Capitolul III

352&(6( 7(+12/2*,&( ',1 ,1'8675,$ (1(5*(7,&

(QHUJHWLFD HVWH GLVFLSOLQD FDUH VH RFXS

FX VWXGLXO SURGXFHULL WUDQVSRUWXOXL GLVWULEX LHL L

XWLOL] ULL HQHUJLHL

Energia este capacitatea unui sistem fizic de a efectua un lucru mecanic cnd trece, printr-o
transformare, dintr-R VWDUH GH UHIHULQ vQ DOW VWDUH (QHUJLD DFXPXODW vQ QDWXU  vQ GLYHUL SXUW WRUL
GH HQHUJLH VH QXPHWH HQHUJLH SULPDU

HQHUJLD

FKLPLF

VXEVWDQ HORU

HVWH

RUJDQLFH

 (D SRDWH IL FKLPLF  QXFOHDU

HYLGHQ LDW
VDX

GH

GH

SURFHVXO

GH

L KLGUDXOLF 

DUGHUH

HOHPHQWXOXL

UHDF LLOH FKLPLFH H[RWHUPH GLQWUH GRX

FDUERQ

VDX

PDL

PXOWH

elemente;
-

HQHUJLD QXFOHDU

FDUDFWHUL]HD]

HOHPHQWHOH UDGLRDFWLYH GLQ QDWXU  VDX HVWH RE LQXW

XUPD UHDF LLORU QXFOHDUH GH IXVLXQHILVL

HQHUJLD

KLGUDXOLF

HVWH

HQHUJLD

vQ

une;

SRWHQ LDO

F GHULORU

GH

DS

HVWH

GHSHQGHQW

GH

resursele hidrologice.

 /DQ XUL GH WUDQVIRUPDUH 6XUVH GH HQHUJLH

(QHUJLD UH]XOWDW

seFXQGDU

vQ XUPD SURFHVXOXL GH PDQLIHVWDUH D HQHUJLHL SULPDUH VH QXPHWH

VDX HQHUJLH WUDQVIRUPDW

L SRDWH IL WHUPLF  PHFDQLF

HQHUJLH VH SRW WUDQVIRUPD UHYHUVLELO XQHOH vQ DOWHOH GXS

HQHUJLH WHUPLF

HQHUJLH PHFDQLF

HQHUJLH WHUPLF

energie

L HOHFWULF  $FHVWH IRUPH GH

XUP WRDUHOH VFKHPH

HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

7UDQVIRUPDUHD

HQHUJLHL

SULPDUH

FLQHWLF 

vQ

HQHUJLH

HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

VHFXQGDU

HVWH

LUHYHUVLELO

DUH

ORF

GXS

XUP WRDUHOH ODQ XUL GH WUDQVIRUPDUH

energie
primar
FKLPLF

sau
nuclHDU

energie
primar
hLGUDXOLF

energie
WHUPLF

energie

HOHFWULF

FLQHWLF 

energie

energie

PHFDQLF

HOHFWULF

FLQHWLF 

5DSRUWXO GLQWUH FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH RE LQXW

energie

PHFDQLF

GXS

ransformare, Qf L FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH

FX
 Randamentul de

FDUH VH WUDQVIRUP  4  VH QXPHWH UDQGDPHQW GH WUDQVIRUPDUH L VH QRWHD]

transformare

 HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD VXEXQLWDU HO VH FDOFXOHD]

Q
= f .
Qi

FX UHOD LD

(3.1)

CantitDWHD
FDUH

VH

GH HQHUJLH RE LQXW

WUDQVIRUP 

FRQVXPDW

GDWRULW

UH]LVWHQ HL

WUDQVIRUPDUH HVWH PDL PLF

RSXV

GH

PHGLX

OD

GHFkW FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH

WUDQVIRUPDUH

SHQWUX vQYLQJHUHD UH]LVWHQ HL PHGLXOXL VH QXPHWH vQ HQHUJHWLF 

6XEVWDQ D

FDUH

energie sau SXUW

SULQWU XQ

SURFHV

'XS

IL]LF

VDX

FKLPLF

SURGXFH

&DQWLWDWHD

GH

HQHUJLH

pierdere de energie.

