Prologue

Quarterly of the national archiVes and records administration

winter 2008 ■ Vol. 40 no. 4


Editor’s NotE
This issue of Prologue, which completes our 40th year of publica-
tion, comes at a very interesting time in our nation’s history.
We are in the midst of a global economic downturn, and we are
preparing to inaugurate a new President on January 20, 2009. In this
issue, we look back at similar events in the past—the trek of migrant
workers to California in the 1930s and the turnover of the White
House that occurs every four or eight years.
Dan Nealand, director of archival operations in our regional
archives in San Bruno, California, takes us back to the Great Depres-
sion era of the 1930s with author John Steinbeck, who traveled
throughout the migrant labor camps of refugees from places like
Oklahoma and Texas. Accompanying him was a man named Tom
Collins, a government official in charge of some of the camps. It was
Collins’s reports, preserved in NARA’s Pacific Region, that Steinbeck
drew upon as he conducted research for his book.
“There are indications that Steinbeck believed that basing many
of his fictional California migrant scenes and contexts on nonfic-
tional documents like the Collins reports might help when the
firestorm of criticism rained down
following publication of his novel,”
Nealand writes in his article,“Archival
Vintages for The Grapes of Wrath.”
Criticism did indeed follow the pub-
lication of The Grapes of Wrath, but
it remains one of the most revered
pieces of American literature.
Transitioning from one President to
34 another is something the National
Archives has been involved in for
nearly 70 years, as Nancy Smith, director of NARA’s Presidential Mate-
rials Staff, explains in her article,“Escorting a Presidency into History.”
“NARA moves the wealth of materials documenting the inner
workings of the government at its highest policy level,” Smith writes.
“Preserved by NARA in the presidential libraries will be the records
of the tragedies, the problems, the successes, and the evolution of
policies that affect the nation and the world during the presiden-
tial administration.”
We also have a BIG! story for you. It’s about objects in the hold-
ings of the National Archives that are, well, big, physically big, such
as the original long scroll known as the Articles of Confederation
and the physically massive plan for the Battle of Gettysburg and so
forth.These BIG! objects are on display in an exhibit at the National
Archives Building in Washington that runs from March 13, 2009,
through January 3, 2010.
This issue also notes the 50th anniversary of the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration, which is being observed with
complementary exhibits at the Johnson Library in Austin,Texas, and
the George Bush Library in College Station,Texas.
Next year is the 75th anniversary of the National Archives. We
hope you’ll be able to join our celebration in person or online at
www.archives.gov/75th.
2 Prologue
Prologue
ARCHIVIST OF THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
UNITED STATES AND COMMUNICATIONS
Allen Weinstein Susan Cooper
EDITOR OF PUBLICATIONS MANAGING EDITOR
James Worsham Mary C. Ryan
EDITORIAL STAFF CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
Benjamin Guterman Constance Potter
Maureen MacDonald
Ellen Fried ART DIRECTORS
Brian Barth
Rania Hassan
Editorial Policy. Prologue is published quarterly by the National Archives
and Records Administration (NARA). Its primary purpose is to bring to pub-
lic attention the resources and programs of NARA, the regional archives,
and the presidential libraries. Accordingly, Prologue in the main publishes
material based, in whole or in part, on the holdings and programs of these
institutions. In keeping with the nonpartisan character of NARA, Prologue
will not accept articles that are politically partisan or that deal with con-
temporary political issues.
Articles are selected for publication by the editor in consultation with
experts. The editor reserves the right to make changes in articles accepted
for publication and will consult the author should substantive questions arise.
Published articles do not necessarily represent the views of NARA or of any
other agency of the U.S. Government.
Prospective authors are encouraged to discuss their work with the editor
prior to submission. Articles may be submitted as either an e-mail attachment
or as hard copy. The Prologue office uses MS Word but can accept any com-
mon word-processing format. Correspondence regarding contributions and all
other editorial matters should be sent to the Editor, Prologue, National Archives
and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001.
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copies of Prologue are available from ProQuest Information and Learning,
P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346.
Prologue’s web site is at www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/.
Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration
(ISSN 0033-1031) is published quarterly by the National Archives Trust Fund
Board, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001. Periodicals postage
paid at College Park, MD, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: send
address changes to Prologue, National Archives and Records Administration,
NPAC/Room 400, 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC 20408-0001.
INDEXED in Acad.Abstr., Amer. Hist. & Life. Bibl. Cart., Hist.Abst. (Pts. A & B),
Hum. Ind., Mag. Art. Sum., U.S. Govt. Per. Ind.,Writ. Am. Hist., & Winter Prologue.
Front cover: image of a young cotton picker at the Kern county migrant camp in califor-
nia, november 1936, by dorothea lange. an article on page 18 traces the camp’s inspira-
tion for John steinbeck and his novel The Grapes of Wrath.
Inside front cover: the presidential retreat at camp david has been a site for relaxation as
well as diplomacy since its opening in 1938. a photo essay on page 28 provides an inside
view of activities there.
Back cover: the space shuttle Atlantis was first launched in october 1985. special exhibits at the
Johnson library and the Bush library celebrate nasa’s 50th anniversary. see page 34.
contents
4 PROLOGUE IN PERSPECTIVE . . . CHALLENGES:THOSE WE MET,
THOSE WE FACE Allen Weinstein looks at the road ahead for the
National Archives on the eve of its 75th anniversary.

6
FDR: THE PRESIDENT AND THE HIGH SCHOOL Keith W. Olson relates
how Franklin Roosevelt’s interest in architecture led to close
involvement in the planning and construction of a high school in
Hyde Park.

12 BIG! CELEBRATING THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES

Stacey Bredhoff previews a new exhibit featuring big records,
big events, and big ideas.
12

18 ARCHIVAL VINTAGES FOR THE GRAPES OF WRATH Daniel Nealand

describes the story behind John Steinbeck’s classic novel.

28 CAMP DAVID Photographs document how Presidents since Franklin

Roosevelt have used this presidential retreat in Maryland.

34 A HALF-CENTURY OF AMERICA IN SPACE Exhibits at the Johnson

Library and the Bush Library celebrate NASA’s 50th anniversary.

38 SPOTLIGHT ON NARA . . . ESCORTING A PRESIDENCY INTO HISTORY

Nancy Kegan Smith describes NARA’s role during a White House
transition.

18 46 GENEALOGY NOTES. . . FOLLOW THE MONEY Claire Prechtel-

Kluskens gives researchers a step-by-step guide to tracking
Revolutionary War Army pension payments.

58 AUTHORS ON THE RECORD . . . THE FIRST TIME AROUND Mitch

Yockelson chronicles the unique story of two U.S. divisions serv-
ing with the British Army during World War I.

64
FOUNDATION FOR THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES . . . A “thank-
you” to outgoing president Tom Wheeler . . . “1783: Subject or
Citizen?” opens in the O’Brien Gallery . . . the Foundation Gala
honors James McPherson.

72
PIECES OF HISTORY . . . Conserving Food at Home during World
War I The U.S. Food Administration created recipes to encour-
age Americans to use less wheat during the war.
38

60 EvENts 62 NEws & NoticEs 66 iNdEx

Prologue 3
Prologue iN PErsPEctivE
CThose
H AWeLMet,L Those
E NWeGFace
ES
By Allen weinstein
Nearly four years have passed since I became Archivist
of the United States, and it seems appropriate to review
some of the challenges the National Archives has faced,
the ones we are meeting, and those still to come.
In early 2005, the major challenges confronting the
Archives involved expediting public access to NARA’s
holdings and mobilizing NARA to provide that access.
The major challenges, then and now:
Reducing the enormous backlog of records—among
the 9 billion pages of records in NARA’s custody—that
had not been adequately processed.
Approximately 50 percent of the textual records in the
Washington area were not yet processed sufficiently to
enable efficient access. A comparable percentage of inad-
equately processed records are in the regional archives and
presidential libraries.
A doubling of the volume of acces-
sions over a decade, other pressing needs
and priorities, and staff cuts resulted in
this 10-year backlog. In 2007 we decided
to reorganize and reprioritize resources
for processing by reassigning staff. Con-
gress helped by providing funds for 12
additional staff archivists.
As of now, staff have processed 30 per-
cent of that backlog. I commend these
individuals for their efforts and the
accommodations they made to under-
take this critical work that will benefit
staff and researchers for generations.
Pushing ahead with the Electronic Records Archives
(ERA), which NARA is building to preserve and make
accessible in the future the electronic records of today
and tomorrow.
Earlier this year, the ERA had its successful initial run
with the acceptance of electronic records from four
federal agencies, and work by ERA staff and our part-
ner, Lockheed Martin, on the next phase continues at
a good pace.
The ERA will be the repository of the ever-increasing
numbers of electronic records of the federal govern-
ment. This will include the records of the Executive
4 Prologue
Office of the President at the end of President George
W. Bush’s term on January 20, 2009.
The National Archives has also entered into several
partnerships to digitize, and make available via the Inter-
net as soon as possible, and eventually on the ERA, tra-
ditional records that now can only be viewed on paper
or microfilm.
Fostering an appreciation of the Archives’ role as the
nation’s recordkeeper and of the records we keep by
expanding education, museum, and civic literacy pro-
grams at all NARA facilities nationwide.
Here in Washington, we established the Boeing Learning
Center, with the generous support of The Boeing Company,
to provide a major resource and direction to teachers all
around the country who want to enhance the engagement
of students in the study of history, civics,
government, and social studies. At the
same time, the summer workshop, Pri-
marily Teaching, has been expanded to
eight locations around the country.
The National Historical Publications
and Records Commission (NHPRC) pro-
grams have also received increased sup-
port. NHPRC was recently given new
authority to offer research grants related
to presidential records of those U.S. Pres-
idents prior to Herbert Hoover. NHPRC
grants for preserving and making acces-
sible nonfederal records have con-
tributed enormously to historical
scholarship over the decades.
Throughout the agency, we have increased our efforts
to lift the level of civic literacy generally so that citizens
may have a greater appreciation of the importance of
NARA and of the records that guarantee their rights, hold
their government accountable, and chronicle the Amer-
ican experience.
In 2008, the online “Digital Vaults” was added to our
arsenal of educational outreach programs. Much of this
effort has been made possible by the generous support
of the Foundation for the National Archives and its inde-
fatigable president,Tom Wheeler. I salute the Foundation
directors and staff for their magnificent work in helping
winter 2008
the Archives bring more of our holdings to the public Beginning this year, the National Archives now also over-
and in promoting the Archives’ civic education efforts. sees the implementation of a recently announced, gov-
ernment-wide framework for standardizing processes
Encouraging greater cooperation among the presidential and procedures for what is often referred to as “sensi-
libraries in the NARA system—and expanding that system. tive but unclassified” information.
The ties among the libraries continue to strengthen. One We have ensured that our efforts are transparent and
example of this is the Presidential Timeline, www.presiden- have provided a clear roadmap, consistent with the Pres-
tialtimeline.org, a major online resource of presidential ident’s direction, to ensure that only information gen-
materials. The timeline covering the presidents from Her- uinely requiring protection is classified and controlled
bert Hoover forward provides a seamless history of Amer- and then only for as long as necessary.
ica from an Oval Office perspective for the past 80 years.
In 2007, NARA completed difficult negotiations to bring
the private Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, California, into the
system of presidential libraries, and the Nixon presidential Other challenges also confront us: The National
records held in College Park are being carefully moved to Archives continues to experience a “brain drain,” the loss
the new Richard Nixon Presidential Library. Meanwhile, of experienced staff due to death, retirement, and resig-
preparations are being made for the George W. Bush Library nation. Many of our physical plants are aging and in need
to be located next to the campus of Southern Methodist of repair and renovation. And we constantly battle to
University in Dallas. preserve deteriorating records and unconscionable
A year ago, the presidential libraries sponsored, at the administrative backlogs.
Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, a two-day symposium on In short, the challenges never end, and the work con-
“The Presidency and the Supreme Court,” following an tinues . . .
earlier successful symposium on the legacy of Vietnam
at the Kennedy Library in Boston. Other joint activities
will follow in the years ahead.
Archivist of the United States
Ensuring proper classification and declassification of
government records.
Since 2005, NARA has worked on several fronts to make
as much of our holdings accessible to the pub-
lic as easily as possible. For example, we
ended the practice of reclassifying records
that had already been declassified, and
most of those records that had been
previously withdrawn for reclassi-
fication have now been re-
stored to the open stacks.
The National Archives’
Information Security
Over sight Office
monitors the sec-
urity classifica-
tion program
throughout the
government.
 FDR
The President and the High School
By Keith W. Olson

A mural in the Hyde Park post office depicts Franklin Roosevelt’s keen interest in local architecture. He is shown examining the plans for the new high school to be
built on land owned by farmer Benjamin Haviland, standing at left. Around the car are members of the board of education.
F
Franklin D. Roosevelt maintained many interests. As President, he was the country’s best
known stamp collector. The Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum exhibits his life-
long love of ships and sailing through photographs, paintings, prints, and models.Through-
out his life Roosevelt also maintained interests in the Dutch settlement of the Hudson Valley
and in the history of Hyde Park, New York, his home village overlooking the Hudson River
85 miles north of New York City. Franklin, like his fifth cousin Theodore, descended from
Claes Martenszen Rosenvelt, who arrived in New Amsterdam from Holland before the British
Bottom: The Hyde Park post office was commis-
sioned and closely monitored by President Roo-
sevelt. At left of the building is an “old oaken
bucket well” discussed in his memorandum of
November 21, 1939 (left). In his December 21
memorandum (right) FDR recommended accept-
ing an offer from Mrs. Walter Graeme Eliot to
donate the stone walls on her farm, which had
took control of the city and changed its name to New York. once been owned by the Bard family.
Dutch influence and local geography seemingly drew Roosevelt’s attention to architec-
ture and building materials. Stone walls lined roads and fields in Hyde Park township. Build-
ings in the mid-Hudson Valley testify to Roosevelt’s affinity for native fieldstone construction
and colonial Dutch architecture. Between 1936 and 1940 he commissioned
six new post offices in fieldstone and Dutch colonial style, including one in
Hyde Park. Roosevelt’s interest in architecture reached its fullest expression
in the design and building of his retreat,Top Cottage; in the construction of
his presidential library in Hyde Park; and in the design and planning of the
National Archives Building in Washington, D.C.
In 1940 the Hyde Park school district’s three new schools—Hyde Park
Elementary,Violet Avenue Elementary, and Franklin D. Roosevelt High School—
owed their fieldstone exterior appearance to his favorite building material and
reflected his abiding interest and involvement with his home area.
Roosevelt was more than an
“architectural consultant,” to use
more recent terminology. He mer-
ited the designation of architect
and, therefore, joined Thomas Jef-
ferson as one of the only two Presi-
dents ever to design buildings. As
an architect, however, Jefferson,
vastly exceeded Roosevelt in
accomplishment.
In 1915 Roosevelt expanded
and renovated the family mansion,
Springwood.The fieldstone used for
additions came from the two stone
walls that lined the drive from the
house to the Albany Post Road.
Twelve years later, FDR’s mother
financed the construction of a field-
stone library in Hyde Park Village and named
it in honor of her husband, James. On his
own land, approximately two miles east of
the family home, FDR built two fieldstone
cottages—Val-Kill for his wife, Eleanor, and
Top Cottage for himself.
FDR commissioned the new Hyde Park
post office and closely monitored its design
and construction. In 1939 he met with the
architect, Stanley Brown, and showed him a
sketch of the Dr. John Bard house, which
had stood on the site from colonial days
until 1875. Brown and the President agreed
that “the elevation and the ground plan” of
the Bard house were excellent models for

The President and the High School Prologue 7

the post office. For the construction of the
building, FDR recommended accepting an
offer from Mrs.Walter Graeme Eliot to donate
the stone walls on her farm, which had once
been owned by the Bard family.
In 1941 FDR dedicated the country’s first
presidential library, funded by financial dona-
tions and gifts of fieldstone. As he had pre-
viously, FDR worked with the architect so
that the library followed the colonial Dutch
style that he so admired. The style and the
fieldstone reflected both his family’s Dutch
ancestry and the heritage of the Dutch influ-
ence in the Hudson Valley.
FDR involved himself in most stages of the
planning and construction of all three new
schools, but especially the high school. In 1938
he read the school board’s proposal to the
Public Works Administration (PWA), which
eventually financed 45 percent of the cost of
the schools. FDR requested copies of the bids
submitted by construction companies and
asked for “photostat copies of architect’s ren-
dering of this school.” When the bids on the
high school opened,W. H. Kennedy, traveling
engineer for the PWA, sent FDR a telegram
stating that the low bidder was“thirteen thou-
sand over the estimated cost.”
The President met and exchanged letters with Robert
R. Graham, the architect of the new Hyde Park high
school. In response to Graham’s May 22, 1939, letter
(right) and photographs, Roosevelt wrote back in agree-
ment on May 24 (below) that “Troweled joints . . . are
more correct historically than the wiped joints.”
8 Prologue
The letter that Edwin A. Juckett wrote on
July 1, 1939, further illustrated FDR’s involve-
ment: “This morning I took over the duties of
the supervising principalship in the Hyde Park
central school district. I am writing my first
official letter to the first citizen of the district.”
Juckett further wrote that he “would appreci-
ate an opportunity to consult with you on
some long range planning and on the cur-
riculum for the new buildings.”
FDR’s interest went far beyond early plan-
ning and curriculum.At various stages of con-
struction, the President and the architect,
Robert R. Graham, exchanged letters and met
in person. Regarding stonework, FDR
approved of troweled joints and added that
“actually they are more correct historically
than the wiped joints.” The two men also
agreed to paint the exterior woodwork “a
shade slightly off white in a very light putty
or ivory color.”
FDR readily accepted the invitation to ded-
icate the new schools. On October 5, 1940,
at 2:45 p.m., the President spoke for almost
20 minutes in front of the new Franklin D.
Roosevelt High School. The National and
Columbia Broadcasting Companies broadcast
the speech on the radio, and newsreel cam-
eras recorded the event. FDR related the ded-
ication of the schools to Hyde Park,
commented on the construction, and empha-
sized the importance of education. Finally, he
connected the schools to his New Deal poli-
cies and to the world.
Juckett and other dignitaries sat behind
FDR, as did Ben Haviland, whom FDR had
invited because of their shared interest in
local history and because the new high
school stood on land that had once
belonged to Haviland’s farm.
FDR recalled for the audience that his
father took pride in having helped to build
the red brick school in the village that
closed its doors when the new schools
opened. As a boy, FDR added, he accompa-
nied his father when he attended meetings
of the board of education. “Personally,” he
continued, “I am happy also that, without
any additional cost of materials, we have
built these three buildings of the native
stone of old Dutchess County.”The stones,
he pointed out, had for nearly two centuries
first served “a useful purpose to the original
settlers of this County as part of our famous
stone walls.” He praised the trustees for their
“very rare foresight, having secured ade-
quate acreage for the schools, enough for
expansion in the century to come.”
The new schools, FDR declared, sym-
bolized two modern governmental func-
tions, each of which was “more and more
vital to the continuation of the thing we
call democracy.” The first was universal
free education without government
decrees controlling textbooks, teachers,
and schools.“Tyranny hates and fears noth-
ing more,” he explained,“than the free ex-
change of ideas, the free play of the mind
that comes from education.”
The new schools also symbolized,
according to FDR, “a new responsibility
that our democracy has assumed as one of together the country at a time when “emer-
its major functions . . . to give work to gencies . . . threaten the democracies of the
many Americans who otherwise could not world.”
find work.” He explained that local tax- FDR’s dedication speech integrated the
payers and the federal government role of schools into the context of Hyde
together paid for the schools and thereby Park, the New Deal, and the nation. He also
contributed to the economy and morale of celebrated the value of education, democ-
Hyde Park, with workers gaining increased racy, and history. As Hyde Park’s first citi-
self respect. FDR asserted with pride that zen, he blended into his talk several
in almost every county in the country sim- personal references. Although he spoke
ilar projects dotted the landscape, such as from a prepared draft of a text, which he
schools, bridges, airports, sewer systems, had revised, he also extemporaneously
water works, and hospitals. Such build- deleted and added words, phrases, and
ings, he believed, were gains in the well- sentences as he went along.
being of the country and “for the defense The President’s speech attracted atten-
of America as well.” tion from beyond radio coverage.The Octo-
When FDR spoke, he
was in the middle of his
campaign to win an un-
precedented third term as
President. The two sym-
bols that he associated
with the schools fit
smo othly into the imple-
mentation of the New
Deal programs and poli-
cies he had established
since 1933.These projects,
he maintained, helped knit

Below: The President spoke at the dedication of the new Franklin D. Roosevelt High School on
October 5, 1940, attracting radio coverage as well as front-page press in the New York Times and
NewYork Herald Tribune. Right: Page one of the transcribed speech, with underlined words indicating
his comments extemporaneously added to the previously prepared text. In the midst of the pres-
idential campaign, FDR linked the promotion of education to national well-being and survival.
ber 6 issues of both the New York Times
and the New York Herald Tribune started
their stories on page one, printed the text
of the speech, and included a photograph
of FDR driving his famous blue Ford con-
vertible with the school in the background.
The Tribune’s two-column-wide headline
read,“Roosevelt Calls Free Education a Bar-
rier Against Dictatorship.” The first para-
graph added that the President “defended
heavy spending during his administration
as a government responsibility and duty.”
Although FDR listed the speech as “non-
political,” the Times opened its article by
pointing out that the President associated
his New Deal with academic freedom,
national well being, defense, and public
works to provide jobs for unemployed
workers.
Above: Franklin D. Roosevelt High School. Top: The President sent his regrets to Supervising Principal Edwin
A. Juckett that he was unable to attend the school’s first commencement in May 1941 because a cold had
“laid [him] up for a couple of weeks.” Yet Roosevelt took pride in the new school that reflected his architec-
tural interest and his deep attachment to Hyde Park.
10 Prologue
The October 14 issue of Time magazine
included several photographs about the
Hyde Park speech and concluded that “the
Roosevelt political magic was still at
work—adroit and fluent as ever, he some-
how managed to make Federal spending
merely a matter of building schools, and to
link free education with his administra-
tion.” Time called the speech an “effective”
answer to Republican presidential nomi-
nee “Wendell Willkie’s charge that a con-
tinuation of New Deal policies meant a
new economic system in the U.S.”
The school dedication speech captured
Roosevelt at his political best. No doubt the
new fieldstone elementary schools, the high
school that carried his name, and the setting
in his beloved Hyde Park helped to make
the occasion politically successful and, espe-
cially, personally satisfying.
The dedication may have been the climax,
but it did not end FDR’s involvement with
the new schools. In December he sent the
high school a Christmas tree from his own
estate.The next March, Juckett invited FDR
to speak at the high school’s first com-
mencement in June. FDR placed it in his
engagement book. In May, however, he wrote
to Juckett explaining that a cold had “laid
[him] up for a couple of weeks” and that he
had “to change or defer all my plans.” Still,
FDR added, if he were at Hyde Park, he would
“come to the school and take part in the pro-
ceedings with a great deal of pleasure.”The
tentative program listed his name, but
another cold kept him in Washington. In the
midst of their correspondence about the
commencement, Juckett wrote,“It will inter-
est you to know that we received our high
school charter. . . . We received the highest
possible classification.”
No doubt the news interested and pleased
FDR, but growing war clouds during the late
summer and autumn of 1941 and U.S. entry
into World War II in December meant that he
could not continue his once-close involve-
ment with the high school.
In April 1945, less than a month before
the war ended in Europe, FDR died. In June
1945 Eleanor Roosevelt, the President’s
widow, gave the commencement address at
Roosevelt High School, a fitting tribute to
her husband’s association with the school
that bore his name, reflected his architec-
tural interest, and exemplified his deep
attachment to his native Hyde Park. P
© 2008 by Keith W. Olson
NOTE ON SOURCES
I am indebted to and thank Richard Mon-
tague for comments and encouragement.An ear-
lier, shorter version of this story appeared in a
newsletter published by FDR High School, Class
of 1949, vol. 2 (Spring 2006).
Correspondence and speeches of President
Franklin D. Roosevelt are housed at the Franklin
D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY.
The construction of the Hyde Park post
office is noted in FDR’s letters to Helen Reyn-
olds, November 1, 1939, President’s Personal
File (PPF) 234, and to Louis A. Simon, De-
cember 21, 1939, PPF 1853.
Correspondence throughout 1939 with W. H.
Kennedy, Edwin Juckett, and Robert Graham
about the construction of the schools, as well as
FDR’s exchange with Juckett in 1941 concern-
ing the high school’s first commencement cere-
mony is also in PPF 1853.
FDR’s speech at the dedication and the
revisions he made during delivery are found
in box 1310, Master Speech File.
Author
Keith W. Olson is professor emer-
itus at the University of Maryland,
College Park. He now lives in Shel-
burne,Vermont, and is a lecturer at
the University of Vermont. His
research focuses on 20th-century presidential history.
In May 2008 he presented a paper,“John F. Kennedy
and Vietnam:The Preponderance of Evidence,” at the
British Association for American Studies Conference,
University of Edinburgh.
Winter 2008
 W HAT’S NEW IN THE PAST?
FOR 40 YEARS, Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration
has been telling readers about the rich resources and programs of the National Archives, its regional
facilities, and the Presidential libraries.
In every issue you will find thought-provoking and entertain-
ing articles—based on research in the Archives’ magnificent hold-
ings of original documents—on American history and on the
activities of the agency.

SOME RECENT ARTICLES IN Prologue INCLUDE:

✭How Lyndon B. Johnson still casts a long shadow from his
years in the White House.
✭How lynching passed for “justice” in the South long after
the Civil War had ended.
✭How a skilled U.S. Navy intelligence officer’s accurate pre-
dictions of Japanese actions were ignored.
✭ How one of Sitting Bull’s protégés handled his status as a

ward of the Federal Government.

COMING UP: Prologue will have articles that take a fresh look
at Harry Truman on the 125th anniversary of his birth; describe
how an 1864 Civil War peace proposal was scuttled; recall the
Japanese war crimes trials; and mark the observance of the first
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BIG!Celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the National Archives
By Stacey Bredhoff

T To celebrate a big anniversary—our 75th—the National Archives will open a new exhibit fea-
turing big records, big events, and big ideas.With the computer age in full swing, as viewers strug-
gle to see documents and records on screens growing ever smaller, this exhibit will present the
original record shown in its full-scale glory.
Starting with the 13-foot scroll of the Articles of Confederation—the first constitution of the
United States—the items in the exhibit evoke the challenges, sacrifices, and even humor that are
woven into the American tapestry. On the 75th anniversary of this institution, the National
Archives presents pieces of the American story—writ large.
A section of an enormous map of the Gettysburg battlefield will be shown. Surveyed and
drawn in 1868–1869, it comprises 20 sections and, fully assembled, measures approximately
13 feet by 13 feet. The map shows approximately 26 square miles of terrain in and around

12 Prologue Winter 2008

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, site of the ferocious Civil War battle that raged from July 1 to July 3, 1863, and
that many historians believe turned the tide of the war toward a Union victory.
With a scale of 1 inch to 200 feet, the map shows the names of area residents at the time of the battle,
including the Bryan (Brian) family, who fled their 12-acre farm because, like other African Americans liv-
ing in this area, they feared capture by Confederate soldiers. It reveals the terrain at the site of “Pickett’s
Charge,” one of the great infantry charges in military history, where the Union held the high ground against
the massive assaults by the Confederates. And it includes the site where President Abraham Lincoln deliv-
ered the Gettysburg Address, a rhetorical masterpiece in which he defined the war as necessary for the
survival of the nation and its ideals.
In this exhibit, sometimes “big” means “long.” Among the items is an icon of 20th-century diplomatic his-
tory: the “Long Telegram,” sent in 1946 by George Kennan from the U.S. Embassy in Moscow to the Depart-
ment of State in Washington, D.C. Kennan, then deputy chief of mission, responded to an urgent
communication from Washington, asking why the Soviet Union was refusing to join the World Bank. Kennan
believed that the United States was clinging, mistakenly, to a wartime view of the Soviet Union as an Ameri-
can ally. He later
recalled that he
wrote “a preposter-
ously long tele-
gram—some eight
thousand words . . .
describing, as though
in a primer for
school children, the
nature, the ambi-
tions, the calcula-
tions of [the Stalin
regime.] It is a grim
and uncompromis-
ing picture.”
In the telegram,
Kennan stated that
Soviet expansionism
had to be contained,
and he established
guiding principles to
achieve that goal. It
was a grand strat- Two pages from the “Long Telegram,” from George Kennan, chargé d’affaires, U.S. Embassy, Moscow,
egy of such pre- to Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, February 22, 1946.
science and incisiveness
that it carried American-
Soviet policy through 40 years of the Cold War to the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
An even longer telegram—twice the length of Kennan’s—was sent by the governor of the Nevada Ter-
ritory to President Abraham Lincoln in October 1864.As part of the process of the Nevada Territory becom-
ing a state, certified copies of the Nevada constitution were sent to Washington, D.C., by overland mail
and by sea. But when they had failed to arrive in Washington by October 24, Governor Nye ordered

Background: Map of the battlefield of Gettysburg, surveyed and drawn under the direction of Bvt. Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren,
1868–1869, revised 1873. During the battle, Warren served as topographical engineer for Union Gen. George G. Meade, comman-
der of the Army of the Potomac. This section of the map shows the area just south of the town of Gettysburg.
 Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Supreme
Allied Commander Southwest Pacific,
ca. 1944.
that it be sent by wire. With no
direct link from Carson City to
Washington, D.C., telegrapher
James H. Guild worked seven
hours to transmit the mes-
sage to Salt Lake City,
where it was resent to
Chicago, then Phil-
adelphia, and finally to the
War Department’s telegraph office in the
capital, where a 175-page transcription
was made.The final page of the transcrip-
tion, on view in the exhibit, shows the
total word count (16,543) and cost
($4,313.27, or $59,229 in today’s dollars).
Three days after receiving the message—
just eight days before the presidential elec-
tion, Lincoln proclaimed, in accordance
with an act of Congress, that Nevada was
admitted into the Union, thus hoping to
ensure his own reelection as well as the
election of like-minded Republicans in
Congress.
The exhibit highlights one of the
biggest military personnel files pre-
served by the National Personnel
Records Center in St. Louis, Missouri.
Housed in nine boxes, the file of Gen.
Douglas MacArthur chronicles a career
that spanned half a century and ranged
around much of the world. Flamboyant
and controversial, MacArthur was one of
the most highly decorated soldiers in the
history of the military. He distinguished
himself as a soldier in combat operations
during World War I; he was the Supreme
Allied Commander Southwest Pacific
during World War II, the Supreme Com-
mander of the Allied Powers during the
postwar occupation of Japan, and Com-
mander of the United Nations (U.N.)
forces during the first nine months of
the Korean War. Presented in the exhibit
are a summary statement of his military
service, the long list of decorations and
service medals awarded him, and the
April 11, 1951, telegram informing him
that President Truman had relieved him
of his command in Korea for making
public statements that were critical of
military and foreign policies of the U.S.
Government. Also shown is the casualty
report listing the death of General
Below: Letter from Capt.W.A. Marshall to Commandant
of the Navy Yard, requesting items for the USS North
Caro lina, in preparation for President-elect Taft’s
voyage, December 21, 1908.
Winter 2008
MacArthur in 1964 at age 84. A state rior spring mattress, extra strong; 1 bath appointed Chief Justice of the United
funeral, previously planned in consulta- tub, 5 feet 5 inches in length, over rolled States, becoming the only person to hold
tion with MacArthur himself, was held. rim and of extra width.” Later newspa- the highest office in both the executive
With ceremonies that lasted a full seven per accounts (and a photograph) and judicial branches.
days, it befitted the larger-than-life per- revealed that the bath-
sonality whom it honored. tub was built on an
As evidence that William Howard Taft even bigger scale—that
was almost certainly the biggest man to it had “pondlike dimen-
serve as President of the United States, sions . . . [it] will hold
the exhibit presents the 1909 order for four ordinary men and
a bathtub and other items specially is the largest ever man-
ordered to accommodate Taft’s 300- ufactured . . . the tub is
plus-pound frame. In January 1909, two 7 feet 1 inch long, 41
months after being elected President inches wide and
(he was inaugurated on March 4, 1909), weighs a ton.”
Taft boarded the USS North Carolina to Soon after leaving
set sail to inspect the Panama Canal the presidency, Taft lost
construction zone. The ship was outfit- 70 pounds, which he
ted specially for him. The captain maintained throughout
ordered the following items: “1 brass the remainder of his
double bedstead of extra length; 1 supe- life. In 1921, Taft was

Below: Workmen pose in the bathtub custom-made Right:William Howard Taft, 1908.
for President William Howard Taft, not dated.

