Hydrated Compound Lab Part 1: Sample Problem Balanced Equation CoCl2 x H2O CoCl2 6H2O Data Table Component

nt of Lab Test Tube Hydrated salt with Test Tube Dehydrated salt with Test Tube Mass of Hydrated Salt Mass of Dehydrated Salt Mass of H2O Mass (g) 12.443 17.122 14.992 4.679 2.549 2.130

Calculations Mass of hydrated salt: 17.122 g - 12.443 g = 4.679 g Mass of dehydrated salt: 14.992 g - 12.443 g = 2.549 g Mass of H2O: 4.679 g - 2.549 g = 2.130 g Molar mass of H2O: 2(1.01 g) + (16.00 g) = 18.02 g Molar mass of CoCl2: 58.93 g + 2(35.45 g)= 129.83 g 2.130 g H2O x 1 mol H2O / 18.02 g = 0.118 mol H2O 2.549 g CoCl2 x 1 mol CoCl2/ 129.83 g = 0.0196 mol CoCl2 Divide by lowest value (.0196 mol CoCl2) 0.118 mol H2O / 0.0196 mol CoCl2 = 6.02 mol H2O 0.0196 mol CoCl2 / 0.0196 mol CoCl2 = 1.000 mol CoCl2 Final Formula: 1 formula unit of CoCl2 and 6 molecules of H2O 1 CoCl2 6 H2O Questions What is the mass of the ionic compound without water (also called the anhydrous compound)? How many moles is this? The mass of the ionic compound without water is 2.549 g, found by subtracting the total mass of the crucible from the mass of the crucible with the dehydrated substance.

This dehydrated salt amounts to .0196 moles of Cobalt (II) Chloride, which is found by taking the given mass and dividing it by the molar mass of Cobalt (II) Chloride. What is the mass of the water heated away? How many moles is it? The mass of the water is 2.130 g which was found through subtracting the mass of the dehydrated salt from the mass of the hydrated salt, giving you the mass of the water. This is 0.118 moles of water, which is found by taken the given mass of water, and dividing it by the molar mass of H2O. What is the mole ratio of the ionic compound to the water? The mole ratio of the ionic compound to the water is .166 moles, which is found by dividing the moles of the given amount of Cobalt (II) Chloride by the moles of the given amount of water. What is the formula of the reactant hydrate compound? CoCl2 + 6H2O What is the name of this compound? Cobalt (II) Chloride Hexahydrate

Part 2: Lab Balanced Equation CuSO4 x H O CuSO4 5 H O

2 2

Materials Copper (II) sulphate Crucible Heating Stand Clay triangle Bunsen burner Tongs

Procedure 1. Mass crucible 2. Add salt to crucible 3. Find mass of salt in crucible 4. Heat crucible with salt using bunsen burner, heating stand and clay triangle 5. Mass crucible and salt after 1st heating 6. Heat crucible with salt using bunsen burner, heating stand and clay triangle again 7. Mass crucible and salt after 2nd heating Data Table Component of Lab Crucible Crucible and salt before heating Salt before heating Crucible and salt after 1st heating Mass (g) 18.243 21.080 2.837 20.072

Salt after 1st heating Crucible and salt after 2nd heating Salt after 2nd heating Water dehydrated

1.829 20.027 1.784 1.089

Calculations Mass of hydrated salt: 21.080 g - 18.243 g = 2.837 g Mass of salt after 1st heating: 20.072 g - 18.243 g = 1.829 g Mass of salt after 2nd heating: 20.027 g - 18.243 g = 1.784 g Mass of dehydrated water: 2.873 g - 1.784 g = 1.089 g Molar mass of H2O: 2(1.01 g) + 16.00 g = 18.02 g Moles of water dehydrated: 1.089 g H2O x 1 mol H2O/18.02 g H2O = 0.06043 mol H2O Molar mass of CuSO4: 63.56 g + 32.06 g + 4(16.00 g) = 159.62 g Moles of CuSO4: 1.784 g CuSO4 x 1 mol CuSO4/ 159.62 g CuSO4 = 0.01118 Moles of compounds: 0.06043 mol/0.01118 mol = 5.405 mol 0.01118 mol/ 0.01118 mol = 1.000 mol Questions What was the actual ratio you obtained (with all significant digits)? What was your rounded ratio to whole numbers? Is your actual ratio higher or lower than the rounded ratio? Research what the actual ratio should be. Is your answer too high or too low? What is the percent error? The actual ratio we got was 1.000:5.405. The rounded ratio to whole numbers is 1:5. The actual ratio we got is higher than the rounded ratio. Percent error: (5.405 mol - 5 mol)/5 mol x 100% = 8.1% How would your ratio change if you did not dehydrate the compound fully? The mass of copper (II) sulphate would be greater, causing the ratio to be smaller. Suppose some of the compound fell out of the test tube before heating but after massing. How would that change your ratio? The mass of copper (II) sulphate would be smaller, causing the ratio to be greater. How would your ratio change if the test tube was wet when the hydrated compound was added to it at the beginning of the experiment? Then we wouldve gotten the wrong mass for the salt since the extra water adds mass to it. Also, the amount of water that evaporated would be different too. These would make the ratio smaller. How would your ratio relate to another groups who used the same compound, if you used 2.0 grams and they used 2.5grams? The ratio should be the same because theres always a fixed ratio between the salt and water. We just started with different masses and that shouldnt affect anything as long

as we measured everything right and had the right calculations. Suggest what might happen if you left the anhydrous compound to sit overnight before weighing it for your data? Water would have evaporated before we weighed it. As a result, the mass would be less and we would have greater. If you could improve this lab, what you do differently and why? Discuss at least three feasible improvements and why with reference to the other discussion questions and errors. (Note: relate this to #1 and the answers for the other questions). First, we would leave the copper (II) sulphate on the bunsen burner longer. This would allow more water to evaporate, giving us a smaller mass of the salt and a ratio that is closer to the actual ratio. This would give us a smaller percent error. Also, we would mass everything more than once, so we could find the average and make sure its closer to the actual mass. This is important because if we have a mass that is smaller or greater than the actual mass, it would change the ratio that we get. Finally, we would do more trials of heating the substance. Again, we would find the average to make sure its closer to the actual mass. Link to google doc: https://docs.google.com/a/hkis.edu.hk/document/d/1njZrtURRmuHnJWJu6NLZ3Dm ELCtBjaIKDCjkuHZRWsQ/edit