HQHUJLH

VH

QXPHWH

VXUV

GH

WRUXO GH HQHUJLH

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH VH FODVLILF

a)
-

GXS

QDWXUD ORU

QDWXUDOH

GXS

PDL PXOWH FULWHULL

sursele de energie sunt:

F UEXQHOH

L HLXO

JD]HOH

QDWXUDOH

DSD

HOHPHQWHOH

UDGLRDFWLYH

FXUHQ LL

atmosferici, soarele;
LQGXVWULDOH JD]XO GH IXUQDO JD]XO GH FRFVHULH JD]XO GH VLQWH]  EHQ]LQD S FXUD

b)
-

'XS

SRVLELOLWDWHD GH UHIDFHUH vQ WLPS VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH VXQW HSXL]DELOH L LQ

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH HSXL]DELOH VXQW DFHOH VXUVH FDUH RGDW

HQHUJLHL SH FDUH R SRDUW  VH FRQVXP

F UEXQHOH

L HLXO

JD]HOH

QDWXUDOH

I U

D VH SXWHD UHIDFH vQ WLPS 'LQ DFHDVW

HOHPHQWHOH

UD

epuizabile.

VXSXVH SURFHVXOXL GH RE LQHUH D

FDWHJRULH IDF SDUWH

dioactive naturale, gazul de furnal, gazul de

FRFVHULH EHQ]LQD S FXUD

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH LQHSXL]DELOH VXQW DFHOHD FDUH VH UHJHQHUHD]

GXS

RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL

SH FDUH R SRDUW  'LQWUH DFHVWHD VH SRW HQXPHUD DSD FXUHQ LL DWPRVIHULFL VRDUHOH

c)

'XS

PRPHQ

tul istoric al folosirii lor

VXUVHOH

GH

HQHUJLH

VXQW

FRQYHQ LRQDOH

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH FRQYHQ LRQDOH VDX FODVLFH VXQW VXUVHOH FDUH VXQW IRORVLWH FX IUHFYHQ

PDUH GH R SHULRDG

OXQJ

GH WLPS 'LQ DFHDVW

FDWHJRULH IDF SDUWH F UEXQLL

L HLXO JD]HOH QDWXUDOH

apa.
-

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH DX IUHFYHQ

PLF

GH XWLOL]DUH L VXQW IRORVLWH GH VFXUW

WLPS (OH DX UROXO GH D FRPSOHWD L XQHRUL GH D vQORFXL VXUVHOH FRQYHQ LRQDOH 'LQWUH DFHVWHD IDF SDUWH

soarele, mareele, biomasa, apele geotermale.

d) 'XS DSDUL LH VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SRW IL SULPDUH L VHFXQGDUH
- Sursele de energie primare sunt cele naturale.
- Sursele de energie secundare sunt rezultate ntr-un proces industrial dintr-R VXUV
de energie. Dintre acestea se pot enumera: aburii, gazele rezultate din ardere, aerul cald.
&DQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH SH FDUH VXUVD GH HQHUJLH VHFXQGDU

ntr-XQ SURFHV LQGXVWULDO VH QXPHWH HQHUJLH UH]LGXDO

evacuaWH

OD FR GXS

R PDL SRVHG

GXS

SULPDU

FH D IRVW IRORVLW

 8Q H[HPSOX HVWH F OGXUD SH FDUH R DX JD]HOH

FH DX IRVW IRORVLWH OD vQF O]LUHD DSHL GLQWU XQ FD]DQ &X FkW HQHUJLD UH]LGXDO

HVWH PDL PLF  FX DWkW UDQGDPHQWXO HQHUJHWLF DO SURFHVXOXL WHKQRORJLF UHVSHFWLY HVWH PDL PDUH
5HSDUWL LD WHULWRULDO

D VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

FRUHVSXQGH vQ PLF

PDULORU FRQVXPDWRUL DWkW OD QRL FkW L SH SODQ PRQGLDO IDSW FDUH ULGLF

P VXU

DPSODV ULL

SUREOHPH WHKQRORJLFH L

HFRQRPLFH 'H DFHHD VH SXQH XQ DFFHQW GHRVHELW SH XWLOL]DUHD VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

acolo unde este posibil.

ActualmHQWH
GHRDUHFH H[LVW

SRQGHUHD vQ FRQVXPXO HQHUJHWLF PRQGLDO R GH LQ

L HLXO L JD]HOH QDWXUDOH

] F PLQWH PDUL LDU FRVWXULOH GH H[WUDF LH SUHSDUDUH L WUDQVSRUW VXQW UHGXVH vQ UDSRUW

FX FHOH QHFHVLWDWH GH F UEXQH VDX DPHQDM UL KLGUR

Instala LLOH HQHUJHWLFH QHFHVLW

-energetice.

