i f f u s i o n c o n s t a n t f o r S i eta =2; // f o r S i VT =26 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s 8 Lp = sqrt ( C * Dp * eta * VT / I ) ; // D i f f u s i o n l e n g t h i n metres 9 Lp = Lp *1 e2 ; // D i f f u s i o n l e n g t h i n c e n t i m e t r e s 10 disp ( Lp , D i f f u s i o n l e n g t h ( cm ) = ) ;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Scilab code Exa 2.19 Two diodes in series

1 // Example 2 . 1 9 ( a ) Vd1 and Vd2 2 // ( b ) Current in the c i r c u i t 3 clc , clear 4 eta_VT =0.026; // P r o d u c t o f and VT 5 6 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 7 // From t h e F i g . 2 . 1 9 ( a ) 8 Is =5 e -6; // R e v e r s e s a t u r a t i o n c u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e 9
circuit i n amperes 20 I = I *1 e6 ; // C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t i n micro a m p e r e s 21 disp (I , C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t ( A ) = ) ;
10 11 12 13 14 15 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 16 // From t h e F i g . 2 . 1 9 ( b ) 17 Vz =4.9; // Z e n e r v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 18 Vd1 =5 - Vz ; // i n v o l t s 19 I = Is *( %e ^( Vd1 / eta_VT ) -1) ; // C u r r e n t i n t h e
D2 i n a m p e r e s Id1 = Is ; // Forward c u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D1 i n amperes Vd1 = eta_VT * log (1+( Id1 / Is ) ) ; // i n v o l t s Vd2 =5 - Vd1 ; // i n v o l t s disp ( Vd1 , Vd1 (V) = ) ; disp ( Vd2 , Vd2 (V) = ) ;
27
Chapter 3 Application of Diodes
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Full wave rectier

1 // Example 3 . 4 : ( a ) DC l o a d c u r r e n t 2 // ( b ) DC power i n l o a d 3 // (c) Rectification efficiency 4 // (d) Percentage regulation 5 // ( e ) PIV o f e a c h d i o d e 6 clc , clear 7 Vrms =40; // I n p u t i n v o l t s 8 Rf =1; // Forward c o n d u c t i o n r e s i s t a n c e o f d i o d e s i n
ohms 9 RL =29; // Load r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms 10 Vmax = Vrms * sqrt (2) ; // i n v o l t s 11 Imax = Vmax /( Rf + RL ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
12 13 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 14 Idc =2* Imax / %pi ; // DC l o a d c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s 15 disp ( Idc , DC l o a d c u r r e n t (A) = ) ; 16 17 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 18 Pdc = Idc ^2* RL ; // DC power i n l o a d i n w a t t s 19 disp ( Pdc , DC power i n l o a d (W) = ) ; 20
28
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; Pac = Vrms ^2/( Rf + RL ) ; // AC power i n l o a d eta = Pdc / Pac ; // R e c t i f i c a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y disp ( eta , R e c t i f i c a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( d ) ) ; reg = Rf *100/ RL ; // P e r c e n t a g e r e g u l a t i o n disp ( reg , P e r c e n t a g e r e g u l a t i o n (%) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( e ) ) ; PIV =2* Vmax ; // i n v o l t s disp ( PIV , PIV f o r e a c h d i o d e (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Full wave bridge rectier

1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 11 Vmax = Vrms * sqrt (2) ; // i n v o l t s 12 Imax =( Vmax -2* Vy ) / RL ; // i n a m p e r e s 13 Idc =2* Imax / %pi ; // i n a m p e r e s 14 Vdc = Idc * RL ; // i n v o l t s 15 disp ( Vdc , DC v o l t a g e a t l o a d (V) = ) ; 16 17 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 18 disp ( Vmax , PIV r a t i n g o f e a c h d i o d e (V) = ) ; 19
// Example 3 . 5 : ( a ) DC v o l t a g e a t l o a d // ( b ) PIV r a t i n g o f e a c h d i o d e // ( c ) Maximum c u r r e n t t h r o u g h e a c h diode // ( d ) R e q u i r e d power r a t i n g clc , clear Vrms =120; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s RL =1 e3 ; // Load r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms Vy =0.7; // Cut i n v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
29
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; Imax = Imax *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( Imax , Maximum c u r r e n t t h r o u g h e a c h d i o d e (mA) = ); disp ( P a r t ( d ) ) ; Pmax = Vy * Imax ; // R e q u i r e d power r a t i n g i n m i l i w a t t s disp ( Pmax , R e q u i r e d power r a t i n g (mW) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Centre tapped full wave rectier

1 // Example 3 . 6 : ( a ) Peak v a l u e o f c u r r e n t 2 // ( b ) DC v a l u e o f c u r r e n t 3 // ( c ) Ripple f a c t o r 4 // (d) Rectification e f f i c i e n c y 5 clc , clear 6 // From t h e F i g . 2 . 1 6 7 RL =1 e3 ; // Load r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms 8 rd =10; // Forward b i a s dynamic r e s i s t a n c e o f
diodes i n ohms 9 Vmax =220; // A m p l i t u d e o f i n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; Imax = Vmax /( rd + RL ) ; // Peak v a l u e o f c u r r e n t i n amperes 13 disp ( Imax , Peak v a l u e o f c u r r e n t (A) = ) ;
14 15 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 16 Idc =2* Imax / %pi ; // DC v a l u e o f c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s 17 disp ( Idc , DC v a l u e o f c u r r e n t (A) = ) ; 18 19 disp ( P a r t (C) ) ; 20 ripl = sqrt (( Imax /( Idc * sqrt (2) ) ) ^2 -1) ; 21 disp ( ripl , R i p p l e f a c t o r = ) ; 22 10 11 12
30
23 disp ( P a r t ( d ) ) ; 24 eta =8/( %pi ^2*(1+( rd / RL ) ) ) ; // R e c t i f i c a t i o n
efficiency 25 disp ( eta , R e c t i f i c a t i o n
e f f i c i e n c y = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Full scale reading

1 2 3 4 5 6
// Example 3 . 7 : F u l l s c a l e r e a d i n g clc , clear Idc =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Rf =10; // i n ohms RL =5 e3 ; // i n ohms Vrms = Idc *( RL + Rf ) * %pi /(2* sqrt (2) ) ; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n in volts 7 disp ( Vrms , F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.8 Full scale reading

1 2 3 4 5 6
// Example 3 . 8 : F u l l s c a l e r e a d i n g clc , clear Idc =5 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Rf =40; // i n ohms RL =20 e3 ; // i n ohms Vrms = Idc *( RL + Rf ) * %pi /(2* sqrt (2) ) ; // F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n in volts 7 disp ( Vrms , F u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.10 Minimum and maximum value of zener diode current
31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
// Example 3 . 1 0 : Minimum and maximum v a l u e o f z e n e r diode current clc , clear // From t h e F i g . 3 . 3 3 Vsmin =120; // i n v o l t s Vsmax =170; // i n v o l t s Vz =50; // i n v o l t s Rs =5 e3 ; // i n ohms RLmin =5 e3 ; // i n ohms RLmax =10 e3 ; // i n ohms ILmin = Vz / RLmax ; // i n a m p e r e s ILmax = Vz / RLmin ; // i n a m p e r e s Izmin =(( Vsmin - Vz ) / Rs ) - ILmax ; // Minimum v a l u e o f z e n e r diode c u r r e n t i n amperes Izmin = Izmin *1 e3 ; // Minimum v a l u e o f z e n e r d i o d e current in miliamperes Izmax =(( Vsmax - Vz ) / Rs ) - ILmin ; // Maximum v a l u e o f z e n e r diode c u r r e n t i n amperes Izmax = Izmax *1 e3 ; // Maximum v a l u e o f z e n e r d i o d e current in miliamperes disp ( Izmin , Minimum v a l u e o f z e n e r d i o d e c u r r e n t (mA ) = ) ; disp ( Izmax , Maximum v a l u e o f z e n e r d i o d e c u r r e n t (mA ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.11 Safe voltage range

1 // Example 3 . 1 1 : ( a ) V 2 // (b) Voltage range of V 3 clc , clear 4 Vz =50; // Z e n e r v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 5 Izmin =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 6 Izmax =5 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 7 8 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ;
32
9 ILmin =0; 10 Rs =5 e3 ; // i n ohms 11 V = Vz + Rs *( Izmax + ILmin ) ; // i n v o l t s 12 disp (V , V (V) = ) ; 13 14 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 15 IL =(50/15) *1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 16 Vmin = Vz + Rs *( Izmin + IL ) ; // i n v o l t s 17 Vmax = Vz + Rs *( Izmax + IL ) ; // i n v o l t s 18 disp ( Vmin , Vmin (V) = ) ; 19 disp ( Vmax , Vmax (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.12 Voltage regulator

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 disp ( Normal s i t u a t i o n ) ; 8 Vs =9; // i n v o l t s 9 I =( Vs - Vz ) / R ; // i n a m p e r e s 10 Pzener = I * Vz ; // i n w a t t s 11 Presistor = I ^2* R ; // i n w a t t s 12 I = I *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 13 Pzener = Pzener *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i w a t t s 14 Presistor = Presistor *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i w a t t s 15 disp (I , Z e n e r d i o d e c u r r e n t (mA) = ) ; 16 disp ( Pzener , Power d i s s i p a t i o n i n z e n e r d i o d e (mW) =
// Example 3 . 1 2 : Z e n e r d i o d e c u r r e n t , Power d i s s i p a t i o n i n z e n e r d i o d e and r e s i s t o r clc , clear // I n t h e F i g . 3 . 3 5 Vz =6.8; // i n v o l t s R =100; // i n ohms
); 17 disp ( Presistor , Power d i s s i p a t i o n i n r e s i s t o r (mW) = );

18
33
19 disp ( A b e r r a n t s i t u a t i o n ) ; 20 Vs =15; // i n v o l t s 21 I =( Vs - Vz ) / R ; // i n a m p e r e s 22 Pzener = I * Vz ; // i n w a t t s 23 Presistor = I ^2* R ; // i n w a t t s 24 I = I *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 25 Pzener = Pzener *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i w a t t s 26 Presistor = Presistor *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i w a t t s 27 disp (I , Z e n e r d i o d e c u r r e n t (mA) = ) ; 28 disp ( Pzener , Power d i s s i p a t i o n i n z e n e r d i o d e (mW) =
); 29 disp ( Presistor , Power d i s s i p a t i o n i n r e s i s t o r (mW) = );
Scilab code Exa 3.13 Range of load current

1 // Example 3 . 1 3 : Range o f l o a d c u r r e n t 2 clc , clear 3 Vz =5; // i n v o l t s 4 Izmin =50 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 5 Izmax =1; // i n a m p e r e s 6 Vmin =7.5; // i n v o l t s 7 Vmax =10; // i n v o l t s 8 Rs =4.75; // i n ohms 9 ILmin =(( Vmax - Vz ) / Rs ) - Izmax ; // i n a m p e r e s 10 ILmin = ILmin *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 11 ILmax =(( Vmin - Vz ) / Rs ) - Izmin ; // i n a m p e r e s 12 ILmax = ILmax *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 13 disp ( ILmin , ILmin (mA) = ) ; 14 disp ( ILmax , ILmax (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.14 Zener diode 34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
// Exmaple 3 . 1 4 : Load c u r r e n t r a n g e , S e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e in redesigned c i r c u i t clc , clear // I n F i g . 3 . 3 7 Vz =6.8; // i n v o l t s Izk =0.1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Vs =10; // i n v o l t s Rs =1 e3 ; // i n ohms ILmax =(( Vs - Vz ) / Rs ) - Izk ; // i n a m p e r e s ILmax = ILmax *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp (0 , ILmin = ) ; disp ( ILmax , ILmax (mA) = ) ; disp ( R e d e s i g n e d P a r t ) RL =1 e3 ; // i n ohms Izk = Izk *10; // i n a m p e r e s I = Izk +( Vz / RL ) ; // i n a m p e r e s R =( Vs - Vz ) / I ; // i n ohms disp (R , S e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e ( ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.15 Zener diode regulator

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
// Example 3 . 1 5 : ( a ) S e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e // ( b ) Power d i s s i p a t i o n r a t i n g o f zener diode clc , clear // I n F i g . 3 . 3 8 Vz =6; // i n v o l t s ILmin =0; ILmax =0.5; // i n a m p e r e s Vmin =8; // i n v o l t s Vmax =10; // i n v o l t s Izmin =0; disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 35
13 Rs =( Vmin - Vz ) /( ILmax + Izmin ) ; // S e r i e s 14 15 16 17 18 19
r e s i s t a n c e in
ohms disp ( Rs , S e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e (
) = ) ;
disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; Izmax =(( Vmax - Vz ) / Rs ) - ILmin ; // i n a m p e r e s Pzmax = Vz * Izmax ; // i n w a t t s disp ( Pzmax , Power d i s s i p a t i o n r a t i n g o f z e n e r d i o d e (W) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.16 Zener diode

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
// Example 3 . 1 6 : S e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e R , Maximum z e n e r current clc , clear // I n F i g . 3 . 3 9 Vz =7.2; // i n v o l t s ILmin =12 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s ILmax =100 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Vs =20; // i n v o l t s Izmin =10 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Rs =( Vs - Vz ) /( ILmax + Izmin ) ; // S e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms disp ( Rs , S e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e ( ) = ) ; // For ILmin=0 Izmax =(( Vs - Vz ) / Rs ) ; // i n a m p e r e s Izmax = Izmax *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( Izmax , Maximum z e n e r c u r r e n t (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.17 Avalanche diode

1
// Example 3 . 1 7 : ( a ) R , maximum p o s s i b l e v a l u e o f load current 36
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
// ( b ) Range o f V clc , clear Vz =50; // Diode v o l t a g e i n v o l t s Izmin =5 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Izmax =40 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; ILmin =0; V =200; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s R =( V - Vz ) /( Izmax - ILmin ) ; // i n ohms ILmax =(( V - Vz ) / R ) - Izmin ; // i n a m p e r e s Rk = R *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms ILmax = ILmax *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( Rk , R( k ) = ) ; disp ( ILmax , Maximum p o s s i b l e v a l u e o f l o a d c u r r e n t ( mA) = ) ;
17 18 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 19 IL =25 e -3; 20 Vmin = Vz + R *( Izmin + IL ) ; // 21 Vmax = Vz + R *( Izmax + IL ) ; // 22 disp ( Vmin , Minimum v a l u e 23 disp ( Vmax , Maximum v a l u e
in in of of
volts volts V (V) = ) ; V (V) = ) ;

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 3 . 1 8 : R , ILmax , Power r a t i n g o f z e n e r diode clc , clear // I n F i g . 3 . 4 1 Vz =6; // i n v o l t s V =22; // i n v o l t s Izmin =10 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Izmax =40 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s ILmin =0; 37
9 R =( V - Vz ) /( Izmax - ILmin ) ; // i n ohms 10 ILmax =(( V - Vz ) / R ) - Izmin ; // i n a m p e r e s 11 P = Izmax * Vz ; // Power r a t i n g o f z e n e r d i o d e i n w a t t s 12 ILmax = ILmax *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 13 P = P *1 e3 ; // Power r a t i n g o f z e n e r d i o d e i n m i l i
watts 14 disp (R , R( ) = ) ; 15 disp ( ILmax , ILmax (mA) = ) ; 16 disp (P , Power r a t i n g o f z e n e r d i o d e (mW) = ) ;

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
// Example 3 . 1 9 : ( a ) VL , IL , I z , IR // ( b ) RL f o r maximum power d i s s i p a t i o n for zener diode // ( c ) Maximum v a l u e o f RL f o r z e n e r d i o d e t o r e m a i n ON clc , clear // From F i g . 3 . 4 2 Vs =25; // i n v o l t s Rs =220; // i n ohms Vz =10; // i n v o l t s Pzmax =400; // i n m i l i w a t t s Izmax = Pzmax / Vz ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s Izmin = Izmax *10/100; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; RL =180; // i n ohms VL = Vz ; // i n v o l t s IL = Vz / RL ; // i n a m p e r e s IL = IL *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IR =( Vs - Vz ) / Rs ; // i n a m p e r e s IR = IR *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s Iz = IR - IL ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( VL , VL (V) = ) ; 38
22 disp ( IL , IL (mA) = ) ; 23 disp ( Iz , I z (mA) = ) ; 24 disp ( IR , IR (mA) = ) ; 25 26 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 27 RL = Vz *1 e3 /( IR - Izmax ) ; // i n ohms 28 disp ( RL , RL f o r maximum power d i s s i p a t i o n
for zener
diode (
) = ) ;
29 30 disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 31 RL = Vz *1 e3 /( IR - Izmin ) ; // i n ohms 32 disp ( RL , Maximum v a l u e o f RL f o r z e n e r d i o d e t o
r e m a i n ON ( ) = ) ; 33 disp ( I f I z m i n =0 ) ; 34 RL = Vz *1 e3 / IR ; // i n ohms 35 disp ( RL , Maximum v a l u e o f RL f o r z e n e r d i o d e t o r e m a i n ON ( ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.20 Regulation range of zener diode

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
// Example 3 . 2 0 : Range and a v e r a g e w a t a g e o f Rs clc , clear // From F i g . 3 . 4 3 Vsmin =20; // i n v o l t s Vsmax =30; // i n v o l t s RLmin =1; // i n ohms RLmax =10; // i n ohms Izmin =10 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Pzmax =50; // i n w a t t s Vz =10; // i n v o l t s ILmin = Vz / RLmax ; // i n a m p e r e s ILmax = Vz / RLmin ; // i n a m p e r e s Izmax = Pzmax / Vz ; // i n a m p e r e s Rs1 =( Vsmin - Vz ) /( ILmax + Izmin ) ; // i n ohms Rs2 =( Vsmax - Vz ) /( ILmin + Izmax ) ; // i n ohms 39
16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
disp ( Rs1 , Rs <= ) ; disp ( Rs2 , Rs >= ) ; disp ( To meet t h e l o a d c u r r e n t v a r i a t i o n from 1 A t o 10 A a z e n e r o f s p e c i f i c a t i o n I z m i n = 0 . 0 1 A t o Izmax = 5 A c a n n o t meet t h e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r any v a l u e o f Rs ) // L e t RLmin =1 e3 ; // i n ohms RLmax =10 e3 ; // i n ohms ILmin = Vz / RLmax ; // i n a m p e r e s ILmax = Vz / RLmin ; // i n a m p e r e s Rsmin =( Vsmax - Vz ) /( ILmin + Izmax ) ; // i n ohms Rsmax =( Vsmin - Vz ) /( ILmax + Izmin ) ; // i n ohms disp ( Rsmin , Minimum v a l u e o f Rs ( ) = ) ; disp ( Rsmax , Maximum v a l u e o f Rs ( ) = ) ; Rs =4; // i n ohms W = Rs *( ILmax + Izmax ) ^2; // i n w a t t s disp (W , A v e r a g e w a t t a g e o f Rs (W) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.21.a Clipping circuits

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 3 . 2 1 : ( a ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and output // ( b ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and output clc , clear Vy =0.6; // i n v o l t s Rf =100; // i n ohms t =[ -40:0.001:40]; vin =40* sin (2* %pi * t /80) ; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
40
Figure 3.1: Clipping circuits
Figure 3.2: Clipping circuits
41
9 // P a r t ( a ) 10 // From F i g . 3 . 4 9 ( a ) 11 // S k e t c h i n g o f t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 12 for i =1: length ( vin ) 13 if vin ( i ) <5.6 then 14 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) ; // i n v o l t s 15 else 16 ID =( vin ( i ) -5.6) /(4.9 e3 + Rf ) ; // i n a m p e r e s 17 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) - ID *4.9 e3 ; // i n v o l t s 18 end 19 end 20 plot ( vin , vo ) ; 21 xtitle ( P a r t ( a ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v i n ,
vo ) ;
22 // S k e t c h i n g o f o u t p u t 23 scf (1) ; 24 plot (t , vin , ) ; 25 plot (t , vo ) ; 26 xtitle ( P a r t ( a ) Output v o l t a g e and i n p u t v o l t a g e
t , vo , v i n ) ;
27 legend ( v i n , vo ) ; 28 29 // P a r t ( b ) 30 // From F i g . 3 . 4 9 ( b ) 31 // S k e t c h i n g o f t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 32 for i =1: length ( vin ) 33 if vin ( i ) > -0.6 then 34 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) ; // i n v o l t s 35 else 36 ID =( vin ( i ) +0.6) /(9.9 e3 + Rf ) ; // i n a m p e r e s 37 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) - ID *9.9 e3 ; // i n v o l t s 38 end 39 end 40 scf (2) ; 41 plot ( vin , vo ) ; 42 xtitle ( P a r t ( b ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v i n ,
vo ) ; 43 // S k e t c h i n g o f o u t p u t 42
Figure 3.3: Range of load current

44 scf (3) ; 45 plot (t , vin , ) ; 46 plot (t , vo ) ; 47 xtitle ( P a r t ( b ) Output v o l t a g e and i n p u t v o l t a g e
, t , vo , v i n ) ; 48 legend ( v i n , vo ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.21.b Range of load current // Example 3 . 2 1 : ( a ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and output 2 // ( b ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and output
1
43

