CE2004 Circuit and Signal Analysis Chapter 1

CPE2004:Chapter1
ResistiveCircuits
Week1:Lecture1,2
SimpleResistiveCircuits
Basicconceptsandlawsfundamentaltocircuit
analysis:
linearcircuitelements Resistors,Capacitors&
Inductances
Resistance&OhmsLaw
KirchhoffsLaws(KVL,KCL)
VoltageandCurrentDivision
VariousCombinationsofResistors
CircuitsContainingDependentSources
Resistor&Resistance
OhmsLaw
Chapter1:SimpleResistiveCircuits
LinearCircuitElements
Resistor
Aresistorisatwoterminalelectronic
component.
Itisalinearpassivecircuitelementthat
givesafixedresistancevalue(standard
values)
Resistorsareelementsofelectrical
networksandelectroniccircuitsandare
ubiquitousinmostelectronicequipment.
Practicalresistorscanbemadeofvarious
compoundsandfilms,aswellasresistance
wire(wiremadeofahighresistivityalloy,
suchasnickel/chrome).
ElectronicSymbol
(Europe)
(US)
Capacitor
Acapacitorisatwoterminalelectronic
component.
Itisalinearpassivecircuitelementthatgivesa
fixedimpedancevalue(standardvalues)
Capacitorsareelementsofelectricalnetworks
andelectroniccircuitsandareinmost
electronicequipment.
Mosttypesofcapacitorincludeadielectric
spacer,whichincreasestheircapacitance.
Thesedielectricsaremostofteninsulators.
However,lowcapacitancedevicesareavailable
withavacuumbetweentheirplates,which
allowsextremelyhighvoltageoperationand
lowlosses.
ElectronicSymbol
Inductor
Aninductorisatwoterminalelectronic
component.
Itisalinearpassivecircuitelementthat
givesafixedimpedancevalue(standard
values)
Inductorsareelementsofelectrical
networksandelectroniccircuitsandin
manyelectronicequipment.
ElectronicSymbol
Resistor/Resistance&OhmsLaw
Resistance
SymbolR
Unit=ohm()
Conductance
InverseofResistance
Unit=siemens (S)ormho.
OhmsLawistherefore: v =IR
or i =Gv
G
R
=
1
IfRisconstant,thenthevi characteristicislinear:
Circuitconventionused similartothepassivesignconvention inChapter1.
(*Note:i enters the+ve voltageterminaloftheresistor.)
cct
Thereareotherelectroniccct elements(e.g.diodes)that
exhibitanonlinearresistancecharacteristics(Risnot
constant):thevoltagecurrentrelationshipisnotastraight
line.
i(t)
v(t)
OhmsLaw
Ohm'sLawshowstherelationshipbetweenthevoltage(V),
current(I)andresistance(R).
Foraconductor:
v =i R whereR> 0
v isvoltage(V),i iscurrent(A),andR isresistance(ohm,O).
V(t) =i(t) R
PowerDissipatedbyaResistor
Poweris:P =v i
Therefore:
P Ri
v
R
= =
2
2
P Gv
i
G
= =
2
2
cct
VariableResistor(Potentiometer)
aresistorwithvariableresistance,
representedbyanarrowthroughresistor
symbol.
Opencircuit(o/c)
As/ciscreatedbetweentwopointsA&Bwhentheyare
connectedbyazeroresistanceconductingpath.
i
AB
(o/c) = 0
R
AB
(s/c) =
v
AB
(s/c) = ? (depends on the cct)
cct
A
B
Opencircuit(o/c)
V
S
R
1
(i)
R
1
R
3
R
2
V
S
V
O/C
(ii)
V
O/C
A
B
B
A
Shortcircuit(s/c)
As/ciscreatedbetweentwopointsA&Bwhentheyare
connectedbyazeroresistanceconductingpath.
cct
v
AB
(s/c) = 0
R
AB
(s/c) = 0
i
AB
(s/c) = ? (depends on the cct)
B
A
Shortcircuit(s/c)
V
S
R
1
(i)
R
1
R
3
R
2
V
S I
S/C
(ii)
I
S/C
A
A
B
B
Example11
Findincircuit(a),thecurrenti andthepowerabsorbedbythe
resistor,andincircuit(b),thevoltageacrossthecurrentsourceand
thepowersuppliedbythesource.
i =12/40k=0.3mA
P
absorbed
=vxi =12(0.3m)
=3.6mW
(also=i
2
Rorv
2
/R)
(a)
i
+
_
Example11
