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VERBS PARASMAIPADA PRESENT TENSE

There are two sets of conjugational terminations in Sanskrit, parasmaipada and


atmanepada. Some roots take exclusively the former, and some the latter; while there
are others which take either.
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
1ST PERS. , 2ND PERS. , 3RD PERS.
Roots of the First Conjugation. [1] to go. (2 ) to lead, to carry. to fall.

( ) to know, to understand. ( ) to be, to become. to protect. to speak.


to dwell. () to move.
1

The substitutes and other changes which some roots undergo before the conjugational

sign (such as for the first conjugation) are shown within rectangular brackets.
[I] The final vowel and the penultimate short of roots take their guna substitute before
the (see rule [II]) of the first conjugation. The guna of or is , of or is , of
or is and of is .
[II] , , and when followed by a vowel become , , and
respectively.
2

becomes from [I] to which is joined and then the termination . From [II]

+= += and with , . Similarly, +=+= += and with , .


The forms which roots assume in consequence of such vowel changes, are enclosed
within circular brackets.
is added on to the roots of the first conjugation before the terminations.
[III] Before the terminations of the first person beginning with and the preceding
is lengthened.

Roots of the First Conjugation. to go, to walk. to live. to abandon. to


burn. to bow to, to salute. to cook.
PLURAL TERMINATIONS
1ST PERS. , 2ND PERS. , 3RD PERS. 3
3

In regards to this termination, note the following rule:

[IV] The preceding is dropped before a termination with an initial .


Roots of the Fourth Conjugation. to perish.
to be silly, to lose sense, to faint.

to covet.
to nourish.
to dance.

Roots of the Sixth Conjugation. [] to wish. to enter. [


] to ask.
to
abandon, to create. [ ] to leave, to release.
to touch.

In the fourth conjugation and in the sixth are added on to the roots before the
terminations. In these conjugations the vowels do not take their guna substitute as in the
first.
4




4

According to this rule:

[V] At the end of words , whether followed by any letter or not, and , followed by a
hard consonant or nothing, are changed to a visarga.

Roots of the First Conjugation. ( ) to conquer. [ ] to see. to run. [ ]


to drink. to worship. to bear, to blow, to flow. () to remember. () to
take away, to remove.

Roots of the Fourth Conjugation. to throw. to embrace.


to be pleased.
to
wallow.
to dry.

Roots of the Sixth Conjugation. to throw.


to inflict pain on. to show.
[ ] to sprinkle.

DUAL TERMINATIONS
1ST PERS. , 2ND PERS. , 3RD PERS.
Roots of the Tenth Conjugation. to tell. to contemplate. to publish. to

count. () to steal. [ ] to please. to give pain to, to afflict.


to desire.

( ) to proclaim. to arrange.

Roots of the tenth conjugation are, as a general rule, both parasmaipadi and
atmanepadi.
Roots of the tenth conjugation, take before the terminations. Before the final
vowels and the penultimate (except in some cases as , , , , etc.) take

their vrddhi substitute. The penultimate short vowel (except in some cases as
,
,

etc.) takes its guna substitute. Thus, becomes which with is and with ,
; +=+= and with , . += += and with ,
.

[VI] The vrddhi of is , of , or is , of , or is , or is and of


is .
Roots of the First Conjugation. to wander, to ramble. to go, to move. to

prate, to prattle. to censure. to praise, to tell. ( ) to waste away. ( ) to


water, to be wet. () to grow. [] to stand. ( ) to call.

Roots of the Fourth Conjugation. to be angry. to be agitated. to embrace.


[] to be mad, err. [ ] to be calm. [ ] to be weary.

Roots of the Sixth Conjugation. to glean. to plough. to throb.


Roots of the Tenth Conjugation. to adore. to extol, to describe. to

appease. ( ) to wash off.


( ) to weigh. () to beat. to
adorn.


PRESENT TENSE
(1).
(4).
(6).

(10).

PREPOSITIONS ()

beyond goes over or beyond, transgresses

over above, upon goes over or on i.e. knows or gets

after, like goes after, follows

to, unto, near to goes to or near to

down, off, from goes down, descends

bounding or limiting, reversing to, as far as comes

grows to, ascends

up, above, superior falls up, jumps goes up, rises

near, less, next to approaches

in, down sits down

opposite or opposed to defeats

reverted, again speaks in return, replies

forth, before goes forth

privation, apart, away separates

being, conjoined with 5 becomes united, unites

According to this rule:

[VII] at the end of a word or particle, followed by a consonant in general is changed

to anusvara optionally and necessarily when it is followed by , , , or . When it is


not changed to an anusvara, it is changed to the nasal of the class to which the

following letter belongs and to a nasal , , when followed by , , respectively.

NOUNS ENDING

IN AND ,

MASCULINE

AND

NEUTER

NOMINATIVE CASE
1. Nouns ending in .
Terminations

Singular

Dual

Plural

Masculine

Neuter

Rule [IV] is not applicable in the case of the forms of the Nom. and Acc.
6

According to this rule:

[VIII] If , , or follow or , the vowel which takes the place of both is in


the first two cases and in the last two.
7

According to this rule:

[IX] When any vowel, short or long, except the last four, is followed by the same vowel,
short or long, the substitute for both is the same vowel lengthened; += ;
+=.
8

According to this rule:

[X] If or is followed by , , or , short or long, the corresponding guna letter


is substituted for both.
SUBSTANTIVES
Masculine. fire. a man. a cloud. a horse.
a king. God.

wind. a son.
a tree. a tortoise. a child. the sea. people, a man.
a wise man. a cook. life, an animal a fool the hand.

Neuter. a lotus. misery. a leaf. the mouth.


a house. wealth.
a fruit. happiness. water. the eye. a friend the heart.

9
10
11



12
31

According to this rule:

[XI] When a visarga is preceded by and followed by or a soft consonant, it is


changed to , which, with the preceding becomes (see [X]).

10

According to rule [II].

33

According to this rule:

[XII] Visarga preceded by and followed by a vowel or a soft consonant is dropped. It


is also dropped when preceded by and followed by any vowel except . The two
vowels thus brought together by the dropping of visarga, do not coalesce; eg. for
; for .
12

According to this rule:

[XIII] coming after , or in the same word is changed to . This change takes
place even if a vowel, a semi-vowel ( excepted), the aspirate or a letter of the

guttural or labial class comes between , or and . This change does not take
place when ends a word as .
13

According to rule [VII].

2. Nouns ending in .
Terminations

Singular

Dual

Plural

Masculine

(none)

( + =)

(none)

In the dual the vowel is lengthened and before of the plural it takes the guna
substitute.

Neuter

[XIV] Before the terminations beginning with a vowel is added on to the nouns in of
the neuter gender. is lengthened before the nominative and accusative plural
terminations.

SUBSTANTIVES
Masculine. fire. a monkey. Indras thunderbolt. an enemy. a poet.
the hand. a sword. a mountain. an ascetic. ocean.
the god
Siva. sickness or disease. a sage.
a king. the god Indra.
not (indeclinable).
Words which do not take case-terminations i.e. are not inflected, are indeclinable.

34


14a 36

34

According to this rule:

[XV] or visarga preceded by any vowel except or and followed by a vowel or a


soft consonant is changed to .
14a

According to this rule:

[XVa] followed by is dropped and the preceding vowel (except ), if short, is made
long.
35

According to this rule:

[XVI] Visarga followed by , or is either retained or changed to , or


respectively; += or .
36

According to this rule:

[XVII] Visarga followed by or is changed to ; by or to ; and by or to ;


as for , , .
ACCUSATIVE CASE
1. Nouns ending in .
Terminations

Singular

Dual

Plural

Masculine

Neuter same as the nominative.

The accusative forms of neuter nouns are always the same as those of the nominative.
SUBSTANTIVES

Masculine. medicine. cooked rice. a servant. treasure. an


elephant. a village. father. the body. the foot.
a man. a wise
man. a cat. a burden. absolution. a warrior. Veda. a tiger.

a hunter. a rogue. an arrow. a pupil. a lion.


the sun. a
thief. heaven.

Neuter. a forest. reality, truth.


grass. corn. city. sin, evil.

book. flesh. cloth. poison.


gold.

Roots of the Tenth Conjugation. to punish. to eat. to seek.


17

18

39
20





17

According to this rule:

[XVIII] When or at the end of a word or grammatical form is followed by , the


latter merges into the former i.e. it is neither pronounced nor written. In its place the
mark is generally put.
18

Verbs implying motion govern the accusative, and sometimes the dative, of the place

to which the motion is directed.


19

According to this rule:

[XIX] When , , and , short or long, are followed by a dissimilar vowel, , , and
are respectively substituted for them.
20

According to this rule:

[XX] A final when followed by , , , , , is changed to anusvara and visarga.


The visarga is, in the present case, further changed to (see XVII).
2. Nouns ending in .
Terminations

Singular

Dual

Plural

Masculine

(none)

The ending is lengthened in the dual and before the of the plural.

SUBSTANTIVES
Masculine. a guest. a master. a bee. a strife, a quarrel. a
boar. an oblation (food). a beggar. a jewel. the sun. a heap.
a crow. fate. rice of various kinds (a grain of). a charioteer.

Roots of the Tenth Conjugation. + to wash. to care for, to mind.


Roots of the First Conjugation. [] to give, to offer. + to rejoice in, to like.
+ to bring. +
to follow.
(indeclinable) even.
21

22





21

According to this rule:

[XXI] When or a consonant of the dental class is compounded with or a consonant


of the palatal class, a letter of the latter class is substituted for the former, and in this
order viz. for , for , for , etc. +=. This is called cutvasandhi. The same happens when dentals are combined with cerebrals, being
substituted for , for , for , etc.
22

According to this rule:

[XXII] There are a few cases, in which two vowels, though coming together, do not

coalesce. The rule applicable in the present case is, that when the dual of a noun or a
verb ends in , or , these vowels do not combine with another following them.
INSTRUMENTAL CASE
Nouns ending in and .
Terminations
Masculine

Singular

Dual

Plural

The preceding is lengthened before .

Neuter

Nouns ending in are in all except the first two cases declined exactly like

the corresponding masculine.

21

21

According to the rule [XIV] and [XIII].

SUBSTANTIVES
Masculine. an ornament. sun, sunshine. a present. the hand.
a lake. a stick. a god. a river. a sailor. a foot-soldier. an
arrow. Vedic verse. a sacrificer. effort. a chariot. sacred
precept. a verse.
Neuter. food. materials of worship. fuel. a spade. family, race.
a wheel. a nail.
merit. a machine. a jewel. the body. a
science. the head. a Vedic hymn.
ADJECTIVES
lame. many, much, plentiful.

Adjectives agree with the substantives they qualify in number, gender and case.
Roots of the First Conjugation. to dig. + to know. to move. + to
become bent, to bend down. + to shine, to appear beautiful. + to strike.
Roots of the Tenth Conjugation. () to tear.

to tear, belongs to the Ninth conjugation but may be practically regarded as belonging
to this conjugation also.
INDECLINABLE
with.

24 25



26








24
25

governs the instrumental.


According to the following rule:

[XXIII] (short) after any vowel except the last four, is optionally not combined and the
preceding vowel, if long, is made short. + = or by [X]
.
26

According to rule [XVII].

DATIVE

AND

ABLATIVE CASES

Nouns ending in .
Terminations
Masculine

Singular

Dual

Plural

Dat.

Abl.

Neuter same as the masculine.

Before and the preceding is lengthened and before becomes .

Singular

Dual

Plural

Dat.

Abl.


Nouns ending in .
Terminations
Masculine

Neuter same as the masculine.

27+=

+ = 28

27

According to this rule:

[XXIV] The ending or of masculine nouns takes its guna substitute before the
terminations of the Dative, Ablative and Genitive singular.
28

According to this rule:

[XXV] The of is dropped after the preceding or .


SUBSTANTIVES
Masculine. preceptor, tutor. husbandman. anger. two miles.

sesamum. an island, continent. a golden coin a mountain a sinner;


adj. sinful. a palace. a servant. a kind of pulse. sweetmeat. a

mendicant. people, world. killing. hog. modesty. the top, summit.


a caravan, a crowd. a general, commander of an army. a soldier.
Neuter. ignorance. sky. a seat. a garden. welfare, good.
a flower. a field. sluggishness. knowledge. a star. a step.

a small pond, a puddle. dinner. silence. eight miles. kingdom.


a forest, wood. a hundred. a throne. ones duty.
ADJECTIVE

silent
Roots of the First Conjugation. + to obtain. ++ to return. + to
exchange. to worship. + to be produced, to result. + to get up, rise
Roots of the Sixth Conjugation. + to teach, to advice

Roots of the Tenth Conjugation. to hold, to wear, to owe ( in this sense governs the
dative of the person to whom something is owing)
INDECLINABLES

bow. without. hail.

and govern a dative and an accusative, instrumental or ablative.