The physical stature of basketball legend
Shaquille O’Neal is one of the factors that
makes him a powerhouse of an athlete.
One of his shoes, presented to President
George W. Bush as a gift, is on display. Ris-
ing up out of the size 22 Reebok, O’Neal—
Shaq, as he is affectionately known by his
fans—would stand tall at 7 feet 1 inch. Los
Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan presented
the shoe to President Bush in 2001, during
his first visit to California as President; at the
time, O’Neal was a star player for the Los
Angeles Lakers. He has been voted one of
the 50 Greatest Players in the history of the
National Basketball Association. He now
plays for the Phoenix Suns.
The exhibit includes the impression of
a 200-million-year-old dinosaur track, made
by a Eubrontes Gigantes—which would
have stood approximately nine feet tall. It
was made in 1970 by a teenage boy who
had heard a news report about the dis-
covery of dinosaur tracks in an abandoned
quarry near his New Jersey home. He and
his friend jumped on their bikes, went to
investigate, and working on their own,
Shoe of Shaquille O’Neal, size 22 medium,
presented as a gift to President
George W. Bush, May 31, 2001.
Fiberglass cast of a 200-million-year-old dinosaur
track, sent to President Nixon in 1972.
uncovered thousands of fossilized
dinosaur tracks, which experts later
described as a “milestone . . . because of
the large number of tracks.”When they
launched a successful campaign to pre-
serve the site as an education park, they
earned an official commendation from
President Richard Nixon. One of those
boys, Paul Olsen, is today one of the
nation’s foremost paleontologists, recently
elected a member of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences. The impression of the
dinosaur track that he made in 1970 was
later sent to President Nixon and is among
the holdings of the Nixon Library and
Museum in Yorba Linda, California.
Finally, the exhibit pays tribute to an idea
so big it engendered the birth of this
nation. On July 4, 1776, a group of British
colonists scattered along the Atlantic
seaboard announced their separation from
Great Britain with words that have inspired
downtrodden people through the ages and
around the world to rise up against their
oppressors: “We hold these truths to be
self-evident, that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable
rights, that among
these are Life, Liberty,
and the pursuit of
happiness.”
John Dunlap, the official printer for the
Continental Congress, produced the first
printing of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence on the night of July 4–5, 1776,
and delivered the copies to the Congress on
the morning of July 5. The one that was
inserted into the “rough journal” of the Con-
tinental Congress in the July 4 entry is
included in the exhibit. It is one of the
National Archives’ greatest treasures.
The handwritten version of the Decla-
ration, later signed by members of the
Continental Congress, is on permanent
display in the Rotunda for the Charters of
Freedom.
“BIG!—Celebrating the 75th Anniversary
of the National Archives” will be on view
in the National Archives Building, Wash-
ington, D.C., in the Lawrence F. O’Brien
Gallery from March 13, 2009, through Janu-
ary 3, 2010.
Author
Stacey Bredhoff, curator of
“BIG!,” became curator at the John
F. Kennedy Presidential Library and
Museum in September 2008. Prior
to that time she was senior curator,
National Archives Experience, National Archives and
Records Administration.
Opposite: First printing of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, produced during the night of July 4–5, 1776.
 Archival Vintages for
The GRAPES of WRATH By Daniel Nealand

A At the beginning of John Steinbeck’s perennially popular (and still controversial) masterwork, The Grapes of
Wrath, two dedication lines appear: “to Carol who willed it” and “to Tom who lived it.” Carol, of course, was
the author’s wife, who originated the title for Steinbeck.
Most readers logically assume that the second line targets Tom Joad, the archetypal protagonist whose shade
still walks the land “wherever there’s a fight so hungry people can eat.” But the line actually refers to Thomas E.
Collins—a nonfictional “character” whose ghost would likely be found walking right alongside that of Tom Joad.
There are significant relationships between the worlds of “the two Toms.” First, the real Tom Collins steps
over into The Grapes of Wrath as the model for the character “Jim Rawley” in chapters 22–26. But in addi-
tion, both Steinbeck and his biographers have acknowledged a major influence that flowed into the novel
from a wealth of federal documentary source material provided by Collins. Most of the latter is preserved
and available for public research today as a unique, absorbing, somewhat “quirky” treasure held by the
National Archives–Pacific Region (San Francisco): the narrative reports, mostly 1935–1936, of California
federal migrant labor camp manager Tom Collins.

18 Prologue Winter 2008

Left and above: the Kern migrants camp in Kern county, in southern california, was one of 18 camps established by the resettlement administration beginning in
1935 to assist the thousands of refugee families who left the harsh agricultural conditions of oklahoma, southwestern missouri, central texas, and western arkansas.
As the 75-year remembrance of the New
Deal period passes into the 70th anniver-
sary for The Grapes of Wrath, it seems a
good time to again visit these “Tom Collins
documents,” which in a rare occurrence
for government reports, were regarded as
“worthy literature” by no less an expert
than Steinbeck himself.
Okie Migrants and Federal
Camps in California
In 1936, when he met Steinbeck, Tom
Collins managed the Resettlement Admin-
istration’s Arvin/Weedpatch federal “Mig-
ratory Labor Camp” for migrant
agricultural laborers in Kern County in
southern California. “Weedpatch camp”
appears in The Grapes of Wrath in chap-
ters 22, 24, and 26. The “campers” at Weed-
patch were among thousands of mostly
rural Dust Bowl refugee families newly
arrived in California in search of farm-
related work. They came mostly from
Oklahoma, southwestern Missouri, central
Texas, and western Arkansas.
Most were victims in one way or
another of a crop-killing 10-year drought
Archival Vintages for The Grapes of Wrath
or “tractoring out” (farm mechaniza-
tion), rather than of the terrible Dust
Bowl storms per se, which struck a lit-
tle farther west. Most had been farm
laborers, tenant farmers, or sharecrop-
pers; there were also some small farm
holders and others. Stereo typed by
mainstream resident Californians as
“Okies” or “Arkies,” these newcomers fur-
nished a new and major source for tra-
ditionally subsistence-level migrant
agricultural labor, harvesting fruit, veg-
etable, and cotton crops in verdant well-
irrigated central California valleys
dominated by the large, often corpo-
rate-owned agribusiness operations de-
scribed by Carey McWilliams in his
renowned study, Factories in the Field.
Since the latter 1800s, white “fruit-
tramps/bindlestiffs” and various ethnic
minorities—Chinese, Japanese, South
Asian, Mexican, and Filipino—had served
as seasonal “migrant armies” fated to har-
vest large-scale California farm crops. All
had faced exploitation, meager pay, and
severe living conditions. But generally,
they had truly “come with the dust and
gone with the wind,” moving on after the
harvests. In contrast, the 1930s Okie
migrant influx brought entire families
that, having nowhere else to go, remained
in the valleys during times of scarce or no
employment, generating consternation
among valley residents and further strain-
ing state and local social services already
stressed by the Depression.
As noted by historian James Gregory in
his classic American Exodus, the agricul-
tural labor Okies comprised only a portion
of a much larger stream of nearly 1,300,000
emigrants to California from the south-
western southern states during 1910–1950.
Many arrived in less desperate straits and
adapted more easily to their new, sometimes
urban surroundings. Still, the thousands of
California migrant labor families chronicled
by Steinbeck, Collins, Sanora Babb, and oth-
ers, had it very bad—sometimes far worse
than the Joads.
The destitute Okie agricultural migrants
had been drawn to California by hopes for
employment or even a new start on small-
holding farm ownership.Word-of-mouth fur-
nished much of the impetus, and there is
Prologue 19
evidence Arizona had more to do than Cali-
fornia with the cross-country lure of grower-
produced ads and handbills as portrayed in
The Grapes of Wrath. At any rate, there is no
doubt that during the 1930s, large California
growers took advantage of a huge bulge on
the“supply side”of agricultural labor to drive
down wages. Okie migrant income hovered
around and sometimes descended below
bare subsistence levels, and that was for the
“lucky ones”who found employment. At one
point, for every available crop-picking job at
even the most meager recompense, there
were 3 to 10 workers who needed it.
In 1935, with Tom Collins playing a major
set-up role, the Resettlement Administration
(RA, Farm Security Administration [FSA] as
of 1937) established a chain of federal
“Migratory (migrant) Labor Camps” up and
down California’s agricultural valleys. At
their peak just before World War II, 18
camps, including 3“mobiles”—from Brawley
in the south to Yuba City in the north—
featured sanitary, low-cost, and very basic
living facilities (mostly tent sites) for migrant
labor families. Populations could reach
around 500 or more per camp.
Early on, opposition from powerful grow-
ers’ organizations, as well as lack of support
the story of this family of 10, who arrived at arvin camp on april 23, 1936, was featured by tom collins in his weekly report on July 25. collins noted their poverty
and that “the fellow had been a farmer” until “drought conditions broke his morale and removed all hope of a bright or normal future for his family.”
20 Prologue
from the federal sector, divested the RA/FSA’s
regional office in Berkeley of any hope of
accommodating the entire California migrant
farm labor population in federal camps. The
agency fell back toward more limited aims:
to demonstrate to both the growers and Cal-
ifornia at large that it was possible and advis-
able to provide low-cost, relatively humane
living conditions for migrant workers and
their families and that there was no basis for
common tendencies to brand the newly
arrived migrant population in California with
such terms as “morally degenerate,” intrinsi-
cally “uncivilized,” etc.
For Okie residents, the camps strove to
provide health services and education, com-
munity, and a road toward “depolarization”
with hostile mainstream Californians. The
federal camps served as comparative oases
of health, human dignity, and relief from the
often inhumanly degrading conditions pre-
vailing elsewhere.
Steinbeck, Collins, and Migrants
Collins and the migrant laborer families
at the Resettlement Administration’s Arvin/
Weedpatch federal camp hosted several
Steinbeck visits beginning around August
1936, when the author jouneyed from his
Los Gatos home to do fieldwork for the
seven-part San Francisco News series “Har-
vest Gypsies.” But their relationship did not
stop at Weedpatch. With the approval of
the RA/FSA regional office in Berkeley,
Collins also served as Steinbeck’s primary
“migrant liaison” at various times between
1936 and 1938. The two traveled up and
down the San Joaquin valley in Steinbeck’s
legendary “old pie wagon,” gathering infor-
mation and offering aid in several crisis sit-
uations.
During this period, Steinbeck’s nonfic-
tional portrayals of migrant squatter camp
conditions were grim, stark, and shocking.
The innovative federal photojournalism of
Dorothea Lange and others,“on the road”
for the RA/FSA starting in the mid 1930s,
captured for the public eye unforgettably
haunting, dramatic images of destitute
Okie families: journeying in often ram-
shackle “jalopy caravans” along their “des-
olation road” to California (Route 66) or
“wasting away” within the shockingly
squalid California ad-hoc irrigation ditch-
bank squatter camps and “Hoovervilles.”
Previously, the mostly non-European
minority migrant labor force in California
had been exploited and “expected” to accept
Winter 2008
living standards far below the median for
most Americans. But most of America had
never actually “seen them”—especially like
this. Publicity relating to the Okie migrant
plight took hold and spread through the
local and national media. By mid-1938, fed-
eral curtailment of California cotton acreage
and related reduction in employment oppor-
tunity, a continuing influx of farm job-seek-
ers, severe flooding, resultant deprivation,
and vivid documentation made the peaking
“California Okie crisis” into continuous front-
page news. This helped “prime the pump”
for the explosive sales of the novel The
Grapes of Wrath upon publication in 1939
and for the popularity of the John Ford
movie version in 1940.
In many respects kindred spirits, Stein-
beck and Collins shared a commitment to
the uphill fight to better Okie migrant laborer
and family living conditions. The situation
was often dismal enough at the grower-
owned camps they visited. But at the ditch-
bank “squatter camps” and Hoovervilles,
conditions had descended to depths hard to
acknowledge. Steinbeck and Collins saw, doc-
umented, and toiled to alleviate mind-numb-
ing, spirit-killing poverty, squalor, epidemic John steinbeck (top) researched the impoverished conditions of migrant families at the arvin/weedpatch federal camp
disease, malnutrition, and outright starvation and at other locations for his newspaper series “harvest Gypsies.” tom collins (above) served as steinbeck’s “migrant
among a vast valley assemblage of least liaison” at times between 1936 and 1938. in a camp report, collins inserted a copy of a letter sent by the camp’s cen-
100,000 (historical estimates vary)—often tral committee expressing appreciation for steinbeck’s efforts (left).
lacking even subsistence in the most abun-
dant “food-basket” of the nation. In 1936 Steinbeck declared to writer and have come to the National Archives–Pacific
During Steinbeck’s San Joaquin valley friend George Albee: “Now I’m working Region (San Francisco) to research the
migrant journeys with Collins, they toiled hard on another book which isn’t mine at Collins reports and related records of the
and lived alongside destitute migrant labor all. I’m only editing it but it is a fine thing. Farmers Home Administration (Record
families as well as rendered emergency A complete social study made of the Group 96). Steinbeck biographer Jackson
assistance. Efforts culminated in a two- weekly reports from a migrant camp.” J. Benson “rediscovered” the 1930s FSA
week mission, with the two “dropping in As time passed, all other projects gave migrant camp reports there during an early
the mud from exhaustion” while trying to way to The Grapes of Wrath. But there are 1970s quest to find and write more about
rescue 4,000–5,000 squatter camp fami- indications that Steinbeck believed that Tom Collins.
lies stranded during the terrible Visalia- basing many of his fictional California Thanks mostly to Benson’s dogged bio-
Nipomo floods of February 1938—“not migrant scenes and contexts on nonfic- graphical detective work, we know that the
just hungry but actually starving” as noted tional documents like the Collins reports federal migrant labor camp period was likely
by Steinbeck. According to Robert De Mott, might help when the firestorm of criti- the high point of Collins’s far from run-of-
this horrific experience, etched in acid cism rained down following publication of mill life. Born out of wedlock, raised in a
upon Steinbeck’s consciousness, galvanized his novel. Notable for its duration and Catholic orphanage, and drawn at one point
his commitment to The Grapes of Wrath. intensity, the backlash featured such toward priesthood, Collins listed his educa-
While at work on the latter, Steinbeck events as “book-burnings in Bakersfield.” tional background as four years at prep
had at his side Collins’s official federal nar- school plus a year at a possible “diploma
rative reports as well as correspondence. The Reports mill” teachers college from which, when
Previously, Steinbeck had tried to aid Prominent Steinbeck biographers and convenient, he claimed to have received a
Collins in an unfulfilled effort to get them California Dust Bowl migrant historians, doctorate. During the early 1920s, he
published, even doing some editing work. not to mention numerous thesis-writers, worked as supervisor/organizer of public

Archival Vintages for The Grapes of Wrath Prologue 21

schools at the Guam Naval Station. He also
traversed the Amazon jungle with his young
ex-socialite wife (the second of three) while
fleeing from her family’s lawyers.
He came to the Resettlement Admin-
istration in 1935 from a job as director and
organizer of shelters and labor camps for the
Federal Transient Service in San Diego
County and Los Angeles. In his June 1935 job
application, Collins recorded a salient
attribute: “I have the ability to . . . successfully
handle people without coercion or force.”
Wearing the face turned toward his RA/
FSA superiors when writing the reports,
Collins sometimes commented on low lev-
els of intelligence for certain adult migrant
individuals or groups, especially in com-
parison with their own children. He
remarked on major initial “learning diffi-
culties” especially regarding hygienic edu-
cation. In his view, these were attributable
mainly to the sociocultural/psychological
trauma stemming from prolonged depriva-
tion. His anecdotes about the migrants
sometimes made light of what he regarded
as primitive, superstitious and/or ignorant
beliefs and customs. Sometimes the com-
ments sounded like laughing at, not with—
though he also laughed at himself. Collins’s
reports also document some unsavory
tom collins with a migrant mother and child at the arvin camp. collins chose to live and work in close, con-
stant, and deliberately visible personal contact with migrant camp residents, emphasizing neighborliness through
friendly instruction, suggestion, and encouragement.
22 Prologue
migrant behavior such as wife-beating (or
occasionally vice-versa). His usual laissez-
faire position:“A man’s tent is his farm.”
Some references can be seen as conde-
scending, such as “these simple, honest,
full-hearted, deserving people.” But Collins
saved his special scorn for less honest,
more convoluted, and sparse-hearted folk
such as exploitive growers, educated nose-
in-air social workers, and “His Satanic
Majesty, Caesar Augustus Hearst” (William
Randolph Hearst).
Some recent historians have accused
Collins, Steinbeck, Lange, and others of see-
ing Okie migrants through a lens distorted
by urban elitist liberal “reform agendas”
while neglecting to attend to and preserve
authentic Okie culture.This view seems not
to recognize that the real foundational con-
cern of these three—the need for relief
from sustained socioeconomic trauma and
severe human misery—is a precondition
for cultural survival and recovery.
The reports as a whole, as well as ac-
counts of his managerial conduct by first-
hand observers, reveal a complex and
mainly constructive portrait of Collins. Re-
garding his behavior toward the migrants,
quick-spotters of insincerity and hypocrisy,
he noted in an early August 1935 report that
he was “on the spot at all times.” Shedding
bureaucratic trappings, Collins chose to live
and work in close, constant, extensive, and
deliberately visible personal contact with
migrant camp residents, where “one false
move, and he loses the confidence and
respect of the campers.”
With the migrants, Collins combined the
straightforward aspect of the “plain-folks
American” with a daunting regimen of
24/7 on-call caring and public service. In
a short piece included in America and
Americans, Steinbeck gave some insight
into Collins’s dedication:
The first time I saw Windsor Drake
[Collins] it was evening, and it was rain-
ing. . . . I drove into the migrant camp, the
wheels of my car throwing muddy water.
The lines of sodden, dripping tents
stretched away from me in the darkness.
The temporary office was crowded with
damp men and women . . . and sitting at a
littered table was Windsor Drake, a little
man in a damp, frayed white suit. The
crowding people looked at him all the
time . . . his large, dark eyes, tired beyond
sleepiness. . . .There was an epidemic in
the camp—in the muddy, flooded camp
. . . every kind of winter disease had devel-
oped: measles and whooping cough;
mumps, pneumonia, and throat infec-
tions. And the little man was trying to do
everything. He had to. . . .
For Okie farm migrants reeling from
the terrible treatment meted out else-
where in California, the experience of
Collin’s “neighborly” caring manner, dedi-
cation, and public “servant-leadership”
must have come as a dramatic, welcome
contrast. It may have generated a sort of
“positive culture shock” that partly ex-
plains FSA migrant camper receptivity to
his guidance during 1935–1936. At any
rate, it earned him a tremendous reservoir
of credibility with Marysville and then
Weedpatch migrant labor camp residents.
He tapped into this with great effect while
using tactfully packaged instruction,
friendly suggestion and encouragement,
and the attitude of the “Good Neighbor”
(his signature phrase) to foster individual,
family, and camp community democratic
Winter 2008
self-help programs in health, hygiene,
nutrition, baby and child care, education,
daily government/law enforcement, and
recreation.
Time and time again in the reports,
Collins conveyed respect, esteem, and faith
that the destitute, despised migrant Okie
families, given a place to stand and a chance,
were capable of conduct at least on and per-
haps above the level of the mainstream Cal-
ifornia society that had so far brutalized
them. Combined with Collins’s manage-
ment style and programs, the minimal
amenities at Weedpatch camp furnished the
foundation for a gently guided, generous,
high-standards, self-governing “community
of caring” at Arvin/Weedpatch. This amazed
visiting farmers, politicians, social workers,
and others who had previously believed
migrant Okies to be inherently incapable of
such achievements. Steinbeck, his sympa-
thies already with the migrants, was also
mightily impressed.
Collins’s views of migrant capabilities
evolved alongside their own story of re-
covery at his prototypical camps. In Sep-
tember 1935 at Marysville, he had found it
“very gratifying to see what we can do for
these people simply through . . . giving them
some voice in the camp routine . . . they do
very well under proper supervision and
guidance.” A year later in October 1936,
Collins observed that the migrant Okie
community at Weedpatch camp had, even
during “down times” of scarce employ-
ment,“demonstrated beyond a doubt just
how little they need us down here to man-
age their affairs.”
The reports follow a form fairly consis-
tent with the “Instructions to Camp Man-
agers” approved by initial regional RA/ FSA
camp community manager Irving W. Wood,
but which Collins at least had a hand in
writing. Usually written and sent to the
regional office weekly or biweekly if things
got too busy, the Collins reports usually con-
tained most of the following interesting
components:
1. Statistics: Reports noted the number of
resident camp families and individuals, ill-
nesses, destitute persons, persons dis-
missed from camp (with reasons),
referred to other agencies, employed,
Archival Vintages for The Grapes of Wrath
unemployed, children at camp, treated at 5. Sections about camp organization, gov-
camp first aid stations, and children by ernment, and programs for health, edu-
school grades. They also recorded the cation and recreation. Collins was an
classification and number of camper fam- advocate and the chief on-the-ground
ilies by state of origin and by occupation. architect of what Regional Director of
In addition, Collins noted the number [migrant camp] Management Eric
checking in and checking out, sometimes Thomsen called “functional democ-
with notes on local travel origins and des- racy” as a way to run the camps. By var-
tinations. Oklahoman migrant families ious noncoercive methods, federal
always won hands down in terms of managers were to educate, encourage,
Weedpatch camp population. A Septem- and empower the migrant residents to
ber 1936 report recorded“Oklahoma 56, govern themselves in most daily affairs
Arkansas 4,Texas 8, Missouri 6, California through elected camp committees.
7,”and a few each from eight other states. This approach worked very well for
Similarly, farm labor outpaced all other Collins in 1936, though much less so
pre-California occupa-
tions, as in “Farm La-
borers 63, farm renters
10, farm owners, 8,” and
one to three for as-
sorted others.
2. Types, rates paid, and
notes for any employ-
ment, such as: “Fruit
picking. Wage rates
$.25 per hour. Average
weekly earnings $15.00
based on 10 hour day”
(July 1936).
3. Commentary on the
labor conditions in-
cluding employment,
labor supply and de-
mand, grower prac-
tices, worker
reactions, unrest, dis-
putes, and strike situ-
ations.
4. Notes on migrant living
conditions at the fed-
eral camps and also the
off-site local, grower-
owned, private fee,
and ditchbank squatter
camps/Hoovervilles.
the arvin camp’s self-help pro-
grams in health, hygiene, nutri-
tion, and baby and child care
were of special significance in a
setting where disease often
spread rapidly. collins’s report
of July 11, 1936, for example,
noted the number of children
in camp and the illnesses for
that week and their treatment.
 with some other managers and espe- ethnic minorities (and mostly concerned the “officialese” of most constrained, gray-
cially after 1937, when FSA destabilized with “blaming the poor”) landed in this scale government reports. Collins’s creative
the situation by mandating shorter stays instance on destitute white, old-stock rural latitude included both ad hoc headings and
and more frequent turnovers of camp American Protestants slotted into the low- no-holds-barred candid, opinionated com-
residency for migrant families. est rung on the “California caste ladder”— mentary, as in the following under “Labor,
6. Newspaper clippings with commen- migrant farm laborers. The stereotypical continued (September, 1936):”
tary and a log of visitors and contacts. slurs—inherently dirty, lazy, stupid, immoral,
From the latter we know, for instance, shiftless, parasitic, welfare chiselers, funda- The Shadow of Associated Farmers—
that Steinbeck visited Weedpatch mentally incapable of joining mainstream the Hidden Hand
camp in August 1936. American civilization—tell us much about Rumors are now afloat that the Asso-
7. In addition, the reports of Collins and the sociopathology of prejudice and noth- ciated Farmers and the Cotton Finance
several “disciples” also contained “bits of ing about the groups victimized. Control agencies have been circulating
migrant wisdom” relating through the valley in an effort
observations and anecdotes to have the larger growers
about goings-on among the and others pay a cotton-pick-
residents. Though some ing scale between $.60 and
vignettes can admittedly be $.80 per cwt [hundred-
seen as demeaning, the re- weight]. This is the advance
ports overall show an un- guard preparing for the gen-
derlying respect, sometimes eral price-fixing session to be
bordering on “romantic rev- held at Fresno, California on
erence,” for a straightfor- September 8, 1936.
ward, resourceful people
who stubbornly persevere, Items like the above would
somehow keeping hope have been of great interest to
alive in the face of chal- Steinbeck, who believed that
lenges far more harrowing Associated Farmers, the pow-
than those faced by the“aver- erful large growers lobbying
age American.” The reports organization not particularly
feature transcriptions of disguised as the “Farmers As-
migrant poetry, songs, letters, sociation” in The Grapes of
and conversations. Wrath, were after him as their
“public enemy number one.”
Collins often tried to cap- Behind Collins’s unique
ture the regional flavor of report stylings, there must
“Okie dialect.” Compared to have been purpose. An edu-
Steinbeck, Collins exaggerates, cated guess would be that he
with frequent gratuitous mis- hoped to: capture and hold
spellings, as in a February 1936 the interest of regional and
example: “When we aswallas higher RA/FSA and other offi-
the last been our innards will collins regularly tried to capture the regional flavor of “migrant wisdom” in his reports, cials; buttress precarious fed-
including its dialect, insights, and humor. his entries conveyed respect, esteem, and faith
haf ter shak the dise ter see in the migrants, who were victims of negative popular stereotypes. eral support and funding for
who agits it.” Still, Collins’s at- the migrant camp program by
tempts may have influenced the more “Respectable visitors” to Weedpatch highlighting spectacular challenges and
muted and readable Steinbeck rendition. camp, from large growers to social work- achievements; as part of the latter, provide
For instance, both use “purty” for “pretty.” ers, often confessed near-disbelief at the entertaining PR copy for RA/FSA; and
One of the prime educational values of exemplary levels of conduct “these primi- familiarize readers with the California agri-
the Collins reports is that they help show tive people” had achieved there in a very cultural labor scene.
the fundamental falseness of racial and cul- short time.
tural prejudice. Finally, what stands out about the reports Influences on Steinbeck
Along with other contemporary sources, is Collins’s literate and antibureaucratic style Steinbeck spent considerable time with
they document how “standard sets” of neg- of government narrative report writing. He Collins and among the migrants at Weed-
ative stereotypes associated by the Anglo- went to lengths (sometimes 20–30 pages) patch camp and elsewhere.The California
American mainstream of the day with and took liberties to inject colors far beyond section of The Grapes of Wrath therefore

