Sunteți pe pagina 1din 13

www.linguist87.blogfa.

com

!" #$ % !& #$! "%'

( ) *+ $ ,%-.(

/ 0 1-2 3" 4$

#$ "%' < 0 $ + *2
3! A B!
+> !.C

= ,>,
%( /
=
B!.D !9 ! $ %+ = $ $ $ %E (

!+ N
% I % 3"$ O G + 3" :$& @0 = ( JKLM H
!( %! #$!& S*! - N
C- E( = N
P + 3" :$
I !*V %!( 3!" W" !( 0 3" : % #$& S*
# B D $T

/!

X%YE( ' /

X%YE(

$5(

0
$%

C' Y Y 3" "0 5 "

:
\N

/ ;(

\N = ; (

= + b" c I

= ;(

:/

1-2

%D I G G +
=
,'3
P+
*& " $ QR # S* % =
(
" P + = $ SGD '$ % &
% 3" U
:/ # 3E #$ /D " $T
$&
% (
7 C'
Z/ ;" ( =
A I> .C

, BYD
B.D "
$T 9 +

8[
%( =
= \ ']" $ H %
3" ^ 7 =
% $ (`
% 3"
% =
_ $ + *2 \ ']" 3"
_% , 2

_/

7 #%

; + : % ( 8 % 9 #$ % #$ "%
:$ "% ( ?@ = #$ "%
0 (
:$ $ ( F #$ "%'
%

" = \ ']" JKLa H


/ ; 9
= ' "
" .( I Y E(
U(
%Y /G GT
/
& " $ 9 B( & d%D I %Y P"
U( eJ
" "%' " % & = U( = ' 5 e
$& ; #$ "%' $ % ( #$ % & _= "?7 f"%.+ e
:$ g
% , 7 $ % ( #$ "%' _B(
%
e

:$

( 5

\N

iN =

'j / T B 8 BG ( = $T " 7
" = \ 5( \ (

" .( I Y E( eh
_ %
.( e
% =
8 e
_ %
%7 e
iN _ "U N e
= ' " ea
DHG e
= ' "/ - 8 e

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

:$

*+ ( - - #

=$ %
_=

/8
'

ek
e
e
e

eM
% =
e
/ ) *+ U" =
" 0 & _= ' ']" e
: $ =
-*8 $Y8
C' $ %+ _6%N %
e
= ' /% e
"%' %-\7
e
:
5
C+ = $ % (
_ % +
e

:$

8 ) *+ #

! ;! I % T

+ $ $ &% =

!8 !
0o!
! 1 "%'
p++ # qE +

P"

$
:$ $";'

+ %* (
$

" * ( /&
( D
0

( /
X%YE( SGD
# R( & % I " ( 0 =

I % T l *+ , ` = ']"
/ =$ -G+ e
$ %N = m d $Y( #j
( e
']"
" P" SGD e
% T ' / 5C+
e
% ( / #$ < 7 - 5 0
e
1
( H H % ^ 7 d%D %(
\ 0 :$ %* OD%(
3"
( $ %(

Z % 9 # R( & S %+
= ' "/
%
" UG g m
3"
= %(0
=
+ A " %+ $ %+ $ n %
" .( = %G( / % ( 1 # R( & ' :$ b
\
( + 3" \ = % /
:
1 T H%
2 % (
5 r
'j

W" $ 7
_ - N 0 :
%N
( 3"
C- E( I " `
7 l *+ - P"
2 N = %N%( % .
_1 N ;s( B( 5+ eJ
: /D 7 ; =
2 N /D 7 #
_
B( 5+ eh
:/D ' B5&
;s(
8 C+ W\N P" V
_ ; W\N ea

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

:/

( #$"$7 P" Q7 I % T ( ) *+
/
:/& $ = "$ u
:$ 5 ( =
; T \ 0 :$
%
:

%N I % T =

$ N=G =
;! \ 0

$&

&

+ s+
:$ $& $N 1
/! %+ ::: =
; vW+0

$ P

"

$% (

3"

# 3"
$
I" `
%T/ & U
_ Ulbeak JKKt P * eJ
%* qE ( ; 9 u
W 7 _ % % eh
'$ S (
G 2 n \ % ( _Menzel H; ( ea
:$ %(0 ( $ -G+ O" l
$ 7 _, \
7 ek
\ 7 $ -G+ % 2 / + B.N p-G+ _ " 3 " eM
6
"` 4

_ Biological Function

" WG

_ Reciprocal Altruism
: $ % P

i%

% (
# '
0 $. % % ( *& = $ 7 % (
( G-T 3" 0
*-@ v ;s( $& *m8 v/Y& /
WG
s+ v \
$& 0 v 3 D # 7 = Bw(
: OD WD l S (
% % ( ($
U" s+ WD l S (

!
3

_$ % ( 1 G+ lobe \9

_/ #$& # 0 / 8 0
,$
=%-N :/ " = \ 8 B( &
7W
) *+ = < ( I T H
B - + ";U+ _ cortex
rm
p-8
QC + H
v + I T _ sub- cortex= 8 "
=
@
x2 I T _cerebellum <E(
:1 "%' ;s( # 5
3 *Y2 /D _corpus collosum = 7 1 N
$ / 4 lI
T I TH
=
B - + ";U+ _y9 # 1
$ y9 4 l I
T I TH
=
B - + ";U+ _/ # 1
'$(0

& 3"

%N gyri "
0p

'$(0 sulci
= Q7 p
$

XY

& ;s( N
U'p
7 "

;s(
eJ
eh
ea
ek
eM
eL

"
7p

s( I C+
:/
.
;s( ^( 8 eJ
I TH
;s(
`2 WE eh
:/
';
;s( <E( # $ /* ea
: = " H
#UT
T=
^( 8 ek

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

" #
m

)% (

"

'(

"

"

"

"

' %& _$ % ( 1 G+ #$ 2

"

"
:/ /

3"
&

_
/

"N

D ' 0 /-2 $& z P"

>%l " #j "

vz

5+ B( & $ % (
_

0 = 0 #j I %

( ) *+
: $

1 T $2 %8 $ %+
| %
Bw({

_$
%
"

>

# $

( %&

#$

7B - +

";U+

(/

G %( " & G Bw(

" %(

rm = \&

:$

%' $ 9

n % " 0/ T :
%N = %
" 0 %'
% = #j n = , > " %+ n % = % / T

"

% < _Specific Language Impairment


#]" H
:/
%
" %+
}
n%
"
i% 3" _Williams ;( -"
:/ B( W (
AH
." :$ B5 (

%+

= #]" =

$.

($

A $"$& =

* &+ #
_

%N

p@

= ' D

+ A W 3"

" ' = mD :/

_Savant / %

,&

H
& ,

:$ $ ( LAD

$G( \ /* %( P" %N

U+ S ( =

I mD #

5"

" %+ %' u
:$
#&

)
= ' D %(

/
H

& ,2 3
: "?7 B5&

" 7 #j
"
3"
3A

Autism " '


Down "
/ &
( m
"
3"

3" :$ $ (

(n %

/5
/5

I mD $
p 5( 3

5 6 7 # 8#& 9

.-

= ' D
0

.1

3" \ 0
" ' D
0

.4

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

5+ V

=;s( = \ %- #$ < 7 5*&

= ' "

= mD = \ * %( 1

(S
:$

I $8 b.
B~ 8 & u

m ( B( %2 1

/ =$ "0 D = ' " $


#$ G2 3" \ 0
= mD /* %( = \ " : % ( B T 6;
0 O*l

: / ) *+ 3
%N

$& g m(
Zisa

:! ;

" # ' Givon

= ' "=

0 /" \

% ' I G G + :$ $ (

B(
+ #

_"

- 4$

G(
>"&

?!@, 8#& 9 ?" ?) + # !


_ %& }

C' n

%( 3"
<= 9

/ 3 C' 3E
$ & I \(
S*+ (
4$
Z R ( l
$5(n v % ( % 9
eJ
Z$ 5 (
W"
C' % 9 eh
( 9 |= $ & n = C' $ %+{ % C' = ' " n % ea

Z$ 5 ( l =

: *( 5

- N P"
=
WG
eJ
$ HG /
8 - N
(%\C( b %+ WG eh
A I> .C B.D , > %( v
; b %+ $ "0 D ea

:/
$ %+ =

$"

/& A

_$
N%+ H w( 3"
:$ / 5& , $ W+ QC # + %N
_ $ + *2 - N 3" = # ;' :/
" .( $T P" # ;' :1 "%' Preposition # ;' \ 0
$5(
5 \9 d%D - N
:$ / 5& W+ 3"
% ,$
O-. ( W+ $ % QC # +
$ % %N
:$ 5 ( b %+ %
/ 4j "

_$

N%+

-.D $T

# ;'

)% ( #
B"$*+ 0

/ T " D P" / 1 $ 9 " P" -.D $T P" = # ;'


,%\C( ." 3 C' 3E
/D ' U
% ( Q7 d%D p m( N%+
:$ "%' C'
B"$*+ /

" p + + > H w(
:/

'

.( I C+ [2 $ % ( $
s+ - N
:$ % %N $ / 5& , $ W+
B /" 2 =
\ 1` ( $2 %8 o
_

(,U " d l

# ;' p + + '
C # +
# ;' p +
# ;' p

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

% ,$

O-. ( W+
$ %

/ &

%N

- =\ G ( :

1 C( Coordination #

eeeee $ 5 ( b %+ 1 C( Relativization #

%N QC # +

BC$
*

1" ( 5 " eee$ 5 ( 3"; " N 1 C( Complementization #

\(

:$ % ( 1\*( /

_ $ + *2

eee $ 5 ( B

# +%

# ;' p

, ` #$ % & v#$ "%' Y 2

+ m

"7

<C!

- N _Ambiguous 1\*( - N

WG + # ;:"

/ ) *+

BG ( #$ % & 6 C' O" l


$ %E ( #$ "%' _speech act ( W eJ
:$& i% %( #
#$ % & 5C+ #$ H G
" * ( #$ "%' C' _ Propositional Content= # ;' = % ( eh
:$& & #$ % & / A = "%Y+ $" ) *+ U" ( #$ "%' _ Thematic Structure= "
/
ea
D & ;:"
:$ 5 (
/

:$"% 3E Q 9 ; 9 9 #
*-m( 0 # ;D 5 % (
=
|# ;D

5 _

(3(

ee

&&

&

C"

#$ % & W p ( % - N #$ "%' _$"$N 1"$8 I 2 l e


( 1 Y+
%
W
.N ( B*8 _ * $ *( e
8 "N
#$ % & = # (0 =
( _# ;D 5
( e
:$ " H G /
8
( _ ,$ \D " - { : /
(3(
,$ \D " + # 8#& 9

W =

WG }

:/ # ;' B.D v 1 v m

$"0 ( / $ #]" S" &

$" / 3 ( _$ /8
H%.C( v * v $ *( B( &
}
:/ = * / T /G GT

" \E 7 O" l |J _ $ % (
%'
\E 7 3" /D "

:$ 5 ( ";

C' n

" $ %+ = 3 A

.D

- N 3"
- N 3"
)% (
A = \ .D
( I$( |h
^ 7

Comprehension A& & <>6


L& E&
- N *.+ " .(
$
:$ "%' N $ "0 D 0

> & E&

F G$H

= 5" $5( " &


#j # ' \ 0 p + +
#j $ %
$ 5 ( #$ "%' /
= , U , $8 #$ "%'
% /& o

IJ

A& &

( = - N #$ % & 8
#$ % & 3" Q7 :/

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

#$ % &

.(

= :$ $ ( = " # % & v#$ "%' /

3(
w( :$ 5 ( b %+ \
0 -.D $T
/G GT :$
3 ( 1" ( 0
= $T

D &5

3"

:$ 5 (

% I$( # +%

LD & 5 " 6 & GP 5

, I &

3E 3 D l 3 S" &
C' / .8%( Q7
:$ #$ "%' - N / 4 j
"* (
$T $ 9 " P" /
-.D $T P" # ;' 1 C' B*8 BYD
/
# ;' =
/
-.D $T
1" (
: $ ( $T # ;' / "
- N # ;' I C+

ICE D

NO

#& IJ

: $ ( # % -.D `D T
0 $ 5 ( /D "
, 3E
:$ 5 ( B"$*+ Constituents |
.( = # { #j # '
" 0 %
:
( \ 0 = # ;' #j # ' " &
`D T
" 0 %
$ ( W+$( # +% `D T
0/
# ;' 8
:$ ( \ 0 = .( SGD #$& z 3 A
'j " 0

J& /

.( #

#j # ' $

( .(

#j # ' 6

" .( #% &
8 5 " ." " .( #% & ( :$ 5 ( " & - N
#
\0 P
:$ ; o$T #$
3E 3 (
#% &
= ' # \ ; ( ( :$ 5 ( # C
(;

( <0 =

# Q M" < R Q CE A

" .( P" " ` " ST 5&

.( P" #$ % & " ` 3" O*l

:$ 5 ( i%N = " = .(
:$ 5 (
:$ 5 (

"

' $5(

( = .( % C' " 7

.(

5" 3E /D

E 3E /D o
:

( -*8 5 &

5" +$ 5
5" QR
ICE D

% B G+

V &

.( $ 9 #$ % &

( = .( %

x+

M" .M" .1
M" .4

" .( u 1\*( - N #$ % &


( 1\*( - N =

&

- N (
)

( .( P" W 1\*( - N #$ % &


/&

$5 6

=% #% & _
%N =
.( = #% &
#$ % & /
" * =% #% & o
"%' 4 T $ % #$ % & $ 5 ( /* 1
C
I%
#% &
=
.( =
: 3D ln (=
7W
;(
&

( %

eJ
eh
ea
ek

7 #$ % &

.( 3" '

5 " 6

." !P F
0 ,

M" .U

" 7 WE

<!@$
+ ,O&
:$ "%' #j

0 59% = $T

B"$*+ B 8

/ T B 8 " .( $T 5O&

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

:1"

3A

:$ % (
:/

A = \&

:% (

= #j

_$& * (
+2 l 9

V + / + #j

% 9
7 < 'j

"$5"

B 8 # '$"
'j Y 2 = _

/*

'j

Y 2 P"

.( I %

)% (

#j
_

2_

'j B $( e
'j 6 *

= _

'j

" ,O&

& !3

/ I2 l

B( & #j
=
'j B $(
=j %5+ I 2 l " 0 % I %
" .( = ']" =% = \ ']" .(
0
" ( / B( + B 8 5
.( %(
:/ 9 #j
= .( 5 " ,
/ 0=

" .( $T 5 0 H _1 $

Y6 " ?)

Q W K&

|:::: H v 7 v $ N #$ 7 { %& 1 G+ " ;N $ % ( #j


|prototype{ % =% P" G*l = $ 5 ( =$ G*l % 4 l = ; 9

:$

"

&

.( _
"`
_$"$N " `
:$ "; (
_ % =% I %Y
.( N P" = \
e

% = %

( , U #]" I Y E( = $.+ = ' # \


:/
(P U'

"

#$ 7 =

% =%

w( :$

qE (

%( x.

b- E( I C (

% =%

( %N

% = %

s ( $ % ( ;N WG /D

: % ( , U = "%Y+

-2 B

=$ # ' # $ ( e

:/
:$ &

l%l $
# ' P" ;N

=$ # ' e

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

X "# F
n % S %+ .( = ' " = \

#$&

D
:/
#j
text

&

" ?) & 5O&

overextension " " .( W" ;D underextension

" .( = # %T $T

;P

U+

$ *(

" ,O&

" .( W
:/

A ( `(

M"

=
(

n % H " `
:
( 3" D D
:$ 5 ( @0 % =%
=
.( n % , " `
:
>%l (
m
n% 3A
" .( 5*& = ' B5&
Z% ($7
\0
$
( 83 A
% 9 #j
#j = ' " : ) *+
#j "
%( 8 #j
5- '
83 A
" \ + #j
g m( ;
'j 5*& B
0
) *+ 5- /
0 I % ,%\C(
R 3 A = .(
$ &
& ." :/
'j 5*& =$ & Spreading Activation 6 ' = H .D
3 ( /D V +
&;
' : 0 $ % l E ; :::
7v
v
'j
T
:$
( #j P" - = .( effect
D &Z "
i% %( o
" .( = \ *&

5*-.

_$
D & #

'j ) *+ _ " .( = # %T e

I C+ o

hyponyms $ % ( =$
( 5 1

'j ) *+ _ " .( m

G*l # ' P"


$

,\ V &

'j _ Collocates $ "0 1

" ,O&

'j _i%

YR6 ]

$ 5O& [ R &

& _$ #$& O (
o

_$

'j

( &

[R &

( _$
1

"$5"

( 5 1

*& " .( }

e
e
e

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

&
#j I %

\- $( 3"

( + % (

IJ

3A

5O&

= " = \- $( $"%

( #j I %
:

\- $( 3"

|:$

%( #j

( 8

9+ # +
8 _

#j h B5 ( w(
* ( _/ WE

" 0 %

E _recognition "
%( #j

( + \- $( 3" {

+ #

M J <!>$
+

%& #

" 0 50

$ ;s(

( 3" 5+ I %
$ ( N * (
# %
I2 l # 7 h (

3A

,%\C( #j b" P" = U


:

Central Executive =; ( = ( D
3T

C"#

#j

5+

_& G !^P" _&

$ %E /
( I$( # +% `D T
5+ 1 5( N
V h + J 1"% ( < 0
$ % ( ( I$( # +% `D T
5

:$ 5 ( 1 G+ = 59% I .m8

% C' '$

&F

:1" (
\ b" 3" 0 #j $ 9 H #j $ 9
B( & N ;E( 3" :1 ( ( N ;E( 0 /
8=

qE (

& eh

#j b" P" ' Primary and Recently effect

:$ ( W" ;D
:

: $(

eJ

' , U /G m( #$& #$ &

XD^ )
:$ "%' ;s(

6 + # #&

1 % ( ( w(

"

$ 5 ( B"$*+ # ;'

( BG ( 3 A

M J

$ YICW

I 2 l eJ
I % eh

$& % ( W 7 1\( I 2 l ea

P" ( D " # P" 6 7 ,


:$ 5 ( v/
%( #j
0=
@ / T ( I$( # +% `D T # (

I$( # +% `D T
N%+ ; ( 9 $ 5 (
%( =
6 7
:1 5 1

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

I M J

: % ( # A I$( $ - `D T |% 'j {
W
;E( procedural " =$ `D T :=$
= * , ` Bw( / %' %' = \( ` B ( I$( $ - `D T
:/ I \(
I2 l =
% 6 7 W" U ' I$( # +% `D T
/ 0 =$ W
= * W H G = " ;(
:
( 5 (;
" .( `D T Episodic memory V T `D T _/ WE B( & = * , `
O" GT = # A =
" .( `D T /
U( = $"
\+ \(
U+ # A =
V T `D T
:4 l \N )% ( 1 C(
:/
V T `D T = \" ' " D " B( 5+ B5& " .( `D T
:/ = ' D # " N " .( `D T $"0 ( 1 D = ' " O" l
$ 5 ( # A I 2 l V T `D T
5& J K

M"

:1 "

( S*+ ( ,%\C( " Y 2 P"


= E (0 1 = ']" _# %T l
_1" # %T l %'
I2 l 6 7=
" % ( # %T l % ( [2
=
7 W _ World Knowledge \N W eJ
:$"0 ( / $ 3 (

eh

Text Schema|3 ( # %T l{ ( &?' I


D & #
:
: %& - G( I `

0 (1 Dn

U+ ea

&

6 " E ;"&

%9 \9 eJ

0 3E = % ( + $ 5 ( T l 3E 3 ( =

+ `

eh

:$ $ ( = " = 0 " ea
D & # J&
: $ % R 0 5*&
:

# + I 2 l + 3E 3 (
3E 3 (

"

6 G! 8#& 9
A T l3

5 9 5"#

eJ

1 Y+ eh

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

G! ; C" ` /
- N =$ #j _/

I % eJ

- N `C / + = .( _= # ;' I % eh
:$"0 ( / $ % C' / .8%( % C' 3 D l =

']" v

7W o

" .( ea

!@, < "


:$ " 1 H * $
/G GT [5( ,

" \ " / z #j e#
.( 3"$ :/
C'

- N 0 =% (
plan " g l P"
C'
T lo # - N /
T l #$ $ [5(
:/ =$. # - N =;" g l H T #$ "%'

GP D C$& + & + >" .1

GP D " .-

!@,

aY ;:"
!@, J&

.( o

'j =%U N eJ

:$ 5 ( $ 7 " 0 I %
=%

= ' B5& ea
d%D I 2 l #

| C' 0{ % (

=% =%

#j

| C' 5+{$" ( / $ #j #
:$ ( / 2 $
:

'I%

'j eh

.8

A ek

" 0 I 2 l eM
)% ( I 2 l eL

C' $ %+ + #$& # (0 #j = \N e

www.linguist87.blogfa.com

S-ar putea să vă placă și