Incircuit(b),thevoltageacrossthecurrentsourceandthepower
suppliedbythesource.
v
S
=0.6m(6k)=3.6V
P
supplied
=v
s
xi =3.6(0.6m)
=2.16mW
*Note:thevoltageacrossacurrentsourceisnotfixed itdependsonthesize
oftheloadconnected.
KirchhoffsVoltage
andCurrentLaws
KirchhoffsLaws
DefinitionofTerms
Node apointofconnectionof
twoormorecircuitelements.
Loop anyclosedpaththrough
thecircuitinwhichnonodeis
encounteredmorethanonce.
Mesh aloopthathasno
branchesacrossit.
Branch portionofacircuit
containingonlyasingleelement
andthenodesateachendof
thecircuitelement.
KirchhoffsLaws
KirchhoffsCurrentLaw(KCL)
Threewaystoputit(allthesame):
algebraicsumofcurrentsenteringanynodeorsurfaceiszero.
i.e. i
in
=0(consideralli enternode)
algebraicsumofcurrentsleavinganynodeorsurfaceiszero.
i.e. I
OUT
=0(consideralli leavenode)
sumofcurrentsenteringanodeorsurfaceisequaltothesumofcurrents
leavingthenodeorsurface.
i.e. i
in
= i
out
i
2
i
1
i
3
KirchhoffsLaws
Threewaystoputit(allthesame):
i
in
=0
I
OUT
=0
i
in
= i
out
i
2
i
1
i
3
i
1
=i
2
+i
3
(i
1)
+i
2
+i
3
=0
i
1
+(i
2
)+(i
3
)=0
ApplyingKCLtoCircuitNodes:
TheKCLequationforeachnodeis:
Node1: i
1
(t)=i
2
(t)+i
3
(t) (1)
Node2: i
1
(t)+i
6
(t)=i
4
(t) (2)
Node3: i
2
(t)+i
5
(t) i
4
(t) i
7
(t)=0 (3)
Node4: i
5
(t) i
3
(t) i
8
(t)=0 (4)
Node5:i
7
(t)+i
6
(t)=i
8
(t) (5)
NODE1
i
1
(t) i
2
(t) i
3
(t)=0 i
in
=0
i
2
(t)+i
3
(t) i
1
(t)=0 I
OUT
=0
i
1
(t)=i
2
(t)+i
3
(t) i
in
= i
out
*Note:
Youshouldgetthesameresultusinganyofthethree
interpretationsofKCL.
Manipulatingthefirst4equationswillgivethe5th
eqn the5equationsarenotlinearlyindependent.
Check:
Substituteeqns (1),(4)&(2)intoeqn (3)gives:
[i
1
(t) i
3
(t)]+[i
3
(t)+i
8
(t)] [i
1
(t)+i
6
(t)] i
7
(t)=0
i
8
(t) i
6
(t) i
7
(t)=0
i
8
(t)=i
6
(t)+i
7
(t) Thisiseqn (5) !
ApplyingKCLtoSurfaces:
Sometimes,agroupofinterconnectedcircuitelementscanbe
completelycontainedwithinaclosedsurface.
since the circuit elements do not store
any net charge, the sum of currents
entering a surface is equal to the sum
of those leaving that surface.
e.g. Applying this to surface S:
i
in
= i
out
i
2
(t)+i
5
(t)=i
1
(t)+i
6
(t)+i
7
(t)
S
ApplyingKCLtoSurfaces:
Sometimes,agroupofinterconnectedcircuitelementscanbe
completelycontainedwithinaclosedsurface.
since the circuit elements do not store
any net charge, the sum of currents
entering a surface is equal to the sum
of those leaving that surface.
e.g. Applying this to surface S:
i
in
= i
out
i
2
(t)+i
5
(t)=i
1
(t)+i
6
(t)+i
7
(t)
S
*Note:ThesameresultcanbeobtainedbyapplyingKCLto
nodes2&3:
Node2:i
4
(t)=i
1
(t)+i
6
(t)
Node3: i
2
(t)+i
5
(t)=i
4
(t)+i
7
(t)
Addingthetwoeqns gives:
i
2
(t)+i
5
(t)=i
1
(t)+i
6
(t)+i
7
(t)
Example12
Findtheunknowncurrentsinthecircuits. (AsimpleexampleonapplyingKCL)
KCL atnodeA:
i
in
= i
out
12mA=I
1
+4mA
I
1
=8mA
KCLatnodeB:
i
in
= i
out
I
1
=I
2
+3mA
8mA=I
2
+3mA I
2
=5mA
A B
KirchhoffsLaws
KirchhoffsVoltageLaw(KVL)
Twowaystoputit(allthesame):
algebraicsumofvoltagesaroundanyloop(clockwiseoranti
clockwise)iszero.
i.e. v=0
sumofvoltagesinasegmentofaloop=sumofvoltagesin
theremainingsegmentoftheloop.
e.g. V
AB
+V
BC
+V
CD
+V
DA
=0
or V
AB
+V
BC
=V
AD
+V
DC
B
C
A
D
V
A
+
_
B
v(t)
C
analogous
Electricfield Gravitationalfield
i.e. i.e.
V
BA
+V
CB
+V
AC
=0 mg(h
1
+h
2
)+mgh
2
+mgh
1
=0
A
h
1
h
2
B
C
0
) (
=