24 Prologue Winter 2008

bears the stamp of numerous conversations novel—from small farmer protests against erend Georgie,” the “Holy One,” whom he
as well as events and characters seen first- large grower coercion aimed at cutting hired as his housekeeper. Her description
hand. In addition, as Benson notes, “There migrant wages, to the price for a cotton- does not match that of Steinbeck’s grim fun-
were deeper influences flowing from the picking sack if you have none. Sometimes damentalist who terrorizes Rose of Sharon
camp manager to the author: influences of these were inserted whole-cloth into The at the camp; rather, Georgie is depicted
spirit, emotion, and attitude, which are dif- Grapes of Wrath, but more often they were more as a voluble “space-cadet.” Her saga
ficult to measure or locate precisely . . . both reconfigured or “built-out” to serve the cre- begins in a May 1936 report and ends in
had a knack for getting close to ordinary ative purposes of the novel. September as she and her part-Cherokee
people and winning their confidence . . . The Collins report items also have an husband, Noah, having recently launched
both had faith that our democratic institu- absorbing “story life” apart from The their “Ark of Love,” move on. Collins records
tions, through the pressure of an enlight- Grapes of Wrath.This storytelling strength Georgie’s hobbies, perhaps in priority order:
ened citizenry, could and would conquer is likely another reason the reports ap- “1. entertaining visitors at manager’s house,
the inequities that appeared to be tearing pealed to Steinbeck. 2. having her husband rock her before he
the fabric of society apart.”
Having the body of reports at his side
also furnished Steinbeck with an extensive,
rich documentary context for the imagina-
tive surround in which he built the Califor-
nia section of the novel. The reports
contained numerous portraits of labor con-
ditions, domestic life, migrant character,
“characters,” and such significant compo-
nents of Weedpatch camp life as the gov-
erning committees elected by campers.
The committees were numerous, but
three chronicled repeatedly in the reports
appear in The Grapes of Wrath.The Central
Committee saw to all-camp matters such as
law and order, basic upkeep, and employ-
ment aid for the campers.The Good Neigh-
bors Committee (“Ladies Committee” in
Steinbeck) visited all tents to welcome new
women and families, helped with suste-
nance, and introduced them to sanitary facil-
ities and child-centered resources such as
the clinic, nursery, and playground.
The Recreation Committee arranged for
such events as baseball games with nearby
settlements or farms as well as the orderly,
liquorless, camper-policed “best dances in
the county” featured in the novel. As Collins a thoughtful young migratory worker at the arvin camp, evocative of the “plain-folks” and their humanity
colorfully documented in collins’s reports and fictionalized in steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath.
intended, such activities, besides boosting
camp morale, helped break down barriers As one might expect, chapters 22 and 24 goes to work and for hours after he returns,
between the migrant campers and sur- of The Grapes of Wrath—set mostly at the 3. saving souls through her preaching, 4.
rounding communities. This led to more Weedpatch camp—contain the highest num- holding revival services anywhere, anytime,
jobs with growers who had previously vili- bers of items correlated to Collins reports, 5.TALKING, and 6. Housekeeper.”
fied the FSA camps (filled with highly patri- though they appear elsewhere as well.The “No cops” are allowed in Weedpatch
otic Okies) as “red-infested.” He was pleased following are a few selected examples. camp without a warrant, finds Tom Joad to
to report instances when campers passed In chapter 8, Granma Joad exclaims, his relief (chapter 22).This policy is spec-
beyond the migrant agricultural cycle alto- “Praise God for Vittory!” Collins records use ified in the August 1935 “Instructions to
gether and left for steady, long-term employ- of this phrase in April 1936 as the standard Camp Managers.”
ment in the towns. ending for letters to “folks back hum” he is “We won’t have no charity,” says Jessie
The reports feature numerous “items,” typing for Weedpatch women campers. But of the Weedpatch Ladies Committee
from major to minute, that appear in the it is also the signature declamation of “Rev- (chapter 22). The characteristic Okie aver-

Archival Vintages for The Grapes of Wrath Prologue 25

sion to accepting charity or relief—the spotless contrast to the festering situation Early on at the Marysville migrant camp in
opposite of the stereotype—recurs in at squatter, private fee, and many grower 1935, Collins reports that “Complaints
both Collins and Steinbeck. In February camps. Collins reports that by July 1936, regarding drinking, gambling, and unneces-
1936 Collins quotes the Okie consensus: Weedpatch resident women have taken sary noise late at night all appear to be things
“jest as well haf all our teeth yanked out over much of the clinic, nurse visit, nutri- of the past since the campers committee
as ter go sit down, tell our life’s history and tional, first aid, and well-babies program entered the picture.” But later at Weedpatch,
ask for relief. Culd we only git a job for work, lessening his own toils. he notes an instance of “pappy rolling about
that’s all we wants. We’s able ter wuk and Rose of Sharon mentions how “I’m to in a dry ditch. Beside him was an empty bot-
wants to wuk.” go see that nurse and she’ll tell me jus’ tle of gin . . . we appreciated the fact that he
In the “croquet mallet incident,” Ruthie what to do so the baby’ll be strong . . . all left camp to have his big snort of liquor.” The
Joad snatches a croquet mallet from another the ladies here do that” (chapter 24). novel mentions two such “solitary ditch-
girl, acts tough, and cries afterward (chapter There are numerous mentions in the bank drunks,” the first involving Uncle John
22). In Collins, a very young newlywed does reports of the well-baby program and Joad (chapters 20 and 23).
the mallet-snatching; the “crying” part may how resident camp mothers embrace it. The reports are also laced with Okie
come from a May 1936 report item in which Collins, who cared most deeply about the humor, as in this example from a January
Collins arranges and pays for a birthday party children, seems to have especially loved 1936 report:“With Roosevelt, we hunts our
hosted by “the toughest kid in camp . . . we dealing with infants. In August 1936, he jack rabbits and milks ‘em and turns ‘em
have seen her tackle three and four at a time celebrates Raymond, the “Perfect Baby”: loose again to catch again when we needs
and ‘clean up.’” “Raymond seldom cries. He is always ‘em.”A similar Okie “jack rabbit fantasy” can
Ruthie accidentally flushes a toilet and smiling. . . . Many times he sits on our desk be found in Steinbeck’s chapter 27.
fears she’s broken it (chapter 22). This inci- as we go about the routine office work. Regarding character, Collins seems to be
dent appears in a Collins report from Octo- At other times we can be found on the talking about Ma Joad’s strength (and Pa
ber 1935. Throughout the reports, toilet, sewing project floor keeping Raymond Joad’s protests) when he notes that “during
shower, and similar “plumbing hijinx” occur busy while his mama runs a new suit of times of unemployment . . . the woman
due to unfamiliarity of some rural migrant jumpers . . . on the electric sewing steps in as Master of the House.” And Tom
campers with basic modern sanitation tech- machine. What a baby!” Joad’s instinctive bent to challenge head-on
nology. The committee suggestion and strip away the puffery of
of a “toilet paper dispenser that others resonates with report
rings a bell” transfers from Collins items like the following, in
(May 1936) to Steinbeck. which a migrant faces down a
Much more serious are Collins’s “pusher” trying to cut pay by
repeated battles with deadly dis- force-speeding the pace of work.
ease outbreaks, especially among
children, caused by the unfamiliar- Pusher: “You pack 15 boxes a
ity of some rural people with basic day OR ELSE.” Camper: ”I been
hygienic theory and practice, hor- wuking here for 2 years, an I
rid conditions at the squatter and ain’t had no one tell me I loafs
grower camps, and sometimes the on the job. . . . I ain’t gonna pack
traumatic migrant shock and 15 boxes because I ain’t gonna
fatigue reported by Collins, Stein- put rotten grapes in these
beck, historian Walter Stein, and boxes to ship . . . so OR ELSE TO
others. At a Hooverville in chapter YOU AND LIKE IT. I ain’t gonna
18, Ma Joad notes, “we ain’t never quit...so what’s your other OR
been dirty like this . . . I wonder ELSE?”
why? Seems like the heart’s took
out of us.” Steinbeck biographers note
Echoing numerous migrant sen- that partial inspiration for Tom
timents recorded in the reports, Joad may have come from a
Ma Joad and Rose of Sharon appre- Tulare FSA camp fugitive son of
ciate Weedpatch camp’s hot water Weedpatch Camp Central Com-
and laundry, washing, and bathing mittee chairman Sherman E.
facilities. Due to opportunities for Eastom, a bronze-faced,
Above: collins’s report of may 23, 1936, details some of the special pro-
and the efforts of the migrants, the grams for the camp’s 100 children, divided by age groups, in which moth- widely respected, no-nonsense
FSA camps generally furnished a ers took part. figure. Eastom’s “eyes that miss

26 Prologue Winter 2008

nothing” in Collins become “eyes like little
blades” for committee chair Ezra Huston in
The Grapes of Wrath.
In 1937 Tom Collins left Arvin/ Weed-
patch “to act as traveling Field Super -
intendent out of the Regional Office . . .
and to be ready on short notice to enter
into the organization and management of
any new camp, as ordered,” a position also
known as “Community Manager at Large.”
After stints at Gridley, Thornton, and Cal-
patria, his luster evidently dimmed. Again
a camp manager in 1940, he resigned
from the FSA in 1941, having recently
received $15,000 as technical director for
the Grapes of Wrath movie.
The currency of “functional democ-
racy” and the Collins community method
also faded as economic conditions and
pay improved, defense jobs opened up,
FSA camp populations became more tran-
sient, and Collins-school “servant-leaders”
gave way to managers accustomed to
more bureaucracy and social distance
between themselves and their clients.
Steinbeck might have been disappointed
to visit later camps where most residents
were indifferent to clique-ish commit-
tees, or where campers charged man-
agers with “Hitlerism.”
By 1940, California was on the way to
ramping up industrially and otherwise for
World War II. Over the next few years, pay
and defense-related employment in Cali-
fornia followed suit.With the “War Deal,” the
Depression came to an end, taking with it
the California Okie migrant crisis.
However, The Grapes of Wrath lives on
and on, and with it, that special sense of a
greater, deeply human whole that comprises
a sizable portion of the legacy of not only
John Steinbeck but also Tom Collins. For a
time at least, as Steinbeck noted when writ-
ing it, Tom actually “lived it.” That spirit
shines through in the words of Robert
Hardie, a Collins “disciple” selected to
replace him as Weedpatch camp manager.
Presaging Ma Joad’s memorable words from
chapter 20—brought forward to conclude
John Ford’s 1940 movie—Hardie declares in
his report for the week of Christmas 1936:
“But come what may—we’ll find a
way through this thing—for we are the
American people.” P
Archival Vintages for The Grapes of Wrath
NOTE ON SOURCES
The Records of the Farmers Home Admin-
istration (Record Group 96) at the National
Archives–Pacific Region (San Francisco) contain
records of the Farm Security Administration
(1937–1946) and of the Resettlement Admin-
istration (1935–1937). FSA/RA’s Region IX Office
in Berkeley/San Francisco compiled Coded
(Migrant Labor) Camp Administrative Files,
1933–1945, arranged by migrant camp code and
thereunder by subject file code. Arvin (Weed-
patch) code 918-01 includes the Weekly Narrative
Reports of Tom Collins, 1935–1936.
A table of more than 30 correlated “item links”
between the Tom Collins records and The Grapes
of Wrath can be found in the footnoted online ver-
sion of this article available at www.archives.gov/
publications/prologue/.
The Official Personnel File of Thomas E. Collins,
1922–1942, is at NARA’s National Personnel Records
Center, Civilian Personnel, St. Louis, Missouri.
Misapplications of federal field office records man-
agement, usually due to ignorance, were common dur-
ing the 1940s through 1960s. In the past, federal
records of FSA/RA regional officials were donated to
the Bancroft Library at the University of California,
Berkeley (in violation of the Federal Records Act),
where they remain today. The collections of federal
records researched there for this article include the
Harry Everett Drobish Papers, 1917–1954, BANC MSS
C-B 529; the Ralph W. Hollenberg collection of materi-
als relating to the Farm Security Administration, Region
IX, 1924–1949, BANC MSS C-R 1 Series 2; and the Irv-
ing W. Wood Papers, 1934–1937, Mss 77/111C. Also
researched were papers on UC Berkeley Professor Paul
Schuster Taylor, Papers, 1660–1997, Mss 84/38 c.
Negative “racial-cultural” stereotypes of the Cali-
fornia Okie migrants appeared in the texts of numer-
ous newspaper articles during the Depression. One
somewhat offbeat example comes from “Disease
Threat Seen in Transient Camps,” Oakland Tribune,
July 24 1937:“As Mrs. Joan Pratt, county welfare depart-
ment explains,‘You can’t change the habits of primi-
tive people from the southern and mid-western states.
You can’t force them to bathe or eat vegetables.’”
Secondary Sources
The author thanks Professor Susan Shillinglaw
and the Martha Heasley Cox Steinbeck Center,
both at San Jose State University, for their help and
tips on good “Tom Collins” sources.
Literary journalist Sanora Babb’s research writings
on California migrants, 1938–1939, are available in On
the Dirty Plate Trail: Remembering the Dust Bowl
Refugee Camps, ed Douglas Wixson (Austin: Univer-
sity of Texas Press, 2007).They include field notes that
she wrote while in California’s migrant labor camps
as well as published articles and short stories about the
migrant workers. The book also reproduces pho-
tographs of the people at the camps taken by Sanora’s
sister Dorothy Babb. Sanora Babb’s California migrants
novel, Whose Names Are Unknown, eclipsed by The
Grapes of Wrath in 1939, was finally published in 2004.
Three Tom Collins–related works by Jackson J.
Benson are “ ‘To Tom Who Lived It:’ John Steinbeck
and the Man from Weedpatch,” Journal of Modern
Literature (Spring 1976); Looking for Steinbeck’s
Ghost (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,
1988); and The True Adventures of John Steinbeck,
Writer (New York:Viking Press, 1984; reprinted by
Penguin Books, 1990).
Other secondary works consulted were Thomas
Dorrance, “Organization, Cooperation, and Ad-
ministration in the Arvin Migratory Labor Camp,” Ex
Post Facto, Journal of History Students at San Fran-
cisco State University (Fall 2006);Thomas Fensch, ed.,
Conversations with John Steinbeck (Jackson: Univer-
sity Press of Mississippi, 1988); James N. Gregory,
American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and
Okie Culture in California (New York: Oxford Uni-
versity Press, 1989); Susan Shillinglaw, A Journey into
Steinbeck’s California (Berkeley, CA: Roaring Forties
Press 2006); Charles J. Shindo, Dust Bowl Migrants in
the American Imagination (Lawrence: University
Press of Kansas, 1997); and Jerry Stanley, Children of
the Dust Bowl: the True Story of the School at Weed-
patch Camp (New York: Crown, 1992)
Walter J. Stein’s California and the Dust Bowl
Migration (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,
1973) is the initial classic history in the field.
Some of the federal records sources quoted by
Stein, then in agency custody and stored at the
Federal Records Center in San Francisco, were
later destroyed due to bad federal records dispo-
sition applications. Others survived to become
part of NARA–Pacific Region (San Francisco)
holdings.
The edition of John Steinbeck’s Grapes of
Wrath used by the author was that published by
Penguin Books in 2006, with introduction and
notes by Robert DeMott.
In addition, the author consulted Steinbeck’s
America and Americans and Selected Nonfiction,
ed. Susan Shillinglaw and Jackson J. Benson (New
York: Viking Press, 2002; orig. publ. 1966); The Har-
vest Gypsies, (Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 1988; orig.
publ. 1936); In Dubious Battle (New York: Covici-
Friede Inc., 1936); Working Days:The Journals of the
Grapes of Wrath, ed. Robert DeMott (New York:
Viking Press, 1989); and Steinbeck: A Life in Letters,
ed. Elaine Steinbeck and Robert Wallsten (New York:
Viking Press, 1975).
Just after completion of this article, a new work
about The Grapes of Wrath postpublication con-
troversy appeared: Rick Wartzman, Obscene in the
Extreme: The Burning and Banning of John Stein-
beck’s The Grapes of Wrath (New York: PublicAf-
fairs, 2008).
Author
Daniel Nealand is director of
the National Archives Pacific
Region–San Francisco.
Prologue 27
 CAMP DAVID
Nestled in Catoctin Mountain Park in Frederick
County, Maryland, is Camp David, a retreat for use by
the President of the United States.
Officially a U.S. Navy installation, the facility was
originally built by the Works Progress Administration
as a camp for government employees, opening in 1938.

P
President Franklin D. Roosevelt took it over in a few years and named it “Shangri-
La,” for the mountain kingdom in Lost Horizon, the 1933 novel by James Hilton.
It was renamed in 1953 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in honor
of his then-five-year-old grandson, Dwight David Eisenhower II.
Over the years, Roosevelt’s successors and their families have used it
for a variety of reasons. Some spent weekends there relaxing with their
families and special guests. Others have used it to study, write, or confer
with top advisers. A few have used it to conduct global diplomacy and
forge historic peace agreements.
Not far from Washington, D.C., and Baltimore and Frederick, Maryland,
Camp David is also a short drive from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It is not
open or accessible to the public, and a high level of security is main-
tained.The photographs reproduced in these pages all come from the
holdings of the presidential libraries, administered by the National Archives and Re-
cords Administration.

President franklin d. roosevelt enjoyed entertaining at shangri la as well as in the white house. here at
camp david in august 1942 are, from left, presidential assistants Grace tully and samuel rosenman, mrs.
archibald macleish, the President, mrs. samuel rosenman, and archibald macleish.

Right: President eisenhower’s grandson david is shown at the entrance to camp david. october 2, 1960.

28 Prologue winter 2008

Top: President lyndon B. Johnson held many conferences at camp david. here, he enjoys Above right: in Panama hat and light cotton suit, President harry truman smiles broadly
a light moment while in conversation with secretary of defense robert mcnamara and after driving his convertible to shangri-la on august 29, 1949. Before becoming Presi-
secretary of state dean rusk in march 1965. dent, truman drove many miles around the country in his famous chryslers. with him
is william d. hassett (left), presidential secretary.
Opposite: like many Presidents, dwight eisenhower entertained foreign leaders at camp
david. here soviet Premier nikita Khrushchev poses with the President at camp david Above left: President John f. Kennedy and son John, Jr., walk with daughter caroline Bou-
during the soviet leader’s historic visit to the united states in september 1959. vier Kennedy as she rides her pony at camp david in march 1963.

1. President richard m. nixon conferred with foreign
leaders and did a lot of writing at camp david, but he
also had noted guests in for visits. here, he chats with
entertainer Bob hope in aspen cabin in late 1972.
2. camp david has residents other than humans, and
here President Gerald ford, mrs. ford, son steve, and
daughter susan feed “flag” the deer in september 1974.
32 Prologue
1 3
3. one of President ronald reagan’s favorite activities
at camp david was horseback riding. here he is in the
saddle in may 1983.
4. summit meetings are also not unusual at camp david.
here in september 1978, egyptian President anwar
sadat, President Jimmy carter and israeli Prime minister
menachem Begin meet during the camp david mideast
Peace summit, which resulted in the “camp david
accords.”
5. President George h.w. Bush is an avid tennis player,
and here plays doubles tennis with chris evert at camp
david in august 1990.
6. President Bill clinton, daughter chelsea, and hillary
rodham clinton enjoy thanksgiving at camp david on
november 24, 1994.
winter 2008
4 5

6
 A HALF-CENTURY of AMERICA in

Exhibits at Presidential Libraries Celebrate NASA’s 50th Anniversary

Since the beginning of time, man has looked to the heavens

with amazement. Early civilizations used the movement of the
sun, moon, and stars to determine the timing of fall and sum-
mer celebrations. They used the celestial movements to
develop calendars and built elaborate temples devoted to
worshipping these heavenly orbs.
But it was not until the invention of the telescope that man
would begin to understand the universe around him. During
the Renaissance, refinements in the telescope helped early
astronomers learn more about the heavens. Many of these sci-
entists who challenged the conventional thinking of the time
about the earth, the sun, and the stars were often branded as
heretics.
Many of the theories proposed by these early astronomers
were not proved correct until the19th and 20th centuries. It
wasn’t until the middle of the 20th century that the technol-
ogy curve—driven mostly by World War II—would begin to
develop the machines that evolved into the rockets and space-
craft that would enable man to leave his home planet.
Now for the first time, two of the National Archives and
Records Administration’s presidential libraries are partnering
to tell the story of America’s space program.The journey begins

34 Prologue winter 2008

apollo 11 astronaut neil armstrong (left) takes a picture of fellow astronaut edwin “Buzz” aldrin (right) during their historic moonwalk on July 20, 1969.

Visitors to the lBJ library can experience flying faster than the speed of sound an operator console from mission control used at the Johnson space cen-
by flying chuck yeager’s X-1 “Glamorous Glennis” through the sound barrier. ter (houston) during the apollo Program is on display at the lBJ library.

a half-century of america in space Prologue 35

 at the lBJ library, mannequins depict the first u.s. astronauts, the men of Pro-
ject mercury:Virgil "Gus" Grissom, alan shepard, scott carpenter, walter schirra,
donald "deke" slayton, John Glenn, and Gordon cooper.

Top: a full-size replica of the mercury capsule, Freedom
7, piloted by alan shepard, the first american to travel
into space is at the lBJ library.
Above: star wars icon yoda, the Jedi master, helps the
Bush library explore the influence of science fiction
on pop culture.
with “To the Moon: The American Space
Program in the 1960s” at the Lyndon
Baines Johnson Library and Museum in
Austin,Texas. As a senator, Lyndon Johnson
sponsored the legislation that created
NASA in 1958. As Vice President, Johnson
was appointed by President John F.
Kennedy to head the Space Council. In a
memorandum to Kennedy, Johnson rec-
ommended that “with a strong effort the
United States could conceivably be first”
to achieve Kennedy’s goal of “landing a
man on the moon and returning him
safely to the earth” by the end of the
decade.
When he became President, Johnson
ensured that this goal remained on track,
was funded, and that the mission was
accomplished. This became one of the
most awe-inspiring and dramatic stories of
our time. In 1973, the Manned Spacecraft
Center in Houston, Texas, was renamed
the Johnson Space Center in honor of LBJ.
At the LBJ Library, visitors will discover
America’s pursuit of this dream and experi-
ence the mysteries and wonders of outer

36 Prologue winter 2008

 the Bush library gallery includes a mars landscape,
rotating shuttle model, hubble space telescope
imagery, and a space exploration theater resembling
the cockpit of the space shuttle Atlantis.

exhibit will get you up close and personal

with artifacts and actual flight hardware.
Gaze overhead at the star field projected on
the ceiling, and lose yourself in the heavens.
See the newest and most spectacular
imagery from the Chandra X-ray Observa-
tory and the Hubble Space Telescope
updated daily.Visitors can engage in interac-
Vice-President Bush speaks to astronauts onboard the space shuttle Challenger tive simulations that include driving the
from mission control in houston, april 8, 1983.
Mars Rover, a NASA Mission Planner, piloting
Background: the space shuttle Atlantis takes off. a shuttle launch, Space Station docking, and
video Q & A with active and retired astro-
space. While the 1960s was a time of cul- lights include rockets, rare artifacts, simula- nauts. Meet Klingons, Ferengi, and the
tural uproar, war, and political and racial tors, and a multimedia laser show. dreaded Borg, and learn the ways of the
strife, in the midst of all of this, America had The George Bush Presidential Library and Force from Yoda as the Bush Museum
a common patriotic purpose—to beat the Museum in College Station,Texas, continues explores the pop culture phenomenon of
Russians in the space race. The Mercury, this momentous journey with Apollo 12 science fiction with artifacts and costumes
Gemini, and Apollo missions brought peo- through the current shuttle missions. from Star Trek and Star Wars.
ple of all generations and political persua- “Beyond the Moon: NASA’s Continuing Mis- “To the Moon:The American Space Pro-
sions together as the quest for the moon sion” focuses on Apollo,Apollo-Soyuz, Skylab, gram in the 1960s” is on display at the Lyn-
captivated the world’s imagination. Experi- the Space Shuttle, and the International don Baines Johnson Library and Museum
ence how, in less than 10 years, this coun- Space Station as well as robotic and inter- through July 20, 2009.
try overcame failures to accomplish one of planetary exploration. Feel the rumble of a “Beyond the Moon: NASA’s Continuing Mis-
the greatest scientific triumphs in the his- space shuttle’s engines as you are immersed sion” is on display at the George Bush Library
tory of mankind. Some of the exhibit high- in a multimedia launch experience. This and Museum through August 23, 2009. P

a half-century of america in space Prologue 37

SPOTLIGHT ON NARA
Escorting a Presidency into
History
NARA’s Role in a White House Transition
By Nancy Kegan Smith
t
The long season of presidential primaries is over, the fall
campaigns have rushed by, and the voters have decided
who is to be the next President of the United States.
As the new presidential administration prepares for its
inauguration on January 20, the National Archives and
Records Administration (NARA) is busy with another one
of its unheralded jobs—planning for the transfer of hun-
dreds of millions of textual, electronic, and audiovisual
records, and tens of thousands of presidential and vice
presidential gifts.
It’s something that happens every four or eight
years—and sometimes when it’s least expected.
NARA is assisting in the presidential transition by ensur-
ing the safe, smooth, and timely move of presidential and
vice presidential records and artifacts from the outgoing
George W. Bush administration into the legal custody of the
National Archives at exactly 12 noon on January 20, 2009.
That’s when NARA will finish its job of safely moving and
tracking these historical items from Washington, D.C., to the
temporary facility NARA rents, which is near the final site of
the outgoing President’s library. In the case of President
George W. Bush, the library will be built on the campus of
Southern Methodist University in Dallas,Texas.
NARA does not move personal possessions of the Pres-
ident and the First Lady. Rather, NARA moves the wealth
of materials documenting the inner workings of the gov-
ernment at its highest policy level that historians will for
decades mine as they write and judge the history of our
times.
Preserved by NARA in the presidential libraries will be
the records of the tragedies, the problems, the successes,
and the evolution of policies that affect the nation and the
world during the presidential administration. The presi-
dential collections being moved document the most per-
sonal and private thoughts and feelings of a President to
38 Prologue
the most formal foreign policy memorandums on presi-
dential decision-making. The records include the classi-
fied files of the National Security Council as well as the
files documenting domestic issues, audiovisual files, and
the First Lady’s files.
Presidential gifts that are accepted on behalf of the
United States are part of the move and include a range of
objects that have been received from foreign governments
or the American people and foreign citizenry. From the
Reagan presidency on, NARA has also been moving elec-
tronic records, which means transferring hundreds of mil-
lions of documents stored on many different electronic
systems to NARA electronic systems.
NARA does not always have the luxury of months,
even years, of planning for this important transition. First-
term Presidents who fail to win reelection have no inter-
est in talking about a transition when they expect to be
in the White House another four years.When there is an
unexpected event, such as President John F. Kennedy’s
assassination or President Richard M. Nixon’s resignation
from the presidency and the subsequent seizure of his
papers by the government, the process of the move
becomes even more challenging.
While a successful move of presidential and vice pres-
idential records and artifacts sounds simple on its face,
it is a complex job that really starts at the very be -
ginning of an incoming presidency. Facilitating a smooth
transition of the holdings of the outgoing presidential
administration to NARA so that they can be preserved
for posterity involves careful planning and coordination
with many different agencies.
The Transition of Power—Moving One President Out
While NARA is the agency tasked with moving the
incumbent President’s records and artifacts, other gov-
winter 2008
the nixon staff moves furniture and materials into the
oval office on January 20, 1969.
 ernment agencies provide assistance and work on dif-
ferent parts of the transition. The move is done in close
conjunction and cooperation with many White House
and vice presidential staff and offices, and also with the
Department of Defense (DoD). Because all records and
artifacts that are moved before the end of the presidency
are still in the President’s or Vice President’s control,
NARA must receive White House approval to start mov-
ing records as early as possible.
The planning for a move is most sensitive when a Pres-
ident is defeated after one term. A President running for
reelection is not interested in having his staff work with
NARA to plan for a transition. After defeat, there are fewer
than three months to complete the move. In the case of a
two-term President who is leaving office, we can begin
moving records as soon as the temporary library site is
ready to receive the records, which is usually sometime
in late fall before the election. It is crucial that NARA, with
DoD assistance, begin these moves months in advance,
because the volume and complexity of these moves can-
not be handled in the last few days or weeks of a presi-
dential administration.
NARA works with White House and vice presidential
counsels, the White House Office of Records Manage-
in a January 17, 1953, letter to Jess larson, administrator of the General ser-
vices administration, President truman agreed to donate his presidential
materials to the government once the truman library was built.
40 Prologue
ment, the National Security Council, the White House
Gifts Office, and other White House offices and the
Office of the Vice President to receive approval to move
early and to coordinate on what records and artifacts can
move when. Additionally, throughout the presidential
administration, these offices have worked to establish ini-
tial control and arrangement over the records and arti-
facts; provide preliminary descriptions at the folder, box,
or artifact level; and to ready these materials for even-
tual transfer to NARA.
At the outset of a presidential administration, NARA
begins preparing for the eventual move of records by offer-
ing the White House courtesy storage for the artifacts and
records that do not need to be physically stored in the
White House compound. Courtesy storage, offered to Pres-
idents and Vice Presidents, means that the records are in
the physical possession of NARA until legal custody trans-
fers to the Archivist of the United States. The incumbent
President and Vice President maintain legal custody over
the records and artifacts during their terms.
While the records are in courtesy storage, NARA’s Pres-
idential Materials Staff provides reference service to the
incumbent and returns the records to the White House, if
requested, in a one-hour turnaround time, 24 hours a day.
The records, gifts, and historical materials in courtesy stor-
age are made available only to the White House as
requested by designated offices for reference. Boxes of
textual records in courtesy storage remain sealed while
in NARA’s physical possession. NARA’s Presidential Mate-
rials curatorial staff stores the artifacts, ensures that
museum standards are met, and assists the White House
on artifact loans. NARA’s courtesy storage of records and
artifacts significantly reduces the volume of material that
needs to be transferred from the White House during the
final months of an administration.
President truman met with President-elect dwight eisenhower on
november 11, 1952.
winter 2008
 The Beginning of NARA’s Involvement with Pres-
idential Moves
Before the National Archives was founded in 1934,
presidential collections (which, until 1981, were the per-
sonal private property of the President) were moved in
a variety of ways. Sometimes significant parts of these
collections were sold or scattered.
The earliest collections were quite small. When Presi-
dent George Washington left office, several wagons took
his papers to Mount Vernon, where he could review
them in his study.
NARA’s role in moving presidential collections began in
1939, when Congress accepted Franklin Delano Roose-
velt’s gift not only of land and the first presidential library
building, but also of his presidential papers and other his-
torical materials, for the establishment of the Franklin D.
Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York. In exchange
for the gift, the National
Archives, which had
been established only
five years earlier, agreed
to staff and run the
library and make these
materials available to
the public.
Although NARA has
a presidential library
for President Herbert
Hoover, the National
Archives was not in-
volved in the initial
move of the Hoover
papers and artifacts.
Hoover transferred his
presidential papers to
either his office at the the eisenhower presidential materials and artifacts were moved in stages to
Hoover Institution at abilene, Kansas, beginning in January 1961. here library staff process materials ments often being
Stanford University in at the library in July.
California or his New
York office. In 1960 Hoover decided to deed his papers
to the National Archives and the agency assisted with the
move of his presidential materials from both locations
to his new library in West Branch, Iowa.
In 1955 Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act
(amended in 1986), which codified the system of presi-
dential libraries.Today, there are 12 libraries that are part
of the National Archives and administered by NARA’s
Office of Presidential Libraries, from Hoover through
President William J. Clinton, with the future George W.
Bush Library soon to join this system.
The Presidential Records Act of 1978 changed the legal
ownership of the official records of the President and Vice
President from private to public (starting in 1981 upon
the inauguration of President Ronald Reagan) and defined
escorting a Presidency into history
that the Archivist would assume the legal ownership, cus-
tody, and responsibility for these records immediately at
the end of the last term of the administration.
The Transfer of Power—Moving One President Out
Every move of presidential records and artifacts is dif-
ferent, due both to the ever increasing volumes and com-
plexities of record types and to how and when the
President leaves office. The constant in all presidential
moves is that NARA has carefully controlled, packed, and
inventoried these records and artifacts during transfer so
that these materials can be quickly located if they are
needed back before the end of the administration.
The transfer of Roosevelt’s papers and artifacts began in
the middle of his presidency because his library was com-
pleted in the summer of 1940. The first shipment began on
August 14, 1940, and included some of his White House
papers and gifts. (In-
deed, FDR used his
office in the library
whenever he was at his
home in Hyde Park from
1940 until his death.)
During this early period,
the White House materi-
als were even sent to the
National Archives for
fumigation (clearly an
indication that the White
House had a pest prob-
lem before the Truman
remodeling!), and then
would be crated and
sent to Hyde Park. Large
shipments would go by
truck, with smaller ship-
sent on the President’s
train.
After Roosevelt’s death, the White House moved the
rest of the Roosevelt files (with the exception of the Map
Room files, which dealt with World War II and were
needed by President Harry S. Truman) to the National
Archives, where they were held while the FDR estate
and legal disposition of the papers was resolved. The
National Archives started transferring the papers to Hyde
Park in December 1946. By the end of 1947, all the Roo-
sevelt files, which consisted of approximately 17 million
pages, were at the library; the Map Room papers came
in 1951 on Truman’s specific order.
In January 1953, Truman’s own papers were packed
onto 12 Army trucks and driven to secure storage in
Kansas City, Missouri. Since presidential papers were
treated as the President’s private property at this time,Tru-
Prologue 41
 man did not immediately give his papers to the govern-
ment but stated his intention to do so once the Truman
Library was built. At Truman’s request, the government
assigned several archivists to work on his materials. In
1957 Truman officially donated his papers to the National
Archives for deposit in the new Truman Library.
Moving President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s papers
and artifacts occurred in several stages. All of his
papers left the White House in January 1961.The Army
guard and the trucks carrying the presidential collec-
tion arrived in Abilene, Kansas, at the Eisenhower
Library site in late January. Papers designated by Eisen-
hower as his personal collection went to his office in
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, until he finished using them
for his memoirs. These papers were later sent to the
library in Abilene. Some presidential artifacts had been
sent to the museum (at this time privately owned by
the Eisenhower Foundation) during his presidency,
with the bulk going by truck at the end of the admin-
istration. The museum became part of the National
Archives Eisenhower Center in 1966.
The most unexpected and tragic presidential move
occurred with the assassination of President Kennedy.
After the President’s death, all of the Kennedy adminis-
tration’s records were moved to the National Archives
Building in downtown Washington. A “Kennedy Library”
staff was hired and worked out of the Office of Pres-
idential Libraries. Attorney General Robert Kennedy,
working in the Justice Department building across the
street from the Archives, served as the de facto library
President eisenhower welcomed President-elect John f. Kennedy to the white house on december 6, 1960.
42 Prologue
director. The Kennedy Library staff and papers of the
administration were moved to Boston more than two
years later, and the audiovisual collections were not
transferred until 1980.
President Lyndon B. Johnson announced in 1965 that
his presidential library would be at the University of
Texas. Accordingly, the move of the Johnson materials
began a few months before he was to leave office, and
most of the materials were moved in January 1969 up
to inauguration day. Even though this was a planned
move, the Archives faced the common and persistent
problem it still faces today: Because the White House
staff feel the need for immediate access to their files,
they are hesitant for these materials to be moved out of
the Washington area before the last possible moment.
Consequently, once a night, from 9 p.m. to one or two
o’clock in the morning, a truck would come to the White
House to pack up and move a total of approximately 35
million pages.
A very unusual move occurred when President
Nixon resigned in August of 1974. At the time he re-
signed, his presidential papers were estimated to con-
sist of approximately 42 million pages. Shortly after
the resignation, Congress passed the Presidential Re-
cordings and Materials Preservation Act to seize his
presidential materials, particularly the Watergate
tapes, and place them in the National Archives. Nixon
sued the government, claiming that these were his pri-
vate property, as had been the case for every prior
President since George Washington. The ongoing liti-
winter 2008
 gation over who owned and controlled the Nixon with the White House
materials was finally resolved in the government’s Central Files staff to sur-
favor in 1977 by the Supreme Court. vey offices on the volume
The White House materials were moved to a storage of material, establish stag-
area underneath a staircase of the Old Executive Office ing areas, and begin the
Building (OEOB) and stayed there for many months, with collection, palletizing,
little being done. Few of the Ford White House staff even and removal of materials.
realized that the Nixon materials were actually being For two weeks, trucks
stored in the OEOB. Finally, in 1975, the materials were were loaded with pallets
moved in a military caravan to Suitland, Maryland, and of presidential materials
then moved again to the 18th level of the National and driven to Andrews Air
Archives Building when it was considered secure Force Base, where they
enough to hold them. were parked and kept
Nixon’s materials are now in both the Nixon Library in under guard. The last
Yorba Linda, California, which the National Archives ac- truck, containing in preparation for the move of nixon presi-
dential materials, conservation intern yeonjoo
cepted from a private foundation last year, and at the National Security Coun-
Kim adds customized padding to a permanent
National Archives in College Park, Maryland, where all of cil papers, was loaded on storage case in July 2005 to prevent jewelry
Nixon’s materials were held until NARA took over the January 19. The convoy from shifting during transport.
Yorba Linda facility. Eventually, all the Nixon collection will consisting of nine semi-
be moved to the California library. trailer trucks departed Andrews AFB, with military
Planning for the move of President Ford’s papers did escort, on January 20, 1977, arriving in the evening in
not even begin until December 14, 1976, when President Ann Arbor, Michigan, site of the Ford Library.
Ford signed a deed of gift for his papers and announced Another difficult move was in 1980. When President
his intention to build a library. Since the Ford White Jimmy Carter was defeated after one term, the Archives did
House had dealt with the Nixon papers issues from the not know whether or where the presidential library was
outset of the presidency, the Archives was not given an going to be built or when we could begin moving the
active presence in the White House until the very end materials. Because the Archives has only about 77 days to
of the administration. complete the move of one President out of the White
It was only in the first week of January that Archives House before the new chief executive moves in, time is of
staff were able to work in the White House complex the essence. Finally, in mid-December, the Archives got the
President-elect richard nixon met with President Johnson at the lBJ ranch.

escorting a Presidency into history Prologue 43

 President ford relaxes during the removal of his materials on his last
day in the white house, January 20, 1977.
approval to move and learned that the presidential library
would be built in Atlanta. This was also the last presiden-
tial transition that was moved entirely by trucks.
Moves of Records from Reagan Forward
The Reagan transition in 1989 was the first one cov-
ered by the Presidential Records Act of 1978. No longer
would the Archives need to wait for the President to
donate his papers. Now, legal custody of the President’s
records automatically transferred to NARA at noon on
the last day of the administration. Reagan’s was also the
first complete two-term presidency in 30 years, which
resulted in the largest number of records and artifacts
ever to be moved—approximately 43 million pages,
including approximately 8 million pages of classified
records, and tens of thousands of artifacts. The Reagan
administration was also the first to use e-mail, most of
which were created on a highly classified National Secu-
rity Council system.
The transition of a two-term President gave NARA more
time to plan and ensure better archival control than in pre-
vious moves. The Archives also initiated the use of a com-
puter system to track the movement of the records and
artifacts. This system was able to control each box during
transfer and preassign each box to a shelf location at its des-
tination at the temporary project site in California.
44 Prologue
President-elect reagan and wife nancy visited with President carter
and wife rosalynn at the white house on november 20, 1980.
The mode of transportation also changed during this
move. Because of the volume of records and artifacts to be
moved and the distance they had to go, it was decided that
air transport would be best because it minimized the time
and made security easier.
NARA arranged for the Federal Protective Service and the
California Highway Patrol to provide security for the trucks
that took the materials to and from the air bases, and NARA
personnel provided coverage for the materials during trans-
port. The artifacts were sent to the National Archives Fed-
eral Records Center at Laguna Niguel, while the records went
to the temporary library site in West Los Angeles.
The Reagan move established the model that was fol-
lowed in moving the presidential records and artifacts of
the George H.W. Bush and Clinton administrations. Both the
Bush and Clinton moves used a combination of trucks and
the C-5 transport airplanes.
The move of President George H.W. Bush’s records, like
those of Ford and Carter, was done in a very compressed
time period because he failed to win reelection. NARA
used soldiers from Fort Hood,Texas, to shelve records into
the temporary facility, a converted bowling alley approxi-
mately three miles from the permanent site on the cam-
pus of Texas A&M University. Many of the soldiers had
served in Desert Shield and Desert Storm and were enthu-
siastic to help move the former President’s records. The
winter 2008
 President George h.w. Bush and President-elect Bill clinton leave the white
house for clinton’s inauguration at the capitol on January 20, 1993.
first shipments (two C-5 cargo planes of records and arti-
facts) reached the Bush Library on January 15, 1993, after
passing through several small Texas towns where the local
marshal stood sentinel and made sure that traffic did not
hold the convoy up at 4 a.m. By mid-morning the records
were shelved properly, without exception, as teams of sol-
diers raced each other to see who could shelve the most.
The entire process was repeated on January 21, one day
after the end of the administration.
The Clinton move was the largest one ever, involving
approximately 75 million pages, approximately 75,000
artifacts, and millions of audiovisual materials. This tran-
sition also involved a large amount of electronic records
systems, and as a result, NARA’s information technology
staff increasingly became a key part of the presidential
move. Because this was a two-term presidency, planning
began early. For the first time, NARA hired Clinton
Library staff well before the transition, beginning in
November of 1997 to ensure that the staff were trained
at the time the records were transferred to NARA.
Even though this was a planned move, NARA faced the
traditional hesitancy of a President and his staff to let go
of their materials. Nonetheless, the first C-5 left for Lit-
tle Rock in late November 2000. By the time it was over,
NARA staff, working with the Pentagon, had moved
approximately 67,000 feet of material (totaling an esti-
escorting a Presidency into history
the clinton Project was the largest move of presidential materials yet,
involving 75 million pages of documents, 75,000 artifacts, millions of
audiovisual materials, and extensive electronic records. Above: a mov-
ing van at the clinton white house. Top: eight flights of c-5 aircraft
were necessary to complete the clinton move.
mated 835 tons) to the temporary facility in Little Rock.
This effort entailed eight flights of C-5 aircraft and count-
less hours of palletizing, loading, unloading, and shelv-
ing of boxes by both NARA and DoD personnel at the
White House complex, the National Archives Building,
Andrews Air Force Base, the Little Rock Air Force Base,
and the Clinton Library facility.
Again in this last year of a two-term administration, NARA
staff, with DoD assistance, are working on a presidential
move.While the inaugural balls are getting set up, there are
so many dedicated White House, NARA, DoD, and other
agency staff pulling together, working late into the night and
early in the morning, to facilitate a smooth transition of
power from one President to the next and to preserve the
history of the outgoing presidential administration. P
author
Nancy Kegan Smith is director of the Presidential
Materials Staff at the National Archives and Records
Administration. She has worked for the National
Archives and Records Administration since 1973. She
started working as an archivist at the Lyndon Baines
Johnson Library and in 1989 moved to Washington, D.C., to work for the
Office of Presidential Libraries and later the Office of General Counsel
on presidential access issues.
Prologue 45
GENEALOGY NOTES

Follow the Money

Tracking Revolutionary War Army Pension Payments
By Claire Prechtel-Kluskens

Pension files of Revolutionary War veterans and their widows are well known as excellent
genealogical and historical research sources. Few researchers, however, venture beyond the
pension file to follow the “money trail” of records documenting the actual pension payments.

“The Check’s (not) in the Mail”

Twenty-first-century recipients of veterans’ benefits can have payments deposited electronically into a bank account
or receive checks by postal mail.That was not the case for Revolutionary War veterans and widows. Collecting pension
money was an arduous process. It meant traveling long distances to appear in person before the U.S. Government agent
who paid pensions. If the pensioner did not wish to personally travel—due to physical infirmity, inconvenience, or any
reason—the pensioner could appoint an attorney-in-fact (an agent) to appear to collect on his or her behalf.That agent
might have been a family member or a stranger who may have collected a fee.

Gen. George washington, lafayette, and american soldiers at Valley forge, winter 1777–1778. Veterans could apply for a pension, but collecting funds
was an arduous process.

46 Prologue winter 2008

 The Research Process
Researching the records relating to pension pay-
ments is time consuming and involves understanding
and using arcane, obscure, and unindexed records. It
is not surprising, therefore, that no guide to this
research has ever been published.This article attempts
to fill this gap by going step-by-step through the
research process using a veteran of the 15th Mas-
sachusetts Regiment,William McCullar, and his widow,
Chloe, as a case study. For Revolutionary Army veter-
ans, the research process primarily involves two
record groups, Record Group (RG) 15, Records of the
Veterans Administration, and RG 217, Records of the
Accounting Officers of the Treasury.1
RG 15, Records of the Veterans Administration
The earliest pension and bounty-land awards for
Revolutionary War service were granted by the Con-
tinental Congress and then by the Confederation Con-
gress.After the ratification of the Constitution, the U.S.
Congress enacted pension legislation.The War Depart-
ment held the military service records necessary to
determine an alleged veteran’s eligibility for a pension
or bounty land. The name of the War Department
component that handled these matters changed over
time, from Military Bounty Lands and Pension Branch
(ca. 1810–1815) to Pension Bureau (1815– 1833) to
Office of Commissioner of Pensions (1833– 1849).
Pension matters were then transferred to the Depart-
ment of the Interior’s Bureau of Pensions
(1849–1930).This article will refer to these units sim-
ply as the “pension office.”
Pension File
The first essential step is to obtain a complete copy
of the subject’s file from National Archives Microfilm
Publication M804, Revolutionary War Pension and
Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files (2,670 rolls).2
Genealogists typically focus on the declarations for
pension, affidavits, and correspondence in pension
files for their personal and family informational value.
To track pension payments, the emphasis needs to be
on minute details. The researcher should make a
chronological listing of every identifiable action taken
on the file. This list should include dates of all corre-
spondence, including the names of the persons who
sent and received it. Identify the acts of Congress
under which pension applications were made, the
pension agencies that made the payments, pension file
and certificate numbers, dates that pension certificates
were issued, and even cryptic numbers whose mean-
ing is not immediately obvious.
William McCullar made his original declaration for
a pension based on the act of March 18, 1818 (3 Stat.
follow the money
410), on April 1, 1818, and subsequently made a new
declaration on June 28, 1820. His pension was first
paid by the Vermont pension agency at Burlington. He
moved to Salem, Washington County, New York, in
autumn 1819, then belatedly applied in 1826 to have
his pension transferred to the New York (City) pension
agency.A pension agency was established at Albany in
1831, and its records mention William even though he
died early that year. Chloe’s widow’s pension, which
she received based on legislation enacted on July 7,
1838 (5 Stat. 303), March 3, 1843 (5 Stat. 647), and June
17, 1844 (5 Stat. 680), was paid by the Cincinnati
(Ohio) pension agency since she resided at Alexandria,
Licking County, Ohio.
Identifying the acts of Congress under which a pen-
sion was granted and the date the pension certificate
was issued will help the researcher locate pension
payment vouchers in Record Group 217 series. Pen-
sions were typically paid semiannually in arrears.
Index to Pension Agency Payment Books,
1805–1909
The Index to Pension Agency Payment Books,
1805–1909 (RG 15, NM-21, Series 1), consists of oversize
index cards arranged by pension agency, then by act of
Congress or type of service (such as Revolutionary). Each
card names the pension agency, type of pension, and date
span covered by each volume in the next series, the pay-
ment books.
Pension Agency Payment Books, 1805–1909
The Pension Agency Payment Books, 1805–1909 (RG
15, NM-21, Series 2), are 2,404 large leather-bound vol-
umes.The Boston agency’s records date as early as 1805,
and a few others begin in the 1850s, which is early
enough to include a few Revolutionary War widows. For
each payment, these volumes include the pensioner’s
name, rank, monthly pension allowance, semiannual pen-
sion payment amount, and when and to whom it was
paid. Remarks may include the pensioner’s death date.
Unfortunately, these volumes do not provide an addi-
tional source of pension payment data for William and
Chloe since there are no volumes for Vermont, New
York, or Ohio agencies predating their deaths.
Control Registers and Lists
Most of the RG 15 control registers and lists relate
to veterans of later wars, but there is one that is perti-
nent to Revolutionary War veterans and widows. Lists
of Veterans and Widows and Other Dependents of Vet-
erans Pensioned Under Various Laws Enacted from
1818 to 1853 (RG 15, NM-21, Series 37), consist of 14
oversize bound volumes arranged by pension agency,
then by act of Congress. McCuller is listed in volume
Prologue 47
2, which contains the Vermont and Georgia agencies. which gave a five-year pension to widows, commenc-
Page 24 contains this information: certificate no. ing retroactively to March 4, 1836. This reference to
12660; rank, private; paid $8 per month; admitted to his death in “1832” introduces a mystery to solve:Why
pension rolls, July 20, 1819; pension commenced April do these War Department records—as well as Treasury
1, 1818; transferred to New York agency, July 12, 1826; records discussed later—indicate McCuller’s year of
last paid to March 4, 1826; and “Struck off Aug. 2, 1821.” death as 1832 when all other credible sources—a
The “struck off” notation corresponds to the period newspaper death notice, probate records, and his
of the general pension scandal that resulted in legisla- widow’s affidavit in the pension file—indicate he died
tion requiring most pensioners to reapply and prove in 1831? This presents an interesting discrepancy that
financial need.3 The date of McCuller’s restoration to we will attempt to trace to its origin.4
the pension roll is not given. Pension certificate num- Widow Chloe McCuller is listed in volume 8, which
bers for widows who were paid under pension acts contains Ohio and Massachusetts, under Cincinnati
of 1836, 1838, and 1844 are also noted. agency on page 114, a page that relates to pensions
McCuller is also listed in volume 12 (New York granted under the act of July 7, 1838, unless otherwise
agency), 1818–1832, page 61, with this information: indicated.The following information is given: certificate
certificate no. 12660; rank, private; paid $8 per month; no. 1935; husband William McCuller, private; $80 per
admitted July 20, 1819; pension commenced April 1, annum; date of pension certificate, February 28, 1839.
1818; date of death, February 3, 1832 [sic]; transferred On page 129, Chloe is listed again on a page relating to
from Vermont agency, July 12, 1826; last paid by the pensions granted under the acts of March 3, 1843, and
Vermont agency to March 4, 1826; act under which June 17, 1844.The following information is given: cer-
widow or children admitted, 1838 No. 1935. This last tificate no. 5518; husband William McCullen [sic], pri-
reference is to Chloe’s pension certificate number vate; $80 per annum; date of pension certificate, May 21,
granted pursuant to the act of July 7, 1838 (5 Stat. 303), 1844; date of commencement of pension, March 4, 1843.
to avoid erroneous
payments, both the
war department and
treasury officials kept
track of payments to
pensioners.this war
department control
register lists each rev-
olutionary pensioner
paid by the new york
pension agency under
the act of march 18,
1818, along with his
pension certificate
number and the date
it was issued, military
rank, monthly pension
rate and the date it
began, date of transfer
of pension to or from
a different pension
payment agency, and
date to which he was
last paid. date of
death and widow’s
pension certificate
number are some-
times noted.

48 Prologue winter 2008

Pension office corre-
spondence series
may include letters
that are not in a
pension file, such as
this June 17, 1826,
letter to william
mcculler relating to
transferring his pen-
sion from the Ver-
mont agency to the
new york agency.
Learning these details will help the researcher track
down the pertinent pension payment vouchers in
Record Group 217, discussed below.
Pension Correspondence
There are many 19th-century correspondence series.
The first pertinent series is Letters Sent, 1800–1866
(RG 15, NM-22, Series 1), which consists of 496 bound
volumes. Although most correspondence sent by the
War Department about a particular pensioner will be
found in his pension file, additional correspondence
may be found in this series. The letters are arranged
chronologically. Some of the volumes contain an index
indicating the name of the person to whom the letter
was sent, which may be someone other than the pen-
sioner discussed in the letter. Thus, if the researcher
has made a note of the persons who wrote to the pen-
sion office on the pensioner’s behalf, using these
indexes will make research easier but does not guar-
antee that all pertinent letters will be found without a
page-by-page search. On June 17, 1826, the pension
office wrote to William McCuller to advise him that
“Before your name can be transferd [sic] from the roll
of revolutionary Pensioners of the Vermont agency to
that of New York, you must make an affidavit agreeably
to the enclosed blank form.The proof of your Identity
is satisfactory.”5 This letter is not in McCullar’s pension
file, but McCullar refers to it in his own pension file let-
ter of July 3, 1826. The indexes for several volumes
were consulted for the names of family members and
several Vermonters who wrote to the pension office
on behalf of others, but the pension office letters to
those persons do not mention McCullar.6
RG 217, Records of the Accounting
Officers of the Treasury
The records created and collected by the Treasury’s
accounting officers are rich in data and worth explor-
ing even though identifying and searching through
them requires much time and patience. The most
follow the money
accessible published guide to these records is William
F. Sherman, comp., Records of the Accounting Officers
of the Department of the Treasury, Inventory 14
(Revised) (Lovettsville,VA:Willow Bend Books, 1997).7
The officer involved in accounting for the payment of
army pension claims was the Third Auditor of the Trea-
sury, originally established as the “Office of the Addi-
tional Accountant for the War Department” by the act
of April 29, 1816 (3 Stat. 322). The structure of the
office varied over the years.
Pension Payment Ledgers
The logical starting point in Treasury records is
National Archives Microfilm Publication T718, Ledgers
of Payments, 1818–1872, to U.S. Pensioners Under
Acts of 1818 Through 1858, from Records of the
Office of the Third Auditor of the Treasury (23 rolls).
This publication reproduces oversize ledger books
that provide basic information about the amount, dura-
tion, and changes in a pensioner’s payment.The infor-
mation is arranged by act of Congress, then by pension
agency, then in rough alphabetical order by the first
letter of the pensioner’s surname. For each pensioner,
the following information is given: name, rank,
monthly allowance, semiannual allowance, date of
commencement of payments, a mark (or number) in
a column for each month and year in which paid, and
miscellaneous remarks such as date of death or trans-
fer to another pension agency.
Revolutionary soldier pensioners from both the Ver-
mont and New York agencies are listed in volume A on
roll 1. Under the Vermont agency listing on page 37,Wil-
liam McCuller’s pension is shown as $8 per month, $48
semiannually, commencing April 1, 1818. There is a “1”
marked for each March and September semiannual pay-
ment from March 1820 to March 1826. There is a “3”
marked for the September 1818, March 1819, and Sep-
tember 1819 payments. The meaning of the “3” is not
immediately obvious.There is also a notation that his pen-
sion was transferred “to New York from 4 March 1826.”
Prologue 49

the index to selected final pension payment vouchers provides the
basic information about the pensioner’s last payment. cards with a
rubber-stamped star indicate whether that voucher is in the series
of selected final Payment Vouchers.
Turning to the New York agency, on page 152,
McCuller’s pension is again shown as $8 per month,
$48 semiannually, and transferred “from Vt. from 4
March 1826.” There is a “1” marked for each March and
September payment from September 1826 through
September 1830, a “4” marked for March 1826, and a
“3” marked for each of March 1831 and September
1831. Again, the meaning of the “3” and “4” is not im-
mediately obvious. There is also the notation that
McCuller “Died 3 Feby 1832 [sic] pd 2d qtr 1831.”
Chloe is listed in volume Q on roll 18 with other
widow pensioners under the acts of July 7, 1838, March
3, 1843, and June 17, 1844. On page 294 she is shown
as Chloe McCuller, widow of William, $40 half yearly
allowance, commencing March 4, 1836. There is a “1,”
“2,”“3,” or “4” marked for each semiannual payment from
September 1836 through March 1840, September 1840,
and September 1843 to September 1845; these num-
bers correspond to the quarter for which the payment
was made. The notations “39,”“40,”“44,” and “45”—for
1839, 1840, 1844, and 1845—that appear above certain
semiannual installments indicate if the year of the pay-
ment was different from the one stated in the column
heading. The September 1840 column has no mark,
which indicates no payment was made for this semian-
nual payment even though she was entitled to it. Her
date of death is not noted, which suggests it was not
reported to the pension agent. It is likely she died
between September 4, 1845, when she executed her
“mark” on her pension payment voucher paperwork,
and March 4, 1846, the date when she could collect her
next semiannual payment. Chloe (and most other Rev-
olutionary War widows) received no semiannual pay-
ments from September 1841 to March 1843 since there
was no law authorizing them pensions.
A second, less complete set of Registers of Pension
Payments, ca. 1811–1868 (RG 217, Inventory 14, Series
206), also exists. These 14 oversize volumes contain
50 Prologue
entries of payments made under the pension acts of
1816, 1818, 1832, 1838, 1843, 1844, 1848, and 1862,
showing location of pension agency, soldier’s name and
rank or pensioner’s name and relationship to soldier,
pension rate, and dates of payment. Dates of death, final
payments, and transfers of pensioners from the rolls of
one agency to another are also sometimes shown. Some
volumes contain information about payments made
under more than one pension act; coverage for some
pension acts is incomplete, such as the lists of pen-
sioners paid under the 1818 act. Chloe McCuller was
named on page 306 of volume 5 in a list of Ohio pen-
sioners paid under the acts of 1843, 1844, and Febru-
ary 2, 1848, that indicated she had received payments
in the quarters ending September 1843, March and Sep-
tember 1844, and March and September 1845. William
McCullar could not be located in this set.
Index to Selected Final Payment
Vouchers, 1818–1864
Researchers should next consult the Index to
Selected Final Payment Vouchers, 1818–1864 (RG 217
Inventory 14, Series 722A). This card index was cre-
ated by Archives staff decades ago. The cards are
arranged alphabetically by state, then by name of pen-
sioner. For each pensioner, the following information
is given: name, pension payment agency, date of pen-
sion act, date of payment, and date of death. Most cards
have a rubber-stamped star on them, which indicates
that a final payment voucher is included in the
Selected Final Payment Vouchers. William McCuller’s
card indicates Albany, NY; 1818; 2 qr 1832, February
3, 1832 [sic]; and has no star.
Selected Final Payment Vouchers, 1818–1864
If an index card with a star is found, the researcher
should next request the veteran’s final payment
voucher file from the Selected Final Pension Payment
Vouchers, 1818–1864 (RG 217, Inventory 14, Series
722).The records in this series were culled by Archives
staff in the early 1960s from the voluminous Settled
Accounts of Pension Agents, apparently to make ser-
vicing reference requests for these records easier.8 The
records typically consist of the paperwork relating to
the last pension payment made to the pensioner, or
to the surviving widow, or to the pensioner’s heirs.The
widow or heirs could collect the amount owed to the
pensioner upon death by submitting an affidavit iden-
tifying the pensioner, date of death, and relationship
to the pensioner. Likewise a power of attorney would
be signed and submitted if a third party personally vis-
ited the pension agent to collect the funds.
For many veterans without a widow, or for widow
pensioners, the final payment voucher file includes an
winter 2008
 authoritative list of their surviving children. For exam-
ple, the file for Dinah Chamberlain, widow of Wyatt
Chamberlain, identifies six children—Calvin C. Cham-
berlain, Zadock B. Chamberlain, Wyatt Chamberlain,
Israel Chamberlain, Lucy Whalen, and Charlotte
Phelps—and includes their places of residence.9 Some-
times the widow or heirs did not collect the arrears if
the amount was too small to warrant the trouble or
expense involved, particularly if the pensioner’s heirs
lived far away from each other.
Vouchers for Delaware and Georgia have been
microfilmed as M2079, Final Revolutionary War Pen-
sion Payment Vouchers: Delaware (1 roll), and
M1746, Final Revolutionary War Pension Payment
Vouchers: Georgia (6 rolls). Vouchers from several
states have been abstracted by Alycon Trubey Pierce10
and Kathryn McPherson Gunning.11
Final pension payment vouchers are in specific Revo-
lutionary War pension files in M804, Revolutionary War
Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files
(2,670 rolls) that have the statement “This Envelope
Includes FINAL PAYMENT VOUCHER Received from
GAO” printed on the file jacket (envelope).
Quarterly Abstracts of Pensions Paid by Pen-
sion Agencies, July 1818–September 1907
The researcher will next consult the Quarterly
Abstracts of Pensions Paid by Pension Agencies, July
1818–September 1907 (RG 217, Inventory 14, Series
723), if the appropriate pension agency is in this series.
Quarterly abstracts for selected pension agencies were
Quarterly abstracts
of pensions paid by
pension agencies
provide the pension
payment voucher
(PPV) number
needed to locate
the PPV in the
related series of
settled accounts of
Pension agents.
follow the money
removed from the Settled Accounts of Pension Agents,
described below, and then bound into volumes.12 Pension
agencies included are Albany, New York, 1831–1832,
1835–1864; Boston, Massachusetts, 1905; Concord, New
Hampshire, 1865 and 1885; Hartford, Connecticut,
1824–1850; Indianapolis, Indiana, 1892 and 1907;
Knoxville, Tennessee, 1865–1884; Middletown, Con-
necticut, 1818–1823; Nashville,Tennessee, 1877–1882;
New Orleans, Louisiana, 1879–1882; New York, New York,
1819–1830, 1832–1835, and 1862–1864; Norfolk,Virginia,
1877–1882; Raleigh, North Carolina, 1877–1882; and
Wheeling, West Virginia, 1877–1882. The abstracts are
arranged by agency, then quarter year, then by type of
pension, then roughly alphabetically by the pensioner’s
surname.The voucher number and amount of payment
are indicated. Locating the voucher numbers in these
abstracts makes finding the related voucher in the Set-
tled Accounts less time consuming.
McCullar’s pension was automatically transferred to
the Albany agency upon its creation in 1831. His name
is listed in the third quarter 1831 abstract (September
1831) with this information: William McCuller, $8 per
month, [to be] paid from September 4, 1830, to Sep-
tember 4, 1831, $96 for 12 months, voucher 825. The
“$96” is written in red ink.13 McCullar is not listed in
the fourth quarter 1831 (December 1831) or first
quarter (March 1832) quarterly abstracts, but he is
again listed in the second quarter 1832 (June 1832)
abstract as follows: William McCuller (decd.), $8
month, [to be] paid from September 4, 1831, to Feb-
ruary 3, 1832, $40 for 5 months, voucher 351. The
Prologue 51
“$40” is written in red ink.14 There are a few other “red
ink” dollar amounts throughout the abstracts; the most
reasonable conclusion is that these amounts were not
claimed and not paid, even though it is odd for a
voucher number to be assigned to a claim that was not
paid. The related vouchers, 825 and 351, could not be
found in the Settled Accounts discussed below. Some-
one apparently reported McCullar’s death to the pen-
sion agent, but the year was incorrectly recorded.
Settled Accounts of Pension Agents, Jan.
1813– June 1899
The Settled Accounts of Pension Agents, January
1813–June 1899 (RG 217, Inventory 14, Series 721),
comprise 5,000 feet of records. These are more com-
monly known as “pension payment vouchers” (PPV)
and are arranged by pension agency, then by quarter-
52 Prologue
year, then by type of pension (such as invalid, Revo-
lutionary, widow, or by act of Congress), then in
voucher number order, which, happily, also means
they are in rough alphabetical order by the first let-
ter of the surname. If voucher numbers were
obtained from the bound Quarterly Abstracts, then
it is a relatively simple matter to identify the desired
voucher. For pension agencies not included in the
Quarterly Abstracts, the unbound abstract, if extant,
is usually the first trifolded record for that quarter. If
no abstract is available, then the researcher will need
to examine the outside of each trifolded PPV until
the correct pensioner is located. Repeat the process
until each quarter’s payment is found. The researcher
must understand, however, that not all payments
were made in the first (March) and third (September)
quarters of the year. If the pensioner was “slow” in
submitting paperwork, the payment
might have been made in the second or
fourth quarter of that year, or even in
the next year. Sometimes two or more
semiannual payments were paid at one
time with just one related voucher.
These records are delicate and require
careful handling. They are trifolded with
the pensioner’s name, amount of pen-
sion, quarter or dates for which paid, and
voucher number written at the top on
the outside. If the pensioner appeared in
person, the PPV consists of the pen-
sioner’s oath of identity and receipt of
payment. If the pensioner sent an agent
to collect his money, the PPV consists of
the pensioner’s oath of identity, appoint-
ment of attorney-in-fact (his agent), and
acknowledgment of receipt of payment
by the attorney-in-fact. The witness(es)
to the appointment of agent may be a
public official or a relative.
The Vermont agency was in Burlington,
about 78 miles from McCullar’s home in
Ira, Vermont, and 96 miles from his subse-
quent home at Salem,Washington County,
New York. He traveled three times to
Burlington and five times appointed a non-
relative agent to collect on his behalf.
Because the New York City agency was
more than 200 miles from McCullar’s
in a pension payment voucher dated september 6,
1819, pensioner william mccullar, a private with the
“army of the revolution,” authorized James e.
cheney to collect pension monies owed him
retroactively to april 1818.
winter 2008
 home in Salem, he never traveled to there but relied
upon relatives or friends of his son-in-law, Isaac
Bininger.15 In the accompanying table,“Date Paid” is the
date that McCullar or the attorney-in-fact collected
money from the pension agent. The date of witnessing
the oath of identity and the power of attorney was sev-
eral days or weeks before the “Date Paid,” and it is omit-
ted from this table due to lack of space.
Analysis of the pension payment vouchers shows
that McCullar relied upon his own business contacts
during the time he received his pension from the Ver-
mont agency. After it was transferred to the New York
agency, he had to rely upon his son-in-law’s relatives
and business contacts to collect his pension. Two
Biningers and another son-in-law, James Hayford, wit-
nessed the execution of powers of attorney. Chloe
McCuller’s execution by mark of her oath of identity
and powers of attorney were frequently witnessed by
relatives in addition to a justice of the peace.These rel-
atives included her daughter Nancy Blake; son-in-law
William Ward Blake; and granddaughter Mary Jane
Blake. After another granddaughter, Roxana, married
James W.Ward of Cincinnati, he was appointed Chloe’s
agent to collect her pension. In executing her second
quarter 1839 PPV paperwork on April 18, 1839, Chloe
noted that she had resided in Alexandria, Licking
County, Ohio, for two years, and that she had previ-
ously lived in Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio. This
useful tidbit helps trace her movements in an era
when few women left records.
Pension Reports, January
1818–December 1869
The Pension Reports, January 1818–December 1869
(RG 217, Inventory 14, Series 591), were sent to the
Third Auditor by the Pension Office showing names
of persons added or dropped from the pension rolls.
Also included are some pensioners’ dates of death or
changes in rates. Copies of similar reports from pen-
sion agents were sometimes included. Portions of this
series are arranged by state, while other portions are
arranged chronologically, then by pension office. The
series is not comprehensive; not all agencies or all
years are included. McCuller is mentioned in one 1819
Vermont report and in an 1832 New York report.16
Pension Correspondence
Just as the War Department has many correspondence
series, so did Treasury officials. Correspondence relating
to Revolutionary pensioners is found in Miscellaneous
Letters Sent by the Pension Division, November 1838–
April 1887 (RG 217, Inventory 14, Series 571), which con-
sists of 60 volumes of chronologically arranged copies
of letters to pensioners, their heirs or legal representa-
follow the money
tives, and to pension agents. Each volume has an index
that lists both the name of the pensioner and the name
of the letter writer. Many of the letters relate to payments
made under the act of April 6, 1838, discussed below.
Additional correspondence is found in a series called
Claim Files Relating to Service in the Revolutionary War,
November 1775–June 1851 (RG 217, Inventory 14, Series
636), which relate to military service during the Ameri-
can Revolution and the early years of the republic.The
files are arranged alphabetically by the soldier’s surname
and consist of correspondence, affidavits, and other doc-
uments submitted either by the veteran or his heirs. Let-
ters Received Relating to Pensions, June 4,
1819–November 5, 1842 (RG 217, Inventory 14, Series
202), is a single volume that has letters of an administra-
tive nature from the War Department’s Pension Office.
Specific pensioners are rarely mentioned.
Records Created as a Result of
Special Acts of Congress
Act of May 15, 1828
The act of Congress of May 15, 1828 (4 Stat. 269),“An
Act for the relief of certain surviving officers and soldiers
of the army of the revolution,” set in motion the creation
of several record series relating to these claims. This act
pertained to American officers who had been entitled to
half pay under the resolve of October 21, 1780, and non-
commissioned officers, musicians, and privates who
served until termination of the war who had become enti-
tled to the $80 reward under a resolve of Congress passed
May 15, 1788.The 1828 act granted full pay by rank, not
to exceed the pay of a captain, to eligible veterans begin-
ning March 3, 1826, and continuing to the end of the vet-
eran’s life. In Record Group 15, there are several
correspondence series.17 In Record Group 217, pertinent
records include registers and abstracts of these claims,
auditor’s reports, and payment vouchers.18
Act of July 5, 1832
The act of Congress of July 5, 1832 (4 Stat. 529), pro-
vided for the payment of claims based on Revolutionary
War service made against Virginia by officers of the Vir-
ginia line and the Virginia navy. Pension files have been
published in National Archives Microfilm Publication
M910, Virginia Half Pay and Other Related Revo-
lutionary War Pension Application Files (18 rolls). In
addition, Record Group 15 includes a register of claims
received and several correspondence series.19
Act of April 6, 1838
The Settled Accounts for Payment of Accrued Pen-
sions (Final Payments),August 1838–September 1865
Prologue 53
(RG 217, Inventory 14, Series 724), relate to pensions the secretary of the interior in pension appeal
claimed under the act of Congress of April 6, 1838 (5 cases, 1852–1875; and reports of the commissioner
Stat. 225), that allowed heirs of pensioners to claim— of pensions concerning appeals, 1849–1881.
directly from the Treasury Department—the amount The Records of the United States Senate (RG 46)
of pension accrued to a pensioner between the date and the Records of the United States House of Repre-
of last payment and the date of death. These records sentatives (RG 233) include petitions, correspon-
frequently show the pensioner’s date and place of dence, legislation, and other records relating to
death and names of heirs and include supporting veterans’ and widows’ claims. Many veterans and wid-
documents, such as proof of identity of claimant, pen- ows who were unable to secure an increase in pen-
sion certificates, power of attorney, and related cor- sion from the Pension Office sought the assistance of
respondence. The records are arranged by account their senator or representative to obtain an increase
number. An alphabetical name index was published in pension through legislative action in the form of a
as Craig R. Scott, The “Lost” Pensions: Settled private bill.20
Accounts of the Act of 6 April 1838 (Lovettsville,VA: The Records of the Bureau of Land Management
Willow Bend Books, 1996). (RG 49), which include its predecessor, the General
Land Office, contain records relating to the exchange
Other Wars and Records of the bounty land warrant (BLW) issued by the Pen-
Researchers may follow a similar process in sion Office for title to property in the federal domain.
researching pension payments to veterans and wid- Many veterans who received BLWs sold them to spec-
ows of other wars or the Regular Army and Navy since ulators instead of taking the land, but researchers who
there are many other record series relating to 19th- follow the paper trail will discover “the rest of the
century pension payment claims that postdate claims story”—to whom the veteran sold the warrant and the
of Revolutionary War veterans and widows. Re- location of the land that person received as a result.21
searchers would follow the process outlined in this Publications of the U.S. Government (RG 287)
article, starting with the basic RG 15 and RG 217 series includes lists of pensioners that were occasionally
described above, and then use National Archives find- published by the U.S. Government. Some of these have
ing aids to identify other pertinent record series. In been commercially republished.22 McCuller was
addition, there are pension-related records in other included in the 1835 list along with the incorrectly
record groups. reported February 3, 1832, death date.23
The Records of the Bureau of Accounts (RG 39) con-
image of a revo-
tain additional payment records, including the ledger
lutionary war sol-
of accounts of the pension agent, depository at
dier from a march
Louisville, Kentucky, 1860–1864; register of pension
1820 pension pay-
moneys deposited with the assistant treasurer at New
ment voucher.
York, New York, 1891–1902; journal of Navy pension
fund accounts, 1798–1830; register of investments for
the Navy pension fund, 1807–1829; and record book
of Army pensioners and of activities of the Santa Fe
Gazette Joint Stock Company, 1858–1869.
The Records of the Office of the Secretary of the
Interior (RG 48) contain many records relating to
pensions, including letters sent, 1849–1883 and
1896– 1908, with indexes, 1849–1869 and
1896–1907; registers of letters sent concerning
Navy pensions and hospitals, 1832–1833; letters
received, 1849–1883 and 1896–1907, with registers,
1855–1886, 1896–1907, and indexes, 1881–1883
and 1896–1907; miscellaneous letters received,
1849–1880; miscellaneous letters received, reports,
and other records concerning bounty-land claims,
1842–1879; pension appeal docket books,
1867–1920, with indexes, 1881–1911; registers of
pension appeals, 1849–1883; digest of decisions of

54 Prologue winter 2008


1
Researching Navy veterans involves a similar process
and would also include using naval record groups.
The two unpublished National Archives finding
aids that are useful for these records are Preliminary
Inventory of the Financial Records and Pension
Control Registers of the Bureau of Pensions and
the Veterans Administration, 1805–1933 (NM-21),
and Preliminary Inventory of Bureau of Pensions
Correspondence and Pension and Bounty-Land
Case Files Relating to Military Service Performed
Between 1775 and 1861 (NM-22), both compiled
by Evelyn Wade in 1964.
McCullar clearly signed and spelled his name as
“McCullar” but most records written by other peo-
ple, including those described in this article, spelled
it “McCuller.”
2
Researchers should avoid using its sister publica-
tion, M805, Selected Revolutionary War Pension and
Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files (898 rolls),
since it has—as its name hints—only selected records
from each file. Researchers relying on the “short” file in
M805 may miss clues contained in the full file in M804.
For more information, see Claire Prechtel-Kluskens,“Rev-
olutionary War Pension Files—An Introduction,” NGS
NewsMagazine 32 (April–June 2006): 34–37.
3
For more information, see John P. Resch, Suffering
Soldiers: Revolutionary War Veterans, Moral Senti-
ment, and Political Culture in the Early Republic
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999).
4
“Deaths,” Vermont Chronicle, February 18, 1831.
His estate was settled in Rutland County, VT, by July
1831. See Margaret R. Jenks, et al., Rutland County, Ver-
mont, Probate Extracts, Rutland District, Part 3, Vol-
umes 13–1, 1827–1828, pp. 268, 270 (2007), citing
vol. 14, pp. 159–160, 218, FHL Film No. 28786.
Declaration for Pension by Chloe McCuller, Jan. 22,
1839;William McCullar/McCuller (widow Chloe) Pen-
sion File W5363; Revolutionary War Pension and
Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files; National
Archives Microfilm Publication M804; roll 1674.
5
Letter from Pension Office, War Department, to
William McCuller, Salem, NY, June 17, 1826, [Pension
Office] Letters Sent, Vol. 18 (Mar. 27, 1826–Oct. 31,
1826), p. 263; NM-22, Series 1; RG 15.
6
Specifically, Vols. 8–11 (Nov. 15, 1819–Feb. 15,
1822), 18 (Mar. 27, 1826–Oct. 31, 1826), and 26–27
(aka Vols. 5–6) (Aug. 13, 1830–June 7, 1832).
7
An earlier version (which omitted several hun-
dred “undescribed” series and lacked an index) was
published by the National Archives as William F. Sher-
man, comp., Inventory of the Records of the
Accounting Officers of the Department of the Trea-
sury, Inventory 14 (microfiche, 1987).
8
The basic archival principle of retaining original
order frowns upon rearranging records or culling
records from series to create another, since doing so
damages the completeness of the records as they
were originally created. Therefore it is difficult to
understand the rationale that resulted in this artifi-
cial series. The “early 1960s” date for the creation of
this series is based upon the charge-out card for
Henry Louck, Act of 1818, 4th Quarter, New York
Agency, RG 721, which indicates it was removed to
the “GAO small collection” on 7-29-63.
9
Pension Payment Voucher File for Dinah Cham-
berlain (widow of Wyatt Chamberlain), New York;
Series 722, Final Pension Payment Vouchers; RG 217.
10
Alycon Trubey Pierce, Selected Final Pension Pay-
ment Vouchers, 1818–1864, Alabama: Decatur,
Huntsville, Mobile, Tuscaloosa (Lovettsville,VA:Wil-
follow the money
NOTES
low Bend Books, 1997); Selected Final Pension Pay-
ment Vouchers, 1818–1864, District of Columbia
(Leesburg, VA: Willow Bend Books, 1998); Selected
Final Pension Payment Vouchers, 1818–1864,
Louisiana: New Orleans (Athens, GA: Iberian Pub-
lishing, 1996); Selected Final Pension Payment Vouch-
ers, 1818–1864, Maryland: Baltimore (Lovettsville,
VA:Willow Bend Books, 1997); Selected Final Pension
Payment Vouchers, 1818– 1864, Mississippi: Natchez
and Jackson (Athens, GA: Iberian Publishing Co.,
1997); Selected Final Pension Payment Vouchers,
1818–1864, New Jersey: Trenton, 2 vols. (West-
minster, MD: Willow Bend Books, 2000); and
Selected Final Pension Payment Vouchers,
1818–1864, South Carolina: Charleston (Athens,
GA: Iberian Publishing Co., 1996). She also wrote
about these records in “Adding ‘Final Pension Pay-
ment Voucher’ Records to the Researcher’s Tool-
box,” NGS NewsMagazine 34 (April–June 2008):
42–47.
11
Kathryn McPherson Gunning, Selected Final Pen-
sion Payment Vouchers, 1818–1864, Pennsylvania:
Philadelphia & Pittsburgh (Westminster, MD:Willow
Bend Books, 2003) and Selected Final Pension Pay-
ment Vouchers, 1818–1864, Rhode Island (Westmin-
ster, MD:Willow Bend Books, 1999).
12
It appears that some agencies’ abstracts were
culled and bound by Treasury officials. Some agen-
cies’ abstracts were bound by the National
Archives; it is unclear whether Archives staff culled
them from the Settled Accounts.
13
Entry for William McCuller, p. 20, of “Abstract of
payments to Revolutionary Pensioners, by the Presi-
dent of the Mechanics & Farmer’s Bank in the City
of Albany, agent for paying pensions, in Albany, State
of New York, for the Quarter ending 30th Sept. 1831,”
Albany Vol. 1831–32, Series 723, RG 217.
14
Entry for William McCuller, p. 8, of “Abstract of
payments to Revolutionary pensioners, by Benjamin
Knower, President &c and acting agent for Paying
pensions in the City of Albany, State of New York, for
the Quarter ending June 30, 1832,” ibid.
15
Chrisfield Johnson, History of Washington
County, New York, p. 132B (Philadelphia, PA: Everts
& Ensign, 1878).
16
“Vermont. Heman Allen, Esqre, agent for pay-
ing US Pensioners at Burlington. Names of Pen-
sioners under the Law of the 18 of March 1818,
which have been added to the roll of this agency,
between the 4th of March and the 4th of Septem-
ber 1819,” box 7, Series 591, Pension Reports, Jan.
1818–Dec. 1869, RG 217.
“New York. Statement of the Alterations which
have taken place on the Rolls of this Agency (includ-
ing the late Albany agency) since the 4th of March
1832,” New York folder, box 9, Series 591, Pension
Reports, Jan. 1818–Dec. 1869, RG 217. His “3 Feby
1832” death date is noted on page 6 (unpaginated).
17
RG 15, NM-22, Series 2, Letters Sent, June
1828–January 1836 (22 vols.); Series 3, Letters
Received, May 1828–Jan. 1836 (18 vols.); Series 4,
Letters Received from State Officials, June
1828–March 1834 (1 vol.); Series 5, Letters
Received by the Secretary of the Treasury from the
War Department Pension Office, July 14, 1828–
Sept. 19, 1834 (1 vol.); and Series 6, Letters Re-
ceived and Miscellaneous Papers Relating to the
Prosecution of Pension Frauds in U.S. District
Courts in Virginia and Ohio. (2 vols.).
18
RG 217, Inventory 14, Series 505, Indexes to Letters
and Settled Claims for Revolutionary War Service, ca.
1828–May 28, 1835 (2 vols.); Series 506, Register of Audits
for Revolutionary War Claims, May 31, 1828–Apr. 22, 1835
(1 vol.); Series 507,Audit Reports on Revolutionary War
Claims, May 31, 1828–Apr. 28, 1835 (19 vols.); Series 508,
Auditor’s Reports on Revolutionary War Claims,Aug. 5,
1828–Feb. 17, 1835 (2 boxes); Series 509,Abstracts of Set-
tled Revolutionary War Claims, Jan. 1831–Sept. 1833 (1
box); Series 510, Register of Vouchers for Revolutionary
War Claims, Mar. 3, 1831–Mar. 3, 1834 (1 vol.); Series 511,
Vouchers for Payments for Revolutionary War Claims,
September 1829–March 1834 (9 boxes); Series 512, Set-
tled Accounts for Revolutionary War Claims, July
1828–March 1831 (12 boxes); Series 513, Claims Filed
by Revolutionary War Veterans, Sept. 16, 1828–Aug. 3,
1835 (53 vols.); Registers of Pay Certificates Issued in Set-
tlement of Revolutionary War Claims,Aug. 3, 1829–Aug.
7, 1835 (2 vols.).
19
RG 15, NM-22, Series 7, Register of Claims Received,
July 1832–November 1856 (1 vol.); Series 8, Name Index
to Series 9 and 11 for July 1832–May 1835 (1 vol.); Series
9, Letters Sent, July 1832–December 1835 and January
1851–January 1861 (5 vols.); Series 10, Register of Let-
ters Received, July 1832–May 1835 (1 vol.); Series 11,
Letters Received, July 1832-December 1835 (3 vols.);
Series 12, Letters Received from the Auditor of Virginia
Enclosing Copies of Revolutionary War Records, July 26,
1832-Mar. 14, 1835 (1 vol.); and Series 13, Corres-
pondence, Memoranda, and Lists of Virginia State Offi-
cers, 1832–51 (1 vol.).
20
For additional information, see Charles E. Schamel,
et al., Guide to the Records of the United States House
of Representatives at the National Archives, 1789–
1989: Bicentennial Edition (H. Doc. No. 100-245) and
Robert W. Coren, et al., Guide to the Records of the
United States Senate at the National Archives,
1789–1989: Bicentennial Edition (S. Doc. No. 100-42)
both available online at www.archives.gov.
21
For an example, see Claire Prechtel-Kluskens,
“The Robert Archibald-Elizabeth McCormick Mar-
riage and Other Details about the Archibald-
McCormick-Johnson Families of Virginia, Ohio, and
Indiana in a Bounty-Land Warrant Application,” NGS
Quarterly 92 (September 2004): 221–227.
22
The Pension List of 1820: U.S.War Department
(Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1991;
The Pension Roll of 1835 (Baltimore, MD: Genealog-
ical Publishing Co., 1968; reprinted with a new
index, 1992); A Census of Pensioners for Rev-
olutionary or Military Services; with their Names,
Ages, and Places of Residence, Returned by the
Marshals of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the
Act for Taking the Sixth Census (Washington: Blair
& Reeves, 1841); List of Pensioners on the Roll, Jan-
uary 1, 1883 (Washington, DC: Government Print-
ing Office, 1883).
23
The Pension Roll of 1835, II: 348 (Baltimore,
MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1992).
author
Claire Prechtel-Kluskens is a
projects archivist in the Research
Support Branch of the National
Archives and Records Adminis-
tration in Washington, D.C. She
specializes in records of high genealogical value and
writes and lectures frequently.
Prologue 55
 Pension Payments Made to Revolutionary War Pensioner William McCullar

Six Months Ending PPV Date Paid Qtr. Paid Agent Witnesses

Sept. 4, 1818 618 Sept. 10, 1819 3rd qtr. 1819 James E. Cheney William Page, JP
Mar. 4, 1819 618 Sept. 10, 1819 3rd qtr. 1819 James E. Cheney William Page, JP
Sept. 4, 1819 618 Sept. 10, 1819 3rd qtr. 1819 James E. Cheney William Page, JP
Mar. 4, 1820 750 May 26, 1820 2nd qtr. 1820 none Phineas Lyman, JP
Sept. 4, 1820 222 Apr. 11, 1822 2nd qtr. 1822 none Andrew Thompson, JP
Mar. 4, 1821 222 Apr. 11, 1822 2nd qtr. 1822 none Andrew Thompson, JP
Sept. 4, 1821 222 Apr. 11, 1822 2nd qtr. 1822 none Andrew Thompson, JP
Mar. 4, 1822 222 Apr. 11, 1822 2nd qtr. 1822 none Andrew Thompson, JP
Sept. 4, 1822 318 Mar. 27, 1823 1st qtr. 1823 Andrew Thompson A.Thompson, JP
Mar. 4, 1823 318 Mar. 27, 1823 1st qtr. 1823 Andrew Thompson A.Thompson, JP
Sept. 4, 1823 498 Sept. 10, 1823 3rd qtr. 1823 S. W. Dana A.Thompson, JP
Mar. 4, 1824 285 Mar. 30, 1824 1st qtr. 1824 Andrew Thompson A.Thompson, JP
Sept. 4, 1824 536 Sept. 8, 1825 3rd qtr. 1825 none Nathan B. Haswell, JP
Bethuel Church, Jr., JP
Mar. 4, 1825 536 Sept. 8, 1825 3rd qtr. 1825 none Nathan B. Haswell, JP
Bethuel Church, Jr., JP
Sept. 4, 1825 535 Sept. 8, 1825 3rd qtr. 1825 none Nathan B. Haswell, JP
Bethuel Church, Jr., JP
Mar. 4, 1826 18 Oct. 3, 1826 Pension File* Andrew Thompson Bethuel Church, Jr., JP
Sept. 4, 1826 352 Nov. 15, 1826 4th qtr. 1826 Abram M. Bininger Bethuel Church, Jr., JP
Mar. 4, 1827 439 Apr. 24, 1827 2nd qtr. 1827 Isaac Bininger, Jr. Bethuel Church, Jr., JP
Sept. 4, 1827 1073 Jan. 30, 1828 1st qtr. 1828 James Hall A. M. Bininger
William Law
Warren Norton, JP
Mar. 4, 1828 459 Apr. 10, 1828 2nd qtr. 1828 James Hall A. M. Bininger
Warren Norton, JP
Sept. 4, 1828 1148 Sept. 15, 1828 3rd qtr. 1828 Peter Embury, Jr. Anderson Dean
Isaac Deuel
Solomon Dean, JP
Mar. 4, 1829 444 Apr. 30, 1829 2nd qtr. 1829 James Hall Isaac Bininger
Warren Norton, JP
Sept. 4, 1829 328 Oct. 3, 1829 4th qtr. 1829 James Hall James Hayford
Warren Norton, JP
Mar. 4, 1830 953 Mar. 20, 1830 1st qtr. 1830 Catharine Bininger Isaac Bininger
Warren Norton, JP
Sept. 4, 1830 987 Sept. 11, 1830 3rd qtr. 1830 Jacob Bininger Lewis McLean
Francis McLean, JP
Mar. 4, 1831 825 (not found) 3rd qtr. 1831 (not paid)
Sept. 4, 1831 825 (not found) 3rd qtr. 1831 (not paid)
Feb. 3, 1832 351 (not found) 2nd qtr. 1832 (not paid)

* This PPV normally would have been filed with other Vermont Agency 4th Quarter vouchers, but it is in William‘s pension file in M804.

56 Prologue winter 2008

 Pension Payments Made to Revolutionary War Widow Chloe McCullar

Six Months Ending PPV Date Paid Qtr. Paid Agent Witnesses

Sept. 4, 1836 17 May 11, 1839 2nd qtr. 1839 R. J. Wharton Lyman Crossman
W. W. Blake
William Munsell, JP
Mar. 4, 1837 17 May 11, 1839 2nd qtr. 1839 R. J. Wharton Lyman Crossman
W. W. Blake
William Munsell, JP
Sept. 4, 1837 17 May 11, 1839 2nd qtr. 1839 R. J. Wharton Lyman Crossman
W. W. Blake
William Munsell, JP
Mar. 4, 1838 17 May 11, 1839 2nd qtr. 1839 R. J. Wharton Lyman Crossman
W. W. Blake
William Munsell, JP
Sept. 4, 1838 17 May 11, 1839 2nd qtr. 1839 R. J. Wharton Lyman Crossman
W. W. Blake
William Munsell, JP
Mar. 4, 1839 17 May 11, 1839 2nd qtr. 1839 R. J. Wharton Lyman Crossman
W. W. Blake
William Munsell, JP
Sept. 4, 1839 24 Mar. 23, 1840 1st qtr. 1840 R. J. Wharton Lyman Crossman
M. J. Blake
William Munsell, JP
Mar. 4, 1840 24 Mar. 23, 1840 1st qtr. 1840 R. J. Wharton Lyman Crossman
M. J. Blake
William Munsell, JP
Sept. 4, 1840 (none) (not claimed)
Mar. 4, 1841 21 Apr. 21, 1841 2nd qtr. 1841 Robert J. Wharton William W. Blake
Seth P. Smith, JP
Sept. 4, 1841 21 Apr. 21, 1841 2nd qtr. 1841 Robert J. Wharton William W. Blake
Seth P. Smith, JP
Sept. 4, 1843 6 ca. July 27, 1844** 3rd qtr. 1844 James W. Ward W. W. Blake
M. J. Blake
Seth P. Smith, JP
Mar. 4, 1844 6 ca. July 27, 1844** 3rd qtr. 1844 James W. Ward W. W. Blake
M. J. Blake
Seth P. Smith JP
Sept. 4, 1844 29 Mar. 17, 1845 1st qtr. 1845 James W. Ward W. W. Blake
Seth P. Smith, JP
Mar. 4, 1845 29 Mar. 17, 1845 1st qtr. 1845 James W. Ward W. W. Blake
Seth P. Smith, JP
Sept. 4, 1845 35 Sept. 15, 1845 3rd qtr. 1845 James W. Ward W. W. Blake
Nancy Blake
Seth P. Smith, JP

** Chloe McCuller executed the receipt by her mark on July 27, 1844, despite appointing Ward her agent.There is no receipt signed by Ward in the file.

follow the money Prologue 57

AUTHORS ON THE RECORD

The First Time Around

Book chronicles the British-American Coalition Force in World War I

Many a doctoral student has been so enthralled with his or her subject matter that they later revise a dis-
sertation into a book. Count Mitch Yockelson, an archivist at the National Archives, among them.
Yockelson wrote his dissertation on the U.S.Army II Corps during World War I and became intrigued by the fact
that its two divisions had spent their entire service in Belgium and France with the British Expeditionary Force.
“The story of these two American divisions, the 27th and 30th, is unique and hadn’t really been told
before,” he said.“The fact that they trained and fought in Belgium and France with the British Army is a lit-
Mitch Yockelson

tle-known story of World War I. NARA’s holdings include a number of collections that document this expe-
rience.”
The result was Borrowed Soldiers, the story of the 27th and 30th divisions, and their British and Aus-
tralian co-belligerents.
The foreword to the book is written by John S.D. Eisenhower, a respected military historian himself and son of the man who
would lead another British-American allied force to victory against Nazi Germany in World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower.

From what vantage point did you approach the
research for this book?
As historians we are trained to look objectively at a
subject and approach it from all angles, then let the
research guide the story. For instance, I wanted to know
how these unique American soldiers viewed their rela-
tionship with the British and Australian troops. So I con-
centrated on locating sources that offered a broad
picture of the experience.
What were those sources?
I researched official U.S., Australian, and British Army
records, as well as personal papers, diaries, and letters in
repositories throughout the United States, England, Scotland,
and Australia. But ultimately I relied upon Record Group 120
(Records of the American Expeditionary Forces) at the
National Archives. Among the treasures found in this record
group are documents created by the officers and men of the
27th and 30th Divisions.They provide a glimpse of how train-
ing was conducted in the United States and in Belgium and
France, and then combat alongside the British forces on the
Western Front in 1918.
What sort of description of Army life in the United States
during World War I emerges from these records?
The records tell what it was like for a young soldier to have
trained in an Army camp during the 1917–1918 period. Condi-
tions were spartan, and the enlisted men slept in tents while
officers had more permanent structures. Training started early
in the morning and lasted through most of the day. It consisted
of marching, physical fitness, weapons firing, and the rudiments
of being a soldier. Leave was permitted only on weekends, and
soldiers could visit a nearby city and get a hot meal, a hot bath,
perhaps watch a play or relax at a YMCA hostess house.
How does research in archives outside the United
States compare with doing research in the National
Archives?
During the course of my research I visited the National
Archives of the United Kingdom, the Australian War Memorial
in Canberra, the National Library of Scotland, and other lesser
known overseas repositories. All of them were a pleasure to
work in, but research at the National Archives is much easier.
For one thing, we have subject area specialists who can advise
researchers on not only what records to access but also the lat-
est historiography on a subject.
Generally speaking, records filed in the repositories over-
seas do not have the luxury of agency-created finding aids like
many U.S. Government-created records. Descriptions of the
records are sparse, and you really don’t know what to expect
when making a request.
Also, the National Archives allows researchers to access a
larger volume of records than repositories overseas. At the
National Archives, a researcher may request up to 22 boxes;
at an archives in the UK and Australia, researchers are limited
to two or three items at a time.

58 Prologue Winter 2008

What was your biggest challenge in confronting the
records here at the National Archives as well as those in
other archives?
By far the biggest challenge in conducting research at any
repository is the shear volume records you confront and hav-
ing to weed through them and figure out what is important.
But then the opposite can happen when you plan a major
research trip, and within the first couple of days you find noth-
ing and go into complete panic. This happened when I went
to Canberra. My first two days were frustrating, and I thought I
had just traveled a great distance only to waste my time. But I
persevered and eventually hit gold and actually ran out of time
at the end.
What did the diaries of American, British, and Aus-
tralian soldiers tell you that
you could not find in official
documents?
The diaries written by soldiers
during the First World War are
extremely valuable because they
give a personal touch to the war
that you wouldn’t find in opera-
tions reports and after-action
reports. The diaries tell what an
individual soldier felt at the time
and his opinions on officers and
life in the Army. Diaries are more
useful than letters since the letters
were censored and any mention of
battles or places were deleted.
Do any of them stand out in
your mind as being particularly
valuable or revealing?
None of the diaries were partic-
ularly revealing, but the letters of
the Australian Corps commander,
Gen. Sir John Monash, were. He
was a very meticulous officer, and
his correspondence reveals his thought process as he con-
sidered every detail when planning an operation. He
researched the weather forecast; the position of the moon,
since most operations commenced before sunset; and the
time it should take a unit to reach a particular position.
Just how crucial to the war effort was the work of this
combined force?
The combined Allied coalition of American, British, and Aus-
tralian soldiers attacked the strongest section of the German
Hindenburg Line in the Somme Valley, north of Paris. Here the
The First Time Around
Germans occupied farms and villages and constructed con-
crete bunkers and machine-gun posts that were largely
impregnable. On September 29, 1918, the Americans spear-
headed the attack and, although they took significant casual-
ties, were able to crack the line and send the Germans on a
slow retreat toward Germany and eventually an armistice.The
British and Australians supported the attack, but the Ameri-
cans did the brunt of the fighting.
Can you compare/contrast the different command struc-
tures of the British, Americans, and Australians and how
this helped or hurt their effectiveness?
The Americans were the least experienced of the Allies, and
their commanders had little idea how to conduct a modern war
such as the one being fought on the Western Front. So the Amer-
ican officers relied on the British and
Australians to teach them how to
lead men in combat against
entrenched positions while facing
machine guns, gas, and heavy artillery
fire. In the United States, officers
were trained in tactics of open war-
fare where men charged positions;
the British and Australian officers
fought from the trenches, and only
during the last few weeks of the war
was the fighting more mobile.
How did the Americans get
along with the British? And the
Australians?
For the most part, the Americans
got along fine with the British sol-
diers and even better with the Aus-
tralians. But with the former, there
was some animosity on the part of
the British who wanted the Ameri-
can troops to amalgamate with their
own Army—in other words, fight
under British commanders. The
commander of the AEF, Gen. John J. Pershing, would have no
part in this. He wanted his men to fight independently, and even
though the two divisions that I write about were attached to
the British, they served under their own officers. One thing that
did annoy the British was that the American doughboys bragged
how they were much better soldiers and they would tell the
British, who had been at war since 1914, how to fight. There
was a machismo and arrogance on the part of the Americans
that struck a raw nerve with the British.The Australians, on the
other hand, were similar to the Americans and appreciated
them much more and they got along fine.
Prologue 59
EVENTS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
For up-to-date event information, consult
NARA’s Calendar of Events.The free Calendar
is available from National Archives and
Records Administration, Calendar of Events
(NPAC, Room G-1), 700 Pennsylvania Avenue,
NW, Washington, DC 20408, or on the web at
www.archives.gov/calendar/.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
Through January 4. “School House to White
House: The Education of the Presidents.”
Carter Library. 404-865-7100.
February 7–April 26. Exhibit: “Lincoln: The
Constitution and the Civil War.” Carter Library.
404-865-7100.
January 13. Issues Forum: Astronaut Joseph
Kerwin. Bush Library. 979-691-4000.
February 4. Story Tellers Guild:“The Life of the
Buffalo Soldiers.” Bush Library. 979-691-4000.
February 11. Story Tellers Guild: Celebrate
Presidents’ Day. Bush Library. 979-691-4000.

Permanent exhibit: “The Public Vaults.”

National Archives Building. 202-357-5000.
Through January 25. “1783: Subject or Citizen?”
National Archives Building. 202-357-5000.
Opening March 13. “BIG! Celebrating the
75th anniversary of the National Archives.”
National Archives Building. 202-357-5000.
February 12–16. The Emancipation Procla-
mation. National Archives Building. 202-357-
5000.
ABILENE, KANSAS
January 13. Book discussion: “Mamie Doud
Eisenhower:The General’s First Lady,” by Mar-
ilyn Irvin Holt. Call to register. Eisenhower
Library. 785-263-6700.
February 17. Book discussion: “A Matter of
Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the
Civil Rights Revolution,” by David A. Nichols.
Call to register. Eisenhower Library. 785-263-
6700.
Through March 15. “Presidential Treasures.”
Eisenhower Library. 785-263-6700.
Through May 31. “Ike and Baseball.” Eisen-
hower Library. 785-263-6700.
March 5, 12, 19. Paul H. Royer Film Series.
Eisenhower Library. 785-263-6700.
March 7. History Day District Finals. Eisen-
hower Library. 785-263-6700.
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
Continuing exhibit: “Art of Diplomacy: Head
of State Gifts from the Ford Presidency.” Ford
Library. 734-205-0555.
Continuing exhibit: “The Life and Times of
Gerald R. Ford.” Ford Library. 734-205-0555.
AUSTIN,TEXAS GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN
Continuing exhibit: “To the Moon:The Amer- Through January 9. Exhibit: “Born to Play
ican Space Program in the 1960s.” Johnson Ball.” Ford Museum. 616-254-0400.
Library. 512-721-0200.
January 29. Lecture: “Lincoln on Leadership:
Contemporary Lessons from a Legendary
Leader.” Ford Museum. 616-254-0400.
February 12. Lincoln vs. Douglas, Sesqui-
centennial Debate by Jim Getty and Tim Con-
nors. Ford Museum. 616-254-0400.
Through May 24. Exhibit: “White House in
Miniature.” Ford Museum. 616-254-0400.
Astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean maneuver
on the moon, Apollo 12, 1969, in a painting from HYDE PARK, NEW YORK
Bean’s exhibit at the Johnson Library. Continuing exhibit: “Action, and Action Now!
FDR’s First 100 Days.” Roosevelt Library. 845-
486-7770.
Continuing exhibit: “Alan Bean: The First
Artist to Visit Another World.” Johnson Library.
512-721-0200. INDEPENDENCE, MISSOURI
Through January 11. Exhibit: “Memories of
January 13. Lecture: H. W. Brands on “Six World War II.”Truman Library. 800-833-1225.
Lessons for the Next President.” Johnson
Library. 512-721-0200.
January 29. Constitution Symposium, co-
sponsored with and held at the University of
Texas School of Law. Call to register. Johnson
Library. 512-721-0200.
February 25. Author lecture: Ron White, Abra-
ham Lincoln: A Biography. Johnson Library.
512-721-0200.
February 27. Panel discussion: “Return to the
Moon,” with Capt.Alan Bean. Johnson Library.
512-721-0200.
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
Continuing exhibit: “The Making of a Presi-
dent.” Kennedy Library. 866-JFK-1960.

Through January 23. Exhibit: “Presidential COLLEGE STATION,TEXAS

Campaigns and Inaugurations, 1948–2004.” Continuing exhibit: Exhibit: “Beyond the A new exhibit at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
Ford Library. 734-205-0555. Moon: NASA’s Continuing Mission.” Bush explores the “speed and scope” of the President’s
Library. 979-691-4000. actions during his first 100 days in office.

60 Prologue Winter 2008

Opening February 7. Exhibit:“School House to
White House.” Truman Library. 800-833-1225.
Continuing exhibit: “Harry S. Truman: The Presi-
dential Years.” Truman Library. 800-833-1225.
Continuing exhibit: “Harry S. Truman: His Life
and Times.” Truman Library. 800-833-1225.
January 11. Conversation with an Archivist:
“The Inauguration of Harry Truman.” Truman
Library. 800-833-1225.
February 14. Conversation with an Archivist:
“Love Letters.”Truman Library. 800-833-1225.
March 14. Conversation with an Archivist:
“Brother Truman: the Masonic Life of Harry
Truman.”Truman Library. 800-833-1225.
LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS
Through February 8. Exhibit:“The Art of the
Chopper.” Clinton Library. 501-374-4242.
MORROW, GEORGIA
January 22. “Status of the Dream”: A Cele-
bration in Honor of Dr. Martin Luther King,
Jr., a partnership event at Clayton State Uni-
versity. NARA–Southeast Region. 770-968-
2100.
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
Continuing exhibit: “New York: An American
Capital.” Federal Hall National Memorial.
Call for more information. NARA–Northeast
Region. 866-840-1752.
Continuing exhibit: “A Historical Sketch of
Camp Kilmer, NJ: Processing Hub for World
War II Troops.” NARA–Northeast Region. 866-
840-1752.
Continuing exhibit:“Photographs from The
National Archives: New York’s People & Places.”
NARA–Northeast Region. 866-840-1752.
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
Continuing exhibit: “Elusive Freedom: The
Legacy of the 1808 Slave Trade Ban.”
NARA–Mid Atlantic Region. 215-606-0112.
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
Continuing exhibit: “Blue vs. Gray, Civil War
in the Pacific Northwest,” in conjunction with
Seattle’s Museum of History and Industry.
NARA–Pacific Alaska Region. 206-336-5115.
Events
From an exhibit at the Philadelphia region, an inter-
rogatory in the case of Thomas Harrison v. Brig Tryphe-
nia, 1805, concerning the vessel’s alleged involvement
in the slave trade at foreign ports.
SIMI VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
Continuing exhibit: “Spirit of America.” Rea-
gan Library. 800-410-8354.
WEST BRANCH, IOWA
Through January 4. Exhibit: “A Very Elvis
Christmas.” Hoover Library. 319-643-5301.
Opening January 24. Exhibit:“Lincoln’s Life:
A Bicentennial Reflection.” Hoover Library.
319-643-5301.
GENEALOGY EVENTS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Genealogy workshops are conducted through-
out the year. For up-to-date information, consult
the monthly Calendar of Events.
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
February 14. “Introduction to Document and
Photograph Preservation.” $10 fee. NARA–Great
Lakes Region. Call to register, 773-948-9001.
DENVER, COLORADO
Genealogical workshops.NARA–Rocky Mountain
Region. For more information, call 303-407-5700.
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
February 4. “Genealogy Resources in the
Kansas City Area.” NARA–Central Plains Region.
Call to register, 816-268-8000.
February 11. “U.S. Military Records.” NARA–
Central Plains Region. Call to register, 816-268-
8000.
March 19. “Internet and Genealogy.” NARA–
Central Plains Region. Call to register, 816-
268-8000.
PITTSFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS
February 3, March 5. “Beginning Your
Genealogy Research at NARA.” NARA– North-
east Region. Call to register, 413-236-3600.
February 10, March 12. “Using Federal Cen-
sus Records.” NARA–Northeast Region. Call to
register, 413-236-3600.
March 20. “Finding Italian Ancestors–Parts I
& II.” NARA–Northeast Region. Call to register,
413-236-3600.
February 24, March 26. “Genealogy on the
Internet.” NARA–Northeast Region. Call to reg-
ister, 413-236-3600.
March 26. “Finding Your Immigrant Ancestors
at the National Archives.” NARA–Northeast
Region. Call to register, 413-236-3600.
February 17, March 19. “Using Military
Records at NARA.” NARA–Northeast Region.
Call to register, 413-236-3600.
SAN BRUNO, CALIFORNIA
March 20. “Census Records Research.”
NARA–Pacific Region. 650-238-3500.
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
January 8, February 12, March 12. “Brick
Wall Genealogical Discussion Group.”
NARA–Pacific Alaska Region. 206-336-5115.
January 10. “Methods of Searching NARA
Records.” NARA–Pacific Alaska Region. 206-
336-5115.
January 10. “The National Archives Online.”
NARA–Pacific Alaska Region. 206-336-5115.
WALTHAM, MASSACHUSETTS
January 6. “What is Not Online: Guide to
NARA’s Holdings.” NARA–Northeast Region.
866-406-2379.
February 3. “African American and Under-
Documented Populations.” NARA–Northeast
Region. 866-406-2379.
February 18.“Family Friendly Introduction to
Genealogy.” NARA–Northeast Region. 866-
406-2379.
March 3. “Local History in Federal Records.”
NARA–Northeast Region. 866-406-2379.
Prologue 61
NEWS & NOTICES

National Archives to Launch 75th Anniversary Web Page

The National Archives is planning a wide range of events to celebrate the 75th anniversary of its
establishment next year—tying it all together with a special web page, www.archives.gov/75th.
Go to this page for the latest news of special events and important dates throughout the year
and for a look back at National Archives history, our staff nationwide, and the researchers who
mine NARA’s holdings.

• View photo galleries from the agency’s scrapbook—shining a spotlight on everyday staff activities as well
as defining moments in NARA’s history through the decades.
• Download National Archives wallpapers and screensavers.
• Tell your story. What does the National Archives mean to you? Sign the guest book! Read stories of dis-
coveries made through the years at NARA—both large and small, and then tell us how the records have
affected your life and why. Tell us about a favorite document, a surprising find, and rewarding relation-
ships with researchers, volunteers, and staff archivists. All it takes is a few stories to turn this guest book
into a memory book.
• Visit the online store for commemorative anniversary merchandise.
• Order a new print of the National Archives Building. Artist Carol Dyer is preparing a new painting of
the events on Constitution Avenue in the 1930s, when the National Archives was a young agency. A
limited number of signed prints will be available in the spring of 2009.
• Sign up for Event Alerts as well all the latest happenings during our celebratory year.
• Learn about the National Archives’ first Excellence in Genealogy Scholarship award program. Middle and
high school students can also learn more about NARA’s new National History Day award given to an
outstanding entry in each division that uses the records of the federal government to either illuminate
the creation and ratification of the U.S. Constitution or to focus on constitutional issues throughout
American history.

This web site will keep you up to date on all of these events, not only in Washington, D.C., but at our 14
regional archives and 12 presidential libraries across the nation. We encourage you to join in the festivities
whether you live in Anchorage or Austin, in Washington, D.C., or in West Branch, Iowa.

John Hamilton to Oversee ton has led federal relations efforts for UC in Washing-
NARA’s Congressional Affairs ton, D.C., representing 10 campuses, five medical cen-
John Hamilton, who had been senior federal relations ters, and three Department of Energy National
official for the University of California (UC) system, is Laboratories. His fields of expertise include the federal
NARA’s new director of congressional affairs. He suc- budget and appropriations processes, science and tech-
ceeds David McMillen, who has been serving in an act- nology policy, and higher education programs and reg-
ing capacity since the departure last year of long-time ulations.
director John Constance. McMillen remains NARA’s A native of Michigan, Hamilton received a bachelor’s
external affairs director. degree in history from Saginaw Valley State University
In announcing the appointment, Archivist Allen Wein- in Michigan and a master’s of business administration
stein cited Hamilton’s nearly 20 years of Capitol Hill leg- from an international graduate school at Kyung Hee Uni-
islative experience. “He has versity in Seoul, South Korea.
proven ability to communi-
cate the importance of higher NPRC Begins Move to Illinois Caves,
education and scholarly
Awaits New Facility in St. Louis
research to government, the
The National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) has
business community, and the
begun to move out of its 1950s and 1960s-era facilities
public,”Weinstein said.
at two locations in St. Louis, Missouri.
For the last 12 years, Hamil-
On October 1, records from St. Louis began to be
John Hamilton moved to the NPRC Annex, located in a former lime-

62 Prologue winter 2008

 stone quarry in Valmeyer, Illinois, about 40 miles from
the current facilities.The transfer of records is expected
to be complete before November 1, 2009.
Meanwhile, NPRC announced that it will lease a new
built-to-suit facility at 1829 Dunn Road in St. Louis
County as its main building.This new facility will be built
by a private contractor for the General Services Ad-
ministration and will contain public research rooms, an
archival preservation laboratory, meeting rooms, and staff
offices. It is expected to be ready for occupancy in
March 2010.
The Dunn Road facility will have approximately 2.3
million cubic feet of records, mostly archival and per-
manent records, including Official Military Personnel
Files and Official Personnel Folders of federal civilian
employees. The NPRC Annex in Valmeyer will hold
nearly 2 million cubic feet of records, mostly tempo-
rary ones, including old military medical treatment
records and civilian records for those who retired
after 1973.
Well-known Names Highlight List of Spies
in Newly Released OSS Personnel Files
Official personnel files of some well-known individu-
als—including French chef Julia Child, historian Arthur
M. Schlesinger Jr., former Supreme Court Justice Arthur
Goldberg, and philanthropist Paul Mellon—were among
the 35,000 files from the Office of Strategic Services
three oss veterans attended the release of oss personnel records
in august. standing are elizabeth mcintosh, 93; fisher howe, 94; and
Barbara Podoski, 93. seated is the late John taylor, 87, a longtime
archivist who was well known among military historians of the 1940s
period. he died september 20 after working at the national archives
for 63 years.
news & notices
(OSS), the forerunner of the CIA, recently released at the
National Archives at College Park.
The files cover civilian and military personnel who
served and were later transferred, discharged, reassigned,
or died while in service before 1947. Several former OSS
members attended the release August 14.
“They’ve finally, after all these years, they’ve gotten
the names out,” Elizabeth McIntosh, a 93-year-old for-
mer OSS agent, told the Associated Press. “All of these
people had been told never to mention they were with
the OSS.”
Others whose files were made public include actor
Sterling Hayden; Kermit and Quentin Roosevelt, grand-
sons of President Theodore Roosevelt; actress Marlene
Dietrich; William Casey, who later was director of the
CIA; John Hemingway, son of Ernest Hemingway; and
movie director John Ford.
PICTURE CREDITS
Cover, pp. 15 (top), 18, 21 (bottom right), 22, Library of Con-
gress; inside front cover, pp. 33 (top right), 34 (bottom), 36
(left), 37, 45 (left), George Bush Library; back cover, p. 37
(background), National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion; p. 4, photo by Earl McDonald; pp. 6–10, 28, 60 (bottom),
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; p. 13 (background), Records
of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, RG 77; p. 13, General
Records of the Department of State, RG 59; p. 14 (left),
Records of the Army Staff, RG 319; p. 14, Records of the
Bureau of Supplies and Accounts (Navy), RG 143; p. 15 (bot-
tom), Culver Pictures; pp. 16 (top), 32 (top left), 39, Richard
Nixon Library; p. 16 (bottom), George W. Bush and NARA; p.
17, Records of the Continental and Confederation Con-
gresses and the Constitutional Convention, RG 360; pp. 19,
20, 21 (left), 23–26, Records of the Farmers Home Adminis-
tration, RG 96, NARA–Pacific Region (San Francisco); p. 21
(top right), 208-PU-179J-1; pp. 29–30, 41–42, Dwight D. Eisen-
hower Library; pp. 31 (top), 35, 36 (top and right), 43 (bot-
tom), 60 (top), Lyndon B. Johnson Library; p. 31 (bottom left),
John F. Kennedy Library; pp. 31, (bottom right), 40 (right),
Harry S.Truman Library; p. 32 (right) Ronald Reagan Library;
pp. 32 (bottom left), 44 (left), Gerald R. Ford Library; pp. 33
(top left), 44 (right), Jimmy Carter Library; pp. 33 (bottom),
45 (right), William J. Clinton Library; p. 40 (left), General
Records of the General Services Administration, RG 269; p.
43 (top), photo by Angela Drews; p. 46, 148-GW-189; pp.
48–49, Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, RG 15;
pp. 50–52, 54, Records of the Accounting Officers of the
Department of the Treasury, RG 217; p. 58, courtesy of Mitch
Yockelson; p. 59, University of Oklahoma Press; p. 61,
NARA–Mid Atlantic Region (Philadelphia); p. 62, courtesy of
John Hamilton; p. 63, photo by Ashley Diaz; p. 64, photo by
Ezra Gregg; p. 65, photos by Margot Schulman; p. 72 (left), 4-
P-93, Records of the U.S. Food Administration, RG 4; p. 72
(right), Records of the U.S. Food Administration, RG 4,
NARA–Pacific Region (San Francisco).
Prologue 63
 THE FOUNDATION
Thank You, Tom Wheeler
A As NARA’s private-sector partner, the Foundation for the National
Archives works closely with the Archivist and other NARA profes-
sionals to promote increased awareness of the Archives’ important
work to improve history and civics education nationwide, and to
encourage active citizen participation in our democracy.
As I prepare to take over as chairman and president of the Foun-
dation on January 1, I have been reflecting on the great strides the
Foundation has taken over the last six years under the leadership of
our outgoing president,Tom Wheeler.The board of directors and I
owe a great debt of gratitude to Tom, who has served the Founda-
tion and the Archives with such passion and distinction.
Many significant milestones have been reached under Tom’s lead-
ership. By the fall of 2002, the Foundation had entered into a whole
new phase of development, committing itself to raising $23 million
to build the National Archives Experience.
Tom, who became our leader that year,
embraced this new challenge. Building on
the accomplishments of his immediate
predecessors, Charles Guggenheim and
Larry O’Brien, he developed a bold and
ambitious plan for success in the capital
campaign, helping to create the interac-
tive exhibits, public programs, educa-
tional activities, publications, and
web-based initiatives that have earned
national public acclaim.
Under his steady leadership, the Foun- wheeler, left, and lore
dation has surpassed its initial fundraising
goal and, perhaps more importantly, has used the funds well. None
of this could have happened without the dedication and talents
of the Foundation’s staff, assembled under Tom’s leadership, the
efforts of the expanded Foundation board, or the close working
relationship with NARA’s talented staff. Tom knew how to effec-
tively assemble and conduct this chorus.
Two years into his tenure, in September 2004,Tom oversaw the
opening of the 290-seat William G. McGowan Theater. The theater
has provided a critical state-of-the-art forum to promote NARA’s
and the Foundation’s mission by facilitating greater public access
(in person and through C-SPAN) to a constant parade of thought-
ful and informative conversations with and presentations by impor-
tant national leaders, noted historians, and others.
In November of 2004,Tom and the board joined the Archives in
celebrating the opening of the Public Vaults. These interactive
exhibits have helped bring our history to life, making more of NARA’s
treasures accessible and enhancing the learning experience for the
more than a million people who visit the building each year.
In December 2004, the Lawrence F. O’Brien Gallery began wel-
coming visitors to thought-provoking exhibits brilliantly conceived
64 Prologue
f or the National Archives
and produced by the talented and dedicated NARA staff with
involvement of the Foundation and its staff. Since that time, trav-
eling exhibits originating in the O’Brien Gallery and supported
by the Foundation under Tom’s leadership have been seen by hun-
dreds of thousands of people in cities around the country.
Tom was also a driving force in the development of the Boeing
Learning Center, which opened in the fall of 2007.The center now
plays a vital role in training history and civics teachers from all 50
states and in educating a new generation of students.
Tom created the Foundation’s annual black-tie Gala as part of
his determined effort to create greater awareness of the National
Archives. It was his idea to give an annual Records of Achievement
Award, which is presented at the Gala, to recognize individuals
who have played a major role in increasing the public’s under-
standing of the National Archives, our
nation, and its history.
Tom also promised that the success of
the National Archives would extend
“beyond the granite” to Americans across
the nation.Traveling exhibits and teacher
training were part of this commitment. He
was also instrumental in advocating and
promoting the creation of the award-win-
ning Digital Vaults (www.archives.
gov/nae). This new site has substantially
improved the National Archives’ reach into
cyberspace, allowing people of all ages,
from diverse geographic, economic, and
educational backgrounds, to explore our common history and her-
itage.
A lifelong Civil War buff and accomplished historian himself,Tom
has written two books based on his own research at the Archives.
Tom’s obvious enthusiasm for history and for the billions of records
available in the Archives is infectious.When Tom gets up to speak
passionately for the National Archives, people listen.
Tom has been a strong partner with two visionary Archivists
(John Carlin and Allen Weinstein), and together they have
helped move the National Archives from the best-kept secret
in town to a must-see destination.
On behalf of the board and the staff of the Foundation, I
thank Tom for his leadership and his friendship over the past
six years. We know he will continue to play a significant role
in the Foundation’s work for years to come.
KEN LORE
Foundation for the National Archives
winter 2008
 Foundation Gala
DLA Piper Sponsors Opening
Event for Treaty of Paris Exhibit
The global law firm DLA Piper has provided a generous
$20,000 marketing sponsorship to the Foundation for the
National Archives to celebrate the opening of the Archives’
latest exhibition:“1783: Subject or Citizen?”
The exhibit, commemorating the 225th anniversary of
the signing of the Treaty of Paris, opened on October 3,
2008, in the Lawrence F. O’Brien Gallery at the National
Archives Building. It reveals the untold story of the treaty
that ended the American Revolution and redrew the map
of North America.
“We are thrilled to receive the support of DLA Piper,”
said Tom Wheeler, president of the Foundation for the
National Archives.“Not only has the firm provided us with historian and Pulitzer Prize–winning author James mcPherson, accompanied by his wife,
two strong board members—John Zentay and Ted Segal— Patricia (left), accepted the foundation for the national archives records of achieve-
ment award at the Gala on september 16, 2008. also pictured are foundation Board
but its support has made possible this first-ever joint
chairman and President tom wheeler, mary foerster of the Boeing company, foun-
exhibit with Library and Archives Canada, which is very dation executive director thora colot, and archivist allen weinstein.
exciting for us. We thank DLA Piper for their interest and
involvement.”
The exhibit, which will be on display through January
25, 2009, incorporates 60 archival treasures from the vaults
of the U.S. and Canadian archives, including the rarely dis-
played 1783 Treaty of Paris, which is from the U.S. National
Archives. The multimedia exhibit includes audio interac-
tives and 18th-century maps, books, paintings, and letters
that tell the story of the individuals living during a time of
unprecedented change.
foundation board members anna foundation board member Patti rosenfeld
“DLA Piper is pleased
eleanor roosevelt and cokie roberts and her husband, ronald
to be a sponsor of this visit during the Gala.
wonderful exhibit, com-
memorating a notable ev-
ent in the history of the
United States and Can-
ada,” said Governor James
Blanchard, a partner in
DLA Piper’s Washington,
D.C., office. “As a former
U.S. ambassador to Can-
ada, I am particularly
pleased that our law firm
foundation board member marilynn wood hill (left) and her husband, John, enjoy
has joined with the the Gala with board member John Zentay and his wife, diana, and Gov. James Blan-
National Archives and the chard, a partner at dla Piper.
Library and Archives of
Canada to highlight the
The Foundation for the National Archives supports the National Archives
long, warm and produc-
and Records Administration in developing programs, projects, and mate-
tive relationship between
rials that tell the story of America through the holdings in NARA.
our two nations.”
For more information on how you can help others experience the
National Archives, contact the Foundation at 202-357-5946, or write
Guests preview the national
archives’ latest exhibit, “1783: to us at foundationmembers@nara.gov to join in and support outreach
subject or citizen?” during the at the National Archives.
opening reception. To learn more about the Foundation, visit www.archives.gov/nae.

foundation news Prologue 65

INDEX to Volume Thirty-nine, 2007 Index compiled by Susan Carroll

“1783: Subject or Citizen?” by Michael Eamon and Battlefilm: U.S.Army Signal Corps Motion Pictures of “Camp David,” 4-28–33
Lisa Royse, 3-30–35; exhibit, 3-30–35, 4-65 the Great War, by Phillip W. Stewart, 2-26 Camp Hood,Texas, 1-37–43
Abrams, Gen. Creighton, photo, 2-45 Batum, Russia, 1-17, 1-20, 1-21 Camp Sibert, Alabama, 1-40
Access to Archival Databases (AAD), 2-5 Bauer, K. Jack, 2-24 Canada, 2-22, 3-30–35, 4-65; Lakotas in, 3-39
Adams, Ansel, 3-64 Bear, Capt. Gerald, 1-41 Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2-6, 2-9
Adams, Henry, 2-55–56 Beers, Lloyd, photo, 2-50 Carlin, John, 4-64
Adjutant General’s Office, 1-39–40, 1-42 Begin, Menachem, photo, 4-33 Carmichael, W. C., photo by, 1-31
African Americans, in baseball, 1-58–59; exodus to Behind Closed Doors, by Ellis M. Zacharias and Carter, Jimmy, photos, 4-33, 4-44; records, 4-43–44
Kansas, 2-52–58; genealogical research regarding, Ladislas Farago, 2-18 Carter, Rosalynn, photo, 4-44
2-52–58; migration from the South in the 1870s, Bell, B.W., 3-26–27 Cartoons, 1-6–13, 1-66, 1-70
2-52–58; mob violence against, 3-20–29; nurses in Bell (Stubbs), Annie, 2-34 Casey, William, 4-63
the Civil War, 2-31; and segregation in the mili- Bellardo, Lewis, 1-62 Census records, 2-4, 2-57–58, 2-68, 3-54–59, 3-64;
tary, 1-37–43; treatment of Union dead during the Bellinger, Rear Adm. Patrick, 2-14 1885, 3-54–59
Civil War, 3-61; and World War II, 1-37–43 Bennett, David, 2-38 Cerf, Bennett, 3-17
Agricultural schedules, 3-56, 3-58 Benson, Jackson J., 4-21–22, 4-25 Cerf, Vinton G., 2-71
Alabama, 2-54, 2-55–56 Bernard, Shubael, 2-6 Champagne, Duane, 3-45
Albee, George, 4-21 Bernard, William, 2-57 Chapman-Smith, V., 3-65; photo, 3-66
Alcott, Louisa May, 3-72; port., 3-72 Berryman, Clifford, 1-6–13, 1-66, 1-70; cartoons by, 1- Charles Guggenheim Center for the Documentary
Aldrin, Edwin “Buzz,” photo, 4-35 6–13 Film, 2-71
Alexandria, Virginia, 1-52 Beschloss, Michael, 2-70, 1-71 Charleston News and Courier, 3-21–22, 3-23
Alexandria County, Virginia, 1-52 “Beyond the Moon: NASA’s Continuing Mission,” Chavez, Anna, photo, 2-71
Alito, Samuel A., Jr., 1-44 exhibit, 4-37 Cheney, Richard, 1-63; photo, 3-46
Alsobrook, David, 1-62 “BIG! Celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the Chestnut,Trichita M.,“Lynching,” 3-20–29
Alter, Jonathan, 1-27–28 National Archives,” by Stacey Bredhoff, 4-12–17 Chevy Chase Bank, 2-71
America and Americans, by John Steinbeck, 4-22 Big Head, 3-42, 3-43 Chicago Defender, 1-40, 1-41
American Expeditionary Force, 2-23–24 Bill of Rights, 3-64 Child, Julia, 4-63
American Relief Administration, 1-18 Birth records, 3-64 “Chinese Exclusion Act Coaching Book,” 1-72
American Revolution, 3-31–35, 4-65; veterans’ pen- Blair, Henry W., 2-54 Chinn, Paul, 2-4
sions, 4-46–57 Blanchard, James, 4-65; photo, 4-65 Chita, Siberia, 1-16, 1-17–18, 1-21
Ancestry.com, 2-4, 3-64 Bliss, Gen.Tasker H., photo, 3-15 Civic literacy, 1-26, 1-70, 4-4–5
Anderson, Carlyle E., 3-18 Boeing Company, 3-70, 4-4 Civil Rights, audio recordings, 3-68
Anderson, Patricia, 2-49 Bolshevik revolution, 1917, 1-15–16 Civil rights, legislation, 2-40–42; series of programs
Antilynching movement, 3-23, 3-28 Bonitz, Julius A., 2-56–57 on, 2-71
Archangel, Russia, 1-16, 1-17, 1-20–21 Booker, Miranda, photo, 2-48 Civil service personnel records, 1-45
Archibald, Sasha, 2-60–61 Boone, Esther J., 2-31 Civil War, 1-67–68; deaths due to, 3-60–61; and the
Architecture and Franklin D. Roosevelt, 4-6–10 Borrowed Soldiers, by Mitchell A. Yockelson, District of Columbia, 1-52; exhibit on, 2-70; history
Archival Research Catalog (ARC), 2-5, 2-49–50, 2- 4-58–59 of, 3-70; map of the Gettysburg battlefield, 4-
51, 3-8 Bosanko, William J., 2-65; photo, 2-65 12–13; nurses, 2-28–35, 3-72; pension files, 2-4, 2-
“Archival Vintages for The Grapes of Wrath,” by Bounty-land warrants, 4-47, 4-54 28–35, 3-64; photographs, 3-64; records relating to
Daniel Nealand, 4-18–27 Boyd, Julian, 3-16 microfilmed, 2-50; records relating to on the Inter-
Archives, accessibility for people with disabilities, 2- Boylan, Richard, 2-66 net, 2-4; social history of, 3-60–61; widow’s pen-
68 Brady, Mathew, photographs on the Internet, 2-4 sions, 1-64, 2-4, 2-29, 2-33–34; and women, 2-28–35
Archives and Records Centers Information System Brant, Joseph, port., 3-32 Civil War Conservation Corps, 2-70
(ARCIS), 1-48 Bredhoff, Stacey, “BIG! Celebrating the 75th Civil War Round Tables, 2-70
Archivists of the United States, and presidential elec- Anniversary of the National Archives,” 4-12–17; Clapp, Sarah Chadwick, 2-34
tions, 3-47, 3-49, 3-53; and presidential records, 4- photo, 4-17 Clark, Alexander, 3-16
40, 4-41 Brinkley, Alan, 1-28 Clark, J. Reuben, 3-15
Arkansas, 2-55–56 Brinkley, Douglas, 1-27–28; photo, 1-27 Clark, James Beauchamp “Champ,” 1-7, 1-8, 1-13
Armstrong, Neil, photo, 4-35 British Army (World War I), 4-58–59 Clark, Susannah D., 2-35
Army Nurses’ Pension Act of 1892, 2-30, 2-35 Brooklyn Dodgers, 1-58–59 Classified records, 4-38
Army of the Potomac, 1-67–68, 2-50 Brown, Stanley, 4-7 Clemenceau, Georges, photo, 3-14
Army War College, War Plans Division, 2-24 Brownell, Kady, 2-34–35 Cleveland, Grover, 1-54, 3-41
Articles of Confederation, 4-12 Bryan, William Jennings, 1-8, 1-13 Cleveland, William J., 3-41
Arvin (Weedpatch) federal Migratory Labor Camp, Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 1-67 Clifford, Clark, 2-43
California, 4-19–27 Bucciferro, Ashley,“Attacking the Backlog,” 2-46–51; Cline, Capt. William A., 1-41
Atlantic Charter, 2-16, 2-17 photo, 2-51 Clinton, Chelsea, photo, 4-33
“Attacking the Backlog,” by Ashley Bucciferro, 2- Buckles, Frank Woodruff, 2-66 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 2-66; photo, 4-33
46–51 “Bull Moose” Party, 1-10 Clinton, William J., 1-63; photos, 4-33, 4-45; records,
“Audio Archives” series, 3-68 Bulla, John W., 3-25–26 4-44, 4-45
Audio recordings, 3-68 Bullard, Arthur, 1-17; photo, 1-18 Coffin, Isaac, 2-8
Australian Army (World War I), 4-58–59 Bunch, Lonnie, 2-71 Coffin, James, 2-8
Bundle, A’Lelia, 1-71 “Cold War: An Eyewitness Perspective,The,” sympo-
Baker, Frazier, 3-21–29 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 3-65 sium, 2-70
Baker, Julia, 3-21, 3-23, 3-26, 3-28 Burns, Ken, 1-71 Cole, Felix, 1-17
Baker, Lavinia, 3-23, 3-25, 3-26, 3-27, 3-28; photo, 3-28 Burnside, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E., 1-68 Collins,Thomas E., 4-18–27; photos, 4-21, 4-22
Ball, George, 2-43 Burton, Shirley, 3-65 Colorado, 3-56, 3-58
Baric, Nick, photo, 2-48 Bush, George H. W., 1-25, 1-26; photos, 1-26, 4-33, 4- Colored Citizens of Chicago, 3-25
Barker, Josiah, 2-6 37, 4-45; records, 4-44–45 Colored Men’s Protective Union, 2-55
Barrett, John Q., 1-27 Bush, George W., 3-51, 3-53, 3-65, 4-4, 4-16; records, Colot,Thora, photo, 4-65
Barry, David F., 3-44–45 4-38 Committee on Public Information, 2-27
Baseball, 1-58–59 Bush v. Gore, 3-51–53 Congressional Joint Committee on the Investigation
Bates, Lt. Col. Paul, 1-40–41; photo, 1-40 Bustard, Bruce, 3-70 of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 2-13–14
“Battlefilm: Motion Pictures of the Great War,” by Califano, Joseph, 2-38 “Conserving Food at Home During World War I,”
Phillip W. Stewart, 2-20–27 California, 4-18–27, 4-72 4-72

66 Prologue Winter 2008

Constance, John, 4-62
Constitutional Convention, 3-4–5
Continental Congress papers on the Internet, 2-4
Cook, Betsy, 2-32
Correspondence and Issuances, Headquarters of
the Army of the Potomac, 1861–1865, microfilm
publication, 1-67–68
Court of Indian Offenses, 3-39–40, 3-45
Courts-martial, 1-36–43, 1-58
Coxe, Lemuel, 2-8
Coxey’s Army, 1-54
Crawford, Rebecca,“The Forgotten Federal Census
of 1885,” 3-54–59; photo, 3-59
Criminals, records of, 1-54–57
Crook, Maj. Gen. George, 3-42
Crook Commission, 3-42
Cross, Isabella, 2-31
Crowninshield, Jacob, 2-9; port., 2-9
Cryptography, 2-12
Cummings, Ann, 2-50
Cummins, Albert Baird, 1-10
Dada (Emens), Harriet A., 2-33; photo, 2-33
Dakota Territory, 3-56, 3-58
Dame, Harriet P., 2-32
Danfort, Ruth, 2-32
Davis, Gen. Benjamin O., Sr. 1-40
Davis, Damani,“Exodus to Kansas,” 2-52–58
Dawes, Henry, 3-23
Dawes, Henry L., 3-40–41
Dawes General Allotment Act, 3-41
De Mott, Robert, 4-21
Dean, John, 1-26–27; photo, 1-27
Death records, 3-64
Declaration of Independence, 3-64, 4-16
Declassified records, 4-5
Deeben, John P.,“To Protect and To Serve:The
Records of the D.C. Metropolitan Police,
1861–1930,” 1-50–57
Delaware, 4-51
Democratic Party, 1-7–8, 1-10, 1-12–13
Dependent Pension Act, 1890, 2-29
DeSmet, Pierre-Jean, 3-38
Dietrich, Marlene, 4-63
Digital Vaults, online exhibit, 1-70, 3-6–11, 4-4–5,
4-64
Digitized records, 3-64
Dirksen, Everett, 2-41; photo, 2-42
Disaster planning and recovery, 1-46
“Discovering the Civil War,” exhibit, 2-70
District of Columbia, Board of Commissioners, 1-52,
1-56; Metropolitan Police, 1-50–57; Metropolitan
Police Board, 1-52, 1-56
Dix, Dorothea, 2-30, 2-31, 2-32, 2-33, 3-72
DLA Piper, 4-65
Documentary films, 2-70, 2-71
Doerner, Diane, photo, 2-49
Dominguez, Adrienne, photo, 2-71
Doodles by presidents, 2-60–61
Dorf, Michael C., 1-27–28
Dorsen, Norman, 1-27–28; photo, 1-25
Douglass, Frederick, 2-54
Doyle, Patti Solis, 2-66
Draft registration cards, 3-64
Drake, David, 3-65; photo, 3-65
Dunbar, Jane, 2-30
Dunlap, John, 4-16
Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, 2-60, 2-64–65, 4-42
Dyer, Carol, 4-62
Eamon, Michael, and Lisa Royse,“1783: Subject or
Citizen?” 3-30–35; photo, 3-35
Earth imagery records, 3-65
Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS)
Center, 3-65
Index
Eastom, Sherman E., 4-26–27
Edmunds, Newton, 3-40
Edmunds Commission, 3-40
Edsel, Robert, 1-64
Education, and Lyndon B. Johnson, 2-38–40, 2-41
Edwards, Steven, 3-65
Eidenberg, Gene, photo, 2-71
Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, 1-64–65
Einstein, Albert, photo, 3-64
Eisenhower, David, 2-65, 4-28; photo, 4-29
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 2-60–61, 4-28; photos, 4-30,
4-40, 4-42; records, 4-42
“Electoral College: A Message from the ‘Dean,’The,”
by Michael White, 3-46–53
Electronic Records Archives, 1-5, 1-48, 3-65, 4-4
Electronic records management, 1-48, 3-65, 4-4, 4-38,
4-44–45
Emancipation Proclamation, 3-64
Energy efficiency, 1-63
England, 2-64
Environmental protection, 2-40
“Escorting a Presidency into History,” by Nancy
Kegan Smith, 4-38–45
Evans, Max, 2-65
Events That Changed the World, audio recordings, 3-68
Evert, Chris, photo, 4-33
Excellence in Genealogy Scholarship, 4-62
Executive Office of the President records, 4-4
Exhibits, 1-6–13, 1-66, 1-70, 2-64, 2-70, 3-4–5, 3-6–11,
3-30–35, 4-12–17, 4-34–37
“Exodus to Kansas,” by Damani Davis, 2-52–58
“Exoduster” movement, 2-52–58
FamilySearch, 1-64
Farago, Ladislas, and Ellis M. Zacharias, Behind
Closed Doors, 2-18
Faribault, George, 3-39
Farm laborers, 4-18–27
Farm Security Administration, 4-20–27
Faust, Drew Gilpin, 2-70; photo, 3-60; This Republic
of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War,
3-60–61
“FDR:The President and the High School,” by Keith
W. Olson, 4-6–10
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2-50; records on the
Internet, 2-4
Federal Communications Commission, 2-16
Federal court records, 1-45–46
Federal Records Act, 1-47
Federal records centers, 1-44–48
Federal Records Centers Program, 1-45, 1-47
Felt, Mark, 1-63
Final Revolutionary War Pension Payment Vouch-
ers: Delaware, microfilm publication, 4-51; Geor-
gia, microfilm publication, 4-51
Finding aids, 4-58; creation of, 2-49, 2-51; motion pic-
tures, 2-23–27; World War I records, 2-23–27
First Federal Congress, 2-72
First Lady, files of the, 4-38
“First Time Around,The,” 4-58–59
Fletcher, Zachary T., 2-57–58
Florida, 3-51–53, 3-56, 3-58
Foerster, Mary, photo, 4-65
“Follow the Money:Tracking Revolutionary War Pen-
sion Payments,” by Claire Prechtel-Kluskens, 4-
46–57
Footnote.com, 1-64, 2-4, 2-65–66, 3-64
“For Pity’s Sake: Civil War Nurses and the Pension
System,” by Mercedes Graf, 2-28–35
Ford, Gerald, photo, 4-44; photo with family, 4-32;
records, 4-43
Ford, John, 4-21, 4-27, 4-63
Foreign Service post records, 1-14–23
“Forgotten Federal Census of 1885,The,” by Rebecca
Crawford, 3-54–59
Forrestal, James, 2-15
Fort Buford, North Dakota, 3-37, 3-39
Fort Riley, Kansas, 1-38
Fortas, Abe, photo, 2-40
Foundation for the National Archives, 1-25, 1-70–71,
2-70–71, 3-70–71, 4-64–65; and the Digital Vaults,
3-6, 4-4–5; Promise of America breakfast, 3-71;
Records of Achievement Award, 3-70, 4-64
France, 2-8, 2-22
Francis, David R., 1-16; photos, 1-14, 1-15
Franklin, Benjamin, 3-5
Franklin, John Hope, 2-71
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, 1-25
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School, Hyde Park, New
York, 4-8–10
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, 1-5, 1-67, 4-7, 4-41;
audit of presidential artifacts at, 1-64; symposium
on the Supreme Court, 1-24–28, 4-5
Freedmen’s Bureau records, 2-5
French and Indian War, 3-33
“Fresh Look at a Remarkable Year: Author Examines
Jackie Robinson’s Rookie Season, A,” by Ellen
Fried, 1-58–59
Fried, Ellen,“A Fresh Look at a Remarkable Year:
Author Examines Jackie Robinson’s Rookie Sea-
son,” 1-58–59;“Hail to the Doodler in Chief,” 2-
60–61;“The Work of Death,” 3-60–61
Galbraith, Capt. William, 2-12
Gall, Chief, 3-36–45; photos, 3-36, 3-38, 3-41
Gallagher, Jim, 3-71
Gallatin, Albert, 2-8
Galpin, Perrin, 3-16–17
Gardner, Gideon, 2-6
Garfield, James A., assassination of, 1-52, 1-55
Garner,Terri, 1-62–63; photo, 1-62
Gavin, Alison M., photo, 2-9;“The Sandbar: Nan-
tucket’s 1803 Petition to Congress,” 2-6–9
Genealogical research, 1-50–57, 1-64, 1-65, 2-4–5, 2-
52–58, 2-68, 3-64, 4-46–57
Genealogical Society of Utah, 1-64, 2-4, 3-64
Genealogy Fair, 2-4–5
General Land Office, 4-54
Generations Network, 2-4, 3-64
George III, 3-33; port., 3-32
George Bush Library, 4-44–45; audit of presidential
artifacts at, 1-64; exhibit, 4-37
George W. Bush Library, 4-5, 4-38
Georgia, 2-54, 4-51
Geospatial One Stop, 1-63
Gerald R. Ford Library, 1-67, 4-43; audit of presiden-
tial artifacts at, 1-64
Gerken, Heather, 1-28
Germany, and looting of Jewish art, 1-64–65; motion
pictures of World War I, 2-22, 2-26; and U.S.-Russ-
ian diplomatic records, 1-17, 1-20, 1-21, 1-23; and
World War I, 3-16
Gettysburg, map of the battlefield at, 4-12–13
Ghost Dance, 3-43–44
Gibson,Truman K., 1-38, 1-39, 1-40, 1-41; photo, 1-38
Gilbert Islands, 2-14–15
Goldberg, Arthur, 4-63
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 2-70
Gore, Albert, 3-51, 3-53
Graf, Mercedes, “For Pity’s Sake: Civil War
Nurses and the Pension System,” 2-28–35;
photo, 2-35
Graham, Robert R., 4-8
Grant, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S., 1-68
Grants, 3-66, 4-4
Grapes of Wrath, The, by John Steinbeck, 4-18–27
Grass, John, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-42–43, 3-44; photo, 3-42
Gray, C. Boyden, 1-26–27; photos, 1-27
Prologue 67
Great Britain, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-22; and the 1783 Treaty Kim,Yeonjoo, photo, 4-43
of Paris, 3-31–35 iArchives (Footnote.com), 2-4 Kimmel, Adm. Husband E., 2-13–14
Great Depression, 1-31–35, 4-18–27 Ida B. Wells Woman’s Club of Chicago, 3-23, 3-25 King, Martin Luther, Jr., photo, 2-41
Great Sioux Reservation, 3-37, 3-39, 3-40–41, 3-42 Immigration, from China, 1-72; records, 3-64; records Kissinger, Henry A., 1-67; records released, 1-63
Great Sioux War, 3-39 on the Internet, 2-5 Klarman, Michael, 2-71
Great Society, 2-38–42 Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2-4–5 “Know Your Records” outreach program, 2-5
Green, Ernest, 2-71 Indian reservations, opened to white settlers, 3- Koch, Cynthia,“The President and the Justices,” 1-
Green Building ratings, 1-63 41–42; treaties regarding, 3-38–39, 3-40–41 24–28; photo, 1-28
Greenberg, David, 2-60–61 Indiana, 2-54 Kramer, Alan, 1-46
Gregory, James, 4-19 Inouye, Kiyoshi, 2-17 Kratz, Jessie, and Martha Grove,“Primaries, Politics,
Griggs, John William, 3-25 “Insider’s Guide to the Digital Vaults,The,” by and Political Cartoons:The 1912 Election,” 1-6–13
Grove, Martha,“Primaries, Politics, and Political Car- Suzanne Isaacs, 3-6–11 Kurtz, Michael, 1-63
toons:The 1912 Election,” 1-6–13 Intelligence operations, against Japan in World War
Guggenheim, Charles, 2-71, 4-64 II, 2-10–18 La Follette, Robert, Sr., 1-9
Guggenheim, Davis, 2-71 Inter-Allied Railway Committee, 1-18 Lake City, South Carolina, 3-21–23, 3-25, 3-26–27
Guggenheim, Grace, 2-71 International Harvester Company, 1-16–17, 1-18 Lake City Times, 3-22
Guild, James H., 4-14 Internet, forum on, 2-71; and the interactive Vietnam Lakota tribe, 3-37–45
Guiteau, Charles, 1-52, 1-55 War Memorial, 2-65–66; and posters and photo- Land case files, 2-57–58
Gunning, Kathryn McPhersen, 4-51 graphic prints, 2-66; records available on, 2-5, 3- Langbart, David A.,“‘No Little Historic Value’:The
64–65, 4-4, 4-5 Records of Department of State Posts in Revolu-
Hackworth, Green H., 1-23 iPHOTOART, 2-66 tionary Russia,” 1-14–23; photo, 1-23
“Hail to the Doodler in Chief,” by Ellen Fried, 2- Isaacs, Suzanne,“The Insider’s Guide to the Digital Lange, Dorothea, 3-64
60–61 Vaults,” 3-6–11; photo, 3-11 LaNier, Carlotta Walls, 2-71
“Half-Century of America in Space, A,” 4-34–37 Istanbul,Turkey, 1-20–21 Lansing, Robert, photo, 3-15
Hamilton, John, 4-62; photo, 4-62 Italy, 2-22 Larson, John, photo, 3-71
Handly, Jim, 3-71 Jackson (Payne), Mary, 2-31 Larson, Robert W., photo, 3-45;“A Victor in Defeat,” 3-
Hanson, George, 1-20, 1-21 Japan, attack on Pearl Harbor, 2-10–11, 2-14–18; psy- 36–45
Harbin, Manchuria, 1-18, 1-19, 1-20, 1-21 chological warfare against, 2-15–17; status of the Lathrop, Abial, 3-25–28
Hardie, Robert, 4-27 emperor of, 2-15–16, 2-18; U.S. intelligence opera- “LBJ: Still Casting a Long Shadow,” by Harry Middle-
Harper’s Magazine, 3-15 tions against, 2-10–18; and World War II, 2-10–18 ton, 2-36–45
Harris, Ernest L., 1-17–18, 1-23 Jefferson,Thomas, 1-25, 4-7 Ledgers of Payments, 1818-1872, to U.S. Pensioners
Harris, Katherine, 3-51–52 Jewett, Lillian Clayton, 3-28 Under Acts of 1818 Through 1858, from Records
Harrison, Benjamin, 3-42, 3-43 Jewish art collections, 1-64–65 of the Office of the Third Auditor of the Treasury,
Harrison, William Henry, 1-11 “Jim Crow, Meet Lieutenant Robinson: A 1944 Court- microfilm publication, 4-49
Harry S.Truman Library, 4-41–42 Martial,” by John Vernon, 1-36–43 Lee, Early, 3-27
“Harvest Gypsies,” newspaper series by John Stein- Jimmy Carter Library, 1-67, 4-43–44 Lee, Robert E., 1-67, 1-68
beck, 4-20 Joad,Tom (fictional character), 4-18, 4-25, 4-26–27 Lehrs, John A., 1-18
Hassett, William D., photo, 4-31 John F. Kennedy Library, 1-5, 2-60, 4-5, 4-42; audit of Lein-Hayes, Candace, 3-65; photo, 3-65
Hastings, James, 2-46, 2-49 presidential artifacts at, 1-64 Leonard, J. William, 2-65
Hatfield, Mark, 3-13 John Hancock Financial Services, 3-71 Leuchtenburg, William E., 1-26
Haviland, Benjamin, 4-8; port., 4-6 Johnson, Hiram, 1-10 Lewis, Anthony, 1-27; photo, 1-27
Hawaii, 2-14 Johnson, Jennifer, 3-70 Lewis, John, 2-71
Hayden, Sterling, 4-63 Johnson, Lady Bird, 2-40, 2-45; photos, 2-41, 2-43, Lexington (Kentucky) Standard, 3-23
Hayes, Rutherford B., 2-55 2-45 Library and Archives Canada, 3-31, 4-65
Heimert, Lara, 2-60–61 Johnson, Lyndon B., centennial celebration of, 2- Library of Congress, 1-58, 1-59, 1-63, 3-64–65
Hemingway, John, 4-63 36–45; legislation promoted by, 2-38–42; papers Lighthouse Board, 2-72
Hengstler, Herbert, 1-19–20 opened, 2-44–45; photos, 2-36–45, 4-31, 4-43; Lighthouses, plans for, 2-72
Higgs (Nichols), Lucy, 2-31 records, 4-42; and the space program, 4-36–37; Lilienthal, David, 1-34
Hill, John, photo, 4-65 and the Vietnam War, 2-42–44 Lincoln, Abraham, 1-25, 1-67, 1-68, 1-71, 2-28, 3-4, 4-
Hill, Marilynn Wood, 2-71; photo, 4-65 Jonas, Gilbert, 1-59 13–14; assassination of, 1-51–52, 1-55
Hine, Lewis, 3-64; photos by, 1-33 Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, photo, 3-48 Little Rock, Arkansas, 2-71
Hitler, Adolf, 1-64 Jordan, Barbara, 2-38 Livingston, Walter, 3-16
Hoge (Patton), Jane C., 2-32 Juckett, Edwin A., 4-8, 4-10 Lloyd George, David, photo, 3-14
Holt, Dan, 2-64 Lockheed Martin, 4-4
Honolulu Advertiser, 2-14 Kahn, Robert E., 2-71 London, England, U.S.-Russian diplomatic records
Hooker, Maj. Gen. Joseph, 1-68 Kalman, Laura, 1-28; photo, 1-27 taken to, 1-16, 1-20
Hoover, Herbert, 2-61, 4-41, 4-72; biography of Kansas, exodus of African Americans to, 2-52–58 Lore, Ken, 4-64; photo, 2-71, 4-64
Woodrow Wilson, 3-12–19; memoirs, 3-12, 3-15; Kaye, Judith S., 1-27; photo, 1-28 Lorimer, William E., 3-25
photos, 3-12, 3-14, 3-18 Keating, Cathy, photo, 3-71 Louis, Joe, 1-38, 1-40; photo, 1-38
Hoover, J. Edgar, 2-61 Keating, Frank, photo, 3-71 Louisiana, 2-54, 2-55–56
Hope, Bob, 1-63; photo, 4-32 Keating, Frank, 1-71 Low Dog, photo, 3-38
House, Col. Edward M., 3-16; photo, 3-15 Kelley, Robert F., 1-18–20, 1-21 Lynch, Charles, 3-21
House Journal, 2-8 Kennan, George,“Long Telegram” by, 4-13 “Lynching,” by Trichita M. Chestnut, 3-20–29
Howe, Fisher, photo, 4-63 Kennedy, Caroline, photo, 4-31 Lyndon B. Johnson Library, 1-5, 2-44–45, 4-42;
Hufstedler, Shirley Mount, 1-28; photo, 1-25 Kennedy, Jacqueline, photos, 2-39 exhibit, 4-34–37
Huger, Benjamin, 2-8 Kennedy, John F., 2-38, 2-40, 2-42, 4-36; doodles by, 2-60,
Hughes, Sarah T., photo, 2-39 2-61; photos, 4-31, 4-42; records, 4-38, 4-42 MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 4-14–15; photo, 4-14
Hull, Cordell, 1-23 Kennedy, John F., Jr., photo, 4-31 Macgowan, David B., 1-18
Hunkpapa tribe, 3-37–45 Kennedy, Robert, 4-42 MacNeill, Neil, 3-17–18
Hunt, Elizabeth, 2-30–31 Kennedy, W. H., 4-8 Macon, Nathaniel, 2-8, 2-9
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 1-46 Kenneth E. Behring Center, Smithsonian Insti- MacVeagh, Charles, 1-19
Husband, Mary Morris, 2-33; photo, 2-33 tute, 2-71 Macy, Obed, 2-6
Hyde Park, New York, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, Khrushchev, Nikita, photo, 4-30 Macy, William 2-6
4-6–10; post office, 4-6, 4-7; schools, 4-7–10 Kiev, Russia, 1-17 Mad Bear, 3-42, 3-43

68 Prologue winter 2002

Madison, James, 3-4–5
Magna Carta, 2-64
Mahan (Osborn), Margaret, 2-32
Mahle, Elizabeth, 2-34
Maine, 1-11–12
Making Archives Accessible for People with Dis-
abilities, by Frank Serene, 2-68
Mansfield, Mike, 2-43
Manufactures schedules, 3-56, 3-58
Maps, 1-63
Marblehead, USS, 2-12
Marbury v. Madison, 1-25
Mariana Islands, 2-15
Marriage records, 3-64
Marshall, John, 1-25
Marshall,Thomas, 1-8
Marshall,Thurgood, 1-59
Marshall Islands, 2-14–15
Martenis, Kerry, 3-71; photo, 3-71
Martin, Maj. Gen. Frederick, 2-14
Maryland, 1-52
Marysville migrant camp, 4-22, 4-26
Massachusetts, 2-6–9
Mayer, Leslie, 1-20
McClellan, Maj. Gen. George B., 1-68
McClure, Phyllis, photo, 2-50
McConnell, Michael W., 1-28
McCullar, Chloe, 4-46–55, 4-57
McCullar, William, 4-46–56
McCullough, David, photo, 2-71
McGraw, Harold, 3-17
McGraw-Hill, 3-17–19
McIntosh, Elizabeth, 4-63; photo, 4-63
McKenna, Cecilia C., 2-29
McKinley, William, 3-23, 3-25
McLaughlin, Maj. James, 3-37, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-
42–43, 3-44; photo, 3-37
McLaughlin, Marie Louise, 3-39; photo, 3-37
McLoughlin,Tara E. C.,“Ready Access,” 1-44–48
McMillen, David, 4-62
McNair, Caroline C., 2-35
McNamara, Robert S., 2-43; photos, 2-44, 4-31
McPherson, James, 3-70; photos, 3-70, 4-65
McPherson, Patricia, photo, 4-65
McWilliams, Carey, 4-19
Meade, Maj. Gen. George Gordon, 1-68
Medicare, 2-40
Mellon, Paul, 4-63
Microfilm publications, 1-67–68, 2-4, 2-5, 2-50, 2-
68–69, 3-69; Adjutant General’s Office, 3-69; alien
arrivals, 1-68, 2-68; Army of the Potomac, 1-67–68;
Baker Roll, 1-68; California, 3-69; census records,
2-4, 2-68; Cherokee enrollments, 1-68; Civil War, 1-
67–68, 3-69; crew lists, 3-69; district courts, 1-68;
Hawaii, 3-69; Idaho, 2-68; Illinois, 3-69; Indiana, 3-
69; Louisiana, 3-69; Mexico, 3-69; Native Ameri-
cans, 1-68; New Jersey, 2-68; New York, 2-68;
nonpopulation census schedules, 2-68, 3-56–58;
passenger lists, 3-69; Pennsylvania, 3-69; pension
records, 4-47, 4-49, 4-51, 4-53; population cen-
suses, 3-56–57; General Winfield Scott, 3-69; slave
manifests, 3-69;Texas, 1-68; U.S. Colored Troops
(Civil War), 3-68; United States Military Academy,
3-69; U.S. Supreme Court, 2-68; War with Mexico,
3-69
Microfilmed records, 3-64
Middleton, Harry,“LBJ: Still Casting a Long Shadow,”
2-36–45
Migratory labor camps, 4-18–27
Military service personnel records, 1-45, 1-65, 2-66,
3-64
Miller, Harrison D., photo, 2-15
Minot’s Ledge Lighthouse, 2-72
Missing in action, 1-66–67
Index
Mississippi, 2-54, 2-55–56 New Deal, 4-9, 4-10
Missouri, 2-54 New Jersey, 2-68
Monash, Gen. John, 4-59 New Mexico, USS, 2-15
Montana, 3-37, 3-39 New Mexico Territory, 3-56, 3-58
Morgan, Arthur, 1-34 New York, 4-47–54
Mortality schedules, 3-56, 3-58 New-York Historical Society, 2-66
Moscow, Russia, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 1-19, 1-21, 1-22–23 New York Life Foundation, 1-71
Motion pictures, 2-20–27, 3-68 New York Times, 3-18–19, 4-10
Moye, H.T. B., 3-25–26 Newham, Joseph, 3-26, 3-27
Mulligan,Timothy P., compiler, World War II: Guide Nichols, David A., 1-28; photo, 1-25
to Records Relating to U.S. Military Participa- Nielsen, Orson, 1-16–17
tion, 3-68 Nine from Little Rock, film, 2-71
Munson, Curtis B., 2-14 Nixon, Richard M., 2-60, 4-16; photos, 4-32, 4-43; and
Murmansk, Russia, 1-17, 1-20–21 POWs, 1-67; records, 1-5, 4-38, 4-42–43
Muscle Shoals, Alabama, 1-34 “‘No Little Historic Value’:The Records of Depart-
Musick, Mike, 3-61 ment of State Posts in Revolutionary Russia,” by
Najafi, Sina, 2-60–61 David A. Langbart, 1-14–23
Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, 2-6–9; illus., 2-8 Nolan, Beth, 1-26–27; photo, 1-27
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 4- Nomura, Adm. Kichisaburo, 2-13
34–37 Nonpopulation census schedules, 2-68, 3-54–59
National Archives and Records Administration, 75th Norris, George, 1-34
anniversary, 4-12–17, 4-62; budget, 1-4–5, 1-47, 1-62; North Carolina, 2-54, 2-56, 2-57
Center for Legislative Archives, 1-6; Civil War North Carolina, USS, 4-15
records, 3-60–61; collection of World War I films, 2- North Dakota, 3-36–45, 3-56, 3-58
22–27; educational programs, 4-4–5; exhibits, 1- Norway, and U.S. diplomatic records in Russia, 1-16,
6–13, 1-66, 1-70, 2-64, 3-4–5, 3-6–11, 3-30–35, 1-17
4-12–17; Federal Records Center Program, 1-44–48; Nova Scotia, 3-34
Information Security Oversight Office, 2-65, 4-5; Nurses, Civil War, 2-28–35
inspector general, 1-64; and interactive Vietnam War
Memorial, 2-65–66; microfilm publications, 1-67–68, O’Brien, Larry, 4-64
2-68–69, 3-69; News and Notices, 1-62–65, 2-64–66, O’Connell, Libby, photo, 3-66
3-64–66, 4-62–63; Office of Presidential Libraries, 4- O’Connor, Sandra Day, 1-24, 1-25–26; photos, 1-24, 1-28
41, 4-42; Office of Records Services, 2-46; Office of Odessa, Russia, 1-17, 1-20
the Federal Register, 3-46–53; Old Military and Civil O’Donnell, Margaret, 2-31
Records Branch, 1-57; Presidential Materials Staff, 4- Office of Strategic Services, 2-50, 4-63
40; and presidential records and artifacts, 4-38–45; Official Military Personnel files, 1-65
processing initiative, 2-46–51, 4-4; publications, 1- Ohio, 4-47, 4-48
66–68, 2-68–69, 3-68–69; reference services, 2-46, 2- O’Kelly, John, 2-56
48–49, 2-50, 2-51; research rooms, 1-62, 1-64; role in Oklahoma, migrants from, 4-18–27
presidential elections, 3-46–53; staff, 1-4–5, 2-46, 2- Olsen, Paul, 4-16
48–51; strategic plan, 2-46, 2-48; symposia, 2-70; web Olson, Keith W.,“FDR:The President and the High
site, 1-70, 2-4, 2-49, 3-50, 4-62 School,” 4-6–10; photo, 4-10
National Archives Experience, 1-70, 2-70, 3-6–11, Omsk, Siberia, 1-17, 1-18
4-64 O’Neal, Shaquille, 4-16
National Archives Federal Records Center, Laguna “Ordeal of a Biographer, The,” by Timothy Walch,
Niguel, California, 4-44 3-12–19
National Archives Regional Archives System, 3-8; Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, The, by Herbert Hoover,
Northeast Region, 1-72; Pacific-Alaska Region, 3- 3-13–19
65; Pacific Region, 3-65, 4-18, 4-21, 4-72; Southeast Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, photo, 3-14
Region, 1-34 Osborn, Patrick, 2-48
National Association for the Advancement of Col- Oslo, Sweden, 1-20–21
ored People (NAACP), 1-39, 1-41, 1-59 Our Planet Earth, DVD series, 3-68
National Historical Publications and Records Com-
mission, 1-5, 2-65, 3-66, 4-4 Packer, Earl L., 1-19
National History Day, 3-65–66, 4-62 Passenger lists, 3-64
National Nuclear Security Administration, 3-65 Patent and Trademark Office, 3-65
National Personnel Records Center, 1-45, 1-46, 1-65, Pathway Challenge, 3-11
4-14, 4-62–63 Peachey, James, watercolor by, illus., 3-30–31
National Security Council, 4-38, 4-40, 4-43, 4-44 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, attack on, 2-10–11; photos
Native Americans, assimilation of, 3-39–45; land allot- of, 2-10–11; warnings regarding an attack on,
ments for, 3-41–42, 3-43; moved to reservations, 3- 2-13–18
37–45 Pelosi, Nancy, photo, 2-71
Natural Disasters, DVD set, 3-68 Pendleton, George H., 2-54
Naturalization records, 3-64 Pension Bureau, 2-30, 2-31, 2-34–35
Naval Intelligence, Office of, 2-12, 2-13, 2-18; Far East Pension Committee, 2-31, 2-32
Division, 2-12 Pension files, 1-64; African Americans, 2-58; Civil
Naval Oceanographic Office, 3-65 War, 2-28–35, 2-58, 3-64; on the Internet, 2-4;
Nazi Germany, and looting of Jewish art, 1-64–65 nurses, 2-28–35; Revolutionary War, 4-46–57; wid-
Nealand, Daniel,“Archival Vintages for The Grapes of ows’ files, 2-4, 4-46–57
Wrath,” 4-18–27 Perot Foundation, 2-64
Nebraska, 3-55–56, 3-58 Pershing, Gen. John J.“Black Jack,” 2-23, 2-26, 2-27,
Nevada, 4-13–14 4-59; photo, 2-24
Neville, Edwin, 1-20 Persia, and U.S.-Russian diplomatic records, 1-18–19,
New Bedford, Massachusetts, 2-9 1-21
Prologue 69
Petitions to Congress, 2-6–9
Petrograd, Russia, U.S. embassy in, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 1-
19, 1-21, 1-23
Peuser, Rick, 2-51
Pfeiffer, David A., photo, 2-18;“Sage Prophet or
Loose Cannon,” 2-10–18
Photographs, Civil War, 3-64; on the Internet, 2-4–5,
2-66, 3-64
Picket, Joel, 3-70; photo, 3-71
Picket, Matthew, 3-70; photo, 3-71
Pierce, Alycon Trubey, 4-51
Pine Ridge Reservation, 3-40, 3-42, 3-44
Pittsburgh Courier, 1-39–40
Plante,Trevor, 3-61
Podoski, Barbara, photo, 4-63
Political cartoons, 1-6–13, 1-66, 1-70
Post Office Inspector, Office of, 3-25
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, 2-35
Postmasters, 3-21–23
Poverty, war on, 2-38–39
Pratt, Capt. Richard H., 3-41
Pratt Commission, 3-41, 3-42
Prechtel-Kluskens, Claire,“Follow the Money:Track-
ing Revolutionary War Army Pension Payments,”
4-46–57; photo, 4-55
“President and the Justices,The,” by Cynthia M.
Koch, 1-24–28
Presidential artifacts, audit of, 1-64
Presidential Doodles: Two Centuries of Scribbles,
Scratches, Squiggles, and Scrawls from the Oval
Office, by David Greenberg, 2-60–61
Presidential elections, 1912, 1-6–13, 1-66; cartoons
about, 1-6–13, 1-66, 1-70; and the Electoral Col-
lege, 3-46–53
Presidential libraries, 4-5, 4-38, 4-41; audit of presi-
dential artifacts, 1-64; construction projects, 1-5;
and doodles by presidents, 2-60–61; and records
relating to prisoners of war and missing in
action, 1-66–67; symposia, 1-25
Presidential Libraries Act, 4-41
Presidential Libraries Holdings Relating to Prison-
ers of War and Missing in Action, Reference
Information Paper, 1-66–67
Presidential Moments, audio recordings, 3-68
Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation
Act, 4-42
Presidential records, 4-38–45
Presidential Records Act, 4-41, 4-44
Presidential Timeline, 4-5
Presidents, relationship with the Supreme Court, 1-
24–28
“Primaries, Politics, and Political Cartoons:The 1912
Election,” by Jessie Kratz and Martha Grove, 1-
6–13
Prisoners of war, 1-66–67
Progressive Party, 1-10
Propaganda, World War I films, 2-27
Psychological warfare, 2-18; against Japan, 2-15–17
Public Vaults, 3-6, 4-64
Public Works Administration, 4-8
Publications of the U.S. Government, Record Group
287, 4-54
Racial discrimination, 1-58–59; in the military in
World War II, 1-37–43, 1-58, 1-59
Racial violence, 3-20–29
Radio communication intercept units, 2-12
Radio Tokyo, 2-15
Rain in the Face, photo, 3-38
Ramsay, Allan, 3-33; port. by, 3-32
“Ready Access,” by Tara E. C. McLoughlin, 1-44–48
Reagan, Nancy, photo, 4-44
Reagan, Ronald, 1-63, 2-60, 2-61, 4-41; photos, 4-32, 4-
44; records, 4-44
70 Prologue
Records management, 1-44–48, 2-46–51, 4-38–45
Records of the Accounting Officers of the Depart-
ment of the Treasury, Inventory 14 (Revised),
comp. by William F. Sherman, 4-49
Records preservation, 2-48, 2-51, 3-65
Records processing, 2-46–51, 4-4, 4-5
Reese, Pee Wee, 1-58, 1-59
Reneger, Milton, 1-38–39
Republican Party, 1-9–11, 1-12–13, 2-55
Resettlement Administration, 4-18–27
Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land War-
rant Application Files, microfilm publication, 4-
47, 4-51
Revolutionary War pension payments, 4-46–57
Richard Nixon Library, 1-5, 1-63, 1-67, 4-5, 4-16, 4-
42–43; photo, 1-5; web site, 1-63
Rickenbacker, First Lt.“Eddie,” 2-20; photo, 2-23
Rickey, Branch, 1-58–59
Riga, Latvia, 1-18, 1-20, 1-21
Riordan, Richard, 4-16
Roberts, Cokie, 1-71; photo, 4-65
Robinson, Lt. Jack (Jackie) Roosevelt, 1-36–43, 1-
58–59; photos, 1-36, 1-59
Robinson, Rachel, 1-58
Robinson,“Sugar Ray,” 1-40
Rockefeller, Nelson, 2-61
Ronald Reagan Library, 1-67, 4-44; audit of presiden-
tial artifacts at, 1-64
Roosevelt, Anna Eleanor, photos, 1-28, 4-65
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1-25–26, 4-7, 4-10
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1-25, 2-38, 2-42, 4-28; and
architecture, 4-6–10; and FDR High School in
Hyde Park, 4-6–10; photos, 4-9, 4-28; port., 4-6;
records, 4-41; and the Tennessee Valley Authority,
1-31–33, 1-34, 1-35
Roosevelt, Kermit, 4-63
Roosevelt, Quentin, 4-63
Roosevelt,Theodore, 1-9–10, 1-11–13, 4-63
Roosevelt, Col.Theodore, Jr., 2-26, 2-27
Rosenberg, Alfred, 1-64–65
Rosenfeld, Patti and Ronald, photo, 4-65
Royse, Lisa,“1783: Subject or Citizen?,” 3-30–35;
photo, 3-35
Rubenstein, David M., 2-64; photo, 2-64
Running Antelope, 3-40; photo, 3-38
Running for Office: Candidates, Campaigns, and
the Cartoons of Clifford Berryman, catalog, 1-
66, 1-70
“Running for Office: Candidates, Campaigns, and the
Cartoons of Clifford Berryman,” exhibit, 1-6, 1-66
Rush, James, photo, 2-49
Rusk, Dean, 2-43; photo, 4-31
Russia, U.S. diplomatic relations with, 1-14–23
Russian Revolution, 1917, 1-14–23
Sadat, Anwar, photo, 4-33
“Sage Prophet or Loose Cannon?,” by David A. Pfeif-
fer, 2-10–18
Salt Lake City, USS, 1-14–15
Samara, Russia, 1-16–17, 1-18
Samolak,Tom, photo, 3-71
San Francisco News, 4-20
San Joaquin Valley, California, 4-20–21
“Sandbar: Nantucket’s 1803 Petition to Congress,
The,” by Alison M. Gavin, 2-6–9
Schlesinger, Arthur, 2-61, 4-63
Schwarz, Joseph, 2-51
Scotland, 4-58
Scowcroft, Brent, 1-67
Second Aviation Instruction Center,Tours, France, 2-
26
Second Story Interactive Studios, 3-7
Secret Missions, by Ellis M. Zacharias, 2-17–18
Segal,Ted, 4-65
Segregation, in the military in World War II, 1-37–43
Separation of powers, 1-24–28
Serene, Frank, Making Archives Accessible for Peo-
ple with Disabilities, 2-68
“Shangri-La” (Camp David), 4-28
Sherman, Dawn, photo, 2-49
Short, Gen. Walter, 2-14
Siberia, Russia, U.S. diplomatic posts in, 1-17–18, 1-23
Simmons, Calvin, 2-56–57
Singleton, Benjamin “Pap,” 2-55; port., 2-55
Sioux Act of 1889, 3-43
Sioux Nation, 3-37–45
Sitting Bull, 3-37–38, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-43, 3-44;
photo, 3-44
Smith, Nancy Kegan,“Escorting a Presidency into
History,” 4-38–45; photo, 4-45
Smith, Samuel, 2-8
Smith, Capt. W. W.“Poco,” 2-14
Smith-Hutton, Henri, 2-13
South Carolina, 3-21–23, 3-25, 3-28
South Dakota, 3-38–39, 3-56, 3-58
Space exploration, 4-34–37
Standing Rock Agency, 3-37, 3-39
Standing Rock Reservation, 3-36–45
Stark, Adm. Harold, 2-14
Stein, Walter, 4-26
Steinbeck, John, and The Grapes of Wrath, 4-18–27;
photo, 4-21
Stewart, Henry, 2-57
Stewart, Phillip W.,“Battlefilm: Motion Pictures of
the Great War,” 2-20–27
Stinson (Pond), Harriet W., 2-33
Stobbe, Doctor G., 1-20
Stokes, Henry, 3-26
Stow (Beebe), Helen A., 2-35
Summers, Maddin, 1-16–17
Suzuki, Adm. Kantaro, 2-15, 2-16
Sweden, and U.S.-Russian diplomatic records, 1-17
Taft, William Howard, 1-9–10, 1-11–13; bathtub for, 4-
15; photo, 4-15
Taney, Roger, 1-25
Tank Battalion, 761st, 1-38–39, 1-40–41, 1-42
Taylor, John, photo, 4-63
Temple, Riley, 3-71
Tennessee, 2-55
Tennessee Real Estate & Homestead Association, 2-
55
Tennessee Valley Authority, 1-31–35
Terrorism against blacks in the South in the 1870s,
2-56
Texas, 1-37, 1-38–39, 1-40, 2-54, 2-55–56
Thayendanegea, port., 3-32
This Republic of Suffering: Death and the Ameri-
can Civil War, by Drew Gilpin Faust, 3-60–61
Thomas, Adrienne, 1-62; photo, 1-62
Thomsen, Eric, 4-23
Thurston, Lorrin, 2-14
Tiflis, Russia, 1-17, 1-18, 1-20, 1-21
Tillman, Benjamin R., 3-21
Time magazine, 2-17, 4-10
“To Protect and To Serve:The Records of the D.C.
Metropolitan Police, 1861-1930,” by John P.
Deeben, 1-50–57
“To the Moon:The American Space Program in the
1960s,” exhibit, 4-34–37
Togo, Shigenori, 2-17
Tokyo, Japan, and U.S.-Russian diplomatic records, 1-
18, 1-19, 1-20
Tomlin, Mary Evelyn,“The TVA at 75,” 1-31–35
Topics Entertainment, 3-68
Totenberg, Nina, 1-27; photos, 1-25, 1-27
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), 3-38–39, 3-40–41
Treaty of Paris (1783), 3-30–35, 4-65
winter 2002
Truman, Harry S., 1-25, 1-59, 2-15, 2-16, 2-17, 2-40,
3-5; photos, 4-31, 4-40; records, 4-41–42
Tubman (Davis), Harriet, 2-29, 2-30
Tuck, S. Pinkney, 1-18
Turchin, Col. John B., 2-33
Turchin, Nadine, 2-33–34
“TVA at 75,The,” by Mary Evelyn Tomlin, 1-31–35
Union Army nurses, 2-29–35
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, telegram regard-
ing, 4-13
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, 3-64–65
U.S. Army II Corps, 4-58
U.S. Army Signal Corps, Photographic Section, 2-
23–24; and World War I films, 2-22, 2-23
U.S. Colored Troops, records microfilmed, 2-50
U.S. Congress, and Indian affairs, 3-40–41, 3-43; and
lighthouses, 2-72; and Lyndon B. Johnson, 2-38,
2-40–41; and pensions for Revolutionary War
veterans, 4-53–54; petitions to, 2-6–9; and presi-
dential records, 4-41, 4-42; private laws, 2-8; spe-
cial pensions for Civil War nurses, 2-29–30,
2-33–34; and the Washington (D.C.) Metropoli-
tan Police, 1-52, 1-56
U.S. Congressional Serial Set, 1-56, 1-57
U.S. Constitution, 3-4–5, 3-64; and presidential elec-
tions, 3-47–48, 3-52–53
U.S. Department of Defense, and presidential
records, 4-40, 4-45
U.S. Department of Justice, 3-21, 3-23, 3-25, 3-26–28;
records processed, 2-50
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Accounts, 1-
17; diplomatic records processed, 2-50; diplo-
matic telegram, 4-13; Division of Eastern
European Affairs, 1-18–19, 1-20; Division of
Foreign Service Administration, 1-20; Division
of Russian Affairs, 1-17; post records, 1-14–23;
and Russia, 1-14–23
U.S. District Court for South Carolina, 3-25
U.S. Food Administration, 4-72
U.S. Geological Survey, 3-65
U.S. Green Building Council, 1-63
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee of
Commerce and Manufactures, 2-8–9; Commit-
tee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads, 3-25;
petitions to, 2-8; and presidential elections, 3-
49, 3-53
U.S. Navy, intelligence operations, 2-10–18; technical
reports processed, 2-50
U.S. Pacific Fleet, Japanese attack on, 2-13–18
U.S. Senate, committee to investigate causes of black
migration from the South, 2-52–58; and Indian
affairs, 3-40–41; and Lyndon B. Johnson, 2-38, 2-41;
and presidential elections, 3-49, 3-51
U.S. Supreme Court, 3-5; and the 2000 presidential
election, 3-51–53; and presidential records, 4-43;
relationship with the President, 1-24–28
Vance, Zebulon B., 2-54
vanden Heuvel, William, 1-28
Vermont, 3-35, 4-47–54
Vernon, John, 1-58;“Jim Crow, Meet Lieutenant
Robinson: A 1944 Court-Martial,” 1-36–43
Veterans, of the Revolutionary War, 4-46–54; of
World War I, 2-66
Vice presidential records, 4-38–45
“Victor in Defeat,A,” by Robert W. Larson, 3-36–45
Vietnam War, and Lyndon B. Johnson, 2-42–44;
records, 1-63
Vietnam War Memorial, online, 2-65–66
Vilas, William F., 3-41–42
Vinson, Fred, 1-25
Virginia, 1-52
Index
Virginia Half Pay and Other Related Revolution-
ary War Pension Application Files, microfilm
publication, 4-53
Vladivostok, Siberia, 1-16, 1-17–18, 1-19, 1-20, 1-21, 1-23
Voelbel, Frederick, 1-53–54
Volkman, Henry C., 1-53, 1-55
Vologda, Russia, 1-16
Voorhees, Daniel W., 2-54
Voting rights legislation, 2-41
Wadsworth, George, 1-21
Waggoner, Josephine, 3-40
Walch,Timothy,“The Ordeal of a Biographer,” 3-12–19
Walker, Dixie, 1-59
War and Conflict, audio recordings, 3-68
War Department, and the Civil War, 1-67–68; and
Revolutionary War pension records, 4-47, 4-49;
and segregation, 1-37–43; and service records for
nurses, 2-31; Surgeon General’s Office, 2-32
War Information, Office of, 1-15, 1-16
Ward, Angus, 1-21–23; photo, 1-22
Washington, George, 3-15, 4-41; port., 4-46
Washington (D.C.) Metropolitan Police, 1-50–57
Washington Evening Star, 1-6, 1-11, 1-66
Washington National Records Center, 1-46
Washington Post, 1-6, 1-66, 2-16
Watergate tapes, 4-42–43
Watson, Capt. Edward, 2-11
Wavoka, 3-43–44
Way, Amanda, 2-32
Weedpatch migrant labor camp, 4-19–27
Weinberg, David, 1-45, 1-47
Weinstein, Allen, 1-26, 1-47, 1-62, 1-71, 2-48, 2-64–65,
3-65–66, 4-62, 4-64;“Challenges:Those We Met,
Those We Face,” 4-4–5;“The Constitution: A Trea-
sure Worth the Wait in Line,” 3-4–5;“Finding Out
Who You Are: First Stop, National Archives,” 2-4–5;
photos, 1-26, 1-27, 1-28, 2-64, 2-71, 4-65;“A Word
About the Archives’ Budget—And the Quality of
Our Staff,” 1-4–5
Weinstein, Grigori, 1-21–22
Weissenbach, Karl, 2-64–65; photo, 2-65
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 3-20–21, 3-23–29; photos, 3-20, 3-28
Westmoreland, Gen. William, photo, 2-44
Whaling industry, 2-6–9
Wheeler,Tom, 1-70, 1-71, 2-70, 2-71, 3-70, 4-4–5, 4-64,
4-65; Mr. Lincoln’s T-Mails, 1-71; photos, 4-64, 4-65
White, G. Edward, 1-28
White, George Henry, 3-25
White, Henry, photo, 3-15
White, Michael,“The Electoral College: A Message
from the ‘Dean’,” 3-46–53
White House files, 3-65, 4-38–45
Whitman, Edmund, 3-61
William G. McGowan Forum, 2-71
William J. Clinton Library, 1-62–63, 4-45; audit of presi-
dential artifacts at, 1-64; First Lady’s schedules
opened, 2-66; Green Building rating, 1-63
Williams, George W., 1-18
Williams, John Foster, 2-8
Williams, Juan, 1-28; photo, 1-25
Williams, Kathleen M., 2-65; photo, 2-65
Williams, Lemuel, 2-8
Wilson, Woodrow, 1-7, 1-8, 1-11, 1-12, 1-13, 4-72; biog-
raphy of by Herbert Hoover, 3-12–19; photos, 3-
12–17
Windom, William, 2-54
Wittenmyer, Annie, 2-32
Women, Civil War pensions for, 2-28–35; and deaths
during the Civil War, 3-60–61
Wood, Irving W., 4-23
Woodhead, A. James, 3-55
“Work of Death,The,” by Ellen Fried, 3-60–61
Works Progress Administration, 4-28
World Digital Library, 3-64–65
World War I, 4-58–59; draft registration cards, 3-64;
food conservation during, 3-16, 4-72; last living
veteran of honored, 2-66; motion pictures about,
2-20–27; and U.S. diplomatic relations with Rus-
sia, 1-16, 1-17; and Woodrow Wilson, 3-15–19
World War II, and African Americans, 1-37–43; draft
registration cards, 3-64; guide to records relating
to, 3-68; intelligence regarding the Japanese, 2-
10–18; and looting of Jewish art, 1-64–65; psycho-
logical warfare against Japan, 2-15–17
World War II: Guide to Records Relating to U.S. Mil-
itary Participation, compiled by Timothy P. Mul-
ligan, 3-68
Yamaguchi, Capt.Tamon, 2-12–13
Yamamoto, Isoroku, 2-10, 2-12; photo, 2-13
Yockelson, Mitchell A., 2-66; Borrowed Soldiers, 4-
58–59
Yokohama, Japan, response to earthquake in, 2-
11–12
Young, Whitney, photo, 2-41
Younger, Beverly, 1-39
Zacharias, Ellis M., 2-10–18; photos, 2-11, 2-12, 2-14,
2-15, 2-16
Zentay, John, 4-65; photo with wife Diana, 4-65
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TITLE: PROLOGUE: QUARTERLY OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
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Prologue 71
PIECES OF HISTORY
CONSERVING FOOD
AT HOME DURING WORLD WAR I
When the United States entered World
War I, President Woodrow Wilson’s admin-
istration knew that arms alone would not
win the war. In order to keep its troops on
the front, the nation had to produce and
distribute enough food to support its sol-
diers, its Allies, and the population at
home.
The U.S. Food Administration was estab-
lished in August 1917 with Herbert Hoo-
ver at its head. It operated until August
1919, although the 12 months between
October 1917 and November 1918 were
its most intensive period. State food ad-
ministrations carried out the programs of
food conservation and distribution, and
72 Prologue
the central office advised them and as-
sisted with interstate matters.
The key to success was conservation,
and for that, as Hoover later declared in
1920, the Food Administration relied on
the “voluntary effort of [an] informed and
enlightened citizenship.”The government
was most interested in conserving wheat,
meat, fats, and sugar.
An all-out publicity campaign was
waged to educate the citizenry about the
need for food conservation and how to
accomplish it in one’s own home. Posters
and newspaper notices exhorted readers
to combat waste. Homemakers and restau-
rant operators signed pledges to observe
“meatless Mondays” and “wheat-
less Wednesdays.”
The Food Administration even
maintained an experimental kitchen
to create and test recipes using sub-
stitutes for the targeted food prod-
ucts.The featured recipes for“pan de
la libertad”(liberty bread), using corn, oat, and
barley flour instead of wheat, were found in
the files of the California State Food Adminis-
tration, housed at the National Archives and
Records Administration–Pacific Region (San
Francisco). According to a note at the bot-
tom, recipes were translated into Spanish
for counties with significant Spanish-speak-
ing populations.
In a July 11, 1918, report to the President
on the success of the conservation program,
Hoover wrote that the United States had
been able to ship far more food to Europe
than had been expected, and that this feat
“could not have been accomplished without
effort and sacrifice and it is a matter for fur-
ther satisfaction that it has been accom-
plished voluntarily and individually.” P
Left: The food administration distributed posters to
encourage americans to use substitutes for wheat.
Below: recipe for “pan de la libertad” (liberty bread).
Winter 2008
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