10
29


13

29

Verbs implying anger, malice, rivalry and jealousy (i.e. having the sense of , ,

and ) govern the dative of the person or thing against whom or which the
feeling is directed.
also governs the dative of the object of wish.
30

According to the rule:

[XXVI] The preceding consonant, except a nasal, takes the third consonant of its class
as its subsitute when compounded with a soft consonant or the initial vowel of a word.
31

According to rule [XXI].

There are some roots that govern two accusatives; , and are instances. The
synonyms of these also govern two.
GENITIVE, LOCATIVE

AND

VOCATIVE CASES

Nouns ending in .
Terminations
Masculine

Singular

Dual

Plural

Gen.

Loc.

Neuter same as the masculine.

The preceding short vowel becomes long before . The final becomes before
and .

Nouns ending in .
Terminations
Masculine

Gen.
Loc.

Singular

Dual

Plural

The preceding is dropped before .

The vocative singular of nouns ending in is the same as the crude, and that of nouns
ending in is formed by simply changing the to . The dual and plural of the vocative
are in all cases the same as those of the corresponding nominative.
Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

Loc.

Voc.

Gen.

12

12

According to rules [XXIV] and [XXV].

Nouns ending in .
Terminations
Neuter

Gen.
Loc.

Singular

Dual

Plural

The Vocative singular is or .

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

SUBSTANTIVES
Masculine. room, space. conduct. a sword. summer. the
moon. a lamp. god of wealth, Kubera. a rich man. duty, virtue.
a store. exploit. a protector. light. favour, grace. servant of
Kubera. colour, caste. residence. a warrior.
a bullock. a beast.

Neuter. medicine. cause.


ghee. the manner of leading life.

mind. evidence, authority.


battle.
herd.
tail. saying. enmity.
beauty. a mansion. snow.
ADJECTIVES
delighting. censurable. hot, fierce. long. first.
praiseworthy. salt. best, superior.
ROOTS
[ ] IV. to forgive, to pardon. + to grow. + to sit.
INDECLINABLE
where

Some of the more important Indeclinables.


hence. here. today.
now. even. so, thus. in this

manner. like, as. only. thus. in what manner? when? but


whence? or where? and. long (time). thence. there. in that
manner. then.
again. formerly, at first. whence (relative). where

(relative). in which manner (relative). when (relative). or.


in vain.
tomorrow. always. everywhere. well. O! yesterday.

or is used after each of the parts of speech joined together, or once only, that is,
after them all; or

VERBS ATMANEPADA PRESENT TENSE


SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
1ST PERS. , 2ND PERS. , 3RD PERS.

Roots of the First Conjugation. to see, to take into account, to care for; with to
expect; to see; to examine. to shake. with to shine. to speak.

() to rejoice. to strive. with to begin, to be engaged in. to sport, to be


divered. ( ) to please, to be liked. to get. to salute.
() to be.

() to increase. to tremble, to quake. with to hope. to suspect. to

learn.
( ) to be splendid, to become, to behove. to panegyrize, to praise, to
extol. to endure. to serve.

Roots of the Fourth Conjugation. [] to be produced, to result.


to fight.
Roots of the Sixth Conjugation. [11 ] to die. [] to obtain.

34
Roots of the Tenth Conjugation. with to disregard, to despise.
to seek.

with () to die.
11

According to the rule:

[XXVII] Roots of the Sixth conjugation ending in short substitute for the which
with the following of the conjugational sign becomes ; eg. and make and
.
34

The vowel does not take the guna substitute in this instance.

SUBSTANTIVES
n. study. n. worship. adj. innumerable. n. a miraculous
weapon. adj. spiritual. m. exertion, industry. m. a mat. m. pain,
distress. m. punishment. m. bad conduct. n. contemplation. m. ruin,
loss. m. a school of philosophy. n. a reward. adj. strong. ind.

generally. n. a disc. n. fear. n. fear. m. a jeweller. m. a


month. m. acquisition, obtaining. m. wind. n. an order. m. bright
half (of a month). m. good conduct. m. affection, friendship. n.
tranquility, peace.
I salute god. You suspect fear. The heart shakes
from fear.
The sun shines. The tiger dies. You
speak falsehood. I praise Haris exertion.

You seek

35
books.
The warrior destroys the enemy. The child

likes sweetmeats. Where is the mat? The jeweller

inspects the jewels.


He rejoices by acquition of a son.

The wise man obtains absolution. O Rama, modesty becomes
you. Happiness is born from knowledge.

Ramas love increases for Narayana.


The king strives for the
welfare of the people. The pupil serves the teacher.
Rama learns miraculous weapons from Visvamitra.

A man obtains tranquility by good conduct. You do not


hope for happiness due to sons bad conduct. I begin the worship of

gods. The mountain does not shake even by a strong wind.


I sport in the contemplation of God.
35

and other verbs having the same sense govern the dative of the person or thing

pleased or satisfied.

I begin the study of Nyaya. You endure pain. Krishna


sports with children. The tree shakes.
You serve the king.

I obtain wealth. He salutes sages. A warrior fights with


his enemies. You expect a reward. I rejoice at

the welfare of friends. The rogue despises the kings orders.

I see a monkey. Rama shines by his innumerable

virtues. From fear of God, he does not speak a lie.


The disc of the moon increases in the bright half of the month.

A sinner suspects even friends. A tree looks

beautiful by the appearance of fruits.


From sin results spiritual

ruin. He seeks jewels.
Generally a man strives
for wealth. A devotee likes the worship of God.
I tremble from fear of punishment. I learn duty from my
preceptor. The poet panegyrizes the king.
I die by the
arrows of my enemies.

DUAL

AND

PLURAL
1ST PERS.

2ND PERS.

3RD PERS.

Dual

Plural

36

As in the parasmaipada, the preceding is lengthened before the and of the


atmanepada terminations.
36

According to rule [IV].

Roots of the First Conjugation. to praise, to flatter. to forgive. with to


swagger. ( ) to fly. 37 to beg. to throb. ( ) to smile; with to
wonder, to be dismayed. to taste.
37

governs two accusatives.

Roots of the Fourth Conjugation. with to obey.

Roots of the Tenth Conjugation. with to salute, to respect.


SUBSTANTIVES
m. a fault. m. rise, prosperity. n. a mango. n. propitiation,

pleasing. m. application, exertion. m. a taunt. n. a fraud, deceit.


n. a limb. n. a singing. m. a songster. m. merit, quality, virtue. n.

skill. m. rice. ind. by day. n. money. n. the eye. m. direction.


n. dancing, a dance. m. violation, breaking. m. enjoyment, sensual

enjoyment. m. a peacock. n. censure, anything censurable. m. spring.

n. sentence, words. n. window. adj. various. m. a bird. n.


rudeness, impudence. n. a weapon. m. a parrot. n. singing. m. this
world, worldly existence. adj. true. adj. ones own. adj. beneficial.

The Brahmanas taste the sweetmeats.

The 2 beggars beg money (from) the rich man.


You 2 praise your
own virtues. You all get money from industry.
You all
swagger in vain.
Wise men obtain absolution. You 2
suspect fraud.
Men rejoice in the prosperity of friends.

We 2 respect the monks.


We cannot endure the
impudence of fools.
There are flowers on the trees.

You all obey the direction of the preceptor. We


forgive the faults of the servants. Ramas eyes throb.

Birds fly in the sky. People wonder by the skill of


Krishna. We begin singing for the propitiation of god.

Stars do not shine in the day. Sinners do not


take into account anything censurable. Wise men speak
true and beneficial words.
Kings do not forgive the

violation of order. We 2 learn singing from the songster.



Wise men strive for absolution.
Trees shake by the wind.
Men beg the gods for pleasures.

We get fruits in spring. You speak lies. Mountains


shake. Stars shine. You learn dancing.

Narayanas 2 friends strive for his welfare. We 2 serve the


king.
You 2 taste mangoes. We see a peacock on the top of the
palace. Tigers do not eat (taste) grass and leaves of trees.



We 2 salute the rsis. Misery and
happiness are born of the world. You 2 fight without cause.

2 children sport in the garden. We 2 expect good


from Hari. You 2 forgive the faults of your friends.

They extol the merits of wise men. Distresses result from sin.
Men die. Beggars beg for rice. Parrots
fly at the window.
Men obtain the fruit of their efforts.

The limbs of the fool grow (increase) but not his knowledge.

We 2 endure the taunts of our enemies. Warriors
destroy their enemies with various weapons.
PASSIVE

AND IMPERSONAL

FORMS

There is no conjugational distinction in the case of passive forms; that is, they are
formed in the same manner from all roots, subject, however, to certain peculiarities of
the roots themselves.
These are made up by adding to the root38 and then appending the atmanepada
terminations. ++=, , , etc.
38

The original root, and not the substitutes which some roots take before the

conjugational sign as for , for etc.

If a root ends in which is not preceded by a conjunct consonant, is substituted for


it before the of the passive; as becomes .
The final or of a root is lengthened before ; as becomes .
ROOTS. with to request. to do. to know. [] to give. with to

command. 1P to learn. [] to drink. to cry. to hear. [] stand. to


kill.

SUBSTANTIVES. m. a command. n. wood. m. a bow. m. a scholar, a


pupil. m. a sound. m. an inhabitant of a city, a citizen. m. an intelligent
man.
40


41

42


40

Those roots of the Tenth conjugation, whose vowels take a guna or vrddhi substitute

in the active voice, undergo the same change before the of the passive; as
act. pass.
41
42

According to rules [XV] and [XVa].


According to this rule:

[XXVIII] If roots have a penultimate or anusvara, it is dropped before except in


certain cases.

(An) enemy is killed with (an) arrow. (The) childs hands are washed with water. (Thou)
art extolled by poets. (You) are sought by men. (I) am served by servants. (We) are

protected by God. (You two) are known by people. Elephants are mounted. (We two) are
requested by (the) citizens. (The) world is abandoned by ascetics. (The) body is
nourished with food. (The two) horses are being taken away by thieves. Water is being
sprinkled on (the) trees. Heaps of corn are being arranged. Krsnas body is adorned with
ornaments. (The) virtues of wise men are celebrated by poets. (A) sound is heard.
Thieves are punished by kings. Fruits (two) are eaten by Hari. Arrows (two) are
discharged. (You) are commanded by (the) king. Happiness is always wished for by
men. (The) waters of (the) sea are not drunk. (The) gods are pleased by (means of)
good conduct. (The) soldiers are being counted by (the) general.

Present Tense.
.
Passive
.







FEMININE NOUNS
NOMINATIVE

AND

ENDING IN AND

ACCUSATIVE CASES

Nouns ending in .
Terminations

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nom.

(none)

Acc.

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nom.

(none)

Acc.

Nom.
Acc.

Nouns ending in .
Terminations

Nom.
Acc.

SUBSTANTIVES (Fem). a command. a story. a daughter, a girl. an art.


a virgin. forgiveness. mother. an actress. a river. a woman.
a wife.
the earth. subjects, progeny. a young woman. wife.
the earth. a garland, a wreath. night. shame. creeper. a

woman. a well. beauty. a female friend. a female companion, mate.


adj. ones own. m. support. m. beginning. n. a garden.
neck. n. departure. n. a play, a drama. m. a palace n. surface
n. the upper surface or terrace of a palace. n. an army. m. weight.
n. an ornament. 43 n. the universe. m. the manager or chief actor in a play.
m. a deer.
43

This is decline like a pronoun.

ROOTS. with atm. to join, to go or flow together. with to practise, to do.

10A to tend, to take care of. () 1P to cross, to surmount; with to descend.

with to marry; with to take off, to remove.


with to increase, to flourish.
1P to bewail. to captivate.

Narada descends from heaven to (the) earth. Krsna tells stories of kings. Young women
play in (the) garden. (He) wears (two) wreaths of flowers on (his) neck. Ramas wife
salutes Arundhati. (We) see (two) virgins. (The) deers mates follow (the) deer. There are
(two) wells in (the) village. (The) chief actor (of a play) calls (the) actress. Hari goes to
(the) river. Ramas (two) mothers bewail (his) departure to (a) forest. Women go to (the)
wells. Subjects obey (the) kings orders. (The) daughters of Hari learn dancing. (The)

arts flourish by industry. (The) wise always practise forgiveness. (The) beauty of (the)
universe captivates (the) mind. (The) mother rejoices at (the) welfare of (the) children. In
(the) beginning of (the) play, (the) manager calls (his) wife. Men protect women. (The)
stars beautify (the) night. Shame is conquered by impudence. Creepers seek (the)
support of trees. (The) woman leaves (her female) friend through anger. (The) king tends
(his) subjects as his own progeny.
INSTRUMENTAL, DATIVE

AND

ABLATIVE CASES

Nouns ending in and .


Terminations

Singular

Dual

Plural

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

The ending is changed to before the instrumental singular termination.


Nouns ending in take the augment and those in , the augment , before the
terminations of the dative, ablative, genitive and locative singulars; ++=,
++=. Or the following may be regarded as the singular terminations:

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Nouns in

Nouns in

Singular

Dual

Plural

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

Instr.

Dat.

Abl.

SUBSTANTIVES (Fem). a female beloved; wife. sport, play. anxiety.


old age. a maid, a maid-servant. deity. a school. a town.
worship. light a crowned queen. speech. pain.

m. love. m. the young (of an elephant). m. a strife, a quarrel. m.


a song. m. an old man.
m. a messenger. m. an elephant. m. n. a

sprout. n. a pearl. adj. red. adj. deformed. m. a message.


adj. tranquil adj. beneficial n. benefit
ROOTS. with to depart. with to give. ( ) 1A to shine. with to

rise up, to fly up. with to surround.


with to return. with 1A to set out,
to start. with to send. 10 with to delight.

Hari appeases (his) friend by (his) speech. (The) city is surrounded by rivers. From
forgiveness (a) man obtains tranquility of mind. Wise men go to heaven from earth.
Vasistha comes with Arundhati. Rama gives ornaments to (his) daughters. (He) adorns
(his) body with garlands. (The) queen gets angry with (her) maid. (He) derives pleasure

from (the) old mans stories. Rice is cooked by Narayanas wife. By (the) kings
command (I) go to Avanti. (The) mother likes (her) children though deformed. (The two)
warriors start from (the two) towns with weapons. (The) sky is adorned by (the) red light
of (the) sun. (The) happiness of (the) people is increased by arts. Men desire (the)
acquisition of happiness from deities. (An) offering is made by (two) virgins. Pain results
from anxiety. Sita learns songs from (her female) friends. Soldiers come out of (the)
town by order of (the) general. (The) children delight (the) heart of (their) father by
(their) sports. (He) brings flowers to (the) worship of (the) gods. (A) reward is given by
(the) queen to (her) maid. (The) bird rises up into (the) sky from (the) earth.
GENITIVE, LOCATIVE

AND

VOCATIVE CASES

Nouns ending in and .


Terminations
Gen.
Loc.

Singular

Dual

Plural

After , becomes . The final is changed to before . The Vocative singular of


nouns ending in is made up by changing the final vowel to as ; and of nouns
ending in by shortening the vowel as . The dual and plural forms are the same
as those of the corresponding nominative.
Singular

Dual

Plural

Gen.

Loc.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

Voc.

WORDS. ind. very. n. performance, execution. m. gathering,

collecting. n. water. m. desire. f. moonlight. m. a species of bird.

n. bank, shore. f. thirst, greed. adj. diligent. m. a country adj.


unsurpassed, full, perfect. f. night. m. an evil spirit, a wicked person.

adj. very great.


adj. holy. n. establishment, establishing. n. inciting,
establishing. m. flow, current. n. proficiency. adj. beloved. n.
multiplicity. m. a bower. m. a fish.
n. sweetness. m. a human

being, a man. f. street. n. advice, request. m. a lover, husband. f.

speech. m. marriage. f. a stone. f. confidence. m. a collection.


m. preparation; plur. preparations, requisites. n. sweeping. ind. always.
adj. affectionate.
1P to deserve. 4P with to prosper. 1P to play. to stalk abroad.
1P to fructify, to be fulfilled. with pass. to be checked. with to divert ones
self, to amuse, to play.

44


44

and are the feminine terminations in Sanskrit. Adjectives ending in generally,

though not invariably, take the first.


(There) are trees on (the) banks of (the) Ganges. Jayanta is (the) son of Indrani.
Ramas friends live in (the) city. (The) cakora is delighted in moonlight. (He) brings (a)
flower of (the) creeper. Hari praises (the) merits of (his) daughters. (There) are fishes in
rivers. (I) see chariots in (the) streets of Ayodhya. Sakuntala deserves (the) love of (her)
friends. (There) is sweetness in Ramas speech. Where are (the) sons of Sita? (There)
are evil spirits in Dandaka. (There) are islands on (the) earth. (I) see men under (the)
shade of (the) tree. Generally evil spirits stalk abroad in (the) night. (The) heart of (the)
mother is very affectionate towards (her) daughter. (The) waters of (the) Ganges are
holy. By order of (the) Queen (the) rogue is punished. (A) country prospers by (a)
multiplicity of arts. (The) current of (the) river is checked by (a) collection of stones.
(The) maid-servant brings (the) requisites of worship. (I) go to (the) garden for gathering
(the) flowers of (the) creepers. (He) is diligent in (the) execution of (the) kings orders.

IMPERFECT

OR

FIRST PRETERITE TENSE

Terminations (par)
Sing.
45

Dual.
See rule [IV].

1st Pers.
45

is prefixed to roots in this tense.

2nd Pers.

3rd Pers.

Sing.
Dual.

The conjugational signs are added on to the roots before the terminations of the
imperfect.
[XXIX] The terminations and take the augment in the case of the root 'to be'
and in the case of 'to eat' as , .

WORDS. m. goat. f. worthlessness. f. hope. m. n. a cowpen.


m. a work, a book. m. a son. ind. in front, in the presence (of) m. a
buffalo. m. a handful. ind. slowly. n. difficulty, perplexity. f. court,
assembly. n. field of battle. f. an army.
1P to sing.


46


46

According to this rule:

[XXX] When a word or form ending in any of the first four consonants is followed by ,

the is optionally changed to , when it is itself followed by a vowel, a semivowel or a


nasal.

(The) water of (the) lake dried. (The) general led (his) army to (the) battlefield. (His two)
friends remembered Rama. (Thou) wert pleased with Ramas conduct. (We two)
appeased (the) sages. God created (the) earth. Men (two) entered (a) garden. (I)

censured Hari. (You two) dwelt in (a) forest. (The) caravan rambled 47 from town to town.
(I) published (the) work. (You two) took away fruits from Haris garden. (Thou) toldst
Rama (a) story48. (Two) tigers ran to (the) cowpen. Krsna washed (his) feet. (The)

warrior protected (the) women from (the) enemy. (The) tortoise moved slowly. (I) then
lived without (any) hope of prosperity. (We two) cooked rice for dinner. (The) queen
sang in (the) court of (the) king. With handfuls of corn (the) girl fed (the) deer. (Thou)
abandonedst (thy) with without (any) fault. (You two) burnt (the) village without cause.
(He) fell from (the) top of (the) tree and perished. (The) child danced with joy.

47

If the word is used here, the following sandhi or phonetic rule should be noted:

[XXXI] A consonant at the end of a word or grammatical form followed by a nasal is


changed to the nasal of its class optionally; as += or . This
change is necessary when the nasal belongs to a nominal termination, as
+=.
48

sometimes governs two accusatives or the indirect object may be in the dative or

genitive case.

Terminations (par)
Plur.

Terminations (atm)
Sing.

1st Pers.

2nd Pers.

3rd Pers.

1st Pers.

2nd Pers.

3rd Pers.

[XXXII] Roots beginning with a vowel take the augment , instead of , which with the
following or becomes , with or becomes , and with becomes as
++=.
WORDS. m. a blessing. adv. brightly. m. a herdsman. n.

wreathing. f. a woman of distinction; a goddess.


adj. wicked. m. a cage.

m. a learned man. f. wine. m. wind, or the deity that presides over it.
m. a road. m. a wicked person, an evil spirit. f. the earth. m. a

cry. n. a dead body.


m. a jackal. n. moving to and fro. n. a place.

with , to give.

(We) sat in (the) shade of (a) tree. (He) forgave (the) faults of (his) servants. (The)
brahmanas fell into (the) waters of (the) Ganges. Horses ran to (the) battlefield. Rama
obeyed (the) commands of (his) father. Hari learned music from Narayana. (I) tasted
(the) fruits of (a) mango-tree. Messengers went to Ayodhya. (Thou) spokest (a) lie. Krsna
rejoiced at (his) friends prosperity. (You) lived at Kausambi then. (He) wondered at
Ramas exploits. (Thou) foughtest with (an) enemy. (The) rogue was beaten by (the)
kings order. (You) counted (the) niskas. (A) blessing from (the) rsi was wished for by
Rama. By favour of (the) gods, (you) conquered (your) enemies. (We) drank water in
place of wine. (You) took away (the) books hence to (your) house. (The) sun shone
brightly yesterday. (The) house was entered into at night by (a) thief. (We) saw (the)
general and (his) army. (They) bore away (the) king from the battlefield. (They)
discharged (
) arrows at (their) enemies. (I) began to wreathe (the wreathing of) (a)
garland of flowers.

1st Pers.

2nd Pers.

3rd Pers.

Dual

Plur.

Terminations (atm)

1A to perish. with to disregard. with 10A to invite.


6P to test,
to examine. to feel happy. 6A to feel shame. 1A to rival. 1A to drop
down. with 1P to laugh in contempt.

n. evil, calamity. f. a repulse, repulsion. m. (in pl.) demons, the

enemies of gods. n. planting, sowing. m. advice, counsel. f. a braid of


hair. n. action, work n. capture. m. a thief. n. a net. f.
moonlight. m. leaving. n. sight. n. a wicked action. m. a leader.

ind. however, but. m. a traveller. f. the east. m. an examiner.


n. strength. n. seed. m. a king. m. a lover, husband. n. heroism,
bravery, valour. m. a minister m. a multitude, a crowd.

49

50


49
50

becomes
in the passive.
According to the rule:

[XXXIII] preceded by any of the first four letters of a class is changed to the fourth
letter of that class optionally.
Monkeys fought with raksasas (evil spirits). (We two) spoke to (the) learned men at Kasi.
(They) endured (the) taunt with calmness. Stars (two) shone in (the) east. (You) were
praised by men. (You two) were commanded by Rama. (We) invited (the) rsis for dinner.
When did (the) messengers return from Ayodhya? (We) did not expect favour from Hari.
(We) go books at school. (The two) examiners examined (the two) girls in dancing. (We
two) rejoiced at (the) sight of (our) mother. (You two) did not begin (the) work. (We two)
saluted (the) rsi. (They two) suspected a repulse from (the) king. (We) were born of (a)
family of gandharvas. (The) birds disregarded (the) advice of (their) leader, and fell into
(the) net. (The) faults of (the) brahmanas were forgiven by (the) king. (You two) shook
with fear at (the) sight of (the) tiger. (You) strove for (the) capture of (the) elephant.
(The two) children did not feel happy without (their) mother. Ramas virtues were praised
by poets. By application (they) obtained much wealth. (They two) sought (their) daughter
in (the) forest. Two mangoes were tasted by (the two) travellers.
Imperfect Tense.
.

MASCULINE

AND

NEUTER NOUNS ENDING

IN AND

Nouns of the masculine gender ending in are declined like those ending in , with the
difference that where , , or occurs in the latter , , or should be
substituted respectively in the former.

Nouns of the neuter gender ending in or are declined like , or being


substituted for , or for and or for .
m.
Nom.

Singular

Dual

Plural

Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
n.
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
n.
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.

Singular

Dual

Plural

Singular

Dual

Plural

Masculine nouns ending in change it to before the terminations of the nominative


and of the singular and dual of the accusative. A few nouns, such as , , ,

, and change the final to . The nominative singular of all ends in ,


and the termination being dropped.
Terminations of the first four cases.
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.

Singular

Dual

Plural

Before the preceding is lengthened.


n.

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nom.

Acc.

Instr.
Dat.

Singular

Dual


Plural

Nom.

Acc.

Instr.
Dat.

SUBSTANTIVES (Masculine). an arrow. cheek. a preceptor, a venerable

person. a son-in-law. a tank. a tree. the architect of the gods.


a wicked person. husbands brother. the Creator. a man. an axe.

dust. father. a lord. an arm. a drop. husband, master. a bee.


wind. an obstacle. a wrong path. an enemy. an infant, a child.

a charioteer. (Masc. and Neuter). doer, author. goer. giver, donor.


seer. hater. defender, protector. (Neuter) the tip. a tear. the
palate. honey. a country, nation. wealth. (Feminine) tongue.
ADJECTIVES. hungry. dark.

INDECLINABLES. frequently but (enclitic).

ROOTS. 4P with to search for. with to go after, to follow. 1P to drop.

pass. to be cut off. with to compose, to write. 1P and 1A to fill; pass.


with to consent to, to agree to. with to produce, create; pass.
1P to desire.

prefixed to words beginning with a consonant and to those beginning with a


vowel, express negation.

Rama gives sweetmeat to children. (The) sky is filled with dust. Parasurama struck (his)
enemies with (an) axe. Drops of water fall from (the) clouds. (The) king called (the)
defenders of (the) town. (A) child obeys (his) father. (The) lord of Avanti spoke to (his)
ministers. Hari touched (his) palate with (his) tongue. Women went to (the) garden with
(their) husbands. (The) rsis were the seers of mantras. People adore Visnu. Rtuparna
spoke to (his) charioteers. Rama went to (the) forest with (his) brother Laksmana.

Ravanas heads were cut off51 by Rama with arrows. (A) work is frequently not begun by

men for fear of obstacles. With (his) arms, Bhima fought with (his) enemy. (The) gods
punish (the) doers of evil. Those who go (the goers) by (the) wrong path are censured
by men. Virtue is (the) protector of (a) country (nation) from ruin. Honey dwells on (the)
tip of (the) tongue of (a) wicked person, but in (his) heart poison. Trees delight travellers
by (their) shade. Ramas departure to (a) forest with Visvamitra was consented to by
(his) father. (The) wind is scattering (the) dark clouds. People praise (the) givers of food
to (the) hungry. Sitas husband and (her) husbands brother search for Sita.
51

Note the following rule:

[XXXIV] following a vowel is changed to . This change takes place optionally when
the vowel is long and at the end of a word or grammatical form; but after (negative
particle) and (preposition) it is necessary.
Nouns in (Masculine).
Singular

Dual

Plural

Abl.

(none)

Gen.

(none)

Loc.

The singular of the ablative and genitive cases is formed by substituting for .
Before of the locative singular, takes as its substitute, and before it is

lengthened. This latter change is optional in the case of . The vocative singular is

made up by putting for and the dual and plural are the same as those of the
nominative.
Masculine
Abl.

Gen.
Loc.

Voc.
Abl.

Gen.
Loc.

Voc.

Neuter

Singular

Dual

Plural

Abl.

Loc.

Singular

Dual

Plural

Gen.
Voc.

Abl.

Loc.

Gen.
Voc.

Singular

Dual

Plural


Singular


Dual

Plural

f. permission. adj. unpalatable, disliked. adj. that cannot be

transgressed. ind. enough, away with (used with the instr.) n. not a thing, an

unreal thing. m. ascribing something that is not real. m. respect. m.


ascribing. m. a respectable person. f. wish. m. the moon. f.

anxiety, longing. m. happiness, cheerfulness, energy. m. a stain, a spot.


n. compassion, kindness. f. gratitude f. favour. m. a relation.
adj. small, little.
m. cotton. m. one of the first three classes or castes. m.
a grandson. m. importunity. adj. sharp. n. a wholesome thing, what is

wholesome. m. beast. m. fall, falling. m. paternal uncle. m. a relation.


m. a native of India.
n. a creature, an animal. m. a brother. m.

intoxication, insolence.
adj. chief.
m. deer. m. death. m. (in the plural)
descendants of Raghu. 1A to transgress, to overcome. m. n. a speaker.

n. a thing, a real thing. f. intelligence, news, account. m. wealth, riches.


n. celestial abode of Visnu. m. n. a hearer. m. a sage, a man of piety; adj.
good. m. n. a creator.

Rama was (the) chief of the Raghus. (I) got a book from (the) author. Laksmi52 was
(the) wife of Visnu. (He) begs pardon of (his) hearers. Janaka saw (the) chariot of (his)
grandsons. Narayana saw (the) horses of Haris sons-in-law. The Aryas lived in (the)
Kurus. (A) parrot sat on (the) tree. (A) servant of Haris grandson went to (a) village.
Karna was (the) first among donors. (The) lion is (the) lord of beasts. Hari is (the) friend
of Ramaas husband. The disc of (the) moon increases and decreases 53. By order of

(his) brother, Rama, Laksmana abandoned Sita in a forest. From (the) Creator was born
the universe. (She) obtained news of (her) husband. By (the) strength of (his) arm (he)
conquered (his) enemies. (There) is no fear for (the) mountains even from (a) strong
wind. Wise men get knowledge even from children. Sins afflict (my) heart, O Sambhu! In
sages is seen great love for God. Birds sit on (the) branches of trees. Servants do not
transgress (the) orders of (their) lords. From (her) husband (she) obtained permission for

going to (her) mothers house. (A) residence in vaikuntha is obtained by the devotees of
Visnu.
52
53

This noun takes in the nom. sing.


Use pass.

FEMININE NOUNS ENDING

IN , , AND

Feminine nouns ending in are declined like those in ; , or being substituted for
the , or occurring in the latter. The termination of the nominative singular is .

The termination of the instrumental singular of feminine nouns ending in or is ,


and that of the accusative plural is , before which latter the final vowel is lengthened.

In other respects these nouns are declined like the corresponding masculine. The forms
of the dative, ablative, genitive and locative singulars are optionally made up like those
of nouns ending in or respectively.
Feminine nouns ending in are such as express relationship. They are , , ,
and . The accusative plural termination is before which the of all these

nouns is lengthened. In other respects is declined like or m. and the rest


like .

Adjectives ending in such as , , etc. form their feminine by adding as ,


, etc.

SUBSTANTIVES (Feminine). England. love. splendour, light.


fame. action. mode of walking, going, gait. caste, kind. a wicked

action. a daughter. courage. a cow. husbands sister. politics.

ministry; disposition, nature. image or copy. affection, satisfaction.


talent. devotion. prosperity. ground, land; the earth. mother.

absolution. an image or idol. husbands brothers wife. pleasure; the wife of


the god of love. night. a young woman, a daughter-in-law. a place of

residence. profession, avocation. hearing, the Vedas. mother-in-law.


a virtuous or good action. creation. praise. remembrance, Hindu lawbooks. sister.

m. an Englishman. n. meditation. m. hermitage. with to

authorize; (Pass.) to be authorized. 1P to go astray, to go wrong. n. a token.

( Pass.) with to call, to name. m. a bold man. f. censure. adj.


proficient. with 4A to be produced, to result. adj. great, greatest. m.

result. ind. afterwards. m. a ball of rice given to the dead. m. intensity,


greatness. [
] with A to take leave of, as at the time of departure. adj.
many. m. god of love. adj. slow. m. avarice. m. development

n. a cave. m. sudra. n. valour. with 4P to embrace. [] 1P with


[] to sit. m. promixity, vicinity. m. a good person. with to spread.
4P to feel affection for.

Sita bowed to Rsyasrnga, (the) husband of (her) husbands sister. Visvamitra was (a)

ksatriya by caste; afterwards (he) became (a) brahmana. Sambuka is (a) husbandsman
by profession. Sita always pleased (her) mother-in-law. (The) kings counsellor is
proficient in politics. Among smrtis, Manus is (the) best. (The) modesty of young women
in Maharashtra is praiseworthy. Rama saw (his) sister Santa, and bowed to (his) mother.
Rama asked (the) man (his) caste. Men desire prosperity. Englishmen came here from

England. In (the) caves in (the) vicinity of Verul, (there) are many images of gods. Hari 54
passed (his) nights in meditation. Krsna55 had many daughters. Valour contributes to (is
for) fame. (A) mans disposition is known from (his) actions. Narayanas ruin is (the)
result of (his) wicked actions. Courage is the greatest ornament of men. Great love for
God is called devotion. (The) development of (a) mans talent is (the) result of teaching.
Sitas face is like the moon in (by) splendour. (An) elephants gait is slow. (The) father
gave much wealth to (his) daughters. (The) sisters present was (a) token of affection.
54
55

Use the word here.