LQYHVWL LL PDUL 3URGXF LD RULF UXL IHO GH HQHUJLH HVWH GH PDV 

iar procesele tehnologice sunt continue.

 2E LQHUHD HQHUJLHL WHUPLFH

(QHUJLD WHUPLF

fig.3.1.

VH RE LQH vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL D F UHL FRQVWUXF LH HVWH SUH]HQWDW

DS

DEXU VXSUDvQF O]LW

GHGXUL]DW

gaze arse

aer cald
4
5
1-SUHvQF

aer rece
3

Fig.3.1. Cazanul cu aburi

O]LWRU GH DS  -cazan; 4-VXSUDvQF

O]LWRU GH DHU  SUHvQF

O]LWRU 

-focar

(O VH FRPSXQH GLQ IRFDU VDX LQVWDOD LD GH DUGHUH D FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VXUV

FKLPLF  FD]DQXO GH DEXU SUHvQF O]LWRDUH VDX VFKLPE WRDUH GH F OGXU

GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

SHQWUX DSD GH DOLPHQWDUH L

DHUXO QHFHVDU DUGHULL FRPEXVWLELOXOXL VXSUDvQF O]LWRUXO SHQWUX DEXUL FRQGXFWH



Focarul HVWH SUHY

]XW FX

JU WDUH FkQG FRPEXVWLELOXO HVWH VROLG F UEXQH

injectoare, cnd combustibiOXO HVWH OLFKLG S

FXU 

DU] WRDUH FkQG FRPEXVWLELOXO HVWH JD]RV

Cazanul

WUDQVIRUPDW

JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL VDX ILHUE WRUXO HVWH SDUWHD GLQ LQVWDOD LH vQ FDUH DSD HVWH

vQ DEXUL VXE LQIOXHQ D HQHUJLHL FDORULFH UH]XOWDW

GLQ DUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL 'LQ

punct

GH YHGHUH FRQVWUXFWLY FD]DQHOH VXQW LJQLWXEXODUH L DFYDWXEXODUH

Cazanul ignitubular
JD]HOH DUVH $SD DIODW
JD]HOH DUVH FH FLUFXO

HVWH GH IRUP

vQ FD]DQ RFXS
SULQ

FLOLQGULF

DYkQG vQ LQWHULRU

XQ YROXP PDUH OD SUHVLXQH MRDV

HYL SULQ FDUH FLUFXO

 DWP L VH vQF O]HWH

HYLOH FD]DQXOXL $FHVW WLS GH FD]DQ HVWH LQGLFDW V

FRQGL LLOH GH OXFUX FDUH FHU FD DSD V

ILH PHQ LQXW

de la

ILH IRORVLW FkQG

WLPS vQGHOXQJDW VXE SUHVLXQH L FkQG VH SURGXF

PDUL YDULD LL vQ UH HDXD FRQVXPDWRULORU GH DEXUL

Cazanul acvatubular HVWH WRW GH IRUP

FLOLQGULF  FX

HYL LQWHULRDUH SULQ FDUH FLUFXO

FH VH vQF O]HWH GH OD JD]HOH DUVH 6XSUDID D GH vQF O]LUH HVWH PDUH vQ UDSRUW FX YROXPXO GH DS
FLUFXO

DSD
FDUH

SULQ FD]DQ $FHVW WLS GH FD]DQ HVWH IRORVLW FX SUHF GHUH vQ LQGXVWULD HQHUJHWLF 


6XSUDvQF

O]LWRUXO DUH UROXO GH D WUDQVIRUPD DEXULL YDSRULL VDWXUD L UH]XOWD L GLQ ILHUEHUHD

DSHL vQ YDSRUL VXSUDvQF O]L L FX WHPSHUDWXUD GH 

Este format dintr-R FRQGXFW

VXE IRUP

-600 o& L SUHVLXQHD GH -240 atm.

GH VHUSHQWLQ

L HVWH PRQWDW vQ ]RQD FHD PDL ILHUELQWH

D LQVWDOD LHL


6FKLPE

WRUXO

GH F

OGXU

HVWH GHQXPLUHD JHQHULF

D XWLODMXOXL SULQ FDUH FLUFXO

GRX

IOXLGH FX WHPSHUDWXUL GLIHULWH L vQWUH FDUH DUH ORF XQ WUDQVIHU GH F OGXU  )OXLGXO FX WHPSHUDWXU

mare, denXPLW SXUW

WRU GH F OGXU

VDX

agent termic FHGHD]

F OGXUD IOXLGXