UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 (CHE 465)

NAME STUDENT NO. EXPERIMENT DATE PERFORMED PREPARED FOR SEMESTER PROGRAM / CODE

: CIK RUZAIMA BTE CHE RUSSLI : 2007286952 :FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION :22 FEBRUARY 2008 :CIK FAUZIAH :2 ;BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING / EH220

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Title Abstract/Summary Introduction Aims/Objectives Theory Procedures Apparatus Results Sample of calculations Discussions Conclusions Recommendation References Appendices Total

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TABLE OF CONTENT No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Abstract/summary Introduction Aims/objectives Theory Procedures Apparatus Results Calculations Discussions Conclusion Recommendation References Appendices Title Pages

ABSTARCT This experiment has been done to measure the flow rate and associated pressure losses with three devices which is venturi meter, orifice meter and variable area meter. First of all, we must close the ball valve and measure the time taken to accumulate a known volume of fluid in the tank, as measure from the sight-glass. Then, we record all the manometer height and the variable area meter reading and carry out a timed volume collection using the volumetric tank. To get the accurate reading, we must repeat this measurement (3x).

INTRODUCTION Fluid mechanics has developed an analytical discipline from the application of the classical laws of static, dynamics and thermodynamics, to situation in which fluids can be treated as continuous media. The particular laws involved are those of conservation of mass; these laws may be simplified in an attempt to describe quantitatively the behavior of the fluids. The hydraulic bench service module, F1-10, provides the necessary facilities to support a comprehensive range of hydraulic models each of which is designed to demonstrate a particular aspect of hydraulic theory. The specific hydraulic model that is concerned for this experiment is the flow meter test rig (F1-21). This consists of venture meter, variable area meter, and orifice plate installed in a series of configurations to allow for direct comparisons.

Orifice

Nozzles

Venturi

Venturi meter Venturi meter is a tube with constricted throat that increase velocity and decrease pressure. Venturi meter is used to measure the flowrate of compressible and incompressible fluid in a pipeline. When a fluid flows through a throat section, which has a smaller cross sectional area than in a pipe, the velocity of the fluid through a throat is higher than in the pipe. If velocity higher, pressure will drop. By measuring pressure drop, discharge may be calculated. Beyond the throat the fluid is decelerated in a pipe of slowly diverging section (sometimes referred to as a diffuser) in order to recover as much of the kinetic energy as possible. We must know the principle of Bernoullies equation to understand the principles of venturi meter.

Orifice plate The orifice meter is also used in measuring the flow rate of a reservoir or through a pipe. The orifice meter consists of a flat plate with a circular hole drilled in it. There is pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream.

Variable area meter. The variable area flowmeter is a simple, reliable, inexpensive, and easy-to-install flowmeter with low pressure drop and no electrical connection that givesa direct reading of flow rate for a wide range of liquids and gases.

OBJECTIVES To investigate and contrast the operation and characteristics of three different basics types of flow meter which venture, variable, and orifice including accuracy and energy losses. To measure a pressure drop at different segment of device. To determine a flow rate through a pipe.

THEORY Applications of the Bernoulli equation yield the following result, which applies for both the Venturi meter and the Orifice plate.

Bernoulli equation: P1 + V12 + Z1 = P2 + V22 + Z2 g 2g g 2g Z1=Z2 P1 + V12 = P2 + V22 g 2g g 2g P1-P2 = V22-V12 ------------(1) g 2g from: Q1=Q2 A1V1=A2V2 V1=A2V2 ------------(2)
A1

(2) in (1) : PI-P2 = V22-(A2V2/A1)2 g 2g so; V22[1-(A2/A1)2] = P 2g g V2= 1 . ( 2P) ---------------(3) [1-(A2/A1)]

Q=CdA2V2 ---------------------(4)

(3) in (4) ; flow rate, Qv = CdA2 . ( 2P) [1-(A2/A1)] p

where (2p) = (2gh) p where; h : head difference in meter (m) from the manometer readings for the appropriate meter g : acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) Cd: discharge coefficient for meter A1 A2 : throat area of the meter (m2)
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Use of discharge coefficient, Cd is necessary because of the simplifying assumptions made when applying the Bernoulli equations. Values of this coefficient are determined by experiment; the assumed values used in the software are: Venturi meter Cd = 0.98 Orifice plate Cd =0.63

The energy loss that occurs in a pipe fitting (so-called secondary loss) is commonly expressed in term of e head loss (h, meters), and can be determined from the manometer readings. For this experiment, head losses will be compared against the square of the flow rate used. In addition, pressure loss for venturi and variable area flowmeter are low and for orifice meter is medium.

PROCEDURES Equipment set up 1. The flow meter test rig is placed on the bench and ensures that it is level (necessary for accurate readings from the manometer). 2. The inlet pipe is connected to the bench supply and the outlet pipe into the volumetric tank, and then secures the end of the pipe to prevent it moving around. 3. The pump is started and opens the bench valve and test rig flow control valve, to flush the system. 4. The bench and test rig valves are closed to bleed air from the pressure tapping points and manometers and open the air bleed screw and remove the cap from the adjacent air valve. 5. A length of small tubing is connected from the air valve to the volumetric tank. 6. The bench valve is opened and allows flow through the manometer tubes to purge them of air. 7. Tighten air bleed screw and partly open the test rig flow control valve and pathly close the bench valve. 8. The air bleed screw is opened slightly to allow air to be drawn into the top of the manometer tubes. 9. Re-tighten the screw when the manometer levels reach a convenient height. 10. All the manometers are checked on the scale at the maximum flow rate (full- scale reading on the variable area meter). These levels can be adjusted further by using the air bleed screw or the hand pump supplied.

Taking a set of results 1. At fixed flow rate, all manometer and the variable area meter readings are recorded and carry out a timed volume collection using the volumetric tank. This is achieved by closing the ball valve and measuring (with a stopwatch) the time taken to accumulate a known volume of fluid in the tank, as measured from the sight-glass. 2. At least one minute, fluid is collected to minimize timing errors. 3. This measurement is repeated twice to check for consistency and average the readings. 4. Ensure that the operating principle of each of these flow meters is understood.

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APPARATUS

Orifice Meter Air Bleed Valve 5

System Pressure Control Valve

Variable Area Meter

8 Bank Manometer 1 Bench Supply Valve 2 3

Inlet Pipe Outlet Pipe

Venturi Meter

Fig: Flow meter

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In order to complete the demonstration a number of pieces of equipment is needed : a) The Hydraulics Bench which allows the measurement of flow by timed volume collection. b) The F1-21 Flow Meter Apparatus. c) A stopwatch to allow the determination of the flow rate of water.

The accessory is designed to be positioned on the side channels of the hydraulics bench channel. The Venturi meter, variable area meter and the orifice plate are installed in a series configuration to permit direct comparison. Flow through the test section is regulated using a flow control valve. This together with the bench control valve permits variation of the system static pressure. Pressure tappings in the circuit are connected to an eight bank manometer which incorporates an inlet/outlet valve in the top manifold with facilities to connect a hand pump.

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RESULTS Test Pipe Area A1 (m2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 7.92 x 10-4 Orifice Area A2 (m2) 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 3.14 x 10-4 Venturi Area A2 (m2) 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-4 Volume collected V (m3) 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 Time to collect t (sec) 113 55 32 25 19 16 14 12 9 9 8 Variable Area Meter Reading (l/min) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

h1 (mm) 228 247 234 242 253 270 284 297 321 345 376

h2 (mm) 227 241 220 219 215 235 210 203 196 188 170

h3 (mm) 227 244 227 232 239 250 257 266 283 299 323

h4 (mm) 226 240 227 227 233 255 240 253 257 270 280

h5 (mm) 174 190 173 176 178 185 188 194 201 217 220

h6 (mm) 174 190 174 177 180 187 193 197 207 225 231

h7 (mm) 173 187 165 163 157 153 145 137 125 109 95

h8 (mm) 173 188 169 169 165 164 161 158 153 148 140

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ave

Time flow rate Qt (m3/s) 2.65E-05 5.45E-05 9.34E-05 1.20E-04 1.58E-04 1.88E-04 2.14E-04 2.50E-04 3.33E-04 3.33E-04 3.75E-04 1.95E-04

Variable Area Flow Rate Qa (m3/s) 3.33E-05 6.67E-05 1.00E-04 1.33E-04 1.67E-04 2.00E-04 2.30E-04 2.67E-04 3.00E-04 3.33E-04 3.67E-04 1.997E-04

Orifice Plate Flow rate Q0 (m3/s) 3.02E-05 5.23E-05 9.05E-05 1.13E-05 1.45E-04 1.76E-04 2.09E-04 2.34E-04 2.73E-04 3.25E-04 3.52E-04 1.726E-04

Venturi meter Flow rate Qv (m3/s) 2.49E-05 6.11E-05 9.33E-05 1.20E-04 1.54E-04 1.47E-04 2.14E-04 2.42E-04 2.79E-04 3.12E-04 3.58E-04 1.823E-04

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ave

Variable area % flow rate error (%) 25.66 22.39 6.60 10.83 5.70 6.38 7.48 6.80 -9.90 0.00 -2.13 7.26

Orifice plate Venturi % flow rate meter % error (%) flow -rate error (%) 13.96 -6.038 -4.037 12.11 -3.105 -0.107 -90.58 0.000 -8.228 -2.532 -6.383 -21.81 -2.336 0.000 -6.400 -3.200 -18.02 -16.21 -2.402 -6.306 -6.133 -4.533 -12.15 -4.42

Variable area head loss (Ha) 0.052 0.050 0.054 0.051 0.055 0.070 0.052 0.059 0.056 0.053 0.060 0.0556

Orifice Venturi plate head meter loss (H0) head loss (Hv) 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.015 0.014 0.023 0.020 0.032 0.027 0.039 0.031 0.054 0.038 0.077 0.046 0.091 0.053 0.0315 0.0227

Timed flow rate squared (Qt2) 7.02E-10 2.97E-09 8.72E-09 1.44E-08 2.50E-08 3.53E-08 4.58E-08 6.25E-08 1.11E-07 1.11E-07 1.41E-07 5.08E-08

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SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS For the venturi meter Upstream pipe diameter Cross sectional area Throat diameter Cross sectional area of throat Upstream taper Down stream taper = 0.03175 m = A1 = 7.92 x 10-4 m2 = 0.015 m = A2 = 1.77 x 10-4 m2 = 21 degrees = 14 degrees

For the orifice plate Upstream pipe diameter Cross sectional area of upstream pipe = A1 Throat diameter Cross sectional area of throat = 0.03175 m = 7.92 x 10-4 m2 = 0.020 m = A2 = 3.14 x 10-4 m2

The manometers are connected so that the following pressure differences can be obtained. Venturi meter reading Venturi loss Variable area meter Orifice plate reading Orifice plate loss = h1 h2 = h1 h3 = h4 h5 = h6 h7 = h6 h8

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Timed Flow rate, Qt (m3/s) = V = Volume Collected t Timed to collect = 0.003 m3/ 113s = 2.65 x 10-5 m3/s Variable Area Flow Rate, Qa (m3/s) = Value from instrument reading (L/min) 60, 000 = 2(l/min) 60,000 = 3.33 x 10-5 m3/s Variable Area Flow Rate, Qa (m3/s) = Value from instrument reading (L/min) 60, 000 = 2 L / min 60, 000 = 3.33 x 105 m3/s

Orifice Plate Flow Rate, Qo (m3/s)

CdA2 [1-(A2/A1)]

2g (h6 h7) m)

= (0.63) (3.14 x 10-4) 1 (3.14 x 10-4)2 (7.92 x 10-4)2 = 3.02 x 105 m3/s Venturi Meter Flow Rate, Qv (m3/s) = CdA2 2g (h1 - h2) [1-(A2/A1)] = (0.98) (1.77 x 10-4) 1 (1.77 x 10-4)2 (7.92 x 10-4)2 = 2.49 x 10-5 m3/s

) (0.001m)

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Variable Area % Flow Rate Error = (Qa Qt) x 100 Qt = (3.33 x 105 2.65 x 105) x 100 2.65 x 105 = 25.66% (Qo Qt) x 100 Qt = (3.02 x 10-5 2.65 x 105) x 100 2.65 x 10-5 = 13.96% Venturi Meter % Flow Rate Error = (Qv Qt) x 100 Qt = (2.49 x 10-5 2.65 x 10-5) x 100 2.65 x 10-5 = -6.038% Variable Area Head Loss (Ha) = h4 - h5 = 0.226 m 0.174 m = 0.052 m

Orifice Plate % Flow Rate Error =

Orifice Plate Head Loss (Ho) = h6 - h8 = 0.174 m 0.173 m = 0.001 m

Venturi Meter Head Loss (Hv) = h1 - h3 = 0.228 m 0.227 m = 0.001 m Timed Flow Rate Squared (Qt2) = (Timed Flow Rate)2 = (2.65 x 10-5)2 = 7.02 x 1010 2

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DISCUSSIONS From these experiments, we can see the three operations and characteristic of three different types of flow meter which is venturi meter, orifice meter and variable area meter. We also record all the readings during these experiments and we can see which one of the flow meter give the accurate value. Besides that, we also determine the energy losses that occur in the three differents flow meter. After conduct these experiments, we are able to determine the value of flow rate of three flowmeter, the value of flow rate error and the value of head loss. As the results from this experiment, the average flow rate for venturi meter is 1.823 x 10-4 m3/s, 1.726 x 10-4 m3/s for orifice meter and 1.997 x 10-4 m3/s for variable area meter. Besides that, we also determine the value of flow rate error for the three flow meters. From the results, the average flow rate error for variable area meter is 7.26%, -12.15% for orifice meter and -4.42% for venturi meter. From the theory, the more efficiency of flow meter has a less flow rate % error. So, from these results, the orifice has a less flow rate % error. The accuracy of flow meter is depends on the flow rate % error. From the experiment, we also obtain the value of head loss for the three flow meters. From the theory, the venturi meter has a low head loss, continued by variable area meter and then orifice meter. So, from the results, the value of head loss for venturi meter is 0.0227m, orifice meter is 0.0315m and variable area meter is 0.0556m. We can say that this result is agreed with the theory. After calculate the flow rate % error, we noticed that there must be some errors. It is because from the theory, venturi meter is a more accurate than orifice and variable area meter. From the calculation, we determine that orifice meter is more accurate than others. Actually, it should be the venturi meter. We found that one of the major factors that affect the readings is the bubble in pipeline. Besides that, the position of eyes also gives effect to the manometer reading.

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CONCLUSION As a conclusion, we can say that the most accurate flow meter is a venturi meter. From this experiment, we determine that the flow rate % error for venturi meter is higher than the orifice meter. From the theory, the more efficiency of flow meter has a less flow rate % error.

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RECOMMENDATION After conduct this experiment, we can say that value of flow rate and the flow rate % error are not follow the theorical results. From the theory, the most accurate flow meter is a venturi meter. So, it means that the most efficiency flow meter has a less value of flow rate % error. In this experiment, the value of flow rate % error for venturi meter is higher than the orifice meter. For the first recommendation for this experiment is make sure that there is no bubble in the pipeline. The existence of bubble may cause the less accuracy of flow meter. The second is make sure there is no small particles in the fluid because some of the devices are very sensitive to these particles. Besides that, during record the manometer reading, make sure the position of eyes is parallel to the level of reading.

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REFERENCES Laboratory manual 1, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Malaysia Fluid mechanics, Fundamental and Applications, Yunus A. Cengel and John M.Cimbala, Mc Graw Hill. Lecturers note from Pn Atikah bt Kadri Yahoo and Google search engines (keyword: flowmeter, venturi meter, orifice meter)

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APPENDICES

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Orifice plate

Venturi meter

Variable area meter

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The eight bank manometer

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