Use the gen. of Krsna and nom. of daughters and the Sanskrit verb corresponding to

were.
The feminine of adjectives ending in is optionally the same as the masculine. The
other form is made up by adding .

ON THE IMPERATIVE MOOD


Parasmaipada Terminations.
1

st

Pers.

2nd Pers.
3rd Pers.

Singular

Dual

Plural

(none)

The conguational signs are added on to the roots before the terminations of the
imperative.

n. difficulty
n. a falsehood, an untruth. n. name. m. a child

adv. firmly, closely m. a lesson du. parents. adj. worthy of honour.

f. retaliation, revenge, the way to revenge. n. well-being. with to experience, to


feel. with to err, to fall off. ind. a prohibitive particle. m. juice. interj. O!

Oh! m. race. m. a child. m. a companion, friend. f. doubt. with

to rest. n. truth, goodness; an animal, creature. [] 1P with to favour, to


be pleased. ind. always.
m. a goldsmith. m. a plant used in sacrifices
or its juice. with to carry out, to act according to.

Tell (your) brothers name. Children, go to school and learn (your) lesson. God save

(the) King! Let56 (us) follow (the) counsels of wise men. (The) gods be satisfied! Hari

and Madhava do not prattle. Leave off doubt as to57 Ramas success. May (the) enemies
of men thus perish! Give money to (the) poor. Candala, do not touch (a) brahmana. Let
(him) drink (the) juice of Soma. May (he) remember (the) good deeds of (his) race! Let
(us) deserve (the) praises of men. Let (us) forgive (the) faults of (our) friends. Embrace
closely (thy) father, boy. Children, to give pain to dumb creatures. May not Haris mind
be agitated by anger! May we not wallow in sin! Let (the) herdsman take (the) kine
home. May (the) greed of (the) people for gold decrease! May (the two) sons please
(their) mother! Let (the) beggars glean (the) (grains of) rice. Let (the) fools prattle.

56

Use the imperative of the infinitive depending on Let and put the object of Let into

the nominative case.


57

Use the locative here.

Atmanepada Terminations.
1st Pers.

2nd Pers.
3rd Pers.

Singular

Dual

Plural


ROOTS. with 1A to conquer. with to step towards, to do. 4A to think, to
maintain, to regard. with 1A to resort to, to adopt.
with to set about.

SUBSTANTIVES. m. desire. m. proper conduct, conduct. f. straight-

forwardness. m. villain. n. a deserving person or object. m. a king. m.


courtesy, civility. f. learning. m. labour. f. plenty, abundance. m. a
son.

Tremble, (the) enemies of the King! Taste (thou a) mango. Begin (you the) study of
Sanskrit. May (we) obey (the) commands of God! Let (the) moon shine. Let (the two)
books be brought here. Do not (you both) regard Devadatta (an) enemy. Rejoice at
mens prosperity. Die, villan! May men blush at (their) misdeeds. Let (the) virtues of (the)
medicine be examined. Let riches be given to deserving persons. May men always
speak (the) truth! Flatter not sinners. Let (the) birds fly from (the) branches of (the) tree.
Let rogues smile at (the) straight-forwardness of (the) good. Let heaps of corn be given
to brahmanas. May (a) son be born to (the) king! Obtain (thou thy) desires. May (I) not
disregard (the) orders of (my) father! Let (us two) destroy (our) enemies. Let (the two)
faults of (the) servant be forgiven by (the) master. Earn wealth by labour, do not beg.
Let (the two) children taste (the) sweetmeats. May (we two) not be killed in (the) battle!

SOME

OF THE MORE IMPORTANT

VERBAL DERIVATIVES

The past passive participle is formed by adding to the root; as 'to hear',
'heard'.
The feminine is formed by adding .

The infinitive of purpose is formed by adding to the root. The final vowel or the

penultimate short takes its guna substitute before this termination. 'for hearing'.

The indeclinable past participle or absolutive is formed by adding to the root;

'having heard'. takes the place of when a preposition is prefixed to the root;
'having experienced'. is prefixed to the when the root ends in a short vowel;
'having imitated'.

Before all these terminations except some roots take the augment . As a general
rule, however, roots ending in short vowels do not take it. There are some other
modifications which the roots undergo which are too various to be noticed here.
To form the present participle, the conjugational sign58 is first affixed to the root, and
then the termination 59
is added on to it when the root takes parasmaipada

terminations, and when it takes atmanepada terminations. , however, takes the

place of when the base60 does not end in . Passive present participles are formed
by adding to the passive base.
58

Or, more generally, take that form which the root assumes before the third person

plural termination of the present tense, and then add on the participial suffix instead of
that termination.
59
60

See [IV].

That form of a noun or root to which the termination is appended is called the base.

List of Past Passive Participles of several roots. to throw . to obtain .

to desire, to love . to draw lines, to plough . to go . to be


angry . to be weary . to forgive . to be agitated . to
dig . to go . to hide . to be produced . to be satisfied .
to abandon . to burn . to show .
to be made bad .
to see . to put, to bear .
to be proud, to dare . to bow . to
perish . to cook . to go . to nourish . to ask . to

bind . to worship . to eat, to enjoy . to mind, to think . to


plunge . to liberate . to be foolish or . to die
. to

worship . to join . to be engaged in . to sport . to grow .


to obtain . to covet . to speak . to speak . to sow

. to bear . to enter .
to be . to praise . to be quiet

. to embrace . to endure .
to create, to abandon .
to
touch . to kill .

WORDS. adj. all, whole. m. coronation. (to throw) with to scatter.


m. a hut. (past part. of with ) ready, prepared. m. a remedy

n. a prison. m. a potter. m. a well. n. a field. 1P and A with

to dig, to excavate m. a jar. ind. silent, silently with to indicate.


(to put, to bear) with place. 1P and A to seize; with to save, to release, to lift
up. with to educate. m. mud. f. pain. ind. in the morning. 1P
and A to resort to, to have recourse to. with to reply f. intellect. m.

pride, arrogance.
n. root, foot.
1P to faint away, to swoon. adj. belonging
to a sacrifice.
m. a kings officer. with to ascend.
with and to

come back, to return. adj. able, powerful. m. a serpent. adv. well.


m. a dog. 1P and A with to dispel, to remove.

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