Int. J. Pres. Ves.

& Piping 53 (1993) 299-323

A Program for Computer Aided Design of Multilayer Vessels

D. N. Paliwalfl R. K. V e r m a , b R. K h a n n a f R. K. A r y a , b R. C h o w d h a r y b & A . C h o w d h a r y b
a Institute-Industry Interaction Cell, b MechanicalEngineeringDepartment, Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College, Allahabad-211004, India (Received 20 January 1992; accepted 8 February 1992)

ABSTRACT A computer aided design method is developed in Turbo-Pascal for multilayer cylindrical high pressure vessels, the design being based on Tresca's and yon Mises' conditions. An algorithm is given for different procedures in software. This program calculates the thickness of the various layers as well as the residual and net stresses across the thickness for given shrink-fit allowances. An example calculation is provided.

NOTATION K kl, k2 M
n

ei eo
]flail

Overall diameter ratio Diameter ratios of individual layers MaxweU's factor Number of layers Internal pressure External pressure Allowable shear stress INTRODUCTION

High pressure vessels are extensively used in chemical industries, metallurgical developments, hydrostatic extrusion, synthesis of dia299 Int. J. Pres. Ves. & Piping 0308-0161/92/$05.00 (~) 1992 Elsevier SciencePublishers Ltd, England. Printed in Northern Ireland

300

D. N. Paliwal

et al.

Fig. 1. Section of a multilayer vessel.

monds and liquefaction of air, etc. To work at such high pressures it is essential to obtain favourable residual stresses in vessels. In general, three techniques (namely multilayer construction, autofrettage and wrapping) have been used successfully to achieve the desired residual stresses. Harvey, 1 Manning and Labrow 2 and Brownell and Young 3 have described the procedures for the design of multilayer vessels (see Fig. 1) using different theories of failure. The authors of the present work have developed a computer aided design procedure for multilayer vessels, based on the maximum shear stress theory and the maximum distortion energy theory. The computer language of the program is T U R B O - P A S C A L . For a given internal pressure and number of layers (2 and 3) and shrink-fit, the program yields the thicknesses of various layers as well as the residual stresses and net stresses in various layers. Optimization in terms of machining cost of various layers can also be carried out using this program. Programs are also included for the design of flat heads and reinforcement around openings and for graphical representation of stresses across the thickness.

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

ANALYSIS

301

Maximum shear stress theory

Manning and Labrow 2 derived the following relation for the allowable pressure after optimization:
n(K
(Pi)all = l~'all
TM

1)
(1)

K2/n

Maximum distortion energy theory

The present authors have derived the following relation for multilayer vessels, using Lam6's equation: (M~1'2[ K~ - 1 (P~ - Po) = \-~-! 1_(4K4 + 2K] + 1) '/2

1 /(~.- 1 1 + (4K4+ZKZ+l)l/2+.'.+(4K~+-~-+l),/z]
/(i-

(2)

Equation (2) was solved assuming: (a) (b) radius ratios to be the same, or pressure difference at each layer to be the same.

Both assumptions give the same result:

(P~ - to) =

(n)(M/2)~/Z(K 2 - 1)
(4K a + 2K 2 + 1) v2

(3)

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D. N. Paliwal

et al.

FLOW CHART
Procedure FIGTO

I Input 1 Procedure 1 Input 4 azrl; bzr2;c:r3 ~A~(-(~~P*B*B)I(B*B-A*A)); SB:(-(P*(BxB+A*A)I(B*6-A*A))). P=((EL*FITl)x(B*B-A~A~~(cxc-8xe): 1((2*BxBxB*(c*c-AxC)); SBA=(P%c(Bi6B+C*C)ICC%C-B%8)); SC=2*PxB%B/(CxC-BxA*A); SAl= PI*((AxA)+(C%C)) I (C*C-AXA); 581 =(((PI*A*A*A)I(C*C-A*A))*(l+(( CxC)/B*B))); jC1:=2xPI*A*A/(C+C-AxA); %A2 I SAl + jB2 z SBl + 3BA2 z SBl X2 -SC1 + SA SB fSBA SC fit

output L2

d
E

Procedure

CIR

graphical

display

0
E

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

303

Procedure FIGTOS ~'~ Design of triple layer and graphics

/ ,n u, /
( Procedure FIT ._~
/ Input r l =a,r2=b, r 3 = c , r 4 = d

P= ( ( E L ~ F I T 1 ) ~ ( B ~ B - A ~ A ) ~ ( C ~ C - B ~ B ) / ( ( 2 ~ B ~ B ~ B ~ ( C ~ C - A ~ A ) ) ) P1 = ( ( E L ~ FIT2) ~ ( C ~ C - A ~ A ) ~ (D~ D-C~C) I ( ( 2 ~ C ~ C ~ C ( D ~ D - A , ~ A ) ) ) SA= ( - ( 2 ~ P~B;~Ia) I B~ B - A ~ A ) ) SB = ( - 2 ( P ~ (B~( B - I - A ~ A ) I B ~ B - A~(A ))) SBA= ( P)~(B;~ B-I- C)~C )1CxC- B)~B)) SC = 2 x P~B)~B/(C~C- B ~(B) SA1 = PI~ (C;~A+ D~(D)/(D ~ D - A~A) SBI=(((PIwA~A)/D~D-A~A))w(I"t'((D~D)/B~B)))) SCl = ( ( ( P I ~ A ; ~ A ) / ( D ~ D - A ; ~ A ) ) ~ ( I + (D~DIC;~C))) SD1 = (2)~ P I n A t A ) ID~ D-A)~A) SIA =(-(2~PI~C~C) I (C~C-A~A)) SIB : (- (2~PI ~B ~B) I(C~C-A ~A)) SICA =(+(PI~(C~C+D~D)I(D*D-C~C)) SIC =(-( PI ~((C,~C+A)~A ) I (C,~C- A;~A))) SID= (PI~2~C~C) I (DwD-Bw B)

SFA,SFB,SFBA, SFC,SFCA, SFD

o u t p u t

Input a9, bg, c 9 , d 9

SFA,SFB,SFBA,SFC, SFCA, SFD Graphic display

oo, u,

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D . N . Paliwal et ai.

P r o c e d u r e OPT opti m i s a t i o n

..~

Main block programme~

/ ,o0o,/
RZ(2~N-1)~4~V/3.14 ;

D:= E X P ( ( I / 3 ) ~ L N

(RZ))

/oo,pu,/
I F'ag = True I

Procedure

head I Max shear I

[

/ ,o~u,/
C:0-3 ; PIE = 3-14 ; D::2;~ R1 ; TOR: = D~ P I / ( 2 ~ S 1 ) ; a l : : S Q R ( d ) ~ PI ; f" = P I E / 4 , 0 ~ al ; a3: :C;~ P[/S1 ; t: = D ~ S Q R T ( a 3 ) ,

t~oo-mi~e~l /,~~
/(ORDA)/
I

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

305

CProcedure maxshear~

/ 'n~o'/
y

Message /
nput O R D A S / N

/ ,n~u,/

I wAK:.,(1-2~A,.,I // ou,pu,/

K9 : SQRT(WAK) ; RI=D/2 Value /Message/ X1=Round (K9~80+20) / / i t fails / / Y1=Round (180- ( PI / S1 DGRAP 1 FIGHTO
)~90);

/ ,o~u,/

I
R1 = R1

F1 = N:3 A_KK

I:=1 ~ y R I+I=R R2 R2
: =

I.K9 I

I : I+1

/ oo, o, /

K9 =SQRT (WAK) I Value I Xl =Round (K9~8o+2o); I / M e s s a g e / Y1 :Round ((180-(PI/Sl I / i t fails / ))~90); I I DGRAP1 I I FIGHTOS J I

306

D. N. Paliwal e t a l .

~Procedure von-mises) / ,o~u,/ (_..Sub procedure value~ /,o~,,, /

D2 = SQRT ( C / T ) ; E =7~D2-3~D2~D2; WAK1 = (-(D2+1) +SQRT(E)/(4~ D2-1) WAK2 : (- D2+I-SQRT(E)I (4~ D2-1

L/

/aessag~/

it f&ils/

C=PI-PO;RI=D/2sI ]

YY~MNessage/
[ Flagl--True J / it fails /
Y Me N

nput ORDA8 [
I

K=SQRT(WAK) ; RI= D/2 X l : Round ( K ~ 8 0 + 2 0 ) Y1 : Round (180- ( P [ / SI )~ 90

IVr'H
I

R1 = R1 R S+I:K-~ R S S:S+I

"I

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

307

LIST OF REFERENCE VARIABLES FOR PROGRAM

PI PO DI RI R2, R3 ~ R4,.. T K F V L2 E1 (FOR SINGLE LAYER> SAI , SA2 (FOR DOUBLE LAYER> SA2 SB2,SBA2 SC FITI ,FIT2 <FOR THREE LAYER> SFA SFB, SFBA SFC, SFCA SD INSIDE PRESSURE OUTSIDE PRESSURE ( ASSUMED ZERO BAR ) INSIDE DIAMETER INSIDE RADIUS RADIUS AT SECOND,THIRD,FOURTH LAYER e t c . TOTAL THICKNESS DIAMETER RATIOS < R 2 / R I , R 3 / R 2 , . . ) TOTAL_ FORCE ACTING O N FLAT HEAD VOLUME OF VESSEL LENGTH OF VESSEL MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (Kgf/cm*cm)

STRESS AT R1,R2

STRESS STRESS STRESS SHRINK

AT INNERMOST RADIUS AT FIRST INTERFACE INNER,OUTER CYLINDER AT OUTERMOST RADIUS FIT AT FIRST,SECOND INTERFACE

STRESS AT INNERMOST RADIUS STRESS AT FIRST INTERFACE INNER,OUTER CYLINDER STRESS AT SECOND INTERFACE INNER,OUTER CYLINDER {COUNTING OF INTERFACE IS FROM INNER RADIUS} STRESS AT OUTERMOST RADIUS

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D . N . Paliwal et al.

PROGRAM
PROGRAM
USES

EADHPV(nput,output)
GRAPH, CRT ;

CONST po=I]. 0 ; VAR o r d a , O l ,O R D A 5 , O R D A 8 :C H A R ; bl ,SI ,kl , k2..V: R E A L ; n 1 , I 1 , K O , X1 ,YI : I N T E G E R ; a,~,d,b,k:REAL: rl , r 2 , r 3 , r 4 : r e a l ; t l , 12, t 2 , t 3 , t 4 , t : r e a l ; pi ,EL,FIT1 ,FIT2: real ; FLAG,FLAG1 :BOOLEAN; TT:ARRAY [I..9] OF REAL;

********************************************************************************* PROCEDURE NOZZLE(R1 ,T:REAL) ~ ~calculates nezzle dimensons] VAR XI2,XI3,XI4:REAL; BEGIN XI2:=O.5*O.4*T; X 13 : = 0 . 2 + 0 . 5 * S Q R T (RI*T) ; XI4:=XI2/XI3; WRITELN('REINFORCEMENT DIA OF NOZZLE" ,XI3:G:3): W R I T E L N ( ' R E I N F O R C E M E N T T H I C K N E S S ' ~ X ! 4 : 8 : :3 ) W R I T E L N ( ' O F ' E N I N G D I A IS = 0 . 4 c m ) read in ; END : ***************************************************************************
PROCEDURE LEN (V,D:REAL;VAR L2:REA[_): ~[lives o p t ~ m i _ ~ e d ier~cjth] BEG IN L2 :=a.V/3.14/SQR(D) : WRITELN('OPTIMISED LENGTH Of: V E S S E ! ~ IS = " . L 2 : 8 : ~ ) ~ WR ITELN ; END ; [# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # PROCEDURE OPT (N:INTEGER:V:REAL_: VAR D:REAL);IIc~r op~imlza!:i(~n~ VAR RZ :REAL; BEGIN R Z : = ( 2 * N - I ) . 4 . V / 3 . 14: D:=EXP((I/3)*LN(RZ)}; WRITELN('AFTER OPTIMIZATION INSIDE DIAMETER !S=',D:8:3,'cm'); END; i

******************************************************************************** PROCEDURE fightOS(EL,FITl , F I T 2 , P I ,RI , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 : R E A L ) " {for stresses in 3 lavel' ~. vat gd,gm:integer-; o r d a 6 , o r d a 9 :c h a r ; stl ,st2,st3,st4, stlO,stl I ,stl2,stl3,st 14, s t l 5 , S T l 6 :string : S T 2 0 , S T 2 1 ~ S T 2 2 , S T 2 3 , S T 2 4 , S T 2 5 , ST2E, : S T R I N G : P,F'I ,DI . D 2 . S A . S B , S B A ~ S C , S A I GBI .SCI .SD! ,SIA,SIB, SIC,SICA, GID, SSA, SSB, SSC, SSCA <SSBA ~SSD, S F A , S F B , S F B A , S F C , S F C A , S F D , R R 1 :REAL_ : a,b.c,d:real ; !=:. a 9 , b 9 ~ c ~ , d 9 , a g l , b 9 1 , c 9 ~ , sa2:l . s b 2 ! ~ s b a 2 1 . sa2C!, sb20, sba20, sc 20, s c 2 ] , s c:11 . s b 10. s b a 10, s a 10, s c 10. ~ L!1 ! , '--~I a. s a ] ~. s!= i a O . s a I a O
, s b a I 1 , sa i 1 . a 91 ] . b 9 ] I . ~: r~ :l ~ . d 9 1 , d 9 1 ! , s f:~ 0 . ~= f a ! .

sfbO,sfbl . s T c!-l,s.f~ 1 , sfc:aO, s f c a ] , s f baC!. s F b a i , s f d O . s f~! , s s a l , s s b l , s s c l ~ s s d l ,E s b a l ,s s s a l ,s s a O . s s b O , s s b a O , E sE ( ~ ) ~s s c a O .ssdO: integer :

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

SUB-PROCEDURE>>>} PROCEDURE fit(a,b,c,d:real): BEGIN F':=((EL*FITI)*(B*B-A*A)*(C*C-B*B))/((2*BiB*B~(C*C-A*A))): F'I:=((EL*FIT2)~(C*C-A*A)*(D*D-C*C))/((2*C*C*C*(D*D-A*A))): [STRESS D U E T O I N N E R FIT]. SA:=(-(2*P*B*B)/(B*B-A*A)): SB:=(-(P*(B*B+A*A)/(B*B-A*A~)): SBA:=(P*(B*B+C*C)/(C*C-B*B)): SC:=2*P*B*B/(C*C-B*B); {STRESS DUE TO INSIDE F'RESSURE~ SAI:=PI~(A*A+d*d)/(d*d-A*A): SBI:=(((PI*A*A)/(D*D-A*A))*(~I-((D*D)/(B*B)))); SCI:=(((PI*A*A)/(D*D-A*A))*(]~(D*D)/(C*C))); SDI:=(2*PI*A*A)/(D*D-A*A); '[STRESS D U E T O O U T E R FIT]. SIA:=(-(2*PI*C*C)/(C*C-A*A)): SIB:=(-(2*PI*B*B>/(C*C-A*A)): SIC:=(-(PI*(C*C+A*A)/(C*C-A*A))):writeln(g:=',slc): SICA:=(F'I*(C*C+D*D)/(D*D-C*C));wrxteln('i:=',slca): SID:=(PI*2*C*C)/(D*D-B*B); {SHRINKFIT FINAL]. SSA:=SIA+SA; STR(SSA:IO:2,ST20); SSB:=SIB+SB; STR(SSB:IO:2,ST21); SSBA:=SIB+SBA; STR(SSBA:8:2,ST22): SSC:=SC+SIC; STR(SSC:IO:2,ST23): SSCA:=SC+SICA; STR(SSCA:7:2,ST24); SSD:=SID; STR(SSD:IO:2,ST25);

309

{SUMMING]
SFA:=SAI+SA+SIA ;STR(SFA:IO:2,STII); SFB:=SBI+SIB+SB; STR(SFB:IO:2,STI2)~ SFBA:=SBI+SIB+SBA;STR(SFBA:IO:2.STI3); SFC:=SCI+SC+SIC; STR(SFC:IO:2,STI4); SFCA:=SCI+SC+SICA; STR(SFCA:IO5:2,STI5); SFD:=SDI+SID; STR(SFD:IO:2,STI6);

WRITELN( WRITELN( WRITELN( WRITELN(

WRITELN( WRITELN(

STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS

STRESS STRESS

DEVELOPED DEVELOPED DEVELOPED DEVELOPED

DEVELOPED DEVELOPED

AT AT AT AT AT AT

INNERMOST SURFACE 1 INTERFACE(INNER 1 INTERFACE(OUTER 2 INTERFACE(INNER 2 INTERFACE(OUTER OUTERMOST SURFACE

= ',SFA>; CYLINDER)=',SFB)~ CYLINDER)=',SFBA) CYLINDER>=',SFC): CYLINDER)='.SFCA)~ =',SFD):

agl:=a9+300;agll:=300-.a9~ b91:=b9+300:b911:=300-b9: c:o I ~ = c 9 + 3 0 0 ; c 9 1 1 : = 3 0 0 - c 9 : d 9 1 := d 9 + 3 0 0 ~d 9 1 1 := 3 0 0 - d 9 : s.faO:=round(sfa/325) ; s s a O : ='round ( ~-isa/325 ) : sfal:=sfaO~75: s s a I := s s a O + 7 5 ; sFbO:=round(sfb/325): s~sbO : =reLlnd ( s s b / 3 2 5 ) : sfbl:=sfb0+75: s s b i := s s b 0 + 7 5 : sTbaO:=round(sfba/325); s s b a O : = r o u n d ( s s b a ,'325 ) : sfbal:=sfbaO+75: s s b a ! := s s b a O + 7 5 ~fcO:=round(sfc/325); s s c O : =rclund ( s s c : 3 2 5 ) : sfcl:=sfcO+75; s s c 1 := s s E 0 ~ 7 5 : ssca0:=round(ssca/325); sscaI:=sscaO+75; s~caO:=round(sfca/325): s s d O : ==rollrld ( SSCi/325 ) ; ssdl:=ssd0+75; sfcal:=sfcaO~75; sfdO:= round(sfd/375): sfdl:=sfdO+75~ [STRING FOR RADIUS} STR(A:IO:2,STI); STR(B:IO:2,ST2): STR(C:IO:2,ST3); STR(D:IO:2,ST4): END;

310
E:::(:::::SUB-F'ROCEDURE>>:::::]

D . N . Paliwal et al.

PROCEDURE

cr(ag.b9,cg~dg:Jnte0ei'): E g r a p h l c s of :S !~ver

stress]

BEGIN FIT(A.B~C~D);readln; detectgraph(gd.om)~ i~itQr'aph (gd,Qm,'

');

