2 Section A Answer all the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

For Examiners Use

Fig. 1.1 shows an incomplete diagram of the female urinary system. to heart from heart

kidney

bladder

Fig. 1.1 (a) On Fig. 1.1, draw and label the following parts: renal artery, urethra and ureter. (b) Name three components that are present in the urine of a healthy person. 1. ...................................................................................................................................... 2. ...................................................................................................................................... 3. ..................................................................................................................................[3] [4]

0610/3/M/J/03

3 (c) If the kidneys fail, the patient may be put on a kidney machine. Explain how a kidney machine works. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................[4] (d) The kidneys are part of the bodys homeostatic mechanism. (i) Define homeostasis. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................[2] (ii) Outline the role of the kidneys in homeostasis. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................[2]

For Examiners Use

(iii)

Name another organ of the body also involved with homeostasis and outline its role. name of organ ........................................................................................................... role ............................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................[3] [Total : 18]

0610/3/M/J/03

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8 17 The diagram shows the circulatory system of a mammal.

capillary network in lungs R right atrium left atrium

right ventricle

left ventricle

S capillary network in body organs

What describes the blood in vessels R and S? R A B C D deoxygenated deoxygenated oxygenated oxygenated S deoxygenated oxygenated deoxygenated oxygenated

18 From which organ is most carbon dioxide excreted? A B C D kidney liver lung skin

19 Which word equation represents anaerobic respiration in muscles? A B C D glucose lactic acid + energy glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy glucose + oxygen lactic acid + water + energy

UCLES 2004

0610/01/M/J/04

9 20 Which process in green plants produces carbon dioxide? A B C D photosynthesis respiration translocation transpiration

21 The diagram shows structures associated with the human urinary system. Which structure is the urethra?

from heart

to heart A

C D

UCLES 2004

0610/01/M/J/04

[Turn over

6 3 Table 3.1 shows a students daily water gains and losses. Table 3.1 water gain / cm3 drink food water released in chemical reactions total 1650 800 urine faeces expired air 350 2800 sweat total water loss / cm3 1500 100 400 ............ 2800

For Examiners Use

(a) Complete the table by calculating the volume of sweat lost by the student. Show your working in the space below.

[1] (b) Name the organ responsible for 1. excreting water in expired air; ...................................................................................... 2. releasing water by sweating; ........................................................................................ 3. forming urine; ............................................................................................................... 4. reabsorbing water from undigested food to form faeces. ............................................. [4] (c) On a hot day the student still took in 2800 cm3 of water. (i) Suggest and explain what would happen to the volume of sweat and urine produced. sweat ........................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................[2] urine .......................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................[2]
UCLES 2004 0610/03/M/J/04

7 The volume of water gained and lost by the student is balanced. (ii) Name the term used for the maintenance of a constant internal environment. ...............................................................................................................................[1] (d) Use words from the list below to complete the paragraph. excretion glucose glycogen starch insulin liver oestrogen sucrose

For Examiners Use

pancreas

secretion

stomach

The blood stream transports a sugar called ....................................... . The blood sugar level has to be kept constant in the body. If this level falls below normal, a hormone called glucagon is released into the blood by an endocrine organ called the ....................................... . The release of a substance from a gland is called ....................................... . Glucagon promotes the breakdown of ....................................... to increase the blood sugar level. If the blood sugar level gets too high, the endocrine organ secretes another hormone called ....................................... into the blood. This hormone promotes the removal of sugar from the blood and its conversion to glycogen in the ....................................... . [6] [Total : 16]

UCLES 2004

0610/03/M/J/04

[Turn over

9 23 In which organ is urea formed and through which tube does it leave the body? organ A B C D kidney kidney liver liver tube ureter urethra ureter urethra

24 Which substances are usually found in the urine of a healthy person? A B C D glucose and proteins salts and amino acids salts and water water and proteins

25 During a long-distance race, the body temperature of an athlete begins to rise. Which changes occur to help return the body temperature to normal? sweating A B C D decreases decreases increases increases blood vessels in the skin constrict dilate constrict dilate

UCLES 2005

0610/01/M/J/05

[Turn over

9 4 The temperature of mammals is normally kept fairly constant. (a) Explain how each of the following processes helps to keep the body temperature constant. (i) sweating

For Examiner's Use

[3] (ii) vasoconstriction

[4]

(b) Explain the value to mammals of maintaining a constant body temperature.

