Jessie Zhao Period: 1

Chapter #16: The South and the Slavery Controversy Big Picture Themes 1. Cotton ran the South before the Civil War it was "King Cotton." The entire southern economy was based on cotton. 2. The South had developed a pyramid-like social structure. From top-to-bottom: planter aristocrats, small farmers, the white majority (who owned no slaves), free blacks, slaves. 3. Life as a slave could be wildly variedsome slave owners were kind toward their slaves, some were immensely cruel. In all situations, slaves were not free to do as they pleased. 4. Abolition (move to abolish slavery) began with the Quakers. Frederick Douglass became the main spokesman against slavery. And William Lloyd Garrison printed "The Liberator", a radical abolition newspaper. 5. Southerners countered that northern workers were treated even worse than slaves. Slave owners, they said, had a vested interest in their slaves. Northern factory workers exploited then fired their workers. IDENTIFICATIONS: Nat Turner Slave from Virginia that led a group of slaves to kill their slave masters and their families. Sojourner Truth An American abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for abolition of slavery and the rights of women. Theodore Dwight Weld a prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. inspired uncle tom's cabin. wrote 'American slavery as it is'. weld put together a group called the "land rebels." he and his group traveled across the old northwest preaching antislavery gospel. weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called american slavery as it is. Harriet Beecher Stowe novelist. wrote uncle tom's cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. the book persuaded more people, particularly northerners, to become anti-slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison prominent american abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "the liberator", and one of the founders of the american anti-slavery society. David Walker he was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. wrote pamphlet on black pride. he wrote the "appeal to the colored citizens of the world." it called for a bloody end to white supremacy. he believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: "Cotton is King!" Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin 1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have? In the south, their main and only export was cotton. With cotton, the south economy flourished and thats all they needed to survive so they named cotton king. The south became the one place where everyone got their cotton so many countries relied heavily on the south to keep on producing cotton. It made the southerners a little bit cocky on the fact that everyone depended on them for their cotton. The Planter "Aristocracy" Know: Chivalry 2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?" The south was basically undemocratic when it came to slavery. Slaves were the backbone on their economy and were very valuable but for something so precious, the whites treated the slaves terribly. They had no freedom or rights and were bound to their masters.

Slaves and the Slave System Know: One crop economy 3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton? The souths weakness was that they relied heavily only on cotton. They were a one crop economy so it cotton failed, so would their entire economy. Another weakness is slavery because if the south succumbs to the pressure of the north to abolish slavery, then no one would be able to produce cotton. The White Majority Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly 4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery? Many whites who did not own slaves still supported slavery because it helps them live their life and gives the necessity to live. They dont have to own slaves to be able t receive cotton.

Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters Know: Emancipate, mulattoes 5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain. It would be better to be a free black in the north because even though, they are still discriminated by many whites and forced into unsanitary factories, they are free men and women who still have a chance of becoming wealthy.

Plantation Slavery Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe 6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves. Positive: the masters would be able to control the slaves and make sure that they do their work. Negative: it is inhuman to treat another human being like a mule and put a price on a human life. It is wrong to invest in a human and make profit out of human suffering.

Life Under the Lash Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South 7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible? Because slaves were a majority in the south, many slaves began to form their own little communities where they would have a mixed culture of American lifestyle and their origins. They were religious people and didnt inbreed like many whites did.

The Burdens of Bondage Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner 8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement? What Thomas Jefferson said summarizes how many master felt about slavery. I believe that deep down some master knew that it was immoral to posses another human being and enslave them. But they cant help themselves because they need slaves to do the hard work and make cotton so they will be able to survive.

Early Abolitionism Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe 9. Describe some of the early abolitionists. The early abolitionists argued hard and long about the harshness of slavery and many of them wrote stories about their life in the south. Some argued for the north to succeed from the south. Many ogf them wanted the slaves to be imported to Africa because of race discrimination.

Radical Abolitionism Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass 10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be? Their attitudes were different because Garrison and Douglass went through slavery and understood how bad slavery was in the south. They were the strongest voices for abolition because they went through being a slave.

The South Lashes Back 11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists? They defended themselves by claiming that their slaves were treated as family members and were loved. The Southerners said that they took care of the slaves and made sure they had food, clothing, and everything necessary to live. They claim to know what was best for the slaves and took their best interest at heart. They lashed back at the north on their treatment with their employees within the factory. The people of the south painted a picture that showed that being a slave in the south is a lot better than being a factory worker. The Abolitionist Impact in the North 12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success? Some Northerners didnt approve of abolitionists and even tried to kill those who helped slaves escape. Although the north was against slavery, the people still didnt like the black race and looked down on them even as a free men and women. Chapter #17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy Big Picture Themes 1. A boundary dispute with England over Maine was settled peacably. In the long run, the U.S. likely got the better end of the deal. 2. Texas finally joined the U.S. Since the Texas revolution, itd been hanging in the balance. American lawmakers finally decided it was too good of a prize to let slip by, so it was annexed in 1845 3. Oregon was next on the list of lands to seal up. It was shared land, mainly between the U.S. and England. After some negotiating over the border, the 49th parallel was agreed upon. Again, the U.S. likely got the better. 4. The election of 1844 saw James K. Polk run on a Manifest Destiny platform. Americans liked the idea, voted him in, and he went after California. 5. When the Mexican-American war was over, the prize of California that Polk had wanted, was obtained. So was all of the modern American Southwest.

IDENTIFICATIONS: John Tyler He was the vice president of Harrison before Harrison died. Tyler became the president soon after. He was responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. Slidells Mission Prior to the Mexican American war president Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to negotiate an agreement between that the Rio Grande River would be the southern border of Texas. John C. Fremont American military officer, and the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of president of the US bought lost. He opposed slavery, and became senator of California. Manifest Destiny This was the term used by many American people who believed that not only do they have the right of land from sea to shining sea, but also a sense of duty to obtain the land. James K. Polk He was the 11th president of the US and defeated Henry Clay in 1844. He promised to annex Texas and was a leader of the Jacksonian Democracy. He helped to the successes split ownership of Oregon with England. When Mexico rejected Annexation of Texas-led nation to victory in Mexican American war followed by Mexican cession. Webster-Ashburton Treaty This was the treaty of the border of Canada and America. Spot Resolution The disputed border, Rio Grande river, between Mexico and America that started the Mexican-American war. The Tariff of 1842 This tariff was a gigantic cut from previous tariffs and it led to an increase on trade. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo peace treat largely dictated by the US to the Gov. of Mexico City which ended the Mexico American war. Mexico surrendered to the US and entered negotiation to end the war. US gained Mexican Cession and the Rio Grande river was the southern boundary of the US and Texas. Wilmot Proviso Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War, but southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, defeated the proposal.

Matthew C. Perry He was the military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan. Henry Clay king of the Whigs and the ablest spokesman in the Senate Free-Soil Party The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. Fugitive Slave Law came from the Compromise of 1850; paid federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, posses and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves; the slaves could not testify in thier own behalf, "Man-Stealing Law". Harriet Tubman Former slave who escaped and then returned to the South to help other slaves out of captivity. Compromise of 1850 California admitted as a free state Texas gave up its claims to lands disputed with New Mexico Slave trade in D.C. was banned, but slavery was legal South: Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands Texas was paid $10 million for land lost A new, tougher Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Ostend Manifesto The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. Kansas-Nebraska Act a compromise law in 1854 that suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:

The Accession of "Tyler Too" Know: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler 1. "Yet Tyler...should never have consented to run on the ticket." Explain this quote from your text. Since Tyler was originally the vice president, he was never voted into office. Because Harrison died just 4 weeks into presidency Tyler was pushed into presidency.

John Tyler: A President Without a Party Know: "His Accidency," Henry Clay 2 What proof can you give of Tyler's unpopularity? What did Tyler do that made Whigs so angry with him? Tyler was a man without a party. When Tyler was the president the Whigs tried hard to pass once again a National bank. Tyler hated the fiscal bank and he vetoed it. By doing so, the Whigs expelled him from the party and even tried to impeach him. A War of Words with England Know: Caroline, Creole 3. Explain at least four causes of tension between the US and Great Britain in the 1830's and 1840's. 1. British writers wrote badly about American tobacco spitting, slave auctioneering, lynching, eye gouging, and other unsavory features. 2. British travel books launched sneering attacks on Yankee shortcomings. 3. American soldiers were put on the Canadian border to watch for British invasions and the British did the same. 4.British officers in the Bahamas offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled and captured American ship Creole. Manipulating the Maine Maps Know: Aroostook War, Lord Ashburton, Daniel Webster 4. What was the result of the Ashburton-Webster Treaty? It was signed in 1842, was a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border and it also banned the slave trade on the ocean.

The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone Know: Lone Star Republic 5. How did Mexico view Texas from 1836 to 1845? Mexico refuses to accept Texas as an independent nation. They plan to conquer it back one day. Mexican officials loudly threatened war if America ever annexed Texas.

The Belated Texas Nuptials Know: Conscience Whigs 6. Why did some hesitate to annex Texas? Why was it finally admitted to the Union? Some hesitated to annex Texas because of slavery issues. If Texas was annexed, then it would contribute majorly to the South and the north wanted no more slavery in the new land. Texas was finally admitted because of the duty of manifest Destiny.

Oregon Fever Populates Oregon Know: 54 40', Willamette Valley, Oregon Trail 7 What change with Oregon from 1819 to 1844 caused the British to become more willing to negotiate a final boundary? There was a huge burst of Americans into the Oregon country while the British could only muster about seven hundred subjects north of the Columbia. Losing out in the population race, they were beginning to see the wisdom of arriving at a peaceful settlement before being engulfed by their neighbors.

A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny Know: James K. Polk, Dark Horse 8. What part did Manifest Destiny play in the 1844 election? Manifest destiny was running high because of the debate to annex Texas, so when Polk was campaigning he promised that if he was put into office, he would annex Texas. So in conclusion to that, many people voted for the president that would spread manifest destiny.

Polk the Purposeful 9. What were Polk's four goals? Assess his degree of success. 1. Lower tariff 2. Annex texas 3. create an independent treasury system 4. solve the Oregon boundary dispute.

Misunderstandings with Mexico Know: John Slidell, Nueces River 10. What were the sources of the strained relationship between the U.S. and Mexico? There was a huge dispute between the two countries about border. Mexico and the US has discussed that the border was the Nueces River. But when war was approaching, the US crossed over to the Rio Grande who they believe is the actual border of Mexico.

American Blood on American (?) Soil Know: Zachary Taylor, Spot Resolutions 11. Explain some of the reasons Congress declared war on Mexico. Congress declared war on Mexico because they believed that the boundary was the Rio Grande and so for the Mexicans to shoot American soldiers on that land counted as American blood on American soil. But one person objected the declaration of war and that was Lincoln. He knew that the US and Mexico had agreed that the border was Nueces River so technically it was America that started the war.

The Mastering of Mexico Know: Stephen Kearney, John C. Fremont, Bear Flag Republic, Winfield Scott 12. What battles were fought to defeat Mexico? The battle of Buena Vista led by Taylor fought the Mexicans and won. General Scott succeeded in Mexico city and was known as the most distinguished general.

Fighting Mexico for Peace Know: Nicholas P. Trist, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 13. Why did some people oppose the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? People opposed the treaty because it didnt make sense. Since America won, why do the hard working Americans have to pay money to Mexico??

Profit and Loss in Mexico Know: Wilmot Proviso 14. What positive and negative outcomes resulted for the United States from the MexicanAmerican War? Positive: America got a taste of manifest destiny as they go explore Texas and westward, Negative: This starts the debate on slave states and free states and it also starts to divide the nation into two sections.