!::irsle(:~C!o,75,ag): c:irc]e(3Cx).75,bg); circle(:300.75,cg); r:~rcle(300.75~dg); {FINAL STRESS] lirle(agi.Z5.a91,sfal~; !ine(b#l,75.b~l,sfbl): line(bg!.75,b91,sfbal); !ine(cgl,75,c91~sTcl): !ine(c91,75,cgl,sfcal); line(dgl,75,d91.sfdl); Iine(A910SFAI.B91,SFBI); lne(b91,sfbal,c91,sfcl); llne(cgl,sfcald91,sfdl): {RESIDUAL STRESSES] line ( a g l l . 7 5 ~ a g l l ~ s s a l ) : line ( b g l l , 7 5 ~ b g 1 1 . ~ s b l ) ~ line(bg!!,75,b~llqssbal): line ( c g l l 7 5 , c 9 1 : L , e s c l ) : line(cgll,75,cgll,ssca!); line(d911,75,dgll',ssd!): line (a911,ssalbgll0ssbl); line ( b ~ l l . s s b ~ l , c g l l ~ s s c ] ) : line (cgll.sscal.dgll,ssdl): line line (a911,75.dgli.75): (agl,75,dgl75):

o u t t e x t x y ( a 9 1 - 8 0 , s f a l ,stl i ) : o u t t e x t x v (b91 ,s~bl ,_~t12) : ba I ,E t ! :S) : r-ead In : o u t t e x t x v ( b 9 1 - 8 0 , s ,~ o u t t e x t x v (c9! ,s~[l ,stl4 ) : ( c g l . 8 0 . s F c al,sti5," outtextxy o u t t e x t x v (dgl.sfdl ,stl'_':):

outtextxy<a911,ssal,st20): outtextxy (bgll-90,ssb!,Et2~): o u t t e x t x v(bgll,ssbal.st22): outtextxy(c9!l-80,sscl*ICl,st23);read~n: outtextxv(c911.sscal,sE24)~ outtextxy(d911-80.ssdl,st25);readln;

[RADIUS]
SETTEXTSTYLE<O,0~!); SETCOLOR(RED): OUTTEXTXY(IO~A9-12~'<<RADIUS>>'); OUTTEXTXY(IO,A9,STI); OUTTEXTXY(10,B9~ST2); OUTTEXTXY(IO,Cg,ST3)~ OUTTEXTXY(10.Dg,ST4):readln: readln~

CLOSEGRAPH;
END;

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

BEGIN W R I T E L N ( ' G I V E THE M U L T I F I C A T I O N FACTOR FOR G R A P H I C S DISPLAY'): READLN(RRI>; A:=RI; S:=R2; C:=R3; D:=R4~ ag:=round(a~RRl); bg:=round(b~RR1); c9:=round(c~RRl>; Dg:=round(dIRR1); w r i t e l n ( ' S H R I N K FIT'>; W R I T E L N ('= . . . . . . . =='); W R I T E L N ( ' F O R S H R I N K F I T STRESS C A L C U L A T I O N ~RESS :F:'); W R I T E L N ('FOR G R A P H I C D I S P L A Y OF S T R E S S E S PRESS : 8:'); readln(orda9>; if orda9 in ['G','g'] then cir(ag.bg,c9,d9) else ft(a,b,c~d~ end;

311

procedure f i g h t o ( E L , F I T l , p i , r l , r 2 , r 3 : r e a l ) : { C A L C U L A T E S STRESSES F O R 2 LAYER] vat ~d,gm:integer: ~rda6,0RDA9:char; ~tl~st2,st3,st4~st5,st6.st7.stS,et9,stlO:strina; ST77,STGG,ST99:STRING; E~P,DSA~SBSBA.SC~SAI,SBI,SCI~SA2SB2,SBA2,SC2.RRR:REAL: a.b,c:real; s.a9.b9,cg~agl,b91.cgl,sa21,sb21.sba21~sa20,sb20~sba2-~.sc2C! sc21,scllsblO.sbalO.salO,sclO.sbll,sc]a,sala.sclaO.salaO ,sball.sall~agll.b911,cgll:integer; p r o c e d u r e fit(a.b.c:real); BEGIN F':=((EL~FITI)~(B~B-A~A)~(C~C-B~B))/((2~B~B~B~(C~:C--A~A))): WRITELN(P); READLN: SA:=(-(2~P~B~B)/(B~B-A~A>); SB:=(-(P~(B~B+A~A)/(B~B-A~A))); WRITE (SB); SBA:=(P~(B~B+C~C)/(C~C-B~B)); W R I T E L N (SBA); SC:=2~P~B~B/(C~C-B~B); SAI:=PI~(A~A+C~C)/(C~C-A~A); SBI:=(((PI~A~A)/(C~C-A~A))~(I+((C~C)/(B~B))))~ WRITELN(SBI); SCI:=2~F'I~A~A/(C~C-A~A); WRITEIn(SC1): SA2:=SAI+SA; SB2:=SBI+SB; SBA2:=SBI+SBA: SC2:=SCI+SC; WRITELN ('STRESS DEVELOPED AT INNERMOST SURFACE = ",SA2)I WRITELN ('STRESS DEVELOPED AT INTERFACE(INNER CYLINDER =',SB2): WRITELN ('STRESS DEVELOPED AT INTERFACE(OUTER CYLINDER =',SBA2) WRITELN ('STRESS DEVELOPED AT OUTERMOST SURFACE =',SC2); a91:=ag+300;a911:=300-a9; bgl:=b9+300;b911:=300-bg; c91:=c9+300;c911:=300-c9; sa20:=round(sa2/325>; sclO:=round(sc/325)~ sa21:=sa20+75; sc11:=sc10+75; sb20:=round(sb2/325>; sba10:=round(sba/325): sb21:=sb20+75; sba11:=sba10+75; sba20:=round(sba2/325);sblO:=round(sb/325): sba21:=sba20+75; sb11:=sblO+75; sc20:=round(sc2/325>; sa10:=round(sa/325); sc21:=sc20+75; sa11:=sa10+75; sc1AO:=round(sc1/325); salaO:=round(sal/325); scla:=sclaO+75; sala:=salaO+75; w r i t e l n ('salO ==',salO); w r i t e l n ( ' s = ',s," " , s a 2 ) ; readln;

312
str

D . N . Paliwal et al.
(sa2:lO:2,stl); str(sc:iI'~:2,st5); str(sb2:10:2~st2);str(sba:10:2,st6); str(sba2:lO:2,st3);str(sb:lO:2,stT)-" str(sc2:lO:2,st4);str(sa:lO:2,st8) ~

str(sal:lO:2,st9);str(scl:lO:2,stlO>; str(a:lO:2,st77);str(B:10:2,stBC,' str(C:lO.'2,st99); End ;

~,roeedure c i r ( a g , b 9 ~c 9 : i n t e g e r ) begin FIT(A~B,C) ;readln : gd:=O;gm:=O; initgraph (gd,gm," ") eircle(300,75.a9) ; circle (L700,75 ~b9) : c i r c le (3i-~').7 5 ~ e 9 ) ; line(a91.75,a91,sa21);READLN; l a n e ( b 9 1 ~ 75, b 9 1 , s b 2 1 ) ; i ine(bgl ,75, b91 ,sba21 ) ; l i n e ( c 9 1 , 7 5 , c 9 1 , s o 2 1 ) ~ r e a d in : line (ag] .sa21 ,bgl qsb21 ) : readln : l i n e ( b g l , s b a 2 1 , c 9 1 , s c 2 1 ) ; r e a d In : lane (ag!l.75,a911,sa!l) : lane (bgll,75.bgll sbll); 1 ine(bgl 1 .75, bgl 1 ,sbal 1 ) lane (cgll,Z5,egll,scll) ; 1 ine(agl i .sal 1 .b911 ,sbll ) ; i l n e ( b g l I , s b a l 1 ,i_-911 . s o l 1 ) ; line (agll.75,a91 l.salA) ; line (c911 ,75,c911 ,sclA) : line (a911 ,salA,c911 ,so IA) ; l.ine ( a 9 1 1 ~ 7 5 , c 9 1 1 , 7 5 ) : line (a91,75,c91 ~75) ; o u t t e x t x' ( a 9 1 - 8 0 , s a 2 1 . s t i ) : r e a d i n ; outtextxy(b91 .sb21 ,st2) :readln : OL t t e x t ~:V ( b 9 1 ~ 8 0 . s b a 2 1 , s t 3 ) ; r-ead i n ; OL, t t e x t : : v ( c 9 1 , S O 2 1 , s t 4 ) ; r e a d l n ; o u t t . e x t::y ( 2(_'I 5 0 + A 9 ~ s t 7 7 ) ; r e a d I n : o u t t e x tx y (21"I,5Ci+B9, s t 8 8 ) ~ r e a d i n ; rjut t e x t i~v ( 2(], 5 0 + C 9 , s t 9 9 ) : r e a d i n ; outte~:t~tv < a g l 1 . s a l I s t S ) ; o u t t e x tx'./( b911--8(:!, s b I i . s t 6 ) : outtextx v (b911 .sbal l+lO,st7 ) ; o u t t e ~ : t x v ( c g l I-8(]I,sc 11 , s t B ) " readln : o u t t e : : t x y ( e 9 ! i ,s a l A , s t g ) : outtext~v(cg~ 1-80.sclA stlO) ;readln ;readlrl; c iosegraph ; end ; begin WRITELN('GIVE THE MULTIFICATION FACTOR F O R G R A F ' H I C S D I S P L A ' ' )" READI._hl ( R R R ) a:=rl b:=r2:E:=r3; a 9 := r o L t n d ( a ~ R R F ; b9 :=round(b~RRR) ; c 9 := r o u n d ( c ~ R R R ) : wri. t e l n ( ' S H R I N K FIT' ~ W R I T E L . N ( '= = = = = = = = = = ' )" WRITELN( 'FOR SHRINKFIT STRESS CALEULATEON PRESS :F:) : IF O R D A 6 IN [ ' F ' ~ ' ~ ' ] THEN FIT(A,B~C); WRITELN ('FOR G R A P H I C DISPLAY OF STRESSES PRESS ". G : ' ) ; readln(orda9); if o r d a 9 an [ ' G ' , ' g ' ] then cir(a9,b9,c9) else TJt(a,b,c) END ;

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

PROCEDURE VAR GD,GM:INTEGER: DGRAPI(XI,YI:INTEGER):

313

K,I,J,II:INTEGER:
X,Y:REAL; F:BOOLEAN: R:ARRAY [1..4000] S:ARRAY [1..4000] OF OF INTEGER; INTEGER;

BEGIN GD:=O; GM:=O; INITGRAPH(GD,GM,' '); LINE(20,0,20,410); LINE(IO,I80,420,180); I:=20;

J:=-45; F:=TRUE; WHILE

F DO

BEGIN I:=I+80: J:=O+45; IF I < = 4 2 0 T H E N BEGIN LINE(I.180.I,0): IF J < = 1 8 0 T H E N

LINE(20,J,420.J); END

ELSE F:=FALSE; END; G E T T E X T J U S T I F Y (0,0) ; SETTEXTSTYLE(O,0, i ) ; O U T T E X T X Y ( 1 0 0 . 1 9 0 , ' I ' ); SETTEXTJUSTIFY(O,O); SETTEXTSTYLE(0,0,1); OUTTEXTXY(180,190,'2'): SETTEXTOUSTIFY(O,0); SETTEXTSTYLE(O,0,1>; OUTTEXTX(260,190,'3' ; SETTEXTOUSTIFY(O,0): SETTEXTSTYLE(O.0,1); OUTTEXTXY(340,190,'4 ; SETTEXTJUSTIFY(O,0); SETTEXTSTYLE (0,0,1 ) : O U T T E X T X Y ( 4 2 0 , 1 9 0 , '5" ; S E T T E X T J U S T I F Y (0,0) : SETTEXTSTYLE(O.0,1); O U T T E X T X Y ( 5 0 , 2 0 0 , ' - .....K . . . . . . > ' ) ; SETTEXTJUSTIFY(O,O): SETTEXTSTYLE(2,1.1); O U T T E X T X Y ( 1 0 , 1 5 0 , ' - ....... P I / S I G M A X ....>'); SETTEXTOUSTIFY(O,0); SETTEXTSTYLE(O,0,1);

OUTTEXTXY(15,90,'I');
SETTEXTJUSTIFY(0.O); SETTEXTSTYLE(O,0,1);

OUTTEXTXY(15,9,'2");
OUTTEXTXY(50,40.'FAILURE ZONE'); O U T T E X T X Y ( 5 0 , 5 0 , ' = = = = ~ .......... );
K : =0 ;

FOR I : = i 0 1 0 TO 4200 DO BEGIN K := K + 1 ;

X:=I/10; X :=(X-20>/80; Y:=2*(SQR(X)-I)/SQR(X): Y:=Y*90;

314

D . N . Paliwal et al.
IF Y < O T H E N Y:=O; J:=ROUND(Y); J:=lGO-J; II:=ROUND(X*80+20); R[K]:=II; S[K]:=J; IF K > 2 T H E N LINE(R[K-I]~S[K-I],R[K],S[K]) END; READLN; SETTEXTJUSTIFY(O,0); SETTEXTSTYLE(O,O~I); OUTTEXTXY(XI.YI,'~'); READLN; CLOSEGRAPH;

ELSE;

~ ~ PROCEDURE

MAXSHEAR(EL,FITI,FIT2:REAL;OI:CHAR;D,SI,V,pi.L2:real);
CONST PO=O.O; VAR N:INTEGER; A,K~Y,K9,WAK:REAL~ ORDAI:CHAR; x2~x3,;:4:real; FLAG:BOOLEAN:

PROCEDURE

AK(A:R~EAL;N~ INTEGEF:;VAR

WAK:REAL) ;

BEG I N WAK: = ( 1.1( I-A* (2/N)) ) END : F'ROCEDURE VAL..UE(RI,Kq:REAI_;N:INTEGER VAR R:ARRAY[I..5] OF R E A L ; I :INTEGER; B F G I I'1 IF 01 IN [ ' Y ' , ' y ' ] OF'T(N,V,D); [..EN(V D , L 2 ) ; RI:=D/2; R[!]:=RI; F O R I:=l TO N DO BEGIN R[I*I]:=R[I]*K9: R2:=R[2]; END: X3:=R[3]; X4:=R[4]: F O R I:=l TO N+I DO BEGIN WRITELN writeln END: END: BEGIN writeln:writeln; A:=<R-F'o)/SI; FLAG:=TRUE: WHII-E FLAG D O BEGIN wrteln; WRITELN('SINGLE LAYER F'RESS:S:)~} WRITELN('DOUBLE LAYER PRESS:D:'): THEN ;VAR R2,XG;,X4:F'.EAL)~

('RADIUS

OF

',I:2,'

LAYER

R[I]:8:3)

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

WRITELN('TRIPLE LAYER PRESS:T:' ); WRITELN('QUIT PRESS:Q:' ); READLN (ORDAI) :writeln ;writeln : IF ORDAI IN ['S" ,'s' ] THEN BEGIN
N:=I;

315

AK (A,N,WAK) IF W A K > = I

; THEN

BEGIN K9:=SQRT(WAK):r'I:=d/2: VALUE(R1 K9,N,R2.X3,X4): WRITELN('R2' .R2); READLN : X 1 := R O U N D (K 9 . 8 0 + 2 0 ) : YI:=ROUND(ISO-(PI/SI)~V,:)): D G R A P I ( X1 ,YI ) ; F I G H T ( P I .RI , R 2 ) ; READLN ; TT[I]:=R2-RI: READLN END ELSE WRITELN END ELSE ] IF ORDAI IN BEG IN
N := 2 :

('I~

FAILS

FOR

",N:2.'

LAYER

"?

[ "D" ~ "d' ] T H E N

A K ( A, N, W A K ) ; R.I : = D / 2 ; IF WAK:::=! [ H E N BEGIN K 9 : = S O R T (W A K ) : F'. 1 := D / 2 VALUE(RI.Kg,N,R2.XZ. ~.x4): READLN ; X I := R O U N D (K 9 , 8 0 + 2 0 ? : Y I : = R O U N I } ( JSO-.-,~F'I/SI ) * 9 0 : DGRAF' 1 ( 1 , Y ! ) ; FIGHTO(EL,FI !I ,,F'I.RI R 2 , X3) TT[2] :=X3-Ri ; READLN END ELSE
WRITEL.N END ELSE IF' ORDA1 IN [ " T' , " t' ] THEN (' I1 FAILS FOR " ,i'.1~:2;~ LAYEP

BEGIN R1 :=D/2: N:=3: AK (A.N,WAK) IF WAK?:=I

; THEN

W R I T E L . N ( "RI ' , R 1 : 8 " ~

"R2" .R2:B:3,

BEGIN K9 :=SORT(WAK) : VALUE(R1 , K 9 N , R 2 . X3, X 4 ) : READLN : ' R 3 " . X 3 : 8 : 3 , 'R 4 " . X 4 : 8 : ' ~ : X i := R O U N D (K 9 . 8 0 + 2 0 ); Y1 : = R O U N D ( I S O - ( F ' I /S] ) * 9 0 ) ; D G R A P I (XI ,YI ) : FIGHTOS(EL,FITI ,F IT2,F'I .RI . R 2 , Y 3 . X4) : T T [ 3 ] := X 4 - R I : READLN END

316

D . N . Paliwal et al.
ELSE WRITELN END ELSE IF ORDAI IN [ 'Q' , "q" ] ]HEN <'IT FAILS FOR k AYER " )

,,N:2,

"

BEGIN FLAG:=FALSE END;

END: END;
**************************************************************************

PROCEDURE VONMISES(EL,FITI,FIT2:REAL;OI:CHAR;D,SI.PI,V,L2:REAt_): CONST SI=1582.278: VAR S,T,N:INTEGER: Q,C,D2,E,WAK,WAKI,WAK2:REAL; RI,K,R3:REAL.; R:ARRAY[I..5] OF REAL; PROCEDURE VALUEI(VAR C,R2,R3,R4:REAL;T:INTEGER)~ VAR S:INTEGER: BEGIN D2:=SQR(C/T ); E :=7*D2-3*D2*D2 ; WAKI :=(-(D2+I .I'))+ S Q R T ( E ) ) I ( 4 , D 2 - I WAK2:=(-(D2+I .O)-SQRT(E) )/ (4.D2-I IF WAK 1 >WAK2 THEN WAK :=WAK I ELSE WAK:=WAK2; READLN ;

.0) ; ,I) ;

IF W A K > = I .0 THEN BEGIN K : = S Q R T (W A K ) :

X1 : = R O U N D ( K . S 0 + 2 0 ) ;

YI:=ROUND(IGO-(PI/SI)*90); WRITELN ( ' F O R ',T ," NO OF LAYER(S)'): WR ITELN ;

IF: 01 IN [ ' Y" . ' V' ] T H E N OPT(T,V,D) : R1 :=D/2;LEN(V,D,L2) : F O R S : = 1 T O T DO' BEGIN R[I] :=Fi : R[S+I ] :=R[S]*E: : RADIUS OF '.S:2,'LAYER ',R[CII]); wrlteln : r e a d in : END: THEN T T[7] :=R[T+~ ]-R I E[SE THEN TT[S]:=F<ET+I]-RI ELSE THEN TT[9]:=R[T~-I]-RII: DGRAPI (X] , Y ] ~ : RI :=R[ I ] ;R2.:=R[2] :
F;:3 : =F:: [ 3 I ~ R 4 : =:R [ '.1 ] : READHN

WF;~ITEL_i',I

('OUTER

IF IF IF

T=I T=2 T=3

END ELSE
WRITELN ( ' i r FA!I.~ ,

END : BEG IN
C ." = ( F ' I - P O ) !SI R1 ~=Di2.0; IF' C3=1.0

THE~i

BEGIN WRITELN WRITELN END ( 'CYLINDER FAILS ('PLEASE REDUCE '>: THE F'RESSURE '

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

ELSE BEGIN FLAGI:=TRUE; WHILE FLAGI BEGIN

317

DO

WRITELN('DOUBLE LAYER PRESS:D:'): WRITELN('TRIPLE LAYER PRESS:T:'); WRITELN('QUIT PRESS:Q:'); R E A D L N (ORDA8); IF O R D A 8 IN [ ' D ' , ' d ' ] T H E N BEGIN VALUEI(C,R2,R3,R4.2); FIGHTO(EL,FITI,PI,RI,R2,R3); END E L S E IF O R D A 8 IN [ ' T ' , ' t ' ] T H E N BEGIN VALUEI(C~R2,R3,R4,3); FIGHTOS(EL,FIT1,FIT2,PI,RI,R2,R3,R4); END ELSE IF ORDA8 IN [ ~ O ' . ' q ' ] THEN FLAGI:=FALSE:

END; END;
END;

PROCEDURE HEAD (RI,PI:REAL);

CONST C=0.3: PIE=3.147: VAR 03:CHAR; n,p,.w,D3:real; ~l.hg,t:real;

al,a2,a3,a4,TOR:real;
i,D:real; ~:integer; SII:REAL: BEGIN D:=2~RI; TOR:=D~PI/(2~SI); al:=SQR(d)~pi: ~:=pie/4.0~al; slI:=4460.0/1.0; a3:=c~pi/sl: t:=d~SORT(a3); WRITELN('THICKNESS OF S P L I T R I N G I S = ' , T O R : S : 3 } : T:=I.2~T; W R I T E < ' T H I C K N E S S OF C O V E R P L A T E = ~, t : G : 3 ) ; WRITELN ('cm'); READLN; WRITELN('TO C O N T I N U E F O R N O Z Z L E P R E S S :N~'}: READLN(03): IF 03 I N [ ' N ' . ' n ~ ] T H E N N O Z X L E ( R I , T ) ~ END: i########################################################################] BEGIN WRITELN ('ENTER THE INTERNAL PRESSURE(IN BARS> : "~; r e a d l n (pi); write (~ENTER THE INTERNAL VOLLUME (cubic cm) : '); READLN(V): WRITELN('DO YOU NEED OPTIMIZATION ~'!!(Y/N)'): READLN(OI); WRITELN('YIELD STRENGTH OF,MATERIAL SELECTED (kgf/~or cm)~)~ READLN(SI); WRITELN('ENTER M O D U L U S OF E L A S T I C I T Y (kgf/cm2) '): r e a d l n (EL); writeln('ENTER S H R I N K F I T (cm) AT I N N E R I N T E R F A C E ' ) ;

318

D . N . Paliwal et al.
READLN (FITI); W R I T E L N ( ' E N T E R S H R I N K F I T (cm) A T O U T E R READLN(FIT2); IF 01 IN [ ' N ' , ' n ' ] T H E N BEGIN WRITELN(ENTER INTERNAL DIAMETER (sm)'); READLN(D); END ELSE OPT(I,V,D);

INTERFACE')

FLAG:=TRUE:{WRITELN('FOR SINGLE LAYER'): ] WHILE FLAG DO BEGIN writeln; WRITELN ('OPTIONS'>; WRITELN ('- . . . . . . . "); WRITELN(' FOR SHEAR STRESS THEORY PRESS:S:'): WRITELN(" FOR VONMISES THEORY PRESS:V:')~ WRITELN(" FOR QUIT PRESS:Q:'); READLN(orda); IF ( ( o r d a = ' S ' ) O R ( o r d a = ' s ' ) ) THEN MAXSHEAR(EL,PITI,PIT2,01 D,SI,V,pi,L2) ELSE
IF IF ((orda='V') OR (orda='v')> THEN

VONMISES(EL,FITI,FIT2,OI,D,SI
((orda='O') OR ( o r d a = ' a ' ) ) BEGIN FLAG:=FALSE END

F'I,V~L.2)
THEN

ELSE

END:

FLAG:=TRUE: RI:=D/2 W R I T E L N ( ' I F Y O U W A N T TO writeln; WRITELN('THEN P R E S S Y'): READLN(orda);

IF orda in ['''.'Y']

CONTINUE

FOR

HEAD'):

THEN

BEGIN

HEAD(rl,pi); READLN:END DOUBLE ',' 'rRIF'L.E' : WR i T E L N ',TT[8]:5:3,'cm ,TT[9]:5::21,'c:m" "~TTC2]:5~3,'cm '~TT[5]:5:3.'cm

, rTE3] :5:3, ' or.' ) :

WRITELN (' ('VSNMISES WRITELN ('SHEAR THEORY WRITELN ('NORMAL THEORY READLN; END.

SINGLE ",' ',TT[7]:5:3.'cm ',TT[l]:5:3,'cm ",TT[4]:5:3,'cm

>"

,TT[6]:5:3~ cm"

EXAMPLE
E N T E R T H E I N T E R N A L P F < E S S U R E ( I N BAIqS) !0 0 0 E N T E R T H E INTERNAl_ V O L L U M E ( c u b i c cm) DO YOU NEED OF'TIMIZATION ?!!(Y/N)
i'l
,"

50r~0

YIELD 1587 ENTER 5 ~e(-16 ENTER 0.001 ENTER -I. J-l('l 2 ENTER
2c,

STRENGTH MODULUS SHRINK SHRINK

OF: M A T E R I A L OF ELASTICITY (cm)

(cm)

SELECTED

(kof/sqr

cm)

(koflcm2) INTERFACE INTERFACE

FIT FIT

AT AZ

INNER OUTER (c_m)

INTERNAL

DIAMETER

OF'T I O N S FOR SHEAR STRESS THEORY PRESS : S :

FOR FOR

V O N M IS E S THEORY QUIT PRESS:Q:

PRESS:V:

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

319

DOUBLE LAYER PRESS:D: TRIPLE LAYER PRESS:T: QUIT PRESS:Q: D 15.924

OPTIMISED RADIUS RADIUS RADIUS OF OF OF

LENGTH 1 2 3

OF

VESSEL = = =

IS

LAYER LAYER LAYER

10.000 16.443 27.036 FACTOR FOR GRAPHICS DISPLAY

GIVE THE MULTIFICATION 5 SHRINK FIT

POR SHRINKFIT STRESS CALCULATION FOR GRAPHIC DISPLAY OF STRESSES F 4.19625920130406E+0002

PRESS PRESS

:F: : G:

-9.12266750361770E+0002 9.12266750362702E+0002 5~ 8 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 1 3 7 E + 0 0 0 2 3. 1 6 9 9 0 8 0 0 3 6 6 7 3 7 E + 0 0 0 2 STRESS DEVELOPED AT INNERMOST SURFACE = -1.49018701259047E+0001 STRESS DEVELOPED AT INTERFACE(INNER CYLINDER =-3.25266750363633E+0002 STRESS DEVELOPED AT INTERFACE(OUTER CYLINDER = 1.49926675036177E+0003 STRESS DEVELOPED AT OUTERMOST SURFACE = 8.09631630599499E+0002 salO ==-4 ~= 329 -1.49018701259047E+0001