[2] [Total: 9]

UCLES 2005

0610/02/M/J/05

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9 21 The graph shows the rate and depth of breathing in a person before exercise.
2.5 volume of air in lungs during breathing / dm3 2.0 1.5 1.0 0 4 time / s 8

Which graph shows the rate and depth of breathing of the same person immediately after a period of exercise?

A 2.5 volume of air in 2.0 lungs during breathing / dm3 1.5 1.0 0 4 time / s 8 2.5 volume of air in 2.0 lungs during breathing / dm3 1.5 1.0 0

4 time / s

C 2.5 volume of air in 2.0 lungs during breathing / dm3 1.5 1.0 0 4 time / s 8 2.5 volume of air in 2.0 lungs during breathing / dm3 1.5 1.0 0

4 time / s

22 In which organ is urea made and by which organ is it removed from the blood? where made A B C D kidney kidney liver liver where removed kidney liver kidney liver

UCLES 2006

0610/01/M/J/06

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10 23 The diagram shows structures within human skin under two different external conditions.

condition 1

condition 2

blood vessel sweat glands

What are external conditions 1 and 2? condition 1 A B C D cool cool hot hot condition 2 hot cool cool hot

24 Which of these contains relay neurones? A B C D effector receptor spinal cord stimulus

UCLES 2006

0610/01/M/J/06

12 8 Fig. 8.1 shows a diagram of part of the digestive system, associated organs and blood vessels.

For Examiner's Use

V hepatic artery hepatic vein W X

hepatic portal vein

Fig. 8.1

(a) Complete Table 8.1 to identify the named structures. Table 8.1 name of structure duodenum gall bladder liver pancreas stomach [5] letter label

UCLES 2006

0610/02/M/J/06

13 (b) (i) Name the liquid that is stored in the gall bladder. [1] (ii) Name a hormone that affects the storage of glycogen in the liver. [1]

For Examiner's Use

(c) Fig. 8.2 shows the rate of digestion of protein by two different enzymes, A and B, over a range of pH.

enzyme A rate of digestion of protein

enzyme B

6 pH Fig. 8.2

10

12

(i) Name the structure, shown in Fig. 8.1, in which enzyme A will be most active. [1] (ii) Name the structure, shown in Fig. 8.1, in which enzyme B will be most active. [1]

UCLES 2006

0610/02/M/J/06

[Turn over

14 (d) (i) Name the blood vessel, shown in Fig. 8.1, that would contain blood with the highest oxygen concentration. [1] (ii) Which part of the blood carries oxygen? [1] (iii) Name the blood vessel, shown in Fig. 8.1, that would contain blood with the highest urea concentration. [1] (iv) Which part of the blood carries urea? [1] [Total: 13]

For Examiner's Use

UCLES 2006

0610/02/M/J/06

9 19 Why is yeast used in breadmaking? A B C D to provide alcohol to provide carbon dioxide to provide oxygen to provide lactic acid

20 Which features are present in gaseous exchange surfaces? large surface area A B C D     moist     thick walls     key  = present  = not present

21 Which component of cigarette smoke is most likely to cause lung cancer? A B C D carbon dioxide carbon monoxide nicotine tar

22 What is an example of homeostasis? A B C D breathing in oxygen regulating blood glucose removing undigested food through the anus urinating to empty the bladder

UCLES 2007

0610/01/M/J/07

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10 23 The table shows an analysis of urine and of blood after filtration in the kidney. substance glucose salts urea water percentage of substance in blood 0.10 0.30 0.03 90.00 urine 0.00 0.60 2.00 97.00

Which substance is completely reabsorbed by the kidney? A B C D glucose salts urea water

24 The diagram shows a neurone.

Which structures could be found at X and Y? X A B C D brain brain eye skin Y intestine leg hand spinal cord

25 The diagram shows shoots of maize seedlings. Which shoot shows negative geotropism?
A light B light C D

gravity

gravity

UCLES 2007

0610/01/M/J/07

19 9 Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, including a constant body temperature. (a) Suggest why it is important that the body temperature of humans is kept constant.
For Examiner's Use

[2]

(b) Describe and explain the effect of sweating in maintaining human body temperature.

[4] [Total: 6]

UCLES 2007

0610/02/M/J/07

[Turn over

6 12 Which are characteristics of enzymes? A B C D They are carbohydrates and biological catalysts. They are carbohydrates and chemical messengers. They are proteins and biological catalysts. They are proteins and chemical messengers.

13 The diagram shows part of the digestive system.

1 2

What is a function of the liquid produced by part 1 and released into part 2? A B C D to digest proteins to amino acids to increase the surface area of fat droplets to acidify the contents of part 2 to prevent further digestion of starch

UCLES 2008

0610/01/M/J/08

10 21 A person has been smoking heavily for many years. A lot of dust and micro-organisms enter their lungs. Which statement explains why this occurs? A B C D Their arteries are blocked with tar. The cilia in the trachea have been destroyed. The person is addicted to nicotine. The surface area of the lungs is reduced.

22 Capillaries near the surface of the skin become wider after drinking large amounts of alcohol. Why does this cause the body temperature to drop? A B C D It allows heat to be lost rapidly from the skin. It causes vasoconstriction. It prevents vasodilation. It stops the person from sweating.

23 The diagram represents some human organs and their blood vessels.

liver P Q gut

kidney R
Immediately after taking an alcoholic drink, how would the levels of alcohol compare in blood vessels P, Q and R? P A B C D very high some very low very high Q some very high very low very low R very high very low some very low

UCLES 2008

0610/01/M/J/08

13 10 (a) Define the term homeostasis.

For Examiner's Use

[2]

(b) It has been suggested by some scientists that the iris reflex is an example of homeostasis. Describe this reflex and explain why it might be considered to be a homeostatic mechanism.

[3] [Total: 5]

UCLES 2008

0610/02/M/J/08

[Turn over

14 11 (a) Fig. 11.1 shows the urinary system and its blood supply.
For Examiner's Use

.................................. X direction of blood flow

.................................. Y

.................................. Z

Fig. 11.1

On Fig. 11.1 label structures X, Y and Z.

[3]

(b) Table 11.1 shows the relative quantities of several substances in the blood in the renal artery and renal vein. Table 11.1 relative quantities in blood in renal artery (arbitrary units) 10.0 100.0 32.0 3.0 180.0 relative quantities in blood in renal vein (arbitrary units) 9.7 35.0 29.0 1.5 178.0

substance

glucose oxygen sodium salts urea water

UCLES 2008

0610/02/M/J/08

15 Explain what is happening in the kidney to bring about three of the differences between the blood in the renal artery and renal vein, shown in the table.
For Examiner's Use

[3] [Total: 6]

UCLES 2008

0610/02/M/J/08

9 20 In an experiment, three glass bell jars were set up as shown in the diagram.

bell jar

air from lungs

green plant

P left in sunlight for 8 hours

Q left open to the air for 8 hours

R air breathed out by a student for 5 minutes

At the end of the experiment, which bell jar has the most oxygen and which has the least? most oxygen A B C D P P Q R least oxygen Q R P P

21 The diagram represents the exchange of gases during breathing and during respiration in the body.
oxygen in blood X carbon dioxide carbon dioxide in blood Y

oxygen

What is represented by X and by Y? X A B C D lungs lungs body cells body cells Y air body cells air lungs

UCLES 2009

0610/01/M/J/09

[Turn over

10 22 The diagram shows a kidney and its blood vessels.

artery vein

ureter

In a healthy person, which structures transport glucose? A B C D artery only artery and ureter artery and vein ureter and vein

23 What is true for a runner, at the end of a marathon race, in a hot climate? A B C D sweating and vasoconstriction sweating and vasodilation vasoconstriction only vasodilation only

24 When a person is frightened, adrenalin is released by the adrenal glands. What are the effects of the adrenalin? breathing rate A B C D decreased decreased increased increased heart beat rate decreased increased decreased increased

UCLES 2009

0610/01/M/J/09

4 2 (a) Why do most waste products of metabolism have to be removed from the body? [1]
For Examiner's Use

(b) Fig.2.1 shows the human excretory system.

Fig. 2.1

Name the parts that fit each of the following descriptions. (i) The tube that carries urine from the kidneys. [1] (ii) The organ that stores urine. [1] (iii) The blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney. [1]

(c) Outline how the kidneys remove only waste materials from the blood.

[3]

UCLES 2009

0610/02/M/J/09

5 (d) Excess amino acids cannot be stored in the body and have to be broken down. (i) Where are excess amino acids broken down? [1]
For Examiner's Use

(ii) Which waste chemical is formed from the breakdown of excess amino acids? [1] [Total: 9]

UCLES 2009

0610/02/M/J/09

[Turn over

4 Fig. 2.2 shows some liver cells as seen with a light microscope.
For Examiner's Use

A ................................

B ................................

C ................................

P Fig. 2.2

(b) (i) Label, on Fig. 2.2, the structures A, B and C. [3]

(ii) The distance P-Q is 0.06 mm. Calculate the magnification of Fig. 2.2. Show your working.

Magnification

[2]

UCLES 2009

0610/31/M/J/09

5 Liver cells absorb glucose and amino acids from the blood and help to regulate the concentrations of these substances in the blood. (c) Explain how liver cells help to regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood in response to hormones from the pancreas in each of the following situations. Blood glucose concentration is higher than normal.
For Examiner's Use

Blood glucose concentration is lower than normal.

[5]

(d) Describe what happens to amino acids inside liver cells.

[3]

[Total: 15]
UCLES 2009 0610/31/M/J/09

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9 21 Which organ produces urea? A B C D bladder kidney liver pancreas

22 What happens when the body temperature rises above normal? blood vessels in the surface of skin A B C D constrict constrict dilate dilate sweat production decreases increases decreases increases

23 The diagram shows some of the muscles and bones of the human arm.

muscle Y muscle X

elbow joint

When muscle X contracts, what happens to the arm and what happens to muscle Y? arm A B C D bends bends straightens straightens muscle Y contracts relaxes contracts relaxes

UCLES 2010

0610/11/M/J/10

[Turn over

14 7 (a) (i) Name the term that is used to describe the maintenance of a constant internal environment. [1]
For Examiner's Use

(ii) State two advantages to a mammal of maintaining a constant body temperature. 1.

2. [2]

(b) Fig. 7.1 shows changes in a persons body temperature before, during and after a period of exercise.

40 39 38 body temperature / C 37 36 35 34 33 time exercise begins ends

Fig. 7.1 (i) Using information from Fig. 7.1, state the normal body temperature of this person. C. (ii) Explain what is meant by the term vasodilation. [1]

[1] (iii) On Fig. 7.1, label with an X a point when vasodilation is having an effect on the persons body temperature. [1]

UCLES 2010

0610/22/M/J/10

15 (iv) Explain how vasodilation affects body temperature.

For Examiner's Use

[4] [Total: 10]

(a) (i) Name the organ that makes bile. [1] (ii) State where bile is stored until it is released into the small intestine. [1] (iii) Name the organ that produces lipase and is joined to the small intestine. [1]

(b) Describe the roles of bile and of lipase in the digestion of fats.

[3] [Total: 6]

Question 9 is on the next page.

0610/22/M/J/10

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10 4 A healthy kidney controls the excretion of urea and other waste products of metabolism from the blood. After kidney failure there are two possible treatments: dialysis or a kidney transplant. Fig. 4.1 shows how blood and dialysis fluid move through a dialysis machine. A blood flow B bubble trap pump blood
For Examiner's Use

dialysis fluid

patients arm

Fig. 4.1

(a) Describe the changes that occur to the blood as it flows through the dialysis machine from A to B.

[2]

UCLES 2011

0610/31/M/J/11

11 (b) Discuss the advantages of kidney transplants compared with dialysis.

For Examiner's Use

[3]

UCLES 2011

0610/31/M/J/11

[Turn over

9 22 The diagram shows the human urinary system.

Which substance is not found in the liquid at X in a healthy person? A B C D glucose salt toxins urea

23 The diagram shows a section through part of the eye.

X iris suspensory ligament pupil lens

X is a circular muscle. What effect does it have when it contracts? A B C D decreases the size of the pupil increases the size of the pupil pulls on the lens, decreasing its curvature reduces the pull on the lens, increasing its curvature
0610/11/M/J/12

UCLES 2012

[Turn over

10 24 Read the following sentence. In order to prevent the human body from losing heat, the arterioles supplying the skin become narrow. Which process does this sentence describe? A B C D constriction shivering sweating vasodilation

25 What special dietary advice should be given to a pregnant woman? A B C D Eat less fibre (roughage). Eat less protein. Eat plenty of fat. Eat plenty of iron.

26 A natural method of birth control assumes that sperms live for three days after intercourse, ovulation occurs between days 13-15 of the menstrual cycle and released ova live for 36 hours. On which day of the cycle should intercourse not result in pregnancy? A day 7 B day 10 C day 12 D day 16

27 In addition to a suitable temperature, what else is necessary for seed germination? A B C D carbon dioxide and sunlight mineral ions only sunlight only water and oxygen

28 Which process is an example of development? A B C D a cell absorbing water and increasing in size a cell dividing by mitosis a root tip cell becoming a phloem cell a sperm cell fertilising an egg cell

UCLES 2012

0610/11/M/J/12

12 22 A patient has dye injected into the blood supply to his kidneys. The dye appears in his excretory system as shown.

key dye

no dye

Which part is blocked? A B C D one kidney one ureter the bladder the urethra

23 In a reflex action, which term describes light, temperature and chemicals? A B C D effectors impulses receptors stimuli

0610/1/O/N/02

14 26 Which best describes sexual reproduction? number of parents A B C D one one two two offspring genetically different from parent genetically identical to parent genetically different from parents genetically identical to parents

27 The graph shows the average level of sex hormones in the blood of females and males.

levels of sex hormones in the blood

female male

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 age / years

What are these hormones? female A B C D adrenaline insulin oestrogen testosterone male oestrogen adrenaline testosterone insulin

28 The table shows the conditions provided for four sets of seeds. All the seeds are well-watered. Which of the seeds germinate? suitable temperature carbon dioxide key = condition present = condition absent

oxygen A B C D

0610/1/O/N/02

9 20 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate the respiration of yeast. balloon

gas evolved

yeast in sugar solution at the beginning after 24 hours

yeast, sugar and new compound

Which gas is evolved and which new compound is present? gas evolved A B C D carbon dioxide carbon dioxide oxygen oxygen new compound ethanol lactic acid ethanol lactic acid

21 The diagram shows some organs in the human body. In which part are amino acids broken down to urea?

C B

0610/1/O/N/03

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7 15 What is lacking in the diet of someone with anaemia (haemoglobin deficiency)? A B C D calcium iron vitamin C vitamin D

16 By which process is undigested waste material removed from the body? A B C D absorption assimilation egestion ingestion

17 The diagram shows the directions of blood flow through a heart. Which chamber of the heart receives blood directly from the lungs?

18 Which of the following describes a vein? valves present A B C D     thick muscle tissue in wall    

UCLES 2004

0610/01/O/N/04

[Turn over

8 19 Anaerobic respiration in muscles can be summarised by the following equation. glucose X + energy What is X? A B C D ethanol hydrogen lactic acid water

20 Which component of cigarette smoke is most likely to cause lung cancer? A B C D carbon dioxide carbon monoxide nicotine tar

21 How do sweat glands and blood vessels near the skin surface respond when body temperature rises above normal? blood vessels near the skin surface constriction dilation constriction dilation

sweat glands A B C D decreased activity decreased activity increased activity increased activity

22 A person has a high-protein diet. What describes the level of urea in the blood leaving the liver and in the urine leaving the kidneys? blood leaving liver A B C D high urea high urea low urea low urea urine leaving kidneys high urea low urea high urea low urea

UCLES 2004

0610/01/O/N/04

10 22 One body process is defined as the removal of toxic materials, the removal of waste products of metabolism and removal of substances in excess. Of which process is this a definition? A B C D excretion nutrition reproduction respiration

23 What happens when the body temperature rises above normal? blood vessels in the surface of skin A B C D dilate constrict constrict dilate sweat production decreases increases decreases increases

24 The table shows the composition of the urine of four people. Which person is most likely to have been eating a lot of protein on a hot, dry, day? person A B C D urea content of urine high high low low water content of urine high low high low

25 What shows the order in which these structures are involved in a reflex action? start A B C D finish

effector motor neurone relay neurone sensory neurone receptor effector sensory neurone motor neurone relay neurone receptor receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone effector receptor motor neurone sensory neurone relay neurone effector

UCLES 2005

0610/01/O/N/05

9 5 If the glucose in the blood rises above its normal concentration, insulin is secreted to bring the concentration back to normal. (a) (i) Suggest one explanation for a rise in the concentration of glucose in the blood. [1] (ii) Name the organ that secretes insulin. [1] (iii) Describe the role of the liver in bringing the concentration of glucose in the blood back to normal.

For Examiner's Use

[2] (iv) State the term that describes how a substance, such as glucose, in the body is maintained at a constant level. [1] (b) Diabetics are unable to control their blood glucose levels naturally. Human insulin can now be made using bacteria that have been genetically engineered. (i) Insulin is a protein. Suggest why insulin has to be injected rather than taken by mouth.

[2] (ii) Explain how bacteria can be genetically engineered and used to make human insulin.

[4] [Total: 11]

UCLES 2005

0610/03/O/N/05

[Turn over

10 21 What describes the excretion of urea? removal of undigested food A B C D     removal of metabolic wastes     removal of substances in excess     removal of toxic products     key  true  not true

22 The average percentage of water in human urine is 96 %. This percentage changes when conditions change. Which set of conditions will make the percentage of water in the urine decrease most? conditions temperature of the surroundings A B C D low low high high amount of activity low high low high volume of water drunk high low high low

UCLES 2006

0610/01/O/N/06

10 22 Blood is filtered in the kidneys. After this filtration, some substances are reabsorbed into the blood and other substances pass out of the body in the urine. Which line shows the correct movement of substances in a healthy person? substances reabsorbed into the blood A B C D glucose, some salts, urea glucose, some salts, some water some salts, some water, urea some salts, some water, urea substances passed out of the body in the urine glucose, some salts, some water some salts, some water, urea glucose, some water, urea glucose, some salts, some water

23 Four urine samples were collected on different days from a person whose exercise and water intake was the same each day. Which sample was collected on a cold day? volume of urine produced / dm3 A B C D 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.4 volume of sweat produced / dm3 0.8 0.8 1.5 0.8

UCLES 2007

0610/01/O/N/07

First variant Question Paper

6 3 (a) Define the term excretion.
For Examiner's Use

[3]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a section through a kidney.

Fig. 3.1
(i) Using label lines and the letters given, label the following on Fig. 3.1. F R U where filtration occurs, the renal artery, where urine passes to the bladder. [3]

UCLES 2007

0610/03/O/N/07

First variant Question Paper

7 (ii) Describe the process of filtration in the kidney.
For Examiner's Use

[3]

(iii) Name the processes resulting in the reabsorption of 1. glucose, 2. water. [3]

[Total: 12]

UCLES 2007

0610/03/O/N/07

[Turn over

10 21 An athlete runs a race. The graph shows how the concentration of lactic acid in his leg muscles changes.
8 lactic acid concentration (arbitary units) 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time from start of race / min

For how long did the athlete run? A B C D 2 minutes 4 minutes 6 minutes 10 minutes

22 The diagram shows the human excretory system and its main associated blood vessels. Which labelled structure contains urine?
A

C D

UCLES 2008

0610/01/O/N/08

11 23 The table shows the amount of water and salt lost from the kidneys and skin on a hot day and on a cold day. Food and drink intake are the same on both days. water lost from kidneys / dm3 cold day hot day 1.8 0.4 water lost from skin / dm3 0.0 2.3 salt lost from kidney / g 20.2 14.4 salt lost from skin / g 0.0 5.8

What do these results show? A B C D Less water is lost from the kidneys on a cold day than on a hot day. More salt is lost from the kidneys on a hot day than on a cold day. The total amount of salt lost each day is the same. Water is not lost from the kidneys on hot days.

24 The diagram shows bones and muscles in the human arm.

Which row correctly identifies the biceps, triceps and ulna? biceps A B C D 1 1 2 2 triceps 2 2 1 1 ulna 4 3 4 3

UCLES 2008

0610/01/O/N/08

[Turn over

10 21 In which organ is alcohol broken down? A B C D brain kidney liver stomach

22 Blood passes through the kidney and some substances leave the blood as filtered liquid. From this liquid certain substances are reabsorbed back into the blood. The table shows the percentage of four substances in the blood plasma, the filtered liquid and urine. percentage of substance substance in the blood plasma 0.10 9.00 0.03 90.0 in the filtered liquid 0.10 0.00 0.03 99.0 in the urine 0.00 0.00 2.00 97.0

glucose protein urea water

Which substances are reabsorbed from the filtered liquid? A B C D glucose and water protein and glucose urea and protein water and urea

23 After a meal, the concentration of blood glucose increases. What then causes the concentration of blood glucose to return to normal? A B C D adrenalin blood cells insulin platelets

UCLES 2009

0610/11/O/N/09

7 15 The table shows vitamin and mineral salt content of four foods. food 1 2 3 4 vitamin C low low low high vitamin D high low low low calcium low low high low iron low high low low

Which foods would stop a person from suffering from anaemia (lack of haemoglobin) and scurvy (bleeding gums)? anaemia A B C D 1 1 2 3 scurvy 2 3 4 4

16 Which substance is lost from the body by the kidneys, lungs and skin? A B C D carbon dioxide excess ions urea water

17 How often must a blood cell in the renal artery pass through the heart before it again reaches the renal artery? A B C D once twice three times four times

UCLES 2010

0610/11/O/N/10

[Turn over

9 21 Yeast, warm water and substance Z were put into a test-tube. The apparatus was then set up as shown. After a while, the lime water began to go cloudy.

yeast, warm water and substance Z

lime water

What is substance Z? A B C D alcohol carbon dioxide glucose oxygen

22 Where do the breakdown of drugs and the storage of urine occur? breakdown of drugs A B C D kidney liver liver muscles storage of urine muscles bladder kidney liver

UCLES 2010

0610/11/O/N/10

[Turn over

4 2 The human menstrual cycle is controlled by four hormones. Fig. 2.1 is a diagram that shows the site of production and the target organs of these hormones.
days 1 to 14 of the menstrual cycle days 15 to 28 of the menstrual cycle
For Examiner's Use

pituitary gland

hormone X

LH

secreted at day 12-13

hormone Y

progesterone

uterus

Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) Name hormones X and Y. X Y (ii) Name organ Z. [1] [2]

UCLES 2010

0610/31/O/N/10

6 2 (a) Define the term excretion.

For Examiner's Use

[3] Fig. 2.1 shows a dialysis machine for treating people who have kidney failure. The dialysate (dialysis fluid) is a solution of glucose and salts.
blood vessels

dialysis membrane

blood in

blood out

dialysate out

dialysate in

Fig. 2.1 (b) Explain how, when the patient is receiving dialysis treatment (i) the loss of plasma proteins and red blood cells is prevented,

[1]

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7 (ii) the normal glucose concentration of the blood is maintained.

For Examiner's Use

[2]

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[Turn over

8 (c) A person with kidney failure received regular dialysis treatment for 17 days. Fig. 2.2 shows how the concentration of urea in the blood changed over the 17 days.
For Examiner's Use

250

200

150 concentration of urea in the blood / 100 mg per dm3 50

10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17

time / days

Fig. 2.2 (i) State how many times the person received dialysis treatment. [1] (ii) Calculate the decrease in the concentration of urea in the blood from the beginning of dialysis until the end of the treatment. [1]

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9 (iii) Describe the changes that occur in the urea concentration in the blood over the period shown in Fig. 2.2. You will gain credit for using the data in Fig. 2.2 in your answer.
For Examiner's Use

[3] (iv) Explain the changes in urea concentration in the blood as shown in Fig. 2.2.

[4] [Total: 15]

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[Turn over

12 (d) During strenuous exercise, the hormone adrenaline causes changes in the pulse rate and in the concentration of glucose in the blood. Explain the importance of these changes during strenuous exercise. pulse rate
For Examiner's Use

concentration of glucose in the blood

[5] [Total: 15]

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8 20 Which group contains substances that are all carried in the blood? A B C D amino acids, carbon dioxide and cellulose glucose, glycogen and lactic acid oestrogen, oxygen and starch salts, testosterone and urea

21 Which process does not release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? A B C D decomposition of animals photosynthesis of plants respiration of animals respiration of plants

22 Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs? kidneys A B C D carbon dioxide carbon dioxide urea urea lungs carbon dioxide urea carbon dioxide urea

23 The graph shows the variation in a persons body temperature over a period of time. Which temperature change is likely to cause most sweating?

increase in body temperature normal body temperature decrease in body temperature A

B C time D

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8 (c) Fig. 2.1 shows the results of an investigation of the heart rates of some students before and immediately after running. Each student ran the same distance.
For Examiner's Use

150 before running 140 immediately after running

130

120

110 heart rate / beats per minute

100

90

80

70

60

50 female 1 female 2 female 3 male 1 male 2 male 3

students
Fig. 2.1

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9 (i) State which student has the lowest heart rate immediately after running. [1] (ii) State which student has the largest change in heart rate from before to immediately after running. [1] (iii) Describe any trends that you can see in the results.
For Examiner's Use

[2]

(d) Explain why heart rate changes when you run.

[4] [Total: 12]

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[Turn over

5 (c) Fig. 2.2 shows the results of an investigation into the breathing rates of some students before and immediately after running.
For Examiner's Use

30 before running immediately after running

20 breathing rate / breaths per minute 10

0 female 1 female 2 female 3 male 1 male 2 male 3

students
Fig. 2.2 (i) State which student has the highest breathing rate before running. [1] (ii) State which student has the smallest change in breathing rate from before to immediately after running. [1] (iii) Describe any patterns shown by the results.

[2]

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[Turn over

6 (d) Explain why breathing rate changes during exercise.

For Examiner's Use

[4] [Total: 13]

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10 5 (a) One function of the blood is to transport substances around the body. Complete Table 5.1 to show where some substances may enter and leave the blood. Table 5.1 substance enters the blood leaves the blood
For Examiner's Use

oxygen

muscle cells

insulin

pancreas

urea

liver

. [3]

(b) Another function of the blood is to form a clot if the skin is cut. State two advantages to the body of the blood clotting at a cut in the skin. 1

2 [2] [Total: 5]

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7 16 What could increase the rate of water uptake by a shoot? A B C D covering the shoot with a black plastic bag covering the shoot with a clear plastic bag removing the leaves from the shoot shining a bright light onto the shoot

17 What shows the sequence of organs through which urea passes as it travels from where it is produced to where it is removed from the blood? A B C D kidneys heart lungs heart liver kidneys heart liver lungs heart liver heart lungs heart kidneys liver lungs heart kidneys heart

18 The diagram shows how water is lost from a leaf.

water vapour

By which process is the water lost? A B C D osmosis photosynthesis translocation transpiration

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9 22 A healthy person eats a very high-protein diet. What effect will this have on their urine? A B C D It will contain amino acids. It will contain glucose. It will contain more urea. It will contain more water.

23 The diagram represents some human organs and their blood vessels.

liver P Q gut

kidney R
Immediately after taking an alcoholic drink, how would the levels of alcohol compare in blood vessels P, Q and R? P A B C D high medium low high Q medium high low low R high low medium low

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10 24 The graph shows the rates of sweat production and urine production at different environmental temperatures.
150 sweat

100 rate of production / cm3 per hour 50

urine

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 environmental temperature / C

Which statement is correct? A B C D As the temperature increases, the rate of sweat production decreases. At 22 C the rates of sweat and urine production are the same. Urine and sweat production are directly proportional to environmental temperature. When the urine production decreases, the sweat production decreases.

25 A man injures his arm in an accident. Afterwards, he can feel objects touching his hand, but he cannot move his hand away from them. What could cause this? A B C D Receptors in his hand are damaged. The nerve connection is cut only between the receptors in his hand and his central nervous system. The nerve connection is cut only between his central nervous system and the effectors in his arm. Both of these nerve connections are cut.

26 During a long race, an athletes skin temperature rises. What causes this? A B C D increased sweating opening of the pores in the skin vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the skin vasodilation of the blood vessels in the skin

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6
For Examiner's Use

The glucose concentration of the blood is maintained within the range 80 90 mg per 100 cm3 blood. Fig. 2.1 is a flow chart showing how the body responds to changes in the glucose concentration of the blood after the absorption of a carbohydrate-rich meal and during strenuous exercise.

large carbohydrate-rich meal followed by absorption of glucose from small intestine

muscle contraction during strenuous exercise

blood glucose concentration increases above 90 mg per 100 cm3

blood glucose concentration decreases below 80 mg per 100 cm3

change in blood glucose concentration detected by organ A

organ A releases hormone B into the blood

organ A releases hormone C into the blood

hormone B stimulates organ D to convert glucose to glycogen

hormone C stimulates organ D to convert glycogen to glucose

blood glucose concentration decreases

blood glucose concentration increases

blood glucose concentration returns to 80 90 mg per 100 cm3

Fig. 2.1

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7 (a) Name organ A and hormones B and C. A B C [3]

For Examiner's Use

(b) (i) Name organ D that stores glucose as glycogen. [1] (ii) Suggest why glucose is converted to glycogen rather than kept as glucose inside the cells.

[2]

(c) Name the type of control system used in homeostasis that returns the blood glucose concentration to 80 90 mg per 100 cm3. [1]

(d) Animal hormones are used in the production of milk and meat. Bovine somatotrophin (BST) is used to increase milk production by cows. The hormone is produced by genetically modified bacteria that contain the cattle gene for making BST. It is used in the United States but is banned for use in the European Union. (i) Outline how genes, such as the one for BST, are transferred from the cells of cattle (cows) to bacteria.

[3]

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[Turn over

8 (ii) Suggest advantages and disadvantages of using hormones, such as BST, in the production of milk and meat. advantages
For Examiner's Use

disadvantages

[3] [Total: 13] (a) Explain the meaning of the term transpiration.

[2]

(b) Root hair cells provide a large surface area for the absorption of water from the soil. Explain, using the term water potential, how water is absorbed from the soil into root hair cells.

[3]

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