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
clc , clear Vy =0.6; // i n v o l t s Rf =100; // i n ohms t =[ -40:0.001:40]; vin =40* sin (2* %pi * t /80) ; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // P a r t ( a ) // From F i g . 3 . 4 9 ( a ) // S k e t c h i n g o f t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s for i =1: length ( vin ) if vin ( i ) <5.6 then vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) ; // i n v o l t s else ID =( vin ( i ) -5.6) /(4.9 e3 + Rf ) ; // i n a m p e r e s vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) - ID *4.9 e3 ; // i n v o l t s end end plot ( vin , vo ) ; xtitle ( P a r t ( a ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v i n , 44
22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 // P a r t ( b ) 30 // From F i g . 3 . 4 9 ( b ) 31 // S k e t c h i n g o f t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 32 for i =1: length ( vin ) 33 if vin ( i ) > -0.6 then 34 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) ; // i n v o l t s 35 else 36 ID =( vin ( i ) +0.6) /(9.9 e3 + Rf ) ; // i n a m p e r e s 37 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) - ID *9.9 e3 ; // i n v o l t s 38 end 39 end 40 scf (2) ; 41 plot ( vin , vo ) ; 42 xtitle ( P a r t ( b ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v i n , 43 44 45 46 47 48
vo ) ; // S k e t c h i n g o f o u t p u t scf (1) ; plot (t , vin , ) ; plot (t , vo ) ; xtitle ( P a r t ( a ) Output v o l t a g e and i n p u t v o l t a g e , t , vo , v i n ) ; legend ( v i n , vo ) ;
vo ) ; // S k e t c h i n g o f o u t p u t scf (3) ; plot (t , vin , ) ; plot (t , vo ) ; xtitle ( P a r t ( b ) Output v o l t a g e and i n p u t v o l t a g e , t , vo , v i n ) ; legend ( v i n , vo ) ;
45
Figure 3.5: Transfer characteristics
46
Scilab code Exa 3.22 Transfer characteristics

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
// Example 3 . 2 2 : ( a ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s // (b) Transfer c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s clc , clear t =[0:0.1:20]; // i n m i l i s e c o n d s vin =30* t /10; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // From F i g . 3 . 5 2 ( b ) // P a r t { a } // S k e t c h i n g o f t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s for i =1: length ( vin ) if vin ( i ) >25 then vo ( i ) =5; // i n v o l t s else IL = vin ( i ) /(200+50) ; // i n a m p e r e s vo ( i ) = IL *50; // i n v o l t s end end plot2d ( vin , vo , rect =[0 ,0 ,60 ,6]) ; xtitle ( P a r t ( a ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v i n , vo ) ; // P a r t ( b ) // S k e t c h i n g o f t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Vy =0.5; // i n v o l t s Rf =40; // i n ohms VA =5+0.5; // i n v o l t s for i =1: length ( vin ) if vin ( i ) <27.5 then IL = vin ( i ) /(200+50) ; // i n a m p e r e s vo ( i ) = IL *50; // i n v o l t s else IL =( vin ( i ) +27.5) /500; // i n a m p e r e s vo ( i ) = IL *50; // i n v o l t s end end scf (1) ; 47
Figure 3.7: Clipping circuit

36 37
plot2d ( vin , vo ) ; xtitle ( P a r t ( b ) T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v i n , vo ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.23 Clipping circuit

1 2 3 4 5 6
// Example 3 . 2 3 : Output v o l t a g e and t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c curve clc , clear t =[ -6:0.001:6]; vin =6* sin (2* %pi * t /12) ; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // S k e t c h i n g o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e for i =1: length ( vin ) 48

7 if vin ( i ) >=2 then 8 // From F i g . 3 . 5 4 ( b ) , D1 ON and D2 OFF 9 I1 =( vin ( i ) -2) /(10 e3 +10 e3 ) ; // i n a m p e r e s 10 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) - I1 *10 e3 ; // i n v o l t s 11 elseif vin ( i ) >= -4 then 12 // b o t h D1 and D2 OFF 13 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) ; 14 else 15 // From F i g . 3 . 5 4 ( c ) , D1 OFF and D2 ON 16 vo ( i ) = -4; // i n v o l t s 17 end 18 end 19 plot (t , vin , ) ; 20 plot (t , vo ) ; 21 xtitle ( Output v o l t a g e and i n p u t v o l t a g e , t , vo ,
vin ); 22 legend ( v i n , vo ) ; 23 // S k e t c h i n g o f t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u r v e 24 scf (1) ; 49

25 26
plot2d ( vin , vo , rect =[ -6 , -6 ,6 ,6]) ; xtitle ( T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u r v e , v i n , vo ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.24 Transfer characteristics

1 // Example 3 . 2 4 : V o l t a g e t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 2 clc , clear 3 vin =[ -2.5:2.5]; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 4 // O b t a i n i n g t h e v n i n s e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t on LHS o f 5 6 7 8 9
XX V_th = vin *7.5 e3 /(7.5 e3 +15 e3 ) ; // i n v o l t s R_th =15 e3 *7.5 e3 /(15 e3 +7.5 e3 ) ; // i n ohms // S k e t c h i n g o f v o l t a g e t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s // From t h e v n i n s e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 3 . 5 5 ( b ) for i =1: length ( vin ) 50

10 if vin ( i ) >1.8 then 11 I1 =( V_th ( i ) -0.6) /(5 e3 + R_th ) ; // i n a m p e r e s 12 vo ( i ) = I1 *5 e3 ; // i n v o l t s 13 elseif vin ( i ) > -1.8 then 14 vo ( i ) =0; 15 else 16 I2 =( V_th ( i ) +0.6) /(4 e3 + R_th ) ; // i n a m p e r e s 17 vo ( i ) = I2 *5 e3 ; // i n v o l t s 18 end 19 end 20 plot ( vin , vo ) ; 21 xtitle ( V o l t a g e t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v i n , vo
);
51
Scilab code Exa 3.25 Clipping circuit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
// Example 3 . 2 5 : ( a ) Output v o l t a g e waveform // (b) Transfer curve clc , clear t =[0:0.001:12]; vin =15* sin (2* %pi * t /12) ; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // From F i g . 3 . 5 6 ( a ) // S k e t c h i n g o f o u t p u t v o l t a g e waveform for i =1: length ( vin ) if vin ( i ) <16/3 then // D1 OFF and D2 ON I2 =(10 -3) /(20 e3 +10 e3 ) ; // i n a m p e r e s vo ( i ) =10 - I2 *20 e3 ; // i n v o l t s elseif vin ( i ) <=10 then // b o t h D1 and D2 ON 52

15 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) ; 16 else 17 // D1 ON and D2 OFF 18 vo ( i ) =10; // i n v o l t s 19 end 20 end 21 plot (t , vin , ) ; 22 plot (t , vo ) ; 23 xtitle ( Output v o l t a g e and i n p u t v o l t a g e , 24 25 26 27 28
t , vo , vin ); legend ( v i n , vo ) ; // S k e t c h i n g o f t r a n s f e r c u r v e scf (1) ; plot2d ( vin , vo , rect =[0 ,0 ,15 ,12]) ; xtitle ( T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c u r v e , v i n , vo ) ;
53

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
// Example 3 . 2 6 : T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and o u t p u t and i n p u t v o l t a g e clc , clear T =60; // L e t T = 60 s e c o n d s t =[0: T ]; vin =120* t / T ; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // From F i g . 3 . 5 7 ( a ) // S k e t c h i n g o f t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s for i =1: length ( vin ) if vin ( i ) <=15 then // Both D1 and D2 OFF vo ( i ) =15; // i n v o l t s 54
12 elseif vin ( i ) <=105 then 13 // D1 OFF and D2 ON 14 I2 =( vin ( i ) -15) /(100 e3 +200 e3 ) ; // i n a m p e r e s 15 vo ( i ) = vin ( i ) - I2 *100 e3 ; // i n v o l t s 16 else 17 // Both D1 and D2 ON 18 vo ( i ) =75; // i n v o l t s 19 end 20 end 21 plot ( vin , vo ) ; 22 xtitle ( T r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v i n , vo ) ; 23 // S k e t c h i n g o f o u t p u t 24 scf (1) ; 25 plot (t , vin , ) ; 26 plot (t , vo ) ; 27 xtitle ( Output v o l t a g e and i n p u t v o l t a g e , t , vo , 28
vin ); legend ( v i n , vo ) ;

1 // Example 3 . 2 7 : vo v s v i n 2 clc , clear 3 vin =[0:50]; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 4 // S k e t c h i n g o f vo v s v i n 5 for i =1: length ( vin ) 6 if vin ( i ) <3 then 7 // From F i g . 3 . 5 8 ( b ) , D1 ON, D2 and D3 OFF 8 I1 =6/(5 e3 +5 e3 ) ; // i n a m p e r e s 9 vo ( i ) = I1 *5 e3 ; // i n v o l t s 10 elseif vin ( i ) <9 then 11 // From F i g . 3 . 5 8 ( c ) , D1 and D3 ON, D2 OFF 12 // A p p l y i n g K i r c h o f f s l a w s
55

13 vo ( i ) =0.5* vin ( i ) +1.5; // i n v o l t s 14 elseif vin ( i ) <30 then 15 // From F i g . 3 . 5 8 ( d ) , D3 ON, D1 and D2 OFF 16 I3 = vin ( i ) /(2.5 e3 +5 e3 ) ; // i n a m p e r e s 17 vo ( i ) = I3 *5 e3 ; // i n v o l t s 18 else 19 // From F i g . 3 . 5 8 ( e ) , D2 and D3 ON, D1 OFF 20 // A p p l y i n g K i r c h o f f s l a w s 21 vo ( i ) =4* vin ( i ) /7+20/7; // i n v o l t s 22 end 23 end 24 plot ( vin , vo ) ; 25 xtitle ( V o l t a g e t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , v i n , vo
);
56
Figure 3.15: Transfer characteristics Scilab code Exa 3.28 Transfer characteristics
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
// Example 3 . 2 8 : Output v o l t a g e clc , clear t =[0:5]; // i n s e c o n d s vs =10* t /5; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // Output v o l t a g e for i =1: length ( vs ) if vs ( i ) <6 then // Diode i s OFF vo ( i ) =6; // i n v o l t s else // From F i g . 3 . 6 5 ( c ) , Diode i s ON I =( vs ( i ) -6) /(200+200) ; // i n a m p e r e s vo ( i ) =6+ I *200; // i n v o l t s end end plot2d (t , vo , rect =[0 ,0 ,5 ,8]) ; xtitle ( Output v o l t a g e , t , ms , vo ( t ) ) ; 57
Figure 3.16: Output voltage
Scilab code Exa 3.29 Output voltage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
// Example 3 . 2 9 : Output v o l t a g e clc , clear Vy =0.5; // i n v o l t s Rf =50; // i n ohms t =[0:5]; // i n s e c o n d s vs =10* t /5; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // Output v o l t a g e for i =1: length ( vs ) if vs ( i ) <6.5 then // Diode i s OFF vo ( i ) =6; // i n v o l t s else 58
Figure 3.17: EX30

13 // From F i g . 3 . 6 6 ( a ) , Diode i s ON 14 I =( vs ( i ) -6.5) /(200+ Rf +200) ; // i n a m p e r e s 15 vo ( i ) =6+ I *200; // i n v o l t s 16 end 17 end 18 plot2d (t , vo , rect =[0 ,0 ,5 ,8]) ; 19 xtitle ( Output v o l t a g e , t , ms , vo ( t ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.30 EX30

1 // Example 3 . 3 0 : 2 // 3 clc , clear
( a ) Output waveform ( b ) Output waveform
59
Figure 3.18: EX30

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
t =[0:0.001:12]; vin =15* sin (2* %pi * t /12) ; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // P a r t ( a ) , From F i g . 3 . 6 7 ( a ) vo = vin -15; // i n v o l t s plot (t , vo ) ; xtitle ( P a r t ( a ) Output v o l t a g e , t , vo ) ; // P a r t ( b ) , From F i g . 3 . 6 7 ( b ) vo = vin -10; // i n v o l t s scf (1) ; plot (t , vo ) ; xtitle ( P a r t ( b ) Output v o l t a g e , t , vo ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.31 Output waveform 60
Figure 3.19: Output waveform

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
// Example 3 . 3 1 : Output v o l t a g e clc , clear t =[0:0.1:9* %pi ]; vin =15* squarewave ( t ) -5; // I n p u t wave i n v o l t s vo = vin +25; // i n v o l t s plot2d (t , vo , rect =[0 ,0 ,9* %pi ,40]) ; xtitle ( Output v o l t a g e , t , vo ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.32 Clamping circuit

1 // Example 3 . 3 2 : Output v o l t a g e 2 clc , clear 3 t1 =[0:20]; 4 vin1 = t1 ; 5 t2 =[20:60];
61
Figure 3.20: Clamping circuit

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
vin2 =40 - t2 ; t3 =[60:80]; vin3 = -80+ t3 ; t =[ t1 t2 t3 ]; vin =[ vin1 vin2 vin3 ]; // I n p u t wave i n v o l t s vo = vin +25; // i n v o l t s plot (t , vo ) ; xtitle ( Output v o l t a g e , t , vo ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.33 Clamping circuit

1 // Example 3 . 3 3 : vo 2 clc , clear 3 t =[0:0.001:12]; 4 vin =10* sin (2* %pi * t /4) ; // I n p u t v o l t a g e
in volts
62
Figure 3.21: Clamping circuit

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
// From F i g . 3 . 7 3 vint = vin +5; for i =1: length ( vint ) if vint ( i ) >0 then // Diode i s OFF vo ( i ) = vint ( i ) ; // i n v o l t s else break ; end end for i = i : length ( vint ) if vint ( i ) == -5 then break ; else // Diode i s ON vo ( i ) =0; end end for i = i : length ( vint ) 63
24 // C a p a c i t o r i s c h a r g e d t o 5 V 25 vo ( i ) = vint ( i ) +5; // i n v o l t s 26 end 27 plot2d (t , vo , rect =[0 , -5 ,12 ,25]) ; 28 xtitle ( Output v o l t a g e , t , vo ) ;
64
Chapter 4 Bipolar Junction Transistors
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Value of Collector Current

1 // Example 4 . 1 : New v a l u e o f I c 2 clc , clear 3 VA =100; // E a r l y v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 4 VCE_old =1; // i n v o l t s 5 Ic_old =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 6 VCE_new =11; // i n v o l t s 7 ro = VA / Ic_old ; // Output r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms 8 Ic_new =( VCE_new - VCE_old + Ic_old * ro ) / ro ; // i n a m p e r e s 9 Ic_new = Ic_new *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 10 disp ( Ic_new , New v a l u e o f I c (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.2 CE transistor // Example 4 . 2 : R e g i o n o f o p e r a t i o n , A l l t h e node v o l t a g e s and c u r r e n t s 2 clc , clear 3 betaf =100; // C u r r e n t g a i n 4 disp ( L e t u s assume t h a t t h e t r a n s i s t o r i s i n a c t i v e r e g i o n . );
1
65
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
VBE_active =0.7; // i n v o l t s // From t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 4 . 1 8 ( b ) VCC =10; // i n v o l t s VBB =4; // i n v o l t s RE =3.3 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =5 e3 ; // i n ohms VE = VBB - VBE_active ; // i n v o l t s // W r i t i n g KVL f o r b a s e e m i t t e r l o o p and p u t t i n g I c= F Ib IB = VE /((1+ betaf ) * RE ) ; // i n a m p e r e s IB = IB *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IC = betaf * IB ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IE = IB + IC ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s VC = VCC - IC * RC *1 e -3; // i n v o l t s disp ( VC , VC (V) = ) ; disp ( VE , VE (V) = ) ; disp ( VBB , VB (V) = ) ; disp ( IC , IC (mA) = ) ; disp ( IE , IE (mA) = ) ; disp ( IB , IB (mA) = ) ; disp ( S i n c e t h e b a s e i s a t 4 V and t h e c o l l e c t o r i s a t 5 . 0 5 V, s o t h e c o l l e c t o r j u n c t i o n i s r e v e r s e b i a s e d by 1 . 0 5 V . The t r a n s i s t o r i s i n d e e d i n f o r w a r d a c t i v e r e g i o n a s assumed . )
Scilab code Exa 4.3 CE transistor

1 2 3 4 5 6
// Example 4 . 3 : R e g i o n o f o p e r a t i o n , Node c u r r e n t s and v o l t a g e s clc , clear betaf =100; // C u r r e n t g a i n disp ( L e t u s assume t h a t t h e t r a n s i s t o r i s i n a c t i v e r e g i o n . ); VBE_active =0.7; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 4 . 1 9 66
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
VCC =10; // i n v o l t s VBB =5; // i n v o l t s RB =100 e3 ; // i n ohms RE =2 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =2 e3 ; // i n ohms // W r i t i n g KVL t o t h e b a s e c i r c u i t and p u t t i n g I c= F Ib IB =( VBB - VBE_active ) /( RB +(1+ betaf ) * RE ) ; // i n a m p e r e s IB = IB *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IC = betaf * IB ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IE = IB + IC ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s VB = VBB - IB * RB *1 e -3; // i n v o l t s VE = IE * RE *1 e -3; // i n v o l t s VC = VCC - IC * RC *1 e -3; // i n v o l t s disp ( VC , VC (V) = ) ; disp ( VE , VE (V) = ) ; disp ( VB , VB (V) = ) ; disp ( IC , IC (mA) = ) ; disp ( IE , IE (mA) = ) ; disp ( IB , IB (mA) = ) ; disp ( S i n c e b a s e v o l t a g e VB i s 3 . 6 V and c o l l e c t o r i s a t 7 . 2 V, s o c o l l e c t o r b a s e j u n c t i o n i s r e v e r s e b i a s e d by 3 . 6 V . Thus o u r a s s u m p t i o n t h a t the t r a n s i s t o r i s in a c t i v e r e g i o n i s v a l i d . )
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Region of Operation

1 // Example 4 . 4 : R e g i o n o f o p e r a t i o n 2 clc , clear 3 betaf =100; // C u r r e n t g a i n 4 disp ( L e t u s assume t h a t t h e t r a n s i s t o r
i s in
saturation 5 VBE_sat =0.8; 6 VCE_sat =0.2; 7 // From F i g .
r e g i o n . ); // i n v o l t s // i n v o l t s 4.21 67
VCC =10; // i n v o l t s VBB =5; // i n v o l t s RB =50 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =2 e3 ; // i n ohms // From t h e b a s e l o o p IB =( VBB - VBE_sat ) / RB ; // i n a m p e r e s IB = IB *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IC_sat =( VCC - VCE_sat ) / RC ; // i n a m p e r e s IC_sat = IC_sat *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IB_min = IC_sat / betaf ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( IB_min , Minimum IB r e q u i r e d t o s a t u r a t e t h e t r a n s i s t o r (mA) = ) ; 19 disp ( IB , IB i n t h e c i r c u i t (mA) = ) ; 20 disp ( S i n c e IB i n t h e c i r c u i t i s c a l c u l a t e d a s 0 . 0 8 4 mA, s o i t i s g r e a t e r t h a n IB , min . Thus t h e t r a n s i s t o r i s i n d e e d i n s a t u r a t i o n mode . )
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Saturation region

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
// Example 4 . 5 : V a l u e o f RB s o a s t o d r i v e t h e transistor into saturation clc , clear bta =50; // C u r r e n t g a i n VBE_sat =0.8; // i n v o l t s VCE_sat =0.2; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 4 . 2 2 VCC =10; // i n v o l t s VBB =5; // i n v o l t s RC =1 e3 ; // i n ohms IC_sat =( VCC - VCE_sat ) / RC ; // i n a m p e r e s IB_min = IC_sat / bta ; // Minimum b a s e c u r r e n t i n amperes to s a t u r a t e the t r a n s i s t o r // Then b a s e c u r r e n t can be t a k e n a s IB =10* IB_min ; // i n a m p e r e s RB =( VBB - VBE_sat ) / IB ; // i n ohms 68
15 RB = RB *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms 16 disp ( RB , V a l u e o f RB s o a s t o d r i v e t h e
transistor
into saturation ( k
) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Output voltages

1 // Example 4 . 6 : Vo1 , Vo2 2 clc , clear 3 betaf =100; // C u r r e n t g a i n 4 disp ( L e t u s assume t h a t t h e 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t r a n s i s t o r i s in active
r e g i o n . ); VBE_active = -0.7; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 4 . 2 3 VCC = -10; // i n v o l t s VEE =10; // i n v o l t s VBB =2.5; // i n v o l t s RE =6.8 e3 ; // i n ohms RB =100 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =10 e3 ; // i n ohms // W r i t i n g KVL f o r b a s e e m i t t e r c i r c u i t and p u t t i n g I c= F I b 14 IB =( VEE - VBB + VBE_active ) /( RB +(1+ betaf ) * RE ) ; // i n amperes
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
IC = betaf * IB ; // i n a m p e r e s IE = IB + IC ; // i n a m p e r e s Vo1 = VCC + IC * RC ; // i n v o l t s Vo2 = VEE - IE * RE ; // i n v o l t s VB = VBB + IB * RB ; // i n v o l t s disp ( Vo1 , Vo1 (V) = ) ; disp ( Vo2 , Vo2 (V) = ) ; disp ( VB , V o l t a g e a t b a s e (V) = ) disp ( As b a s e v o l t a g e , VB i s 3 . 3 6 V and v o l t a g e a t c o l l e c t o r i s 1.4 V, c o l l e c t o r b a s e j u n c t i o n i s r e v e r s e b i a s e d . Thus t h e t r a n s i s t o r i s i n d e e d i n 69
a c t i v e r e g i o n a s assumed . )
Scilab code Exa 4.7 pnp transistor