GIVE THE MULTIFICATION FACTOR FOR GRAPHICS DISPLAY 5 SHRINK F I T ===m====== FOR SHRINKFIT STRESS CALCULATION PRESS : F : FOR GRAPHIC DISPLAY OF STRESSES PRESS : G : F o:=-1.21324571911432E+0003 i:= 2.26627538989112E+0003 STRESS DEVELOPE D AT INNERMOST SURFACE = -1.77725553855486E+0003 STRESS DEVELOPED AT 1 INTERFACE(INNER CYLINDER)=-I.23260655399971E+0003 STRESS DEVELOPED AT 1 INTERFACEfOUTER CYLINDER)= 1.05196816867962E+0003 STRESS DEVELOPED AT 2 INTERFACE(INNER CYLINDER)= 2.85396687055938E+0002 STRESS DEVELOPED AT 2 INTERFACE(OUTER CYLINDER)= 3.76491779606044E+0003 STRESS DEVELOPED AT OUTERMOST SURFACE = 1.53759882427752E+0003

320
V DOUBLE LAYER TRIPLE LAYER QUIT PRESS:Q: D FOR 2 NO OF

D . N . Paliwal et al.

PRESS: D : PRESS:T:

LAYER(S) OF VESSEL IS = 15..924

OPTIMISED OUTER

L._ENGTH OF

RADIUS

ILAYER

1.78698526955850E+OO!Z,I

OUTER

RADIUS

OF

2LAYER

3.19331635361887E~0001

GIVE ~HE MULTIFICATION 5 SHRINK FIT

= = = ~ = = m = = =

FACTOR

FOR

GRAPHICS

DISPLAY

FOR SHRINKFIT STRESS FOR GRAPHIC DISPLAY F 4.39049953461159E+0002

CALCULATION OF STRESSES

PRESS F'RESS

:F: : G:

-8.39402554431930E+0002 8.39402554431930E+0002 4.55930581263267E+0002 2.17455847742036E+0002 STRESS DEVELOPED AT INNERMOST SURFACE = -6.0996660!505876E+0001 STRESS DEVELOPED AT INTERFACE(INNER CYLINDER ....3 . 8 3 4 7 1 9 7 3 1 6 8 6 6 4 E + 0 0 0 ~ STRESS DEVELOPED AT INTERFACE(OUTER CYLINDER = 1.29533313569613E+000~ STRESS DEVELOPED AT OUTERMOST SURFACE = 6.17808448712341E~0002 salO ==-4 s= 330 -6.09966601505876E+0001

DOUBLE LAYER PRESS:D: TRIPLE LAYER PRESS:T: QUIT PRESS:O: T FOR 3 NO OF LAYER(S) LENGTH OF VESSEL IS = 15.924

OPTIMISED

OUTER RADIUS OF

ILAYER

1.39319606801437E+0001

OUTER RADIUS OF
OUTER RAD IUS

2LAYER
OF

1.94099528393126E+r~0('~l
2. Z 0 4 1 8 ~ 9 9 7 6 0 9 2 1 E ~()00 !

~L_AYEP

GiVE TIdE M U L T I F I C A T I O N 5 S H R I hiK F I T =.=:======== FOR FOR (?] SHRINKFIr STRESS GRAPHIC DISPLAY

FACTOR

FOR

GRAPHICS

DISPkAY

CALCULATION OF STRESSES

PRESS PRESS

:F:
: G:

~ := - i .09B40214955807E+0003 i : = i .99279546934739E+000:3

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

STRESS STPESS STRESS S]'RESS !:!IRES!:; SFRESS DEVELOPED DEVELOPED DEVELOPED DEVELOPED DEVELOF'ED DEWELOPED
AT AT AT AT AT AT INNERMOST SURFACE = -I.84033545~62535E+'.:!00~ i INTERFACE(INNER CYLINDER)=-I.21582~3CI2951708E+Cq:I,:i:~ i INTERFACE(OUTER CYLIrlDEF;:)= 9 . ~ 7 4 9 4 1 5 4 5 4 : [ 7 5 3 E + 0 0 0 2 2 I N T E R F A C E ( I N N E R C Y L I N D E R : , = '?.c~663:343714780E000:[ 2 INTERFACE(OUTER CYL. I N D E R ) = S.19i:,860762778::;:SE-H:O0::': OUTERMOST S U R F A E : E = 1~2i~,2!~3.5i:?{~4~771!-!+!:Y:)07~

321

':F

YOU

WANT

]0

CONTINUE

FOR

HEAD

THEN PRESS Y Y THICKNESS Of: S P L I T THICKNESS OF COVER

RING IS= PLATE=

6.301 10.435t:m

TO CONTINUE FOR NOZZLE PRESS :N: N REINFORCEMENT DIA OF NOZE~E 5.308 REINFORCEMENT THICKNESS 0.393 OPENING D I A IS = 0 . 4 c m

Results from example The results are shown graphically in Figs 2-5.
2 -

layers)

,(

:E @ 1

E
Fallur I I l I

l~o

2o Relation b e t w e e n

non-dimensional pressure and diameter m a x i m u m shear stress theory.

ratio

as per

322

D . N . Paliwal et al.

Radius

/~/'

-~-~a..-~o

,o.oo 1 ~ ' - 2 ~ , . 8 , ,2,.,g~ ,;,7.o7

~ -i~,g o, .... L/J/~22.~,9o,-3,

17 28

22-72
Fig. 3. Residual and net stresses as per maximum shear stress theory.

2Von- raises triple layer Failure

X <

o 1

F.

Fig. 4.

2 3 4 .5 0 Relation between non-dimensional pressure and diameter ratio as per

maximum distortion energy theory.

Computer aided design of multilayer vessels

323

Von-rnises (triple)~
,oiu, //
f

~
~

~
\ \\

27 -04 Fig. 5. Residual and net stresses as per maximum distortion energy theory.

REFERENCES 1. Harvey, J. F., Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1963. 2. Manning, W. R. D. & Labrow, S., High Pressure Engineering. Leonard Hill, London, UK, 1971. 3. Brownell, L. E. & Young, E. H., Process Equipment Design, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India, 1959. 4. ASME. Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII Div. 2, 1977. 5. Paliwal, D. N., Industrial Training Report. FCI, Sindri, India, 1972.