done work
A C B A
0
) (
=

done work
A C B A
Alternatively:
V
CA
+V
BC
+V
AB
=0
(ii)
i.e.V
AC
=V
BC
+V
AB
=V
AB
+V
BC
0
) (
=

done work
A B C A

=
) ( ) (

A B C A C
done work done work
Example23(AsimpleexampleonapplyingKVL)
IfV
BD
=1.5V,useKVL todeterminethevoltagesV
BC
andV
AC
in
thegivencircuit.
(i) Loop BCDB, KVL
V
BC
+ V
CD
+ V
DB
= 0
V
BC
+ (-6) + (-V
BD
) = 0
V
BC
- 6 -1.5 = 0
V
BC
= 7.5 V
(ii) LoopACDA, KVL
V
AC
+ V
CD
+ V
DA
= 0
V
AC
+ (-6) + (-12) = 0
V
AC
= 18V
A
B
C
D
+
+
+
VoltageandCurrent
Division
SingleLoopCircuits(SeriesCircuits)
Anexampleofasingleloopcircuitis:
i isthesame
v =v
R1
+v
R2
iR
S
=iR
1
+iR
2
R
S
=R
1
+R
2
Alltheelementscarrythesamecurrentandaresaidtobeinseries.
VoltageDivision
UsingthecircuitaboveandKVL,
v
R1
+v
R2
v(t)=0
FromOhmsLaw,
v
R1
=R
1
i(t),v
R2
=R
2
i(t)
Therefore
v(t)=R
1
i(t)+R
2
i(t)
and
i t
v t
R R
( )
( )
=
+
1 2
Wecanget
Thesourcevoltagev(t)isdividedbetweentheresistorsR
1
andR
2
indirectproportiontotheirresistances. thisisknownasthe
voltagedivision rule(orvoltagedivider).
ForNresistorsconnectedinseries,thevoltageofthei
th
resistor
isgivenby:
v
Ri
=v(t)xR
i
/(R
1
+R
2
++R
N
)
) (
) (
2 1
2
2 2
2 1
1
1 1
t v
R R
R
iR v
t v
R R
R
iR v
R
R
+
= =
+
= =
NOTE:
ThereisNOneedto
calculatethecurrentin
thisseriescct.
EquivalentCircuitwithMultipleSources
v(t)=v
1
(t) v
2
(t)+v
3
(t) v
4
(t) v
5
(t)
EquivalentvoltageofN voltagesourcesinseries=sumoftheindividual
voltagesources.
MultipleSource/ResistorNetworks
(ElementsinSeries)
EquivalentCircuitwithMultipleResistors
R
S
=R
1
+R
2
+R
3
++R
N
EquivalentresistanceofN resistorsinseries=sumoftheindividualresistances.
(ElementsinSeries)
A
B
SingleNodePairCircuits(//Circuits)
Anexampleofasinglenodecircuitis:
sharethesamevoltage
i =i
1
+i
2
G
p
=G
1
+G
2
Alltheelementssharethesamevoltageacrossthemandaresaidto
beinparallel.
CurrentDivision
UsingthecircuitaboveandKCL,
i(t) =i
1
(t)+i
2
(t)
FromOhmsLaw,
where R
p
istheequivalentresistanceofthe2resistorsinparallel:
p
R
t v
R R
t v
R
t v
R
t v
t i
) (
1 1
) (
) ( ) (
) (
2 1 2 1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + =
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1 1 1
R R
R R
R
R R
R R
R R R
p
p
+
=
+
== + =
) (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
t i
R R
R R
t i R t v
p
+
=
=
) (
) (
) (
2 1
2
1
1
t i
R R
R
R
t v
t i
+
=
=
) (
) (
) (
2 1
1
2
2
t i
R R
R
R
t v
t i
+
=
=
=
+
G
G G
i t
1
1 2
( ) =
+
G
G G
i t
2
1 2
( )
*Note: R
p
is always less than either R
1
or R
2
.
The currents in the branches are divided as:
This is known as the current-division rule (or current divider).
NOTE:
ThereisNOneedto
calculatethevoltagein
thisparallet cct.
For N resistors connected in parallel, the current of the i
th
resistor is given by:
i
i
= i(t) x G
i
/ ( G
1
+ G
2
+ +G
N
)
Example14 Giventhenetwork,findI
1
,I
2
andV
0
.
Usingcurrentdivider:
I
1
={(40k+80k)/[(40k+80k)+60k]}0.9mA
=0.6mA
I
2
={60k/(60k+40k+80k)}0.9mA
=0.3mA
V
0
=I
2
x80k
=0.3mAx80k
=24V
(Elementsin//)
EquivalentCircuitwithMultipleSources
i
0
(t)=i
1
(t) i
3
(t)+i
4
(t) i
6
(t)
EquivalentofN currentsourcesinparallel=sumofthe
individualcurrentsources.
(Elementsin//)
EquivalentCircuitwithMultipleResistors
TheequivalentconductanceofN resistorsinparallelis:
1 1 1 1
1 2
R R R R
p N
= + + +
G G G G
p N
= + + +
1 2

VariousCombinations
ofResistors
SeriesParallelResistorCombinations
Example25
(a)DeterminetheresistanceR
AB
betweenterminalsAB.
(b)R
AB
=?ifas/cisconnectedacrossnodesCD?
D
C
E
F
SeriesParallelResistorCombinations
R
AB
=({[(1+2)//6+10]//6+2}//6+9)//4+2
=({[2+10]//6+2}//6+9)//4+2
=({4+2}//6+9)//4+2
=(3+9)//4+2
=3+2=5k
R
AB
=2+4//9
=2+9x4/(9+4)
=2+36/13
=2+2.77=4.77k
9k+3k=12k
9k
12V
+
_
A
B
E
6k
3k
4k
C
CircuitswithSeries//
CombinationsofResistors
Example17
Findallthecurrentsandvoltageslabeledintheladdernetwork.
D
A
B
C
E
I
2
= V
BE
/6k = 3/6k = 0.5 mA
I
3
= I
1
I
2
= 1- 0.5m = 0.5mA
V
CE
= I
3
x 3k = 0.5m x 3k
=1.5V = V
b
I
1
= 12/(9k + 3k) = 1 mA
V
BE
= I
1
x 3k = 3V = V
a
6k
9k
4k||12k=3k
12V
+
_
A
B
C
E
3k
9k
12V
+
_
A
B
E
6k||6k=3k
I
1
Working backwards
9k+3k=12k
9k
12V
+
_
A
B
E
6k
3k
4k
C
Example17
Findallthecurrentsandvoltageslabeledintheladdernetwork.
D
A
B
C
E
V
DE
= I
5
x 3k
= 0.125mx3k
= 0.375 V = V
C
I
5
= V
CE
/12k = 1.5/12k
= 0.125mA
I
4
= V
CE
/4k =1.5/4k
= 0.375mA
Example18
IfI
4
=0.5mA,findthesourcevoltageV
0
.
V
b
= I
4
x 6k = 0.5m x 6k =3V
I
3
= V
b
/(3k)= 3/(3k) = 1mA
I
2
= I
3
+ I
4
= 1m + 0.5m = 1.5mA
V
a
= I
2
x 2k = 1.5m x 2k = 3V
I
5
= (V
a
+ V
b
)/(3k + 1k) =
(3 + 3)/(4K) = 1.5 mA
I
1
= I
2
+ I
5
= 1.5m + 1.5m = 3mA
V
o
= I
1
x 6k + V
a
+ V
b
+ I
1
x 4k = 18 + 3 + 3 + 12 = 36V
Recap/Summary
Recap/Summary
Ohms Law:v =iR
Resistor is a linear cct element.
ConceptonS/C&O/C
v
AB
(s/c)=0 i
AB
(o/c)=0
R
AB
(s/c)=0 R
AB
(o/c)=
i
AB
(s/c)=? v
AB
(o/c)=?
[dependsonthe [dependsonthe
restofthecct] restofthecct]
B
A
i
AB
(s/c)
A
B
V
AB
(o/c)
KirchhoffsLaws
Somedefinitions node,loop,mesh,branch
KirchhoffsCurrentLaw:Atacct node,
i
in
=0
or i
out
=0
or i
in
= i
out
KirchhoffsVoltageLaw:Aroundaloop, v=0
orvinaloopsegment=vintheremainingloopsegment
i.e.V
AB
+V
BC
+V
CD
+V
DA
=0
or V
AB
+V
BC
=V
AD
+V
DC
i
2
i
1
i
3
B
C
A
D
V
+
+
+
Seriescct (singleloopcct)
Seriescct (singleloopcct) Cct elementscarrythesame
current.
VoltageDivider:
Formorethan2resistorsinseries:
v
Ri
=v(t)xR
i
/(R
1
+R
2
++R
N
)
V
T
=V
R1
+V
R2
R
S
=R
1
+R
2
) (
) (
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
1
t v
R R
R
v
t v
R R
R
v
R
R
+
=
+
=
Equivalentvoltagev=v
1
v
2
+v
3
v
4
EquivalentresistanceR
S
=R
1
+R
2
+R
3
V
1
R
2
R
1
V
2
R
3
V
3
R
S
V
4
V
i = i
1
+ i
2
G
p
= G
1
+ G
2
[or R
p
= R
1
||R
2
= R
1
R
2
/(R
1
+R
2
)]
) (
) (
) (
2 1
2
1
1
t i
R R
R
R
t v
t i
+
=
=
=
+
G
G G
i t
1
1 2
( )
) (
) (
) (
2 1
1
2
2
t i
R R
R
R
t v
t i
+
=
=
=
+
G
G G
i t
2
1 2
( )
Current Divider:
Parallel Ccts (Single-Node-Pair Ccts) same voltage across
i
R
2
R
1
i
2
i
1
For more than 2 resistors in //: i
i
= i(t) x G
i
/(G
1
+ G
2
+ +G
N
)
Multiple Source/Resistor Networks
Equivalent current i = i
1
i
2
i
3
Equivalent conductance G
p
= G
1
+ G
2
+ G
3
Series-// Resistor Combinations
R
1
R
2
i
3
i
1
i
2 R
3
R
p
i
R
AB
R
AB
A
A
B B
Ladder Networks
To find v &i of cct branches:
1. Reduce the cct to the simplest form
2. Work backward to find all v &i
e.g.
V
S
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
V
S
R
4
R
5
R
6
) ( ||
2 1 3
R R R +
R
6
V
S
)] ( || [ ||
2 1 3 4 5
R R R R R + +
)] ( || [ ||
2 1 3 4 5 6
R R R R R R + + +
V
S
Extras
ExtraExamples
E2-1 Find V
x
in the given circuit using:
1.KVL
2.Voltage divider rule
[Ans: 5V]
E2-2 Determine V
o
in the given circuit.
[Ans: 2V]
E2-3 Find V
o
[Ans: 4V]
E2-4 Find V
o
[Ans: 12V]
E2-5 Find V
o
[Ans: 2V]
E2-6 Find the power absorbed by the 10-kO resistor in the given
circuit.
[Ans: 10 mW]
X
X
E2-7 The load circuit shown below
has four externally accessible
terminals P, Q, R and S.
1. Taking two terminals at a time,
what are the possible sets of
resistance value that can be
obtained from this load circuit?
Determine all these resistance
values.
2. If a 2-V voltage source is to be
connected across any two
terminals of the load circuit, what
is the maximum load current?
Determine also all the resistor
currents when this happens.
Q
R
P
4O
8O
4O
6O
1O
1O
X
Y
S
Resistortypes
Film resistors
Fixed composition resistors
5.3k,10%, 20M, 5%
Resistor preferred values
1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2
Resistorcolorcode
Conductivity of various conductors
With earth connection
Without earth connection s/c fault

CE2004 Circuit and Signal Analysis Chapter 1

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