1 // Example 4 . 7 : V a l u e o f RC t o o b t a i n VC = +5 V 2 clc , clear 3 betaf =50; // C u r r e n t g a i n 4 disp ( L e t u s assume t h a t t h e t r a n s i s t o r i s i n a c t i v e
r e g i o n . );
5 disp ( When c u r r e n t g a i n = 50 ) 6 VBE_active = -0.7; // i n v o l t s 7 // From F i g . 4 . 2 4 8 VC =5; // i n v o l t s 9 VEE =10; // i n v o l t s 10 RB =100 e3 ; // i n ohms 11 // W r i t i n g KVL f o r b a s e c i r c u i t and p u t t i n g I c= 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ib IB =( VEE + VBE_active ) / RB ; // i n a m p e r e s IC = IB * betaf ; // i n a m p e r e s RC = VC / IC ; // i n ohms RC = RC *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( RC , V a l u e o f RC t o o b t a i n VC = +5 V ( k ) = ) ; disp ( When c u r r e n t g a i n = 100 ) ; IC = IB *100; // i n a m p e r e s VC = IC * RC *1 e3 ; // i n v o l t s disp ( VC , C o l l e c t o r v o l t a g e (V) = ) ; disp ( S i n c e c o l l e c t o r v o l t a g e i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e base voltage , the t r a n s i s t o r goes into s a t u r a t i o n as c o l l e c t o r j u n c t i o n g e t s forward b i a s e d . );
Scilab code Exa 4.8 Solving a circuit with transistor

1
// Example 4 . 8 : : L a b e l l e d v o l t a g e s and c u r r e n t s 70
2 clc , clear 3 betaf =100; // C u r r e n t g a i n 4 disp ( L e t u s assume t h a t t h e 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
t r a n s i s t o r i s in active
r e g i o n . ); VBE_active = -0.7; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 4 . 2 5 ( a ) VCC = -10; // i n v o l t s VEE =10; // i n v o l t s RE =6.8 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =10 e3 ; // i n ohms R1 =300 e3 ; // i n ohms R2 =180 e3 ; // i n ohms // A p p l y i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m a t p o i n t B R_th = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohms V_th = VEE -( R2 *( VEE - VCC ) /( R1 + R2 ) ) ; // i n v o l t s // From t h e Thevnin e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 4 . 2 5 ( b) // W r i t i n g KVL f o r b a s e e m i t t e r c i r c u i t and p u t t i n g I c= F I b IB =( VEE - V_th + VBE_active ) /( R_th +(1+ betaf ) * RE ) ; // i n amperes IB = IB *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IC = betaf * IB ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IE = IB + IC ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s VC = VCC + IC * RC *1 e -3; // i n v o l t s VE = VEE - IE * RE *1 e -3; // i n v o l t s VB = V_th + IB * R_th *1 e -3; // i n v o l t s I1 =( VEE - VB ) / R2 ; // i n a m p e r e s I1 = I1 *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s I2 = I1 + IB ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( IC , IC (mA) = ) ; disp ( IE , IE (mA) = ) ; disp ( IB , IB (mA) = ) ; disp ( I1 , I 1 (mA) = ) ; disp ( I2 , I 2 (mA) = ) ; disp ( VC , VC (V) = ) ; disp ( VE , VE (V) = ) ; disp ( VB , VB (V) = ) ; 71
72
Chapter 5 BJT Biasing and Stability
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Fixed bias circuit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
// Example 5 . 1 : RB, RC clc , clear IB =40 e -6; // i n a m p e r e s VCE =6; // i n v o l t s VCC =12; // i n v o l t s betaf =80; VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s RB =( VCC - VBE ) / IB ; // i n ohms RC =( VCC - VCE ) /( betaf * IB ) ; // i n ohms RB = RB *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms RC = RC *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( RB , RB ( k ) = ) ; disp ( RC , RC ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Determination of Q point

1 // Example 5 . 2 : VCEQ, ICQ 2 clc , clear
73
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s betaf =50; // From F i g . 5 . 1 1 ( a ) VCC =18; // i n v o l t s R1 =82 e3 ; // i n ohms R2 =22 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =5.6 e3 ; // i n ohms RE =1.2 e3 ; // i n ohms // U s i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m t o o b t a i n e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t given in Fig . 5 . 1 1 ( b ) VBB = R2 * VCC /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n v o l t s RB = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohms IB =( VBB - VBE ) /( RB +(1+ betaf ) * RE ) ; // i n a m p e r e s IC = betaf * IB ; // i n a m p e r e s VCE = VCC - IC *( RC + RE ) - IB * RE ; // i n v o l t s IC = IC *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( VCE , VCEQ (V) = ) ; disp ( IC , ICQ (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Self biased circuit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
// Example 5 . 3 : R1 , R2 , RC, RE clc , clear IC =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s VCC =12; // i n v o l t s betaf =100; VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s // As s u g g e s t e d i n t h e d e s i g n c o n s t r a i n t s , a l l o c a t e 1/3VCC t o RC, a n o t h e r 1/3VCC t o R2 l e a v i n g 1/3VCC f o r VCEQ. VB =4; // i n v o l t s VE = VB - VBE ; // i n v o l t s // N e g l e c t i n g b a s e c u r r e n t , RE = VE / IC ; // i n ohms // S e l e c t t h e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h R1R2 e q u a l t o 0 . 1 IC 74
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
R1_plus_R2 = VCC /(0.1* IC ) ; // i n ohms R2 = VB * R1_plus_R2 / VCC ; // i n ohms R1 = R1_plus_R2 - R2 ; // i n ohms RC = VCC /(3* IC ) ; // i n ohms R1 = R1 *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms R2 = R2 *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms RC = RC *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms RE = RE *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( R1 , R1 ( k ) = ) ; disp ( R2 , R2 ( k ) = ) ; disp ( RC , RC ( k ) = ) ; disp ( RE , RE ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Amplier circuit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
// Example 5 . 4 : VCEQ, ICQ clc , clear VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s betaf =45; // From F i g . 5 . 1 4 VEE =9; // i n v o l t s RB =100 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =1.2 e3 ; // i n ohms // A p p l y i n g KVL i n t h e c l o c k w i s e d i r e c t i o n b a s e emitter loop IB =( VEE - VBE ) / RB ; // i n a m p e r e s IC = betaf * IB ; // i n a m p e r e s // W r i t i n g KVL f o r t h e c o l l e c t o r l o o p VCE = VEE - IC * RC ; // i n v o l t s IC = IC *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( VCE , VCEQ (V) = ) ; disp ( IC , ICQ (mA) = ) ;
75
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Determination of Q point

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Example 5 . 5 : VCEQ, ICQ clc , clear VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s betaf =120; // From F i g . 5 . 1 5 VCC =20; // i n v o l t s VEE =20; // i n v o l t s R1 =8.2 e3 ; // i n ohms R2 =2.2 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =2.7 e3 ; // i n ohms RE =1.8 e3 ; // i n ohms // U s i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m t o o b t a i n e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t given in Fig . 5 . 1 6 ( b ) RB = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohms // From F i g . 5 . 1 6 ( a ) I =( VCC + VEE ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n a m p e r e s VBB = I * R2 - VEE ; // i n v o l t s // W r i t i n g KVL f o r t h e b a s e e m i t t e r l o o p and p u t t i n g I c= F I b g i v e s IB =( VEE + VBB - VBE ) /( RB +(1+ betaf ) * RE ) ; // i n a m p e r e s IC = betaf * IB ; // i n a m p e r e s // KVL f o r t h e c o l l e c t o r l o o p g i v e s VCE = VCC + VEE - IC *( RC + RE ) - IB * RE ; // i n v o l t s IC = IC *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( VCE , VCEQ (V) = ) ; disp ( IC , ICQ (mA) = ) ;

1 // Example 5 . 6 : RF s o t h a t IE=+2 mA 2 clc , clear 3 IE =2 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 4 VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s
76
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
betaf =49; // From F i g . 5 . 1 7 VCC =12; // i n v o l t s RB =25 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =2 e3 ; // i n ohms I1 = VBE / RB ; // i n a m p e r e s IB = IE /(1+ betaf ) ; // i n a m p e r e s // KVL f o r t h e i n d i c a t e d l o o p g i v e s RF =( VCC - RC *( I1 +(1+ betaf ) * IB ) - VBE ) /( I1 + IB ) ; // i n ohms 14 RF = RF *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms 15 disp ( RF , RF s o t h a t IE=+2 mA ( k ) = ) ;

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
// Example 5 . 7 : RCQ, RE clc , clear VCEQ =3; // i n v o l t s VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s betaf =200; // From F i g . 5 . 1 8 ( a ) VCC =6; // i n v o l t s VEE =6; // i n v o l t s R1 =90 e3 ; // i n ohms R2 =90 e3 ; // i n ohms // U s i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m t o o b t a i n e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t given in Fig . 5 . 1 8 ( b ) RB = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohms VBB = R2 *( VCC + VEE ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n v o l t s // I n t h e o u t p u t l o o p x = VEE - VCEQ ; // x = ( IC+IB )RE i n v o l t s // A p p l y i n g KVL i n t h e b a s e e m i t t e r l o o p IB =( VEE - VBE - x ) / RB ; // i n a m p e r e s IC = betaf * IB ; // i n a m p e r e s // I n t h e o u t p u t l o o p 77
20 21 22 23 24 25
RC = VCC / IC ; // i n ohms RE = x /( IC + IB ) ; // i n ohms RC = RC *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms RE = RE *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( RC , RC ( k ) = ) ; disp ( RE , RE ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.8 Q point voltage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
// Example 5 . 8 : VCEQ clc , clear VBE = -0.7; // i n v o l t s betaf =120; // From F i g . 5 . 1 9 ( a ) VCC =18; // i n v o l t s R1 =47 e3 ; // i n ohms R2 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =2.4 e3 ; // i n ohms RE =1.1 e3 ; // i n ohms // U s i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m t o o b t a i n e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t given in Fig . 5 . 1 9 ( b ) VBB = R2 * VCC /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n v o l t s RB = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohms // A p p l y i n g KVL i n t h e b a s e e m i t t e r l o o p and p u t t i n g I c= F I b IB =( VBB + VBE ) /( RB +(1+ betaf ) * RE ) ; // i n a m p e r e s IC = betaf * IB ; // i n a m p e r e s // I n t h e c o l l e c t o r e m i t t e r l o o p VCE = - VCC + IC *( RC + RE ) + IB * RE ; // i n v o l t s disp ( VCE , VCEQ (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Stability factor 78
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
// Example 5 . 9 : ( i ) RB // ( i i ) Stability factor // ( i i i ) IC a t 100 C clc , clear bta =50; VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s VCE =5; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 5 . 2 1 VCC =24; // i n v o l t s RC =10 e3 ; // i n ohms RE =500; // i n ohms disp ( P a r t ( i ) ) ; // A p p l y i n g KVL t o t h e c o l l e c t o r e m i t t e r c i r c u i t and p u t t i n g I c= F I b IB =( VCC - VCE ) /(( RC + RE ) *( bta +1) ) ; // i n a m p e r e s IC = bta * IB ; // a t 25 C i n a m p e r e s RB =( VCE - VBE ) / IB ; // i n ohms RB = RB *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( RB , RB ( k ) = )
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 disp ( P a r t ( i i ) ) ; 22 S =(1+ bta ) /(1+ bta *( RC + RE ) /( RC + RE + RB *1 e3 ) ) ; //
Stability factor 23 disp (S , S t a b i l i t y f a c t o r = ) ;

24 25 disp ( P a r t ( i i i ) ) ; 26 // From T a b l e 5 . 1 27 del_ICO =(20 -0.1) *1 e -9; // i n a m p e r e s 28 del_IC = S * del_ICO ; // i n a m p e r e s 29 IC = IC + del_IC ; // a t 100 C i n a m p e r e s 30 IC = IC *1 e3 ; // a t 100 C i n m i l i a m p e r e s 31 disp ( IC , IC a t 100 C (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.10 Self bias circuit 79
// Example 5 . 1 0 : ( i ) S ( ICO ) f o r RB/RE=10 and c h a n g e i n IC 2 // ( i i ) S (VBE) f o r RB = 240 k , RE = 1 k and c h a n g e i n IC 3 clc , clear 4 bta =100;
1 5 6 disp ( P a r t ( i ) ) ; 7 RB_RE =10; // RB/RE 8 S_ICO =(1+ bta ) *(1+ RB_RE ) /(1+ bta + RB_RE ) ; 9 // From T a b l e 5 . 1 10 del_ICO =(20 -0.1) *1 e -9; // i n a m p e r e s 11 del_IC = S_ICO * del_ICO ; // i n a m p e r e s 12 del_IC = del_IC *1 e6 ; // i n micro a m p e r e s 13 disp ( S_ICO , S ( ICO ) f o r RB/RE=10 ) ; 14 disp ( del_IC , Change i n IC ( A ) = ) ; 15 16 disp ( P a r t ( i i ) ) ; 17 RB =240 e3 ; // i n k i l o ohms 18 RE =1 e3 ; // i n k i l o ohms 19 S_VBE = - bta /( RB +(1+ bta ) * RE ) ; 20 // From T a b l e 5 . 1 21 del_VBE =0.48 -0.65; // i n v o l t s 22 del_IC = S_VBE * del_VBE ; // i n a m p e r e s 23 del_IC = del_IC *1 e6 ; // i n micro a m p e r e s 24 disp ( S_VBE , S (VBE) f o r (RB = 240 k , RE = 1 25
) =
); disp ( del_IC , Change i n IC ( A ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.11 Stability factor

1 // Example 5 . 1 1 : S ( ) , IC a t 100 2 clc , clear 3 IC =2 e -3; // a t 25 C i n a m p e r e s 4 // From T a b l e 5 . 1
80
5 bta1 =50; // a t 25 C 6 bta2 =80; // a t 100 C 7 RB_RE =10; // RB/RE 8 S = IC *(1+ RB_RE ) /( bta1 *(1+ bta2 + RB_RE ) ) ; 9 del_bta = bta2 - bta1 ; 10 del_IC = S * del_bta ; // i n a m p e r e s 11 IC = IC + del_IC ; // a t 100 C i n a m p e r e s 12 IC = IC *1 e3 ; // a t 100 C i n m i l i a m p e r e s 13 disp (S , S ( ) = ) ; 14 disp ( IC , IC a t 100 C (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Variation of collector current

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
// Example 5 . 1 2 : V a r i a t i o n o f IC o v e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e 65 C t o 175 C clc , clear RB_RE =2; // RB/RE RE =4.7 e3 ; // i n ohms IC =2 e -3; // a t 25 C i n a m p e r e s // From T a b l e 5 . 1 bta =50; // a t 25 C S_ICO =(1+ bta ) *(1+ RB_RE ) /(1+ bta + RB_RE ) ; S_VBE = - bta /( RE *(1+ bta + RB_RE ) ) ; // From T a b l e 5 . 1 bta1 =20; // a t 65 C bta2 =120; // a t 175 C S_bta1 = IC *(1+ RB_RE ) /( bta *(1+ bta1 + RB_RE ) ) ; // For 25 C t o 65 C S_bta2 = IC *(1+ RB_RE ) /( bta *(1+ bta2 + RB_RE ) ) ; // For 25 C t o 175 C // From T a b l e 5 . 1 // For 25 C t o 65 C del_ICO =(0.2 e -3 -0.1) *1 e -9; // i n a m p e r e s del_VBE =0.85 -0.65; // i n v o l t s 81
del_bta = bta1 - bta ; del_IC = S_ICO * del_ICO + S_VBE * del_VBE + S_bta1 * del_bta ; // i n a m p e r e s 22 IC1 = IC + del_IC ; // a t 65 C i n a m p e r e s 23 IC1 = IC1 *1 e3 ; // a t 65 C i n m i l i a m p e r e s 24 disp ( IC1 , IC a t 65 C (mA) = ) ;
25 26 27 28 29 30
20 21
// For 25 C t o 175 C del_ICO =(3.3 e3 -0.1) *1 e -9; // i n a m p e r e s del_VBE =0.30 -0.65; // i n v o l t s del_bta = bta2 - bta ; del_IC = S_ICO * del_ICO + S_VBE * del_VBE + S_bta2 * del_bta ; // i n a m p e r e s 31 IC2 = IC + del_IC ; // a t 175 C i n a m p e r e s 32 IC2 = IC2 *1 e3 ; // a t 175 C i n m i l i a m p e r e s 33 disp ( IC2 , IC a t 175 C (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.13 Current mirror

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
// Example 5 . 1 3 : ( i ) R1 // ( i i ) R1 f o r IC = 10 clc , clear IC =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s VCC =10; // i n v o l t s bta =125; VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s
disp ( P a r t ( i ) ) ; R1 = bta *( VCC - VBE ) /(( bta +2) * IC ) ; // i n ohms R1 = R1 *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( R1 , R1 ( k ) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( i ) ) ; IC =10 e -6; // i n a m p e r e s R1 = bta *( VCC - VBE ) /(( bta +2) * IC ) ; // i n ohms 82
17 R1 = R1 *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms 18 disp ( R1 , R1 f o r ( IC = 10 A) ( k
) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.14 Widlar current source

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
// Example 5 . 1 4 : R1 , RE clc , clear Io =10 e -6; // i n a m p e r e s VCC =10; // i n v o l t s bta =125; VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s VT =25 e -3; // i n v o l t s // L e t I_ref =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s R1 =( VCC - VBE ) / I_ref ; // i n ohms R1 = R1 *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms RE = VT * log ( I_ref / Io ) /((1+1/ bta ) * Io ) ; // i n ohms RE = RE *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( R1 , R1 ( k ) = ) ; disp ( RE , RE ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.15 Current Repeaters

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 5 . 1 1 : IC1 , IC2 , IC3 clc , clear bta =125; VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s // From F i g . 5 . 2 7 VC =9; // i n v o l t s RC =30; // i n k i l o ohms RE =1.94; // i n k i l o ohms 83
10 I_ref =( VC - VBE ) / RC ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 11 IC = I_ref * bta /(3+ bta ) ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 12 for i =0.01:0.001:0.5 13 if abs ( VT * log ( IC / i ) /( i *(1+1/ bta ) ) - RE ) <=0.1 then 14 break ; 15 end 16 end 17 disp ( IC , IC1 (mA) = ) ; 18 disp ( IC , IC2 (mA) = ) ; 19 disp (i , IC3 (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.16 Output current

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 5 . 1 6 : I o clc , clear bta =100; VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 5 . 3 0 // W r i t i n g KVL f o r t h e i n d i c a t e d l o o p I_ref =(10 - VBE ) /10; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s Io = bta * I_ref /(2*(1+ bta ) ) ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( Io , I o (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.17 Current mirror

1 // Example 5 . 1 7 : ( i ) IC1 and IC2 2 // ( i i ) RC s o t h a t Vo = 6 V 3 clc , clear 4 bta =200; 5 // From F i g . 5 . 3 1 6 7 disp ( P a r t ( i ) ) ; 8 I_ref =(12 -0.7) /15; // i n a m p e r e s
84
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
I1 =0.7/2.8; // i n a m p e r e s IC =( I_ref - I1 ) * bta /( bta +2) ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( IC , IC1 (mA) = ) ; disp ( IC , IC2 (mA) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( i i ) ) ; Vo =6; // i n v o l t s RC =(12 - Vo ) / IC ; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( RC , RC s o t h a t ( Vo = 6 V) ( k
) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.18 Modied current mirror

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// Example 5 . 1 8 : E m i t t e r c u r r e n t i n t r a n s i s t o r Q3 clc , clear bta =100; VBE =0.75; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 5 . 3 2 I =(10 - VBE ) /4.7; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IE = I /2; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( IE , E m i t t e r c u r r e n t i n t r a n s i s t o r Q3 (mA) = ) ;
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Chapter 6 BJT Ampiliers
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Bipolar Junction Transistor

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// Example 6 . 2 : r , gm clc , clear IBQ =7.6 e -6; // i n a m p e r e s bta =104; VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s ICQ = IBQ * bta ; // i n a m p e r e s gm = ICQ / VT ; // i n ampere p e r v o l t gm = gm *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i ampere p e r v o l t r_pi = bta / gm ; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( r_pi , r ( k ) = ) ; disp ( gm , gm (mA/V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Hybrid h parameter model

1 // Example 6 . 3 : AI , Ri , AV, AVs , Ro , Ro 2 clc , clear 3 hie =1 e3 ; // i n ohms
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hfe =100; hre =2 e -4; hoe =20 e -6; // i n a m p e r e s p e r v o l t RC =5 e3 ; // i n ohms Rs =1 e3 ; // i n ohms // From T a b l e 6 . 3 AI = - hfe /(1+ hoe * RC ) ; Ri = hie + hre * AI * RC ; // i n ohms AV = AI * RC / Ri ; AVs = AV * Ri /( Ri + Rs ) ; Yo = hoe - hfe * hre /( hie + Rs ) ; // i n ohms i n v e r s e Ro =1/ Yo ; // i n ohms Ro_dash = Ro * RC /( Ro + RC ) ; // i n ohms Ri = Ri *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms Ro = Ro *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms Ro_dash = Ro_dash *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( AI , AI = ) ; disp ( Ri , Ri ( k ) = ) ; disp ( AV , AV = ) ; disp ( AVs , AVs = ) ; disp ( Ro , Ro ( k ) = ) ; disp ( Ro_dash , Ro ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Bipolar Junction Transistor

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// Example 6 . 4 : AI , AVs , Ri , e f f , Ro , Ro clc , clear hie =2 e3 ; // i n ohms hfe =50; hre =2 e -4; hoe =20 e -6; // i n a m p e r e s p e r v o l t // From F i g . 6 . 2 2 ( a ) Rs =2 e3 ; // i n ohms R1 =90 e3 ; // i n ohms R2 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms 87
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RC =5 e3 ; // i n ohms // From t h e T a b l e 6 . 3 RB = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohms AI = - hfe /(1+ hoe * RC ) ; Ri = hie + hre * AI * RC ; // i n ohms Ri_eff = RB * Ri /( RB + Ri ) ; // i n ohms AI_dash = AI * RB /( RB + Ri ) ; AVs = AI * RC * Ri_eff /( Ri *( Rs + Ri_eff ) ) ; Rs_eff = Rs * RB /( Rs + RB ) ; // i n ohms Yo = hoe - hfe * hre /( hie + Rs_eff ) ; // i n ohms i n v e r s e Ro =1/ Yo ; // i n ohms Ro_dash = Ro * RC /( Ro + RC ) ; // i n ohms Ri_eff = Ri_eff *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms Ro = Ro *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms Ro_dash = Ro_dash *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( AI_dash , AI = ) ; disp ( AVs , AVs = ) ; disp ( Ri_eff , Ri , e f f ( k ) = ) ; disp ( Ro , Ro ( k ) = ) ; disp ( Ro_dash , Ro ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Simplied h parameter model

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// Example 6 . 5 : AI , AVs , Ri , Ro clc , clear hie =4 e3 ; // i n ohms hfe =200; // From F i g . 6 . 2 7 ( a ) Rs =5 e3 ; // i n ohms R1 =90 e3 ; // i n ohms R2 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =5 e3 ; // i n ohms RE =1 e3 ; // i n ohms // From F i g 6 . 2 7 ( b ) RB = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohms 88
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Ri = hie +(1+ hfe ) * RE ; // i n ohms Ri_eff = RB * Ri /( RB + Ri ) ; // i n ohms AI = - hfe * RB /( RB + Ri ) ; AVs = - hfe * RC * Ri_eff /( Ri *( Rs + Ri_eff ) ) ; Ro_dash = RC ; // i n ohms Ri = Ri *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms Ro_dash = Ro_dash *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( AI , AI = ) ; disp ( AVs , AVs = ) ; disp ( Ri , Ri ( k ) = ) ; disp ( Ro_dash , Ro ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Hybrid pi model

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6 7 8 9 10 11 // DC a n a l y s i s 12 // From dc e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 6 . 3 4 ( a ) 13 IBQ =( VBB - VBE ) / RB ; // i n a m p e r e s 14 ICQ = bta * IBQ ; // i n a m p e r e s 15 gm = ICQ / VT ; // i n ampere p e r v o l t 16 r_pi = bta / gm ; // i n ohms 17 18 // AC a n a l y s i s 19 // From a c e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t u s i n g a p p r o x i m a t e
// Example 6 . 6 : AI , Ri , AVs clc , clear bta =100; VBE =0.7; // Cut i n v o l t a g e i n v o l t s VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s // From F i g . 6 . 3 3 RB =100 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =3 e3 ; // i n ohms VBB =3; // i n v o l t s
hybrid
model i n F i g . 6 . 3 4 ( b ) 89
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AI = - bta ; Ri = RB + r_pi ; // i n ohms AVs = - bta * RC /( RB + r_pi ) ; Ri = Ri *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( AI , AI = ) ; disp ( Ri , Ri ( k ) = ) ; disp ( AVs , AVs = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.7 CC amplier

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// Example 6 . 7 : ( a ) Load r e s i s t a n c e RE t o make Ri 500 k // ( b ) AV, Ro , Ro clc , clear IC =2 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s Rs =5 e3 ; // S o u r c e r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms bta =125; VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; Ri =500 e3 ; // i n ohms gm = IC / VT ; // i n mho r_pi = bta / gm ; // i n ohms RE =( Ri - r_pi ) /(1+ bta ) ; // i n ohms REk = RE *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( REk , RE ( k ) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; AV =(1+ bta ) * RE /( Rs + Ri ) ; Ro =( Rs + r_pi ) /(1+ bta ) ; // i n ohms Ro_dash = Ro * RE /( Ro + RE ) ; // i n ohms disp ( Ro , Ro ( ) = ) ; disp ( Ro_dash , Ro ( ) = ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 6.8 Voltage gain

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// Example 6 . 8 : Ri , AVs clc , clear IC =0.2 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s bta =125; Rs =2 e3 ; // i n ohms RE =100; // i n ohms RC =5 e3 ; // i n ohms VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s gm = IC / VT ; // i n mho r_pi = bta / gm ; // i n ohms Ri = r_pi +(1+ bta ) * RE ; // i n ohms AVs = - bta * RC /( Rs + r_pi +(1+ bta ) * RE ) ; Ri = Ri *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( Ri , Ri ( k ) = ) ; disp ( AVs , AVs = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Hybrid pi model

1 // Example 6 . 9 : r , AI , Ri , AVs , Ro , Ro 2 clc , clear 3 bta =200; 4 VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t 5 6 7 8 9 10
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s // From F i g . 6 . 3 9 VBE =0.7; // Cut i n v o l t a g e i n v o l t s VCC =9; // i n v o l t s RB =200 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =2 e3 ; // i n ohms
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11 // DC a n a l y s i s 12 // From dc e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t 13 // W r i t i n g KVL from c o l l e c t o r 14 IB =( VCC - VBE ) /( RB +(1+ bta ) * RC ) ; 15 ICQ = bta * IB ; // i n a m p e r e s 16 gm = ICQ / VT ; // i n mho 17 r_pi = bta / gm ; // i n ohms 18 19 // AC a n a l y s i s 20 // From a c e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t 21 22 23
in Fig . 6 . 4 0 ( a ) to base loop // i n a m p e r e s
u s i n g M i l l e r s theorem
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in Fig . 6 . 4 0 ( b ) // Assuming AV >> 1 RL = RB * RC /( RB + RC ) ; // E f f e c t i v e l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms // U s i n g h y b r i d model and a p p r o x i m a t e r e s u l t a g i v e n i n T a b l e 6 . 5 f o r CE a m p l i f i e r s t a g e , we have AI = - bta ; AV = - bta * RL / r_pi ; Ro = %inf ; r_pi = r_pi *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms RL = RL *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( r_pi , r ( k ) = ) ; disp ( AI , AI = ) ; disp ( AV , AVs = ) ; disp ( Ro , Ro = ) ; disp ( RL , Ro ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.10 re model

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// Example 6 . 1 0 : Ri , e f f , Ro , AV, AI clc , clear bta =200; ro =50 e3 ; // i n ohms VBE =0.7; // Cut i n v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 92
6 VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s // From F i g . 6 . 4 4 VCC =16; // i n v o l t s R1 =90 e3 ; // i n ohms R2 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =2.2 e3 ; // i n ohms RE =0.68 e3 ; // i n ohms // DC a n a l y s i s // From t h e Thevnin s e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 6.45( a) RB = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n ohms VBB = VCC * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n v o l t s // From t h e b a s e l o o p IB =( VBB - VBE ) /( RB +(1+ bta ) * RE ) ; // i n a m p e r e s IE =(1+ bta ) * IB ; // i n a m p e r e s re = VT / IE ; // i n ohms
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 // AC a n a l y s i s 24 Ri = bta * re +(1+ bta ) * RE ; // i n ohms 25 Ri_eff = RB * Ri /( RB + Ri ) ; // i n ohms 26 AI = - bta * RB /( RB + bta *( re + RE ) ) ; 27 AV = - RC / RE ; 28 Ri_eff = Ri_eff *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms 29 disp ( Ri_eff , Ri , e f f ( k ) = ) ; 30 disp ( %inf , Ro = ) ; 31 disp ( AI , AI = ) ; 32 disp ( AV , AVs = ) ;
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Chapter 7 Field Eect Transistors Characteristics and Biasing
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Transfer curve of FET // Example 7 . 1 : T r a n s f e r c u r v e clc , clear IDSS =12; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s VP = -5; // i n v o l t s // P l o t t i n g t r a n s f e r c u r v e VGS =[0: -0.01: VP ]; // Gate s o u r c e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // U s i n g S h o c k l e y s e q u a t i o n ID = IDSS *(1 - VGS / VP ) ^2; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n m i l i amperes 9 plot ( VGS , ID ) ; 10 xtitle ( T r a n s f e r Curve , VGS (V) , ID (mA) ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 7.2 NMOS transistor
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Figure 7.1: Transfer curve of FET

1 // Example 7 . 2 : ( a ) R e g i o n o f o p e r a t i o n 2 // ( b ) Region o f o p e r a t i o n 3 // ( c ) Region o f o p e r a t i o n 4 clc , clear 5 VT =2; // i n v o l t s 6 VGS =3; // i n v o l t s 7 disp ( VGS - VT , VGS VT (V) ) ; 8 9 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 10 disp (0.5 , VDS (V) = ) ; 11 disp ( S i n c e VDS < VGS VT, t h e r e f o r e t r a n s i s t o r
is
i n ohmic r e g i o n . ) ;
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disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; disp (1 , VDS (V) = ) ; disp ( S i n c e VDS = VGS VT, t h e r e f o r e t r a n s i s t o r i n s a t u r a t i o n r e g i o n . ); disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 95
is
18 19
disp (5 , VDS (V) = ) ; disp ( S i n c e VDS > VGS VT, t h e r e f o r e t r a n s i s t o r i n s a t u r a t i o n r e g i o n . );
is
Scilab code Exa 7.3 n channel JFET

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// Example 7 . 3 : IDQ , VDSQ clc , clear IDSS =12; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s VP = -4; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 7 . 2 8 VDD =12; // i n v o l t s RD =1.2; // i n k i l o ohms // S i n c e IG=0 VGS = -1.5; // i n v o l t s // U s i n g S h o c k l e y s e q u a t i o n ID = IDSS *(1 - VGS / VP ) ^2; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n m i l i amperes 12 VDS = VDD - ID * RD ; // i n v o l t s 13 disp ( ID , IDQ (mA) = ) ; 14 disp ( VDS , VDSQ (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Self bias conguration

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// Example 7 . 4 : VDSQ, IDSQ , VD, VS clc , clear IDSS =6 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s VP = -6; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 7 . 3 1 VDD =12; // i n v o l t s RD =2.2 e3 ; // i n ohms 96
Figure 7.2: Self bias conguration

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RS =1.6 e3 ; // i n ohms // P l o t t i n g t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s VGS =[0: -0.01: VP ]; // Gate s o u r c e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // U s i n g S h o c k l e y s e q u a t i o n ID = IDSS *(1 - VGS / VP ) ^2; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s ID = ID *1 e3 ; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s plot ( VGS , ID ) ; xtitle ( T r a n s f e r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , VGS (V) , ID (mA) ); // P l o t t i n g b i a s l i n e // From g a t e s o u r c e c i r c u i t ID = - VGS / RS ; // S o u r c e c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s ID = ID *1 e3 ; // S o u r c e c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s plot ( VGS , ID , RED ) ; // I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i t h t h e bias curve // P u t t i n g VGS = ID RS i n S h o c k l e y s e q u a t i o n and s o l v i n g , we g e t ID 2 RS2 + ( 2 RS VP VP2/ IDSS ) ID + VP2
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Figure 7.3: Operating point

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// S o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n p_eq = poly ([ VP ^2 (2* RS * VP - VP ^2/ IDSS ) RS ^2] , x , c o e f f ); p_roots = roots ( p_eq ) ; IDQ = p_roots (1) ; // i n a m p e r e s // W r i t i n g t h e KVL f o r t h e o u t p u t l o o p VDSQ = VDD - IDQ *( RD + RS ) ; // i n v o l t s VS = IDQ * RS ; // i n v o l t s VD = VDSQ + VS ; // i n v o l t s IDQ = IDQ *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( VDSQ , VDSQ (V) = ) ; disp ( IDQ , IDQ (mA) = ) ; disp ( VD , VD (V) = ) ; disp ( VS , VS (V) = ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 7.5 Operating point

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// Example 7 . 5 : O p e r a t i n g p o i n t clc , clear VP = -5; // i n v o l t s IDSS =12 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s // From F i g . 7 . 3 4 ( a ) VDD =18; // i n v o l t s R1 =400; // i n k i l o ohms R2 =90; // i n k i l o ohms RD =2 e3 ; // i n ohms RS =2 e3 ; // i n ohms // A p p l y i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m t o o b t a i n s i m p l i f i e d c i r c u i t in Fig . 7 . 3 4 ( b ) VGG = VDD * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n v o l t s // P l o t t i n g t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s VGS =[ VGG : -0.01: VP ]; // Gate s o u r c e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s // U s i n g S h o c k l e y s e q u a t i o n ID = IDSS *(1 - VGS / VP ) ^2; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s ID = ID *1 e3 ; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s plot2d ( VGS , ID , rect =[ -5 ,0 ,3 ,12]) ; xtitle ( T r a n s f e r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , VGS (V) , ID (mA) ); // P l o t t i n g b i a s l i n e // From t h e KVL f o r t h e g a t e l o o p ID =( - VGS + VGG ) / RS ; // S o u r c e c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s ID = ID *1 e3 ; // S o u r c e c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s plot ( VGS , ID , RED ) ; // I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t r a n s f e r c u r v e w i t h t h e b i a s curve // P u t t i n g VGS = VGG ID RS i n S h o c k l e y s e q u a t i o n and s o l v i n g , we g e t // ID 2 RS2 + ( 2 RS VP 2 VGG RS VP2/ IDSS ) ID + (VGG VP) 2 // S o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n p_eq = poly ([( VGG - VP ) ^2 (2* RS * VP -2* VGG * RS - VP ^2/ IDSS ) RS ^2] , x , c o e f f ) ; p_roots = roots ( p_eq ) ; 99
Figure 7.4: n channel enhancement type MOSFET

31 IDQ = p_roots (1) ; // i n a m p e r e s 32 // W r i t i n g t h e KVL f o r t h e d r a i n s o u r c e l o o p 33 VDSQ = VDD - IDQ *( RD + RS ) ; // i n v o l t s 34 IDQ = IDQ *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 35 disp ( VDSQ , VDSQ (V) = ) ; 36 disp ( IDQ , IDQ (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.6 n channel enhancement type MOSFET

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// Example 7 . 6 : VDSQ, IDQ clc , clear ID =6 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s VGS =8; // i n v o l t s VT =3; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 7 . 3 7 ( a ) 100
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VDD =12; // i n v o l t s RD =2 e3 ; // i n ohms // P l o t t i n g t r a n s f e r c u r v e k = ID /( VGS - VT ) ^2; // i n a m p e r e s p e r v o l t s q u a r e VGS =[3:0.01: VDD ]; // Gate s o u r c e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s ID = k *( VGS - VT ) ^2; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s ............ (i) ID = ID *1 e3 ; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s plot ( VGS , ID ) ; xtitle ( T r a n s f e r Curve , VGS (V) , ID (mA) ) ; // P l o t t i n g b i a s l i n e // From t h e s i m p l i f i e d dc e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 7.37(b) VGS =[0:0.01: VDD ]; // Gate s o u r c e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s ID =( VDD - VGS ) / RD ; // S o u r c e c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s ID = ID *1 e3 ; // S o u r c e c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s plot ( VGS , ID , RED ) ; // I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t r a n s f e r c u r v e w i t h t h e b i a s curve // P u t t i n g VGS = VDD ID RD i n e q u a t i o n ( i ) and s o l v i n g , we g e t ID 2 RD2 + ( 2 RDVT 2 VDDRD 1/ k ) ID + (VDD VT) 2 // S o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n p_eq = poly ([( VDD - VT ) ^2 (2* RD * VT -2* VDD * RD -1/ k ) RD ^2] , x , c o e f f ) ; p_roots = roots ( p_eq ) ; IDQ = p_roots (1) ; // i n a m p e r e s VGSQ = VDD - IDQ * RD ; // i n v o l t s IDQ = IDQ *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( VGSQ , VDSQ (V) = ) ; disp ( IDQ , IDQ (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Operating point of MOSFET 101
Figure 7.5: Operating point of MOSFET

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// Example 7 . 7 : IDQ , VDSQ, VGSQ clc , clear ID =5 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s VGS =6; // i n v o l t s VT =3; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 7 . 3 9 ( a ) VDD =24; // i n v o l t s R1 =10; // i n megaohms R2 =6.8; // i n megaohms RD =2.2 e3 ; // i n ohms RS =0.75 e3 ; // i n ohms // A p p l y i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m t o o b t a i n s i m p l i f i e d c i r c u i t in Fig . 7 . 3 9 ( b ) VGG = VDD * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n v o l t s // P l o t t i n g t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s k = ID /( VGS - VT ) ^2; // i n a m p e r e s p e r v o l t s q u a r e VGS =[3:0.01: VGG ]; // Gate s o u r c e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s ID = k *( VGS - VT ) ^2; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s ............ (i)
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18 ID = ID *1 e3 ; // D r a i n c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s 19 plot ( VGS , ID ) ; 20 xtitle ( T r a n s f e r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , VGS (V) , ID (mA)
);
21 // P l o t t i n g b i a s l i n e 22 VGS =[0:0.01: VGG ]; // Gate s o u r c e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 23 // W r i t i n g KVL f o r t h e g a t e s o u r c e l o o p 24 ID =( VGG - VGS ) / RS ; // S o u r c e c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s 25 ID = ID *1 e3 ; // S o u r c e c u r r e n t i n m i l i a m p e r e s 26 plot ( VGS , ID , RED ) ; 27 // I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t r a n s f e r c u r v e w i t h t h e b i a s 28
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
curve // P u t t i n g VGS = VGG ID RD i n e q u a t i o n ( i ) and s o l v i n g , we g e t ID 2 RS2 + ( 2 RS VT 2 VGG RS 1/ k ) ID + (VGG VT) 2 // S o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n p_eq = poly ([( VGG - VT ) ^2 (2* RS * VT -2* VGG * RS -1/ k ) RS ^2] , x , c o e f f ) ; p_roots = roots ( p_eq ) ; IDQ = p_roots (1) ; // i n a m p e r e s VGSQ = VGG - IDQ * RS ; // i n v o l t s // From t h e o u t p u t c i r c u i t VDSQ = VDD - IDQ *( RD + RS ) ; // i n v o l t s IDQ = IDQ *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s disp ( IDQ , IDQ (mA) = ) ; disp ( VDSQ , VDSQ (V) = ) ; disp ( VGSQ , VGSQ (V) = ) ;
103
Chapter 8 FET Ampliers
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Transconductance

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 8 . 1 : gm clc , clear IDSS =12; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s Vp = -5; // i n v o l t s VGS = -1.5; // i n v o l t s gmo =2* IDSS / abs ( Vp ) ; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s gm = gmo *(1 - VGS / Vp ) ; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s disp ( gm , gm (mS) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.2 Fixed bias CS amplier

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 8 . 2 : V o l t a g e g a i n clc , clear gm =2; // i n m i l i ampere p e r v o l t rd =10; // i n k i l o ohms // From F i g . 8 . 7 RD_eff =10*10/(10+10) ; // i n k i l o ohms AV = - gm * rd * RD_eff /( rd + RD_eff ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n disp ( AV , V o l t a g e g a i n = ) ; 104
Scilab code Exa 8.3 Self bias CS amplier

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
// Example 8 . 3 : gm , , Ri , Ro , AV clc , clear VGSQ = -2.6; // i n v o l t s IDSS =8; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s Vp = -6; // i n v o l t s rd =50; // i n k i l o ohms // From F i g . 8 . 1 1 RD =3.3; // i n k i l o ohms RG =1; // i n megaohms RS =1; // i n k i l o ohms gmo =2* IDSS / abs ( Vp ) ; // i n m i l i ampere p e r v o l t gm = gmo *(1 - VGSQ / Vp ) ; // i n m i l i ampere p e r v o l t mu = rd * gm ; // Ro =( rd +(1+ mu ) * RS ) * RD /( RD + rd +(1+ mu ) * RS ) ; // i n k i l o ohms AV = - mu * RD /( RD + rd +(1+ mu ) * RS ) ; disp ( gm , gm (mA/V) = ) ; disp ( mu , = ) ; disp ( RG , Ri ( M ) = ) ; disp ( Ro , Ro ( k ) = ) ; disp ( AV , AV = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.4 JFET source follower

1 // Example 8 . 4 : AV, Ri , Ro 2 clc , clear 3 IDSS =16; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 4 Vp = -4; // i n v o l t s 5 rd =40; // i n k i l o ohms
105
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
// From F i g . 8 . 1 4 RS =2.2; // i n k i l o ohms // U s i n g dc a n a l y s i s VGSQ = -2.8; // i n v o l t s gmo =2* IDSS / abs ( Vp ) ; // i n m i l i ampere p e r v o l t gm = gmo *(1 - VGSQ / Vp ) ; // i n m i l i ampere p e r v o l t mu = rd * gm ; // A m p l i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r AV = mu * RS /( rd +(1+ mu ) * RS ) ; Ri =10; // i n megaohms Ro = rd * RS /( rd +(1+ mu ) * RS ) ; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( AV , AV = ) ; disp ( Ri , Ri ( M ) = ) ; disp ( Ro , Ro ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.5 Common gate JFET amplier

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
// Example 8 . 5 : AV, Ri , Ro clc , clear VGSQ = -1.8; // i n v o l t s rd =40; // i n k i l o ohms IDSS =8; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s Vp = -2.8; // i n v o l t s // From F i g . 8 . 1 6 RD =3.3; // i n k i l o ohms RS =1.5; // i n k i l o ohms gmo =2* IDSS / abs ( Vp ) ; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s gm = gmo *(1 - VGSQ / Vp ) ; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s mu = rd * gm ; // A m p l i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r AV =(1+ mu ) * RD /( rd + RD ) ; Ri_dash =( RD + rd ) /(1+ mu ) ; // i n k i l o ohms Ri = Ri_dash * RS /( Ri_dash + RS ) ; // i n k i l o ohms Ro = rd * RD /( rd + RD ) ; disp ( AV , AV = ) ; disp ( Ri , Ri ( k ) = ) ; disp ( Ro , Ro ( k ) = ) ; 106
Scilab code Exa 8.6 E MOSFET amplier

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
// Example 8 . 6 : gm , Ri , Ro , AV clc , clear VGSQ =8; // i n v o l t s VT =3; // i n v o l t s k =0.3 e -3; // From F i g . 8 . 1 8 RF =10 e6 ; // i n ohms RD =2.2 e3 ; // i n ohms gm =2* k *( VGSQ - VT ) ; // i n S i e m e n s Ri = RF /(1+ gm * RD ) ; // i n ohms Ro = RF * RD /( RF + RD ) ; // i n ohms AV = - gm * Ro ; gm = gm *1 e3 ; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s Ri = Ri *1 e -6; // i n megaohms Ro = Ro *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( gm , gm (mS) = ) ; disp ( AV , AV = ) ; disp ( Ri , Ri ( M ) = ) ; disp ( Ro , Ro ( k ) = ) ;
107
Chapter 9 Multistage Ampliers
Scilab code Exa 9.1 CE CC conguration

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
// Exmaple 9 . 1 : O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n , O v e r a l l current gain clc , clear bta =100; r_pi =0.5; // i n k i l o ohms // From F i g . 9 . 4 Rs =2; // i n k i l o ohms RC =2; // i n k i l o ohms RE =5; // i n k i l o ohms // As t h e f i r s t s t a g e i a a CE a m p l i f i e r s t a g e AV1 = - bta * RC /( Rs + r_pi ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f f i r s t amplifier // The s e c o n d s t a g e i s a CC a m p l i f i e r AV2 =(1+ bta ) * RE /( Rs + r_pi +(1+ bta ) * RE ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n of second a m p l i f i e r AV = AV1 * AV2 ; // O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n AI = Rs * AV / RE ; // O v e r a l l c u r r e n t g a i n disp ( AV , O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n = ) ; disp ( AI , O v e r a l l c u r r e n t g a i n = ) ;
108
Scilab code Exa 9.2 Two stage amplier

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
// Example 9 . 2 : O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n , C u r r e n t g a i n , I n p u t impedance , Output i m p e d a n c e clc , clear bta =100; VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s // From F i g . 9 . 7 R1 =22; // i n k i l o ohms R2 =3.3; // i n k i l o ohms RC1 =6; // i n k i l o ohms RE1 =0.5; // i n k i l o ohms R3 =16; // i n k i l o ohms R4 =6.2; // i n k i l o ohms RC2 =2; // i n k i l o ohms RE2 =1; // i n k i l o ohms RL =10; // i n k i l o ohms
// DC a n a l y s i s // From s i m p l i f i e d dc e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t f o r s t a g e 1 in Fig . 9 . 8 ( a ) RB1 = R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n k i l o ohms VBB1 =15* R2 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // i n v o l t s IB1 =( VBB1 - VBE ) /( RB1 +(1+ bta ) * RE1 ) ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IC1 = bta * IB1 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s gm1 = IC1 / VT ; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s r_pi1 = bta / gm1 ; // i n k i l o ohms // From s i m p l i f i e d dc e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t f o r s t a g e 2 in Fig . 9 . 8 ( b ) 109
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
RB2 = R3 * R4 /( R3 + R4 ) ; // i n k i l o ohms VBB2 =15* R4 /( R3 + R4 ) ; // i n v o l t s IB2 =( VBB2 - VBE ) /( RB2 +(1+ bta ) * RE2 ) ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s IC2 = bta * IB2 ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s gm2 = IC2 / VT ; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s r_pi2 = bta / gm2 ; // i n k i l o ohms
// AC a n a l y s i s
// A p p l y i n g Thevnin t h e o r e m a t 1 1 i n a c e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t in Fig . 9 . 9 to obtain e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f s t a g e 1 in Fig . 9 . 1 0 ( a ) 40 RL1 = RC1 * RB2 /( RC1 + RB2 ) ; // E f f e c t i v e l o a d f o r f i r s t s t a g e i n k i l o ohms 41 AV1 = - bta * RL1 / r_pi1 ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f f i r s t s t a g e
42 43
// U s i n g t h e Thevnin s e q u i v a l e n t o f f i r s t s t a g e t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f s e c o n d s t a g e i s shown i n Fig . 9 . 1 0 ( b ) 44 RL2 = RC2 * RL /( RC2 + RL ) ; // E f f e c t i v e l o a d f o r s e c o n d s t a g e i n k i l o ohms 45 AV2 = - bta * RL2 /( RL1 + r_pi2 ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f s e c o n d stage
46 47 Io_Ic2 = - RC2 /( RC2 + RL ) ; // I o / I c 2 48 Ic2_Ib2 = - bta ; // I c 2 / I b 2 49 // From s i m p l i f i e d d i a g r a m i n F i g . 9 . 1 1 50 Ib2_Ic1 = - RL1 /( RL1 + r_pi2 ) ; // I b 2 / I c 1 51 Ic1_Ib1 = - bta ; // I c 1 / I b 1 52 Ib1_Ii = RB1 /( RB1 + r_pi1 ) ; // I b 1 / I i 53 54 AV = AV1 * AV2 ; // O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n 55 AI = Io_Ic2 * Ic2_Ib2 * Ib2_Ic1 * Ic1_Ib1 * Ib1_Ii ; // O v e r a l l
current gain
56 Ri = RB1 * r_pi1 /( RB1 + r_pi1 ) ; // I n p u t i m p e d a n c e i n k i l o
ohms 57 Ro = RC2 * RL /( RC2 + RL ) ; // Output i m p e d a n c e i n k i l o ohms 110
58 59 60 61
disp ( AV , O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n = ) ; disp ( AI , O v e r a l l c u r r e n t g a i n = ) ; disp ( Ri , Imput i m p e d a n c e ( k ) = ) ; disp ( Ro , Output i m p e d a n c e ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.3 CC CE composite pair

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// Example 9 . 3 : V o l t a g e g a i n clc , clear bta =150; VA =130; // i n v o l t s IC =100; // i n micro a m p e r e s Rs =50; // i n k i l o ohms RC =250; // i n k i l o ohms VT =25; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n m i l i v o l t s gm = IC / VT ; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s ro = VA / IC ; // i n Megaohms ro = ro *1 e3 ; // i n k i l o ohms r_pi = bta / gm ; // i n k i l o ohms // From a c e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f t h e f i r s t CC s t a g e using hybrid model i n F i g . 9 . 1 3 ( a ) // V o l t a g e g a i n o f CC s t a g e AV1 =(1+ bta ) * ro /( Rs + r_pi +(1+ bta ) * ro ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n of f i r s t stage Ro1 =( Rs + r_pi ) /(1+ bta ) ; // i n k i l o ohms Ro1_dash = ro * Ro1 /( ro + Ro1 ) ; // i n k i l o ohms // From t h e a c e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f s e c o n d s t a g e i n Fig . 9 . 1 3 ( b ) RL = ro * RC /( ro + RC ) ; // E f f e c t i v e l o a d f o r s e c o n d s t a g e i n k i l o ohms AV2 = - bta * RL /( Ro1_dash + r_pi ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f second stage AV = AV1 * AV2 ; // O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n disp ( AV , V o l t a g e g a i n = ) ; 111
Scilab code Exa 9.4 FET cascade

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 disp ( P a r t ( i ) ) ; 10 AV1 = - gm * RD ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f b o t h i n d i v i d u a l 11 12 13 14 15 16 disp ( P a r t ( i i ) ) ; 17 Vi =10; // i n m i l i v o l t s 18 RD_dash = RD *10/( RD +10) ; // E f f e c t i v e
// Example 9 . 4 : ( i ) V o l t a g e g a i n , I n p u t impedance , Output i m p e d a n c e // ( i i ) Output v o l t a g e clc , clear gm =2.5; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s // From F i g . 9 . 1 4 ( a ) RG =3; // i n Megaohms RD =2.2; // i n k i l o ohms
stages AV = AV1 ^2; // O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n disp ( AV , V o l t a g e g a i n = ) ; disp ( RG , I n p u t i m p e d a n c e ( M ) = ) ; disp ( RD , Output i m p e d a n c e ( k ) = ) ;
load of secong
s t a g e i n k i l o ohms
19 // Now t h e g a i n o f s e c o n d s t a g e 20 AV2 = - gm * RD_dash ; 21 AV = AV1 * AV2 ; // O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n 22 Vo = Vi * AV ; // Output v o l t a g e i n m i l i v o l t s 23 disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e (mV) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Three stage amplier
112
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
// Example 9 . 5 : ( i ) Gain o f // ( i i ) Overall // ( i i i ) Output clc , clear gm =1 // i n m i l i mho rd =40; // i n k i l o ohms // From F i g . 9 . 1 4 ( b ) RD1 =40 // i n k i l o ohms RS1 =2 // i n k i l o ohms RD2 =10 // i n k i l o ohms RS3 =5 // i n k i l o ohms mu = rd * gm ; // A m p l i f i c a t i o n
each s t a g e voltage gain r e s i s t a n c e Ro
factor
disp ( P a r t ( i ) ) ; AV1 = - mu * RD1 /( rd + RD1 +(1+ mu ) * RS1 ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f f i r s t s t a g e ( CS a m p l i f i e r w i t h RS1 ) AV2 = - mu * RD2 /( rd + RD2 ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f s e c o n d s t a g e ( CS a m p l i f i e r s t a g e ) AV3 = mu * RS3 /( rd +(1+ mu ) * RS3 ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f t h i r d s t a g e (CD a m p l i f i e r s t a g e ) disp ( AV1 , V o l t a g e g a i n o f f i r s t s t a g e ( CS a m p l i f i e r w i t h RS1 ) = ) ; disp ( AV2 , V o l t a g e g a i n o f s e c o n d s t a g e ( CS a m p l i f i e r s t a g e ) = ) ; disp ( AV3 , V o l t a g e g a i n o f t h i r d s t a g e (CD a m p l i f i e r s t a g e ) = ) ;
21 22 disp ( P a r t ( i i ) ) ; 23 AV = AV1 * AV2 * AV3 ; // O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n 24 disp ( AV , O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n = ) ; 25 26 disp ( P a r t ( i i i ) ) ; 27 // L a s t s t a g e i s a CD a m p l i f i e r , t h e r e f o r e 28 Ro = rd /(1+ mu ) ; // i n k i l o ohms 29 Ro_dash = Ro * RS3 /( Ro + RS3 ) ; // i n k i l o ohms 30 disp ( Ro_dash , Output r e s i s t a n c e ( k ) = ) ;
113
Scilab code Exa 9.6 FET and BJT cascade

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
// Example 9 . 6 : I n p u t impedance , Output impedance , Voltage gain clc , clear gm =2.5; // i n m i l i S i e m e n s r_pi =1.3; // i n k i l o ohms bta =200; // From F i g . 9 . 1 4 ( c ) Ri2 =15*4.7*1.3/(15*4.7+ 15*1.3+4.7*1.3) ; // I n p u t i m p e d a n c e o f s e c o n d s t a g e i n k i l o ohms RD_dash =1.8* Ri2 /(1.8+ Ri2 ) ; // E f f e c t i v e l o a d f o r t h e f i r s t s t a g e i n k i l o ohms AV1 = - gm * RD_dash ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f t h e l o a d e d 1 s t stage AV2 = - bta *2.7/ r_pi ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f t h e 2 nd s t a g e AV = AV1 * AV2 ; // O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n disp (10 , I n p u t i m p e d a n c e ( M ) = ) ; disp (2.7 , Output i m p e d a n c e ( k ) = ) ; disp ( AV , V o l t a g e g a i n = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.7 Darlington emitter follower

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 9 . 7 : AV, Ri , Ro clc , clear RE =0.5; // i n k i l o ohms Rs =50; // i n k i l o ohms Ic1 =15 e -3; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s Ic2 =1; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s VA =100; // i n v o l t s bta =150;
114
9 VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s // For Q1 gm1 = Ic1 / VT ; // i n m i l i mho r_pi1 = bta / gm1 ; // i n k i l o ohms ro1 = VA / Ic1 ; // i n k i l o ohms // For Q2 gm2 = Ic2 / VT ; // i n m i l i mho r_pi2 = bta / gm2 ; // i n k i l o ohms ro2 = VA / Ic2 ; // i n k i l o ohms // From a c e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 9 . 1 7 RE2 = ro2 * RE /( ro2 + RE ) ; // E f f e c t i v e l o a d f o r s t a g e Q2 i n k i l o ohms Ri2 = r_pi2 +(1+ bta ) * RE2 ; // I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e f o r s e c o n d s t a g e i n k i l o ohms AV2 =(1+ bta ) * RE2 / Ri2 ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f t h e s e c o n d stage RE1 = ro1 * Ri2 /( ro1 + Ri2 ) ; // E f f e c t i v e l o a d f o r t h e f i r s t s t a g e i n k i l o ohms Ri1 = r_pi1 +(1+ bta ) * RE1 ; // I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e f o r f i r s t s t a g e i n k i l o ohms AV1 =(1+ bta ) * RE1 / Ri1 ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f f i r s t s t a g e AV = AV1 * AV2 ; // O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n Ro = ro2 *( r_pi2 + ro1 ) /( ro2 *(1+ bta ) + r_pi2 + ro1 ) ; // Output r e s i s t a n c e i n k i l o ohms Ri1 = Ri1 *1 e -3; // i n Megaohms disp ( AV , AV = ) ; disp ( Ri1 , Ri ( M ) = ) ; disp ( Ro , Ro ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.8 Cascode circuit

1 // Example 9 . 8 : Gain 2 clc , clear 3 IC =1; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s
115
4 bta =120; 5 VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s // From F i g . 9 . 2 0 RC =6; // i n k i l o ohms AV1 = -1; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f CE s t a g e ( from Eqn . 9 . 3 5 ) gm = IC / VT ; // i n m i l i mho AV2 = gm * RC ; // V o l t a g e g a i n o f CB s t a g e AV = AV1 * AV2 ; // O v e r a l l v o l t a g e g a i n disp ( AV , Gain = ) ;
116
Chapter 10 Frequency Response of Ampliers
Scilab code Exa 10.1 Bode plots

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
// Example 1 0 . 1 : A s y m p t o t i c m a g n i t u d e and p h a s e response curves clc , clear w =[0:70]; // A s y m p t o t i c m a g n i t u d e r e s p o n s e c u r v e for i =1: length ( w ) a ( i ) =32; if w ( i ) <10 then b ( i ) =0; c ( i ) =0; elseif w ( i ) <50 b ( i ) =14*( w ( i ) -10) /40; c ( i ) =0; else b ( i ) =20* log10 ( w ( i ) /10) ; 117
Figure 10.1: Bode plots
118
15 c ( i ) = -20* log10 ( w ( i ) /50) ; 16 end 17 end 18 A = a + b + c ; 19 plot2d (w ,A , rect =[0 ,0 ,70 ,50]) ; 20 xtitle ( A s y m p t o t i c m a g n i t u d e r e s p o n s e c u r v e , 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
( rad
/ s e c ) , 20 l o g | A( j ) | i n dB ) ; // A s y m p t o t i c p h a s e r e s p o n s e c u r v e scf (1) ; w =[1:600]; for i =1: length ( w ) if w ( i ) <1 then theta1 ( i ) =0; elseif w ( i ) <5 theta1 ( i ) =31.45*( w ( i ) -1) /4; theta2 ( i ) =0; elseif w ( i ) <100 theta1 ( i ) =45* log10 ( w ( i ) /10) ; theta2 ( i ) = -45* log10 ( w ( i ) /50) ; elseif w ( i ) <500 theta1 ( i ) =90; theta2 ( i ) = -58.55 -31.45*( w ( i ) -100) /400; else theta1 ( i ) =90; theta2 ( i ) = -90; end end theta = theta1 + theta2 ; plot (w , theta ) ; xtitle ( A s y m p t o t i c p h a s e c u r v e r e s p o n s e , ( r a d / s e c ) , ( ) )
119
120
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Bode plots

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
// Example 1 0 . 2 : Bode s p l o t s clc , clear w =[0:0.1:8]; // A s y m p t o t i c m a g n i t u d e r e s p o n s e c u r v e for i =1: length ( w ) a ( i ) =40; if w ( i ) <1.3 then b ( i ) =20* w ( i ) ; c ( i ) =0; d ( i ) =0; e ( i ) =0; elseif w ( i ) <3 b ( i ) =20* w ( i ) ; c ( i ) =20*( w ( i ) -1.3) ; d ( i ) =0; e ( i ) =0; elseif w ( i ) <6 b ( i ) =20* w ( i ) ; c ( i ) =20*( w ( i ) -1.3) ; d ( i ) = -20*( w ( i ) -3) ; e ( i ) =0; else b ( i ) =20* w ( i ) ; c ( i ) =20*( w ( i ) -1.3) ; d ( i ) = -20*( w ( i ) -3) ; e ( i ) = -20*( w ( i ) -6) ; end end A=a+b+c+d+e; plot2d (w ,A , rect =[0 ,0 ,7 ,200]) ; xtitle ( A m p l i t u d e ( Gain ) | A( j ) | i n dB , l o g A( j ) | dB ) ; // A s y m p t o t i c p h a s e r e s p o n s e c u r v e scf (1) ; for i =1: length ( w ) thetab =90; 121
, |
36 if w ( i ) <0.3 then 37 thetac ( i ) =0; 38 thetad ( i ) =0; 39 thetae ( i ) =0; 40 elseif w ( i ) <2 41 thetac ( i ) =45*( w ( i ) -0.3) ; 42 thetad ( i ) =0; 43 thetae ( i ) =0; 44 elseif w ( i ) <2.3 45 thetac ( i ) =45*( w ( i ) -0.3) ; 46 thetad ( i ) = -45*( w ( i ) -2) ; 47 thetae ( i ) =0; 48 elseif w ( i ) <4 49 thetac ( i ) =90; 50 thetad ( i ) = -45*( w ( i ) -2) ; 51 thetae ( i ) =0; 52 elseif w ( i ) <5 53 thetac ( i ) =90; 54 thetad ( i ) = -90; 55 thetae ( i ) =0; 56 elseif w ( i ) <7 57 thetac ( i ) =90; 58 thetad ( i ) = -90; 59 thetae ( i ) = -45*( w ( i ) -5) ; 60 else 61 thetac ( i ) =90; 62 thetad ( i ) = -90; 63 thetae ( i ) = -90; 64 end 65 end 66 theta = thetab + thetac + thetad + thetae ; 67 plot (w , theta ) ; 68 xtitle ( Phase ( ) i n d e g r e e s , l o g 1 0
122
Scilab code Exa 10.3 Pole of transfer function

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
// Example 1 0 . 3 : CS , Z e r o f r e q u e n c y clc , clear gm =1 e -3; // i n mho fL =10; // i n h e r t z // From F i g . 1 0 . 1 0 RS =6 e3 ; // i n ohms I = RS /(1+ RS * gm ) ; // Impedance s e e n by CS CS =1/(2* %pi * fL * I ) ; // i n f a r a d s CS = CS *1 e6 ; // i n micro f a r a d s disp ( CS , CS ( F ) = ) ; disp ( Here a t f = 0 Hz , CS h a s i n f i n i t e ; 12 disp ( T h e r e f o r e , z e r o f r e q u e n c y f z e r o = . e . the voltage t r a n s f e r f unction i s );
i n ohms
r e a c t a n c e . ) 0 Hz h e r e , i z e r o a t DC.
Scilab code Exa 10.4 Low frequency response

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example 1 0 . 4 : fT , f b clc , clear b_o =160; f =50; // i n Mega h e r t z b_jw =8; wb = sqrt ((2* %pi * f ) ^2* b_jw ^2/( b_o ^2 - b_jw ^2) ) ; // i n Megar a d / s e c fb = wb /(2* %pi ) ; // i n Mega h e r t z fT = fb * b_o ; // i n Mega h e r t z disp ( fT , fT (MHz) = ) ; disp ( fb , f b (MHz) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.5 Single pole model 123
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
// Example 1 0 . 5 : C clc , clear IC =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s b_o =120; b_jw =10; f =25 e6 ; // i n h e r t z C_mu =1 e -12; // i n f a r a d s VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s wb = sqrt ((2* %pi * f ) ^2* b_jw ^2/( b_o ^2 - b_jw ^2) ) ; // i n rad / s e c wT = wb * b_o ; // i n h e r t z gm = IC / VT ; // i n mho C_pi = gm / wT - C_mu ; // i n f a r a d s C_pi = C_pi *1 e12 ; // i n p i c o f a r a d s disp ( C_pi , C ( pF ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.7 Upper half power frequency

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
// Example 1 0 . 7 : ( a ) Midband g a i n , Upper h a l f power frequency // (b) Zi clc , clear ICQ =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s RS =300; // i n ohms RC =1.2 e3 ; // i n ohms bta =125; fT =300 e6 ; // i n h e r t z C_mu =0.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s
11 12 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 13 gm = ICQ / VT ; // i n mho 14 r_pi = bta / gm ; // i n ohms
124
15 // To f i n d C p i 16 C_pi = gm /(2* %pi * fT ) - C_mu ; // i n f a r a d s 17 AVo = - bta * RC /( RS + r_pi ) ; // Midband g a i n 18 disp ( AVo , Midband g a i n = ) ; 19 R_pi0 = RS * r_pi /( RS + r_pi ) ; 20 a1 = R_pi0 * C_pi +( R_pi0 + RC *(1+ gm * R_pi0 ) ) * C_mu ; // i n
seconds
21 a2 = R_pi0 * RC * C_pi * C_mu ; // i n s e c o n d s 22 p1 =1/ a1 ; // i n r a d / s e c 23 p2 = a1 / a2 ; // i n r a d / s e c 24 disp ( p2 / p1 , p2 / p1 = ) ; 25 disp ( S i n c e p2 / p1 >> 8 , t h e r e f o r e dominant p o l e
a p p r o x i m a t i o n h o l d s good . ) ; 26 wH = p1 *1 e -6; // i n M r a d / s e c 27 disp ( wH , Upper h a l f power f r e q u e n c y (M r a d / s e c ) = ) ;

28 29 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 30 CM = C_pi + C_mu *(1+ gm * RC ) ; // i n f a r a d s 31 Zi = r_pi /(1+ %i * wH *1 e6 * CM * r_pi ) ; // i n ohms 32 disp ( Zi , Z i ( ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.12 Dominant pole approximation

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// Example 1 0 . 1 2 : ( a ) Approximate v a l u e o f fH // ( b ) Approximate l o c a t i o n o f t h e c l o s e s t nondominant p o l e clc , clear RS =600; // i n ohms RC1 =1.5 e3 ; // i n ohms RC2 =600; // i n ohms r_pi1 =1.2 e3 ; // i n ohms gm1 =0.1; // i n mho C1 =24.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_pi1 = C1 ; // i n f a r a d s C2 =0.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s 125
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
C_mu1 = C2 ; // i n f a r a d s r_pi2 =2.4 e3 ; // i n ohms gm2 =0.05; // i n mho C3 =19.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_pi2 = C3 ; // i n f a r a d s C4 =0.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_mu2 = C4 ; // i n f a r a d s function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction
disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; R11_0 = parallel ( RS , r_pi1 ) ; // i n ohms R33_0 = parallel ( RC1 , r_pi2 ) ; // i n ohms R22_0 = R11_0 *(1+ gm1 * R33_0 ) + R33_0 ; // i n ohms R44_0 = R33_0 *(1+ gm2 * RC2 ) + RC2 ; // i n ohms a1 = R11_0 * C1 + R22_0 * C2 + R33_0 * C3 + R44_0 * C4 ; // i n seconds 30 fH =1/(2* %pi * a1 ) ; // i n h e r t z 31 fH = fH *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z 32 disp ( fH , fH (MHz) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; R33_1 = R33_0 ; // i n ohms R44_1 = R44_0 ; // i n ohms // From F i g . 1 0 . 6 1 ( a ) R22_1 = R33_0 ; // i n ohms // From F i g . 1 0 . 6 1 ( b ) R44_3 = RC2 ; // i n ohms // From F i g . 1 0 . 6 1 ( c ) R33_2 = parallel ( parallel ( r_pi2 , RC2 ) , parallel (1/ gm1 , R11_0 ) ) ; 43 R44_2 = R33_2 *(1+ gm2 * RC2 ) + RC2 ; // i n ohms 44 a2 = R11_0 * C1 * R22_1 * C2 + R11_0 * C1 * R33_1 * C3 + R11_0 * C1 * R44_1 * C4 + R22_0 * C2 * R33_2 * C3 + R22_0 * C2 * R44_2 * C4 + R33_0 * C3 * R44_3 * C4 ; // i n s e c o n d s 45 p2 = a1 / a2 ; 126
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
46 f2 = p2 /(2* %pi ) ; // i n h e r t z 47 f2 = f2 *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z 48 disp ( f2 , Approximate l o c a t i o n
o f t h e c l o s e s t non
dominant p o l e (MHz) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.13 Cascode amplier

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// Example 1 0 . 1 3 : ( a ) fH f o r c a s c o d e a m p l i f i e r // ( b ) fH f o r common e m i t t e r s t a g e clc , clear RC1 =1.5 e3 ; // i n ohms RC2 = RC1 ; RS =300; // i n ohms r_pi =2 e3 ; // i n ohms gm =0.05; // i n mho bta =100; C_pi =19.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_mu =0.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; R_pi1 = RS * r_pi /( RS + r_pi ) ; // i n ohma Ri2 = r_pi /(1+ bta ) ; // i n ohms RL1 = RC1 * Ri2 /( RC1 + Ri2 ) ; // i n ohms a11 = R_pi1 * C_pi +( R_pi1 *(1+ gm * RL1 ) + RL1 ) * C_mu ; // i n seconds a12 = C_pi / gm + C_mu * RC2 ; // i n s e c o n d s a1 = a11 + a12 ; // i n s e c o n d s fH =1/(2* %pi * a1 ) ; // i n h e r t z fH = fH *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z disp ( fH , fH f o r c a s c o d e a m p l i f i e r (MHz) = ) ;
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 25 a1 = R_pi1 * C_pi +( R_pi1 *(1+ gm * RC1 ) + RC1 ) * C_mu ; // i n
seconds
26 fH =1/(2* %pi * a1 ) ; // i n h e r t z
127
27 fH = fH *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z 28 disp ( fH , fH f o r common e m i t t e r
s t a g e (MHz) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.15 Capacitances of transistor

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// Example 1 0 . 1 5 : ( a ) CB and CL // ( b ) Z e r o i n t r o d u c e d by CE clc , clear RE =1.5 e3 ; // i n ohms Rs =600; // i n ohms bta =100; r_pi =1 e3 ; // i n ohms fL =50; // i n h e r t z
disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; fLB = fL /2; // i n h e r t z fLE = fLB ; // i n h e r t z CB =1/(2* %pi * fLB *( Rs + r_pi ) ) ; // i n f a r a d s CB = CB *1 e6 ; // i n micro f a r a d s function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction CE =1/(2* %pi * fLE * parallel ( RE ,( Rs + r_pi ) /(1+ bta ) ) ) ; // in farads 19 CE = CE *1 e6 ; // i n micro f a r a d s 20 disp ( CB , CB ( F ) = ) ; 21 disp ( CE , CE ( F ) = ) ;
22 23 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 24 fE =1 e6 /(2* %pi * RE * CE ) ; // i n h e r t z 25 disp ( fE , fE ( Hz ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.16 Common emitter stage 128
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// Example 1 0 . 1 6 : AVo , fH clc , clear RC =1.5 e3 ; // i n ohms Rs =0.6 e3 ; // i n ohms // From F i g . 1 0 . 6 9 C_pi =19.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s r_pi =1 e3 ; // i n ohms C_mu =0.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s gm =0.1; // i n mho bta = r_pi * gm ; AVo = - bta * RC /( Rs + r_pi ) ; R_pi = Rs * r_pi /( Rs + r_pi ) ; // i n ohms R_mu = R_pi +(1+ gm * R_pi ) * RC ; // i n ohms a1 = R_pi * C_pi + R_mu * C_mu ; // i n s e c o n d s a2 = R_pi * C_pi * R_mu * C_mu ; // i n s e c o n d s p2_pi = a1 ^2/ a2 ; // p2 / p1 disp ( S i n c e p2 / p i >> 8 , t h e r e f o r e dominant p o l e a p p r o x i m a t i o n h o l d s good . ) ; fH =1/(2* %pi * a1 ) ; // i n h e r t z fH = fH *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z disp ( AVo , AVo = ) ; disp ( fH , fH (MHz) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.17 Time constant method

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// Example 1 0 . 1 7 : ( b ) a1 , a2 clc , clear RS =0.3 e3 ; // i n ohms r_pi =2 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =0.6; // i n ohms gm =0.1 e -3; // i n mho C_pi =19.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_mu =0.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s R_pi = RS * r_pi /( RS + r_pi ) ; // i n ohms a1 = C_pi * R_pi + C_mu *( R_pi + RC + gm * R_pi * RC ) ; // i n 129
11 12 13 14
seconds a1 = a1 *1 e9 ; // i n nano s e c o n d s a2 = C_pi * R_pi * C_mu * RC ; // i n s e c o n d s s q u a r e disp ( a1 , a1 ( n s ) = ) ; disp ( a2 , a2 ( s e c s q u a r e ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.18 Gain bandwidth product

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// Example 1 0 . 1 8 : Upper 3 dB f r e q u e n c y clc , clear r_pi1 =1.4 e3 ; // i n ohms r_pi2 =2.8 e3 ; // i n ohms gm1 =0.15; // i n mho gm2 =0.05; // i n mho C_pi1 =20 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_pi2 =25 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_mu1 =0.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_mu2 = C_mu1 // i n f a r a d s bta1 = gm1 * r_pi1 ; bta2 = gm2 * r_pi2 ; // From F i g . 1 0 . 7 1 RS =600; // i n ohms RC1 =1.5 e3 ; // i n ohms RL2 =600; // i n ohms // From a c model i n F i g . 1 0 . 7 2 R_pi1 = RS * r_pi1 /( RS + r_pi1 ) ; // i n ohms RL1 = RC1 * r_pi2 /( RC1 + r_pi2 ) ; // i n ohms R_mu1 = R_pi1 + RL1 + gm1 * RL1 * R_pi1 ; // i n ohms R_pi2 = RL1 ; // i n ohms R_mu2 = R_pi2 + RL2 + gm2 * RL2 * R_pi2 ; // i n ohms a11 = C_pi1 * R_pi1 + C_mu1 * R_mu1 ; // i n s e c o n d s a12 = C_pi2 * R_pi2 + C_mu2 * R_mu2 ; // i n s e c o n d s a1 = a11 + a12 ; // i n s e c o n d s fH1 =1/(2* %pi * a11 ) ; // i n h e r t z fH2 =1/(2* %pi * a12 ) ; // i n h e r t z 130
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
fH =1/(2* %pi * a1 ) ; // i n h e r t z fH1 = fH1 *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z fH2 = fH2 *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z fH = fH *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z AV1 = - bta1 * RC1 /( RS + r_pi1 ) ; // Gain o f f i r s t s t a g e AV2 = - bta2 * RL2 /( RC1 + r_pi2 ) ; // Gain o f s e c o n d s t a g e AV = AV1 * AV2 ; // Gain o f c a s c a d e disp ( fH , Upper 3 dB f r e q u e n c y (MHz) = ) ; disp ( Bandwidth : ) ; disp ( fH1 , S t a g e 1 o n l y (MHz) = ) ; disp ( fH2 , S t a g e 2 o n l y (MHz) = ) ; disp ( fH , C a s c a d e (MHz) = ) ; disp ( Gain : ) ; disp ( abs ( AV1 ) , S t a g e 1 o n l y = ) ; disp ( abs ( AV2 ) , S t a g e 2 o n l y = ) ; disp ( AV , C a s c a d e = ) ; disp ( Gain bandwidth p r o d u c t : ) ; disp ( fH1 * abs ( AV1 ) *1 e6 , S t a g e 1 o n l y (MHz) = ) ; disp ( fH2 * abs ( AV2 ) *1 e6 , S t a g e 2 o n l y (MHz) = ) ; disp ( fH * AV *1 e6 , C a s c a d e (MHz) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.19 Approximation of fH // Example 1 0 . 1 9 : Approximate v a l u e o f fH clc , clear btaf =150; VA =120; // i n v o l t s fT =400 e6 ; // i n h e r t z C_mu =0.5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s ICQ =100 e -6; // i n a m p e r e s RS =50 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =250 e3 ; // i n ohms VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s 11 gm = ICQ / VT ; // i n mho
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
131
12 r_pi = btaf / gm ; // i n ohms 13 ro = VA / ICQ ; // i n ohms 14 C_pi = btaf /(2* %pi * fT * r_pi ) - C_mu ; // i n f a r a d s 15 function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) 16 c = a * b /( a + b ) ; 17 endfunction 18 // From AC model i n F i g . 1 0 . 7 3 19 Ri = r_pi +(1+ btaf ) * parallel ( ro , r_pi ) ; // i n ohms 20 R_mu1 = parallel ( RS , Ri ) ; // i n ohms 21 // From F i g . 1 0 . 7 5 ( b ) 22 R =(50+36.36) /(1+145) ; // i n ohms 23 R_pi1 = parallel ( r_pi , R ) ; // i n ohms 24 R_pi2 = parallel ( r_pi , parallel (( RS + r_pi ) /(1+ btaf ) , ro ) )
; // i n ohms
25 RL = parallel ( ro , RC ) ; // i n ohms 26 R_mu2 = R_pi2 *(1+ gm * RL ) + RL ; // i n ohms 27 a1 = R_mu1 * C_mu + R_pi1 * C_pi + R_pi2 * C_pi + R_mu2 * C_mu ; //
in seconds 28 fH =1/(2* %pi * a1 ) ; // i n h e r t z 29 fH = fH *1 e -3; // i n k i l o h e r t z 30 disp ( fH , Approximate v a l u e o f fH ( kHz ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.20 Low and high 3 dB frequency

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
// Example 1 0 . 2 0 : ( a ) Low 3 dB f r e q u e n c y // ( b ) High 3 dB f r e q u e n c y clc , clear // From F i g . 1 0 . 7 6 C_gd1 =2 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_gs1 =5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s gm1 =10 e -3; // i n mho C1 =1 e -6; // i n f a r a d s C_gd2 =2 e -12; // i n f a r a d s C_gs2 =5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s gm2 =10 e -3; // i n mho 132
12 C2 =10 e -6; // i n f a r a d s 13 // From low f r e q u e n c y e q u i v a l e n t 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
c i c u i t in Fig .
10.77 RS =0.2 e3 ; // i n ohms RG1 =50 e3 ; // i n ohms RS1 =0.25 e3 ; // i n ohms RS2 =0.15 e3 ; // i n ohms RD2 =5 e3 ; // i n ohms R =10 e3 ; // i n ohms C3 =5.3 e -6; // i n f a r a d s function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; // From low f r e q u e n c y e q u i v a l e n t c i c u i t i n F i g . 10.77 tau1 = C1 *( RS + RG1 ) ; // i n s e c o n d s R_22 = RD2 + R ; // i n ohms tau2 = C2 * R_22 ; // i n s e c o n d s R_33 = parallel ( RS2 ,1/ gm2 ) ; // i n ohms tau3 = C3 * R_33 ; // i n ohms fL =(1/ tau1 +1/ tau2 +1/ tau3 ) /(2* %pi ) ; // i n h e r t z disp ( fL , Low 3 dB f r e q u e n c y ( Hz ) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; // From h i g h f r e q u e n c y e q u i v a l e n t c i c u i t i n F i g . 10.78 R_gd1 = parallel ( RS , RG1 ) ; // i n ohms // From F i g . 1 0 . 7 9 R_gs1 =( R_gd1 + RS1 ) /(1+ gm1 * RS1 ) ; // i n ohms R_gs2 = parallel ( RS1 ,1/ gm2 ) ; // i n ohms R_gd2 = R_gs2 + parallel ( RD2 , R ) + R_gs2 * parallel ( RD2 , R ) * gm2 ; // i n ohms a1 = C_gd1 * R_gd1 + C_gs1 * R_gs1 + C_gs2 * R_gs2 + C_gd2 * R_gd2 ; // i n s e c o n d s fH =1/(2* %pi * a1 ) ; // i n h e r t z 133
45 fH = fH *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z 46 disp ( fH , High 3 dB f r e q u e n c y (MHz) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.21 Dominant pole approximation

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// Example 1 0 . 2 1 : ( a ) AVo , Approximate v a l u e o f fH // ( b ) F r e q u e n c y o f t h e n e a r e s t non dominant p o l e clc , clear gm =1 e -3; // i n mho Rd =40 e3 ; // i n ohms Cgs =5 e -12; // i n f a r a d s Cgd =1 e -12; // i n f a r a d s Cds =1 e -12; // i n f a r a d s function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; RS =5 e3 ; // i n ohms RD1 =40 e3 ; // i n ohms RD2 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms // From AC model o f c a s c a d e a m p l i f i e r i n F i g . 1 0 . 8 0 Rds1 =40 e3 ; // i n ohms Rds2 =40 e3 ; // i n ohms R11_0 = RS ; // i n ohms RL1 = parallel ( Rds1 , RD1 ) ; // i n ohms R22_0 = RS + RL1 + gm * RS * RL1 ; // i n ohms R33_0 = RL1 ; // i n ohms RL2 = parallel ( Rds2 , RD2 ) ; // i n ohms R44_0 = RL1 + RL2 + gm * RL1 * RL2 ; // i n ohms R55_0 = RL2 ; // i n ohms C1 = Cgs ; // i n f a r a d s C2 = Cgd ; // i n f a r a d s 134
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34 35 36 37 38 39 40 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 41 R22_1 = RL1 ; // i n ohms 42 R33_1 = RL1 ; // i n ohms 43 R44_1 = R44_0 ; // i n ohms 44 R55_1 = RL2 ; // i n ohms 45 R33_2 = parallel ( RL1 , parallel (1/ gm , RS ) ) ; // i n ohms 46 R44_2 = R33_2 + RL2 + gm * R33_2 * RL2 ; // i n ohms 47 R55_2 = R55_0 ; // i n ohms 48 R44_3 = RL2 ; // i n ohms 49 R55_3 = RL2 ; // i n ohms 50 R55_4 = parallel ( RL1 , parallel (1/ gm , RL2 ) ) ; // i n ohms 51 a2 = R11_0 * C1 *( R22_1 * C2 + R33_1 * C3 + R44_1 * C4 + R55_1 * C5 ) +
C3 = Cds + Cgs ; // i n f a r a d s C4 = Cds ; // i n f a r a d s C5 = Cds ; // i n f a r a d s a1 = C1 * R11_0 + C2 * R22_0 + C3 * R33_0 + C4 * R44_0 + C5 * R55_0 ; // in seconds fH =1/(2* %pi * a1 ) ; // i n h e r t z fH = fH *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z AVo = gm * RL1 * gm * RL2 ; disp ( AVo , AVo = ) ; disp ( fH , Approximate v a l u e o f fH (MHz) = ) ;
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R22_0 * C2 *( R33_2 * C3 + R44_2 * C4 + R55_2 * C5 ) + R33_0 * C3 *( R44_3 * C4 + R55_3 * C5 ) + R44_0 * C4 * R55_4 * C5 ; // i n seconds p2 = a1 / a2 ; f = p2 /(2* %pi ) ; // i n h e r t z f = f *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z disp (f , F r e q u e n c y o f t h e n e a r e s t nondominant p o l e ( MHz) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.23 Time constant method

1
// Example 1 0 . 2 3 : V a l u e o f fH f o r t h e c a s c a d e 135
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
clc , clear bta =100; r_pi1 =0.5 e3 ; // i n ohms r_pi2 =0.5 e3 ; // i n ohms r_pi3 =1 e3 ; // i n ohms fT =200 e6 ; // i n h e r t z C_mu =1 e -12; // i n f a r a d s // From F i g . 1 0 . 8 5 RS =2 e3 ; // i n ohms RE1 =5 e3 ; // i n ohms RC2 =2 e3 ; // i n ohms RC3 =1 e3 ; // i n ohms RE3 =100; // i n ohms function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction // From F i g . 1 0 . 8 6 Ro1 = parallel ( RE1 ,( RS + r_pi1 ) /(1+ bta ) ) ; // i n ohms gm2 = bta / r_pi2 ; // i n mho gm3 = bta / r_pi3 ; // i n mho C_pi2 = bta /(2* %pi * fT * r_pi2 ) - C_mu ; // i n f a r a d s C_pi3 = bta /(2* %pi * fT * r_pi3 ) - C_mu ; // i n f a r a d s // From F i g . 1 0 . 8 7 C1 = C_pi2 ; // i n f a r a d s C2 = C_mu ; // i n f a r a d s C3 = C_pi3 ; // i n f a r a d s C4 = C_mu ; // i n f a r a d s R11_0 = parallel ( Ro1 , r_pi1 ) ; // i n ohms RL1 = parallel ( RC2 , r_pi3 +(1+ bta ) * RE3 ) ; // i n ohms R22_0 = R11_0 + RL1 *(1+ gm2 * R11_0 ) ; // i n ohms // From F i g . 1 0 . 8 8 R_dash =2.1 e3 /(1+10) ; // i n ohms R33_0 = parallel ( RC2 , R_dash ) ; // i n ohms
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40 // From F i g . 1 0 . 8 9 41 R44_0 =(3+2*98/13.1) *1 e3 ; // i n ohms 42 43 a1 = R11_0 * C1 + R22_0 * C2 + R33_0 * C3 + R44_0 * C4 ; // i n
seconds 44 fH =1/(2* %pi * a1 ) ; // i n h e r t z 45 fH = fH *1 e -6; // i n Mega h e r t z 46 disp ( fH , V a l u e o f fH f o r t h e c a s c a d e (MHz) = ) ;
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Chapter 11 Feedback Ampliers
Scilab code Exa 11.1 Feedback network

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// Example 1 1 . 1 : Open l o o p g a i n , Return r a t i o , Reverse transmission of feedback c i r c u i t clc , clear // L e t A be open l o o p g a i n and B be r e t u r n r a t i o // For A, B 10% h i g h e r , 1.1A + 5 5 . 1 1 B = 50.1 // For A, B 10% l o w e r , 0.9A + 4 4 . 9 1 B = 49.9 // S o l v i n g t h e two e q u a t i o n s a =[ -1.1 55.11; -0.9 44.91]; b =[ -50.1; -49.9]; c = inv ( a ) * b ; A = c (1 ,1) ; B = c (2 ,1) ; disp (A , Open l o o p g a i n = ) ; disp (B , Return r a t i o = ) ; disp ( B /A , R e v e r s e t r a n s m i s s i o n of the feedback c i r c u i t = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.2 Amount of feedback 138
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// Example 1 1 . 2 : N e c e s s a r y amount o f f e e d b a c k , Gain without feedback clc , clear // L e t A be g a i n w i t h o u t f e e d b a c k and b be n e c e s s a r y amount o f f e e d b a c k // AOL can assume v a l u e s A, 1 . 1 A, 0 . 9 A, i . e . 10% variation // For AOL = 1 . 1A y i e l d s , 5 0 . 0 1 + 1 . 1A( 5 0 . 0 1 b 1) = 0 // When AOL = 0 . 9 A, 4 9 . 9 9 + 0 . 9A( 4 9 . 9 9 b 1 ) = 0 // S o l v i n g t h e two e q u a t i o n s a =[1.1*50.01 -1.1; 0.9*44.99 -0.9]; b =[ -50.01; -49.99]; c = inv ( a ) * b ; d = c (1 ,1) ; // A b A = c (2 ,1) ; b=d/A; disp (b , N e c e s s a r y amount o f f e e d b a c k = ) ; disp (A , Gain w i t h o u t f e e d b a c k = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.3 Second harmonic distortion

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// Example 1 1 . 3 : ( a ) Output v o l t a g e // ( b) Input v o l t a g e clc , clear B1 =36; // Fundamental o u t p u t i n v o l t s B2 =7* B1 /100; // Second h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n i n v o l t s Vs =0.028; // I n p u t i n v o l t s A = B1 / Vs ; // Gain
disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; b =1.2/100; // Amount o f f e e d b a c k i n v o l t s B1f = B1 /(1+ b * A ) ; // Fundamental o u t p u t w i t h f e e d b a c k in volts 12 B2f = B2 /(1+ b * A ) ; // Second h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n w i t h 139
feedback in volts 13 disp ( B1f , Fundamental o u t p u t w i t h f e e d b a c k (V) = ) ; 14 disp ( B2f , Second h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n w i t h f e e d b a c k ( V) = ) ;

15 16 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 17 B1f =36; // Fundamental o u t p u t w i t h f e e d b a c k i n v o l t s 18 B2f =1* B1f /100; // Second h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n w i t h
feedback in volts
19 T = B2 / B2f -1; // Return r a t i o 20 AF = A /(1+ T ) ; // Feed back g a i n 21 Vs = B1f / AF ; // I n p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 22 disp ( Vs , I n p u t v o l t a g e (V) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.4 Closed loop parameters // Example 1 1 . 4 : C l o s e d l o o p p a r a m e t e r s clc , clear Av =1000; bta =0.01; Zin =1; // i n k i l o ohms Zo =420; // i n ohms fL =1.5; // i n k i l o h e r t z fH =501.5; // i n k i l o h e r t z disp ( C l o s e d l o o p p a r a m e t e r s : ) ; T = Av * bta ; // Return r a t i o // From F i g . 1 1 . 1 8 Af = Av /(1+ T ) ; // C l o s e d l o o p g a i n Zif = Zin *(1+ T ) ; // C l o s e d l o o p i n p u t i m p e d a n c e i n k i l o ohms 14 Zof = Zo /(1+ T ) ; // C l o s e d l o o p o u t p u t i m p e d a n c e i n ohms 15 fLf = fL /(1+ T ) ; // C l o s e d l o o p l o w e r 3 dB f r e q u e n c y i n k i l o h e r t z 16 fHf = fH *(1+ T ) ; // C l o s e d l o o p u p p e r 3 dB f r e q u e n c y i n
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140
17 18 19 20 21
k i l o h e r t z disp ( Af , Gain = ) ; disp ( Zif , I n p u t i m p e d a n c e ( k ) = ) ; disp ( Zof , Output i m p e d a n c e ( ) = ) ; disp ( fLf , Lower 3 dB f r e q u e n c y ( kHz ) = ) ; disp ( fHf , Upper 3 dB f r e q u e n c y ( kHz ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.5 Noise reduction

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// Example 1 1 . 5 : Output s i g n a l v o l t a g e , Output n o i s e v o l t a g e , Improvement i n S /N r a t i o clc , clear A1 =1; Vs =1; // i n v o l t s Vn =1; // i n v o l t s A2 =100; bta =1; Vos = Vs * A1 * A2 /(1+ bta * A1 * A2 ) ; // Output s i g n a l v o l t a g e in volts Von = Vn * A1 /(1+ bta * A1 * A2 ) ; // Output n o i s e v o l t a g e i n volts SNRi =20* log10 ( Vs / Vn ) ; // I n p u t S /N r a t i o i n dB SNRo =20* log10 ( Vos / Von ) ; // Output S /N r a t i o i n dB SNR = SNRo - SNRi ; // Improvement i n S/N r a i o i n dB disp ( Vos , Output s i g n a l v o l t a g e (V) = ) ; disp ( Von , Output n o i s e v o l t a g e (V) = ) ; disp ( SNR , Improvement i n S/N r a t i o ( dB ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.6 Non inverting conguration

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// Example 1 1 . 6 : ( b ) R2/R1 // ( c ) Amount o f f e e d b a c k i n d e c i b e l s // ( d ) Vo , Vf , Vi 141
disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; dB =20* log10 (1+ A * bta ) ; // Amount o f f e e d b a c k i n decibels 16 disp ( dB , Amount o f f e e d b a c k ( dB ) = ) ;

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// clc , clear
( e ) D e c r e a s e i n Af
disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; A =1 e4 ; Af =10; bta =( A / Af -1) / A ; // Fee dback f a c t o r R2_R1 =1/ bta -1; // R2/R1 disp ( R2_R1 , R2/R1 = ) ;
disp ( P a r t ( d ) ) ; Vs =1; // i n v o l t s Vo = Af * Vs ; // i n v o l t s Vf = bta * Vo ; // i n v o l t s Vi = Vs - Vf ; // i n v o l t s disp ( Vo , Vo (V) = ) ; disp ( Vf , Vf (V) = ) ; disp ( Vi , Vi (V) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( e ) ) ; A =80* A /100; // D e c r e a s e d A Af_dash = A /(1+ A * bta ) ; // D e c r e a s e d Af C =( Af - Af_dash ) *100/ Af ; // P e r c e n t a g e d e c r e a s e i n Af disp (C , P e r c e n t a g e d e c r e a s e i n Af (%) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.7 Upper 3 dB frequency // Example 1 1 . 7 : Low f r e q u e n c y g a i n , Upper 3 dB frequency 2 clc , clear
1
142
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// Without f e e d b a c k AM =1 e4 ; // Low f r e q u e n c y v a l u e s o f A wH =100; // Upper 3 dB f r e q u e n c y i n h e r t z // With f e e d b a c k R1 =1; // i n k i l o ohms R2 =9; // i n k i l o ohms bta = R1 /( R1 + R2 ) ; // Fee dback f a c t o r AfM = AM /(1+ bta * AM ) ; // Low f r e q u e n c y g a i n wHf = wH *(1+ bta * AM ) ; // Upper 3 dB f r e q u e n c y i n h e r t z wHf = wHf *1 e -3; // Upper 3 dB f r e q u e n c y i n k i l o h e r t z disp ( For c l o s e d l o o p a m p l i f i e r : ) ; disp ( AfM , Low f r e q u e n c y g a i n = ) ; disp ( wHf , Upper 3 dB f r e q u e n c y ( kHz ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.9 Desensitivity

1 // Example 1 1 . 9 : ( a ) RE 2 // ( b ) RL 3 // ( c ) R1F 4 // (d) Quiescent c o l l e c t o r current 5 clc , clear 6 GmF =1; // T r a n s c o n d u c t a n c e g a i n i n m i l i a m p e r e s p e r 7 8 9 10 11
volts AVF = -4; // V o l t a g e g a i n D =50; // D e s e n s i t i v i t y f a c t o r RS =1; // i n k i l o ohms btao =150; AoL = GmF * D ; // Open l o o p mutual c o n d u c t a n c e i n m i l i amperes per v o l t s
12 13 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 14 RE =( D -1) / AoL ; // i n k i l o ohms 15 disp ( RE , RE ( k ) = ) ; 16 17 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ;
143
18 RL = - AVF / GmF ; // i n k i l o ohms 19 disp ( RL , RL ( k ) = ) ; 20 21 disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 22 r_pi = btao / AoL - RS - RE ; // i n k i l o ohms 23 R1F = RS + r_pi +(1+ btao ) * RE ; // i n k i l o ohms 24 disp ( R1F , R1F ( k ) = ) ; 25 26 disp ( P a r t ( d ) ) ; 27 VT =26 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s 28 IC = btao * VT / r_pi ; // i n m i l i a m p e r e s 29 disp ( IC , IC (mA) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.11 Transfer ratio // Example 1 1 . 1 1 : ( a ) A m p l i f i e r t y p e // ( b ) I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e , Output resistance , Transfer ratio 3 clc , clear 4 r_pi =1 e3 ; // i n ohms 5 gm =0.1; // i n mho
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disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; disp ( I t i a a CBCE c a s c a d e , c o n f i g u r a t i o n . I t h a s low i n p u t and h i g h o u t p u t i m p e d a n c e and h e n c e corresponds to a current a m p l i f i e r . ); disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; // From low f r e q u e n c y e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 11.40 btao = gm * r_pi ; Rin = r_pi /(1+ btao ) ; // I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms Rout = %inf ; // Output r e s i s t a n c e (= r o o f Q2 ) Ai = gm * gm * Rin *3 e3 *1 e3 /(3 e3 +1 e3 ) ; // T r a n s f e r r a t i o 144
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16 17 18
disp ( Rin , I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e ( ) = ) ; disp ( Rout , Output r e s i s t a n c e = ) ; disp ( Ai , T r a n s f e r r a t i o = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.12 Gain with feedback

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// Example 1 1 . 1 2 : ( b ) AF clc , clear AV =4000; bta =1/300; RS =2; // i n k i l o ohms RE = RS ; // i n k i l o ohms RC =6; // i n k i l o ohms btao =200; r_pi =4; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; x = - AV * - btao * RC /( r_pi + RS ) ; AF = x /(1+ x * bta ) ; disp ( AF , AF = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.13 Transfer ratio // Example 1 1 . 1 3 : ( a ) A m p l i f i e r t y p e // ( b ) I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e , Output resistance , Transfer ratio 3 clc , clear 4 r_pi =1 e3 ; // i n ohms 5 gm =0.1; // i n mho
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disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; disp ( Q1 i s a common c o l l e c t o r and Q2 i s common e m i t t e r s t a g e . Hence t h e g i v e n c i r c u i t i s c a s c a d e 145
o f c c and CE s t a g e s . As t h e Rin o f a CC i s h i g h and t h e Ro o f t h e CE i s low , t h e r e f o r e , t h e g i v e n c i r c u i t a p p r o x i m a t e s a v o l t a g e a m p l i f i e r . I f RL i s c h o s e n a low r e s i s t a n c e , t h e a m p l i f i e r can be c o n s i d e r e d a v o l t a g e to c u r r e n t c o n v e r t e r . )

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function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; // From t h e F i g . 1 1 . 4 2 RE1 =3 e3 ; // i n ohms RC2 =0.6 e3 ; // i n ohms btao = gm * r_pi ; Ri2 = r_pi ; // i n ohms Ri1 = r_pi +(1+ btao ) * parallel ( RE1 , Ri2 ) ; // I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms Rout = RC2 ; // Output r e s i s t a n c e (= r o o f Q2 ) AV1 =(1+ btao ) * RE1 /( r_pi +(1+ btao ) * RE1 ) ; Ro1 = parallel ( RE1 , r_pi /(1+ btao ) ) ; // i n ohms AV2 = - btao * RC2 /( Ro1 + r_pi ) ; AV = AV1 * AV2 ; Ri1 = Ri1 *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms Rout = Rout *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( Ri1 , I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e ( ) = ) ; disp ( Rout , Output r e s i s t a n c e = ) ; disp ( AV , T r a n s f e r r a t i o = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.15 Small signal gain // Example 1 1 . 1 5 : S m a l l s i g n a l g a i n , I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e , Output r e s i s t a n c e 2 clc , clear 3 btao =100;
1
146
4 r_pi =1 e3 ; // i n ohms 5 ICQ =2.5 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 6 VT =25 e -3; // i n v o l t s 7 gm = ICQ / VT ; // T r a n s c o n d u c t a n c e i n mho 8 r_pi = btao / gm ; // I n c r e m e n t a l r e s i s t a n c e 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
of emitter
b a s e d i o d e i n ohms // From a c model w i t h o u t f e e d b a c k i n F i g . 1 1 . 4 7 RS =10 e3 ; // i n ohms RF =47 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =4.7 e3 ; // i n ohms function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction AoL = - gm * parallel ( RF , RC ) * parallel ( RS , parallel ( RF , r_pi ) ) ; // i n ohms bta =1/ RF ; T = - bta * AoL ; // Return r a t i o AF = AoL /(1+ T ) ; // i n ohms AVF = AF / RS ; // S m a l l s i g n a l g a i n RID = parallel ( RF , r_pi ) ; // i n ohms RID_dash = parallel ( RID , RS ) ; // i n ohms RIF_dash_I = RID_dash /(1+ T ) ; // i n ohms RIF_I = RS * RIF_dash_I /( RS - RIF_dash_I ) ; // i n ohms RIF_dash_V = RS + RIF_I ; // i n ohms RoD_dash = parallel ( RF , RC ) ; // i n ohms RoF_dash = RoD_dash /(1+ T ) ; // i n ohms RoF = RoF_dash * RC /( RC - RoF_dash ) ; // i n ohms disp ( RoF ) ; RIF_dash_V = RIF_dash_V *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms RoF = RoF *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( AVF , S m a l l s i g n a l g a i n = ) ; disp ( RIF_dash_V , I n p u t r e s i s t a n c e ( k ) = ) ; disp ( RoF , Output r e s i s t a n c e ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.16 Closed loop parameters 147
1 // Example 1 1 . 1 6 : ( a ) AF , T 2 // ( b ) R1F , RoF 3 clc , clear 4 btao =150; 5 ICQ =1.5 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 6 VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) 16 c = a * b /( a + b ) ; 17 endfunction 18 19 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 20 gm = ICQ / VT ; // T r a n s c o n d u c t a n c e i n mho 21 r_pi = btao / gm ; // I n c r e m e n t a l r e s i s t a n c e 22 23
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s // From c i r c u i t w i t h o u t f e e d b a c k but w i t h l o a d i n g i n Fig . 11.50 RS =2 e3 ; // i n ohms RE1 =0.1 e3 ; // i n ohms RF =6.2 e3 ; // i n ohms RC1 =4.3 e3 ; // i n ohms RC2 =1.2 e3 ; // i n ohms RL =4.7 e3 ; // i n ohms
of emitter
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 32 RID = r_pi +(1+ btao ) * parallel ( RE1 , RF ) ; // i n ohms 33 RID_dash = RS + RID ; // i n ohms 34 RIF_dash = RID_dash *(1+ T ) ; // i n ohms
b a s e d i o d e i n ohms AV1 = - btao * RC1 /( RS + r_pi +(1+ btao ) * parallel ( RE1 , RF ) ) ; AV2 = - btao * parallel ( RC2 , parallel ( RF + RE1 , RL ) ) /( RC1 + r_pi ) ; AoL = AV1 * AV2 ; bta = - RE1 /( RE1 + RF ) ; T = - bta * AoL ; AF = AoL /(1+ T ) ; disp ( AF , AF = ) ; disp (T , T = ) ;
148
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
RIF = RIF_dash - RS ; // i n ohms RoD = parallel ( RC2 , RF + RE1 ) ; // i n ohms RoD_dash = parallel ( RoD , RL ) ; // i n ohms RoF_dash = RoD_dash /(1+ T ) ; // i n ohms RoF = RL * RoF_dash /( RL - RoF_dash ) ; // i n ohms RIF = RIF *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( RIF , RIF ( k ) = ) ; disp ( RoF , RoF ( ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.17 Feedback in MOSFETs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Example 1 1 . 1 7 : ( a ) T , AoL , AF // ( b ) RoF clc , clear gm =1 e -3; // i n mho rd =20 e3 ; // i n ohms function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; // From t h e a c e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 1 1 . 5 2 RF =10 e3 ; // i n ohms RD1 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms RL =10 e3 ; // i n ohms ro =20 e3 ; // i n ohms RS = parallel (0.47 e3 , RF ) ; // i n ohms RL2 = parallel ( ro , parallel (10.47 e3 , RL ) ) ; // i n ohms mu = rd * gm ; // A m p l i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r AV1 = - mu * RD1 /( RD1 + rd +(1+ mu ) * RS ) ; AV2 = - gm * RL2 ; AoL = AV1 * AV2 ; bta = -0.47/(10+0.47) ; // Feed back f a c t o r T = - bta * AoL ; 149
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
AF = AoL /(1+ T ) ; disp (T , T = ) ; disp ( AoL , AoL = ) ; disp ( AF , AF = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; RoD = parallel ( ro ,10.47 e3 ) ; // i n ohms TSC =0; // f o r RL=0 , T=0 ToC = bta * AV1 * gm * RoD ; // By Blackman s r e l a t i o n RoF = RoD *(1+ TSC ) /(1+ ToC ) ; // i n ohms RoF = RoF *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( RoF , RoF ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.18 Open and closed loop gain

1 // Example 1 1 . 1 8 : T , AoL , AF 2 clc , clear 3 function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) 4 c = a * b /( a + b ) ; 5 endfunction 6 ICQ1 =0.25 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 7 ICQ2 = -0.5 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s 8 bta1 =200; 9 VA1 =125; // i n v o l t s 10 bta2 =150; 11 VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s gm1 = ICQ1 / VT ; // i n mho gm2 = abs ( ICQ2 ) / VT ; // i n mho r_pi1 = bta1 / gm1 ; // i n ohms r_pi2 = bta2 / gm2 ; // i n ohms ro1 = VA1 / ICQ1 ; // i n ohms // From a c e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i n F i g . 1 1 . 5 6 RC1 =20 e3 ; // i n ohms 150
19 RS =1 e3 ; // i n ohms 20 bta = -0.82/(20+0.82) ; // Fee dback f a c t o r 21 RL1 = parallel ( RC1 , ro1 ) ; // i n ohms 22 Ib2_IC1 = RL1 /( RL1 + r_pi2 +(1+ bta2 ) * parallel (20 e3 ,0.82 e3 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
) ) ; // I b 2 / IC1 Ib1_IS = parallel ( RS ,20.82 e3 ) /( r_pi1 + parallel ( RS ,20.82 e3 ) ) ; // I b 1 / I S AoL = bta2 * Ib2_IC1 * bta1 * Ib1_IS ; // C u r r e n t g a i n without feedback T = - bta * AoL ; AF = AoL /(1+ T ) ; disp (T , T = ) ; disp ( AoL , AoL = ) ; disp ( AF , AF = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.19 Closed loop parameters

1 // Example 1 1 . 1 9 : ( a ) AIF 2 // ( b ) R1F 3 // ( c ) A1F 4 // ( d ) AVF 5 clc , clear 6 btao =50; 7 r_pi =2 e3 ; // i n ohms 8 // From e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
w i t h o u t f e e d b a c k but taking l o a d i n g e f f e c t in Fig . 11.58 RS =1 e3 ; // i n ohms Rf =15 e3 ; // i n ohms RE2 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms RC1 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms RC2 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction 151
18 19 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 20 RS_dash = parallel ( RS , Rf + RE2 ) ; // i n ohms 21 gm = btao / r_pi ; // i n mho 22 RE2_dash = parallel ( RE2 , Rf ) ; // i n ohms 23 Rx = r_pi +(1+ btao ) * RE2_dash ; // i n ohms 24 I2_IS = - gm * parallel ( RS_dash , r_pi ) * RC1 /( RC1 + Rx ) ; // I 2 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
/ IS AI = - btao * I2_IS ; // Open l o o p If_IS =(1+ btao ) * I2_IS * RE2 /( RE2 + Rf ) ; // I f / I S bta = If_IS / AI ; // Fee dback f a c t o r T = - bta * AI ; AIF = AI /(1+ T ) ; disp ( AIF , AIF = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; RID = parallel ( RS , parallel ( Rf + RE2 , r_pi ) ) ; R1F = RID /(1+ T ) ; // i n ohms disp ( R1F , R1F ( ) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; Ii_IS = RS /( RS + parallel ( Rf + RE2 , r_pi ) ) ; // I i / I S AI_dash = AI * Ii_IS ; T = - bta * AI_dash ; A1F_dash = AI_dash /(1+ T ) ; disp ( A1F_dash , A1F = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( d ) ) ; AVF = AIF * RC2 / RS ; disp ( AVF , AVF = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.20 Closed loop parameters

1 2
// Example 1 1 . 2 0 : ( a ) AVF // ( b ) AIF 152
3 // ( c ) RIF 4 // ( d ) ROF 5 clc , clear 6 btao =50; 7 r_pi =1.1 e3 ; // i n ohms 8 function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) 9 c = a * b /( a + b ) ; 10 endfunction 11 // From e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 21 RL1 = parallel ( RS , parallel ( RF + RE2 , RB1 ) ) ; // i n ohms 22 I1_IS = RL1 /( RL1 + r_pi ) ; // I 1 / I S 23 IC1_IS = btao * I1_IS ; // IC1 / I S 24 Ri2 = r_pi +(1+ btao ) * parallel ( RE2 , RF ) ; // i n ohms 25 I2_IS = - IC1_IS * parallel ( RC1 , RB2 ) /( parallel ( RC1 , RB2 ) + 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
of a m p l i f i e r without feedback in Fig . 11.60 RS =4.7 e3 ; // i n ohms RF =15 e3 ; // i n ohms RE2 =0.1 e3 ; // i n ohms RB1 = parallel (91 e3 ,10 e3 ) ; // i n ohms RC1 =4.7 e3 ; // i n ohms RC2 =4.7 e3 ; // i n ohms RB2 = RB1 ; // i n ohms
Ri2 ) ; // i n ohms IC2_IS = btao * I2_IS ; // IC2 / I S AID = - IC2_IS /2; // Open l o o p IF_IS = IC2_IS * RE2 /( RE2 + RF ) ; // IF / I S bta = IF_IS / AID ; // Feed back f a c t o r T = - bta * AID ; AIF = AID /(1+ T ) ; disp ( AIF , AIF = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; AVF = AIF * RC2 / RS ; disp ( AVF , AVF = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 153
39 RID = parallel ( parallel ( RS , RE2 + RF ) , parallel ( RB1 , r_pi ) )
; // i n ohms
40 RIF = RID /(1+ T ) ; // i n ohms 41 disp ( RIF , RIF ( ) = ) ; 42 43 disp ( P a r t ( d ) ) ; 44 ROF = RC2 *1 e -3; // i n k i l o ohms 45 disp ( ROF , ROF ( k ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.21 Voltage gain

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
// Example 1 1 . 2 1 : ( c ) AF , T // (d) Voltage gain clc , clear ICQ1 =0.25 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s ICQ2 =1 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s ICQ3 =0.5 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s RC1 =5 e3 ; // i n ohms RC2 =7.5 e3 ; // i n ohms RC3 =10 e3 ; // i n ohms R1 =0.2 e3 ; // i n ohms R2 =0.33 e3 ; // i n ohms RS =0.6 e3 ; // i n ohms RF =20 e3 ; // i n ohms btao =200; VA =125; // i n v o l t s VT =25 e -3; // V o l t a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t e m p e r a t u e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n v o l t s
17 18 function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) 19 c = a * b /( a + b ) ; 20 endfunction 21 22 disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 23 gm1 = ICQ1 / VT ; // i n mho
154
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
r_pi1 = btao / gm1 ; // i n ohms ro1 = VA / ICQ1 ; // i n ohms gm2 = ICQ2 / VT ; // i n mho r_pi2 = btao / gm2 ; // i n ohms ro2 = VA / ICQ2 ; // i n ohms gm3 = ICQ3 / VT ; // i n mho r_pi3 = btao / gm3 ; // i n ohms ro3 = VA / ICQ3 ; // i n ohms Rin1 = r_pi1 +( btao +1) * parallel ( RF + R2 , R1 ) ; // i n ohms RL1 = parallel ( RC1 , ro1 ) ; // i n ohms RL2 = parallel ( RC2 , ro2 ) ; // i n ohms Rin2 = r_pi2 ; // i n ohms Rin3 = r_pi3 +( btao +1) * parallel ( R2 , RF + R1 ) ; // i n ohms Io_Ib3 = btao ; // I o / I b 3 Ib3_Ic2 = - RL2 /( RL2 + Rin3 ) ; // I b 3 / I c 2 Ic2_Ib2 = btao ; // I c 2 / I b 2 Ib2_Ic1 = - RL1 /( RL1 + Rin2 ) ; // I b 2 / I c 1 Ic1_Ib1 = btao ; // I c 1 / I b 1 Ib1_VS =1/( RS + Rin1 ) ; // I b 1 /VS i n mho AoL = Io_Ib3 * Ib3_Ic2 * Ic2_Ib2 * Ib2_Ic1 * Ic1_Ib1 * Ib1_VS ; // Open l o o p bta = - R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 + RF ) ; // Feed back f a c t o r T = - bta * AoL ; AF = AoL /(1+ T ) ; disp (T , T = ) ; disp ( AF , AF = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( d ) ) ; Vo_VS = - AF * parallel ( RC3 , ro3 ) ; disp ( Vo_VS , V o l t a g e g a i n = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.22 Feedback in FETs

1 // Example 1 1 . 2 2 : AF , RoF 2 clc , clear
155
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
gm =2 e -3; // i n mho rd =20 e3 ; // i n ohms RD =12 e3 ; // i n ohms RG =500 e3 ; // i n ohms Rs =50; // i n ohms RF =5 e3 ; // i n ohms function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) c = a * b /( a + b ) ; endfunction Ro = parallel ( RD , rd ) ; // i n ohms AV1 = - gm * parallel ( RD , parallel ( rd , RG ) ) ; AV2 = AV1 ; AV3 = - gm * parallel ( RD , rd ) ; AV = AV1 * AV2 * AV3 ; RG_dash = parallel ( RG , RF ) ; // i n ohms Vi_Vs = RG_dash /( RG_dash + Rs ) ; // Vi / Vs AoL = AV * Vi_Vs * RF /( RF + Ro ) ; // Vo/ Vs ( Open l o o p ) bta =1/ RF ; // Feed back f a c t o r RM = AoL * Rs ; // i n ohms T = - bta * RM ; // Return r a t i o AF = AoL /(1+ T ) ; RoD = parallel ( Ro , RF ) ; // i n ohms RoF = RoD /(1+ T ) ; // i n ohms disp ( AF , AF = ) ; disp ( RoF , RoF ( ) = ) ;
156
Chapter 12 Oscillators
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Phase shift oscillator

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
// Example 1 2 . 1 : ( a ) RD // ( b ) P r o d u c t RC // ( c ) R e a s o n a b l e v a l u e o f R and C clc , clear fo =8 e3 ; // i n h e r t z mu =59; rd =10; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; RD =29* rd /( mu -29) ; // i n k i l o ohms disp ( RD , RD ( k ) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; RC =1/(2* %pi * fo * sqrt (6) ) ; // i n s e c o n d s RC = RC *1 e6 ; // i n micro s e c o n d s disp ( RC , P r o d u c t RC ( s ) = ) ; disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; R =50; // i n k i l o ohms C = RC / R ; // i n nano f a r a d C = C *1 e3 ; // i n p i c o f a r a d 157
22 23
disp (R , R e a s o n a b l e v a l u e o f R ( k ) = ) ; disp (C , R e a s o n a b l e v a l u e o f C ( pF ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.2 Wien Bridge oscillator

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
// Example 1 2 . 2 : D e s i g n i n g a Wein B r i d g e O s c i l l a t o r clc , clear fo =2 e3 ; // i n h e r t z R =10; // i n k i l o ohms C =1/(2* %pi * fo * R *1 e3 ) ; // i n f a r a d s C = C *1 e9 ; // i n nano f a r a d s disp (R , R1 ( k ) = ) ; disp (R , R2 ( k ) = ) ; disp (2* R , R3 ( k ) = ) ; disp (R , R4 ( k ) = ) ; disp (C , C1 ( nF ) = ) ; disp (C , C2 ( nF ) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.3 Hartley oscillator

1 // Example 1 2 . 3 : Range o f c a p a c i t a n c e 2 clc , clear 3 L1 =2 e -3; // i n h e n r y 4 L2 =1.5 e -3; // i n h e n r y 5 fmin =1000 e3 ; // i n h e r t z 6 fmax =2000 e3 ; // i n h e r t z 7 Cmin =1/((2* %pi * fmax ) ^2*( L1 + L2 ) ) ; // i n f a r a d s 8 Cmax =1/((2* %pi * fmin ) ^2*( L1 + L2 ) ) ; // i n f a r a d s 9 Cmin = Cmin *1 e12 ; // i n p i c o f a r a d s 10 Cmax = Cmax *1 e12 ; // i n p i c o f a r a d s 11 disp ( Cmin , Minimum v a l u e o f C ( pF ) = ) ; 12 disp ( Cmax , Maximum v a l u e o f C ( pF ) = ) ;
158
Chapter 13 Power Ampliers and Voltage Regulators
Scilab code Exa 13.1 Series fed amplier

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
// Example 1 3 . 1 : dc i n p u t power , a c o u t p u t power , Efficiency clc , clear Ib =5 e -3; // Base c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s // From F i g . 1 3 . 8 RB =1.5 e3 ; // i n ohms RC =16; // i n ohms bta =40; VCC =18; // i n v o l t s VBE =0.7; // i n v o l t s IBQ =( VCC - VBE ) / RB ; // i n a m p e r e s ICQ = bta * IBQ ; // i n a m p e r e s Pi_dc = VCC * ICQ ; // dc i n p u t power i n w a t t s Ic = bta * Ib ; // i n a m p e r e s Po_ac = Ic ^2* RC ; // a c o u t p u t power eta = Po_ac *100/ Pi_dc ; // E f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t a g e disp ( Pi_dc , dc i n p u t power (W) = ) ; disp ( Po_ac , a c o u t p u t power (W) = ) ; disp ( eta , E f f i c i e n c y (%) = ) ; 159
Scilab code Exa 13.2 Transformer turn ratio

1 // Example 1 3 . 2 : T r a n s f o r m e r t u r n s r a t i o 2 clc , clear 3 function [ c ]= parallel (a , b ) 4 c = a * b /( a + b ) ; 5 endfunction 6 RL = parallel ( parallel (16 ,16) , parallel (16 ,16) ) ; // i n
ohms
7 RL_dash =8 e3 ; // i n ohms 8 TR = sqrt ( RL_dash / RL ) ; // T r a n s f o r m e r t u r n s 9 disp ( TR , T r a n s f o r m e r t u r n s r a t i o = ) ;
ratio
Scilab code Exa 13.3 Class A amplier

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
// Example 1 2 . 3 : E f f i c i e n c y clc , clear P_ac =2; // i n w a t t s ICQ =150 e -3; // i n a m p e r e s VCC =36; // i n v o l t s P_dc = VCC * ICQ ; // i n w a t t s eta = P_ac *100/ P_dc ; // E f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t a g e disp ( eta , E f f i c i e n c y (%) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.4 Class B push pull amplier

1
// Example 1 3 . 4 : Maximum i n p u t power , Maximum a c o u t p u t power , Maximum c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y , Maximum power d i s s i p a t e d by e a c h t r a n s i s t o r 160
2 clc , clear 3 VCC =15; // i n v o l t s 4 RL =8; // i n ohms 5 P_dc =2* VCC ^2/( %pi * RL ) ; // Maximum i n p u t power i n 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
watts P_ac = VCC ^2/(2* RL ) ; // Maximum a c o u t p u t power i n watts eta = P_ac *100/ P_dc ; // Maximum e f f i c i e n c y i n percentage PD =2* VCC ^2/( %pi ^2* RL ) ; // Maximum power d i s s i p a t e d in watts PD_each = PD /2; // Maximum power d i s s i p a t e d by e a c h t r a n s i s t o r in watts disp ( P_dc , Maximum i n p u t power (W) = ) ; disp ( P_ac , Maximum a c o u t p u t power (W) = ) ; disp ( eta , Maximum c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y (%) = ) ; disp ( PD_each , Maximum power d i s s i p a t e d by e a c h t r a n s i s t o r (W) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.5 Class B output stage

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// Example 1 3 . 5 : S u p p l y v o l t a g e , Peak c u r r e n t drawn from e a c h s u p p l y , T o t a l s u p p l y power , Power c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y , Maximum power t h a t e a c h t r a n s i s t o r can d i s s i p a t e s a f e l y clc , clear P_ac =20; // A v e r a g e power d e l i v e r e d i n w a t t s RL =8; // Load i n ohms Vm = sqrt (2* P_ac * RL ) ; // Peak o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s VCC = Vm +5; // S u p p l y v o l t a g e i n v o l t s Im = Vm / RL ; // Peak c u r r e n t drawn from e a c h s u p p l y i n amperes P_dc =2* Im * VCC / %pi ; // T o t a l s u p p l y power i n w a t t s eta = P_ac *100/ P_dc ; // Power c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y i n percentage 161
10 PD =2* VCC ^2/( %pi ^2* RL ) ; // Maximum power d i s s i p a t e d 11 12 13 14 15 16
in watts PD_each = PD /2; // Maximum power d i s s i p a t e d by e a c h t r a n s i s t o r in watts disp ( VCC , S u p p l y v o l t a g e (V) = ) ; disp ( Im , Peak c u r r e n t drawn from e a c h s u p p l y (A) = ) ; disp ( P_dc , T o t a l s u p p l y power (W) = ) ; disp ( eta , Power c o n v e r s i o n e f f i c i e n c y (%) = ) ; disp ( PD_each , Maximum power t h a t e a c h t r a n s i s t o r can d i s s i p a t e s a f e l y (W) = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.6 Thermal considerations

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
// Example 1 3 . 6 : Thermal r e s i s t a n c e , Power r a t i n g a t 70 C , J u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t 100 mW clc , clear TAo =25; // i n C PDo =200; // i n m i l i w a t t s Tj_max =150; // Maximum j u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n C T =70; // i n C P =100; // i n m i l i w a t t s TA =50; // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n C theta =( Tj_max - TAo ) / PDo ; // Thermal r e s i s t a n c e i n C p e r m i l i w a t t s PR =( Tj_max - T ) / theta ; // Power r a t i n g a t 70 C in m i l i w a t t s Tj = TA + theta * P ; // J u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t 100 mW i n C disp ( theta , Thermal r e s i s t a n c e ( C /mW) = ) ; disp ( PR , Power r a t i n g a t 70 C (mW) = ) ; disp ( Tj , J u n c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t 100 mW ( C ) = ) ;
162

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Scilab Textbook Companion for Electronic Devices And Circuits by B. Kumar And S. B.

List of Scilab Codes

Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa

12.2 12.3 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6

158 158 159 160 160 160 161 162

10.1 Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

10.2 Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

118 120 120

Chapter 1 Semiconductor Physics

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Electron concentration

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Intrinsic Silicon

2 clc , clear 3 l =3 e -3; // Length o f t h e b a r i n m e t r e s 4 a =50*10*1 e -12; // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m e t r e s

v o l t per metres 8 V = E * l ; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e b a r i n v o l t 9 disp (E , E l e c t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y (V/m) = ) ; 10 disp (V , V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e b a r (V) = ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Extrinsic n type Silicon

concentration in inverese in inverese

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Contact dierence of potential

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Potential barrier

2 clc , clear 3 rho_p =0.05; // R e s i s t i v i t y 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Chapter 2 The p n Junction Diode

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Ideal diodes

disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; // A p p l y i n g Thevnin s t h e o r e m a t XX and YY , i n F i g . 2.5( b) 18 Vth1 =15*10 e3 /(10 e3 +10 e3 ) ; // Thevnin e q u i v a l e n t 15

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Change in diode voltage

Ratio of current in forward bias to that in reverse bias 19 disp ( If_Ir , R a t i o o f c u r r e n t i n f o r w a r d b i a s t o t h a t i n r e v e r s e b i a s = );

0 . 1 V i n amperes 25 ID = ID *1 e6 ; // Forward c u r r e n t f o r 0 . 1 V i n micro amperes 17

26 disp ( ID , Forward c u r r e n t f o r 0 . 1 V ( A ) = ) ; 27 V =0.2; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s 28 ID = IS *( %e ^( V /( eta * VT ) ) -1) ; // Forward c u r r e n t f o r

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Diode current

21 disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 22 VD =0.3; // Forward b i a s i n v o l t s 23 ID = IS *( %e ^( VD /( eta * VT ) ) -1) ; // C u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s 24 disp ( ID , C u r r e n t (A) = ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Change in diode voltage

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Value of R

3 // I n t h e c i r c u i t g i v e n i n F i g . 2 . 7 4 V =50 e -3; // Output v o l t a g e 5 VD1 =0.7; // V o l t a g e a c r o s s d i o d e 1 i n v o l t s 6 I1 =10 e -3; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e 1 a t 0 . 7 V i n 7 8 9 10 11 12

Scilab code Exa 2.7 Solving a circuit with diode

Scilab code Exa 2.8 Output voltage

15 16 17 18 disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 19 // S i n c e b o t h d i o d e s a r e i n ON s t a t e 20 // A p p l y i n g KVL i n F i g . 2 . 1 6 ( d ) 21 I =(5 -0.6) /(2*4.7 e3 +300) ; // C u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h

d i o d e D1 o r d i o d e D2 i n a m p e r e s 22 Vo =5 -2* I *4.7 e3 ; // Output v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 23 disp ( Vo , Output v o l t a g e (V) = ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Circuit parameters

5 // I n t h e F i g . 2 . 1 7 6 R1 =5 e3 ; 7 R2 =10 e3 ; 8 9 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) ; 10 // S i n c e d i o d e D1 i s OFF and d i o d e D2 i s ON 11 ID2 =(5 - Vy -( -5) ) /( R1 + R2 ) ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D2 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 19 // S i n c e b o t h t h e d i o d e s a r e ON 20 VA =4 - Vy ; // I n t h e f i g . 21 Vo = VA + Vy ; // Output v o l t a g e 22 ID2 =(5 - Vo ) / R1 ; // C u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e D2 i n 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Scilab code Exa 2.11 Solving a circuit with diode

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 disp ( P a r t ( a ) ) 16 // From DC model i n F i g . 2 . 2 1 ( b ) 17 IDQ =( VAA - Vy ) /( RL + Rf ) ; // DC c u r r e n t t h r o u g h d i o d e o r 18 19 20

voltage across load r e s i s t a n c e in volts 26 disp ( VDQ , DC component o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d r e s i s t a n c e (V) = ) ; 23

23 24 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 25 VDQ = IDQ * RL ; // DC component o f

disp ( T h e r e f o r e , t o t a l v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d r es is ta nc e i s (8.36 + 0.199 sin t ) V ) ;

28 29 disp ( P a r t (C) ) ; 30 IDQ = IDQ *1 e3 ; // DC c u r r e n t t h r o u g h l o a d 31

Scilab code Exa 2.12 Diode small signal model

// Example 2 . 1 2 : ( b ) Vo // (c) I clc , clear

Scilab code Exa 2.13 Barrier capacitance

Scilab code Exa 2.14 Change in capacitance

// Example 2 . 1 4 : ( a ) Change i n c a p a c i t a n c e // ( b ) Change i n c a p a c i t a n c e 25

clc , clear C =4 e -12; // D e p l e t i o n c a p a c i t a n c e i n f a r a d s V =4; // i n v o l t s K = C * sqrt ( V ) ; // a c o n s t a n t

f a r a d s 20 disp ( deltaC , Change i n c a p a c i t a n c e ( pF ) = ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.19 Two diodes in series

circuit i n amperes 20 I = I *1 e6 ; // C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t i n micro a m p e r e s 21 disp (I , C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t ( A ) = ) ;

10 11 12 13 14 15 disp ( P a r t ( b ) ) ; 16 // From t h e F i g . 2 . 1 9 ( b ) 17 Vz =4.9; // Z e n e r v o l t a g e i n v o l t s 18 Vd1 =5 - Vz ; // i n v o l t s 19 I = Is *( %e ^( Vd1 / eta_VT ) -1) ; // C u r r e n t i n t h e

Chapter 3 Application of Diodes

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Full wave rectier

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Full wave bridge rectier

Scilab code Exa 3.6 Centre tapped full wave rectier

23 disp ( P a r t ( d ) ) ; 24 eta =8/( %pi ^2*(1+( rd / RL ) ) ) ; // R e c t i f i c a t i o n

efficiency 25 disp ( eta , R e c t i f i c a t i o n

Scilab code Exa 3.7 Full scale reading

Scilab code Exa 3.8 Full scale reading

Scilab code Exa 3.11 Safe voltage range

Scilab code Exa 3.12 Voltage regulator

2 clc , clear 3 l =3 e -3; // Length o f t h e b a r i n m e t r e s 4 a =50101 e -12; // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m e t r e s

26 disp ( ID , Forward c u r r e n t f o r 0 . 1 V ( A ) = ) ; 27 V =0.2; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s 28 ID = IS ( %e ^( V /( eta VT ) ) -1) ; // Forward c u r r e n t f o r

21 disp ( P a r t ( c ) ) ; 22 VD =0.3; // Forward b i a s i n v o l t s 23 ID = IS ( %e ^( VD /( eta VT ) ) -1) ; // C u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s 24 disp ( ID , C u r r e n t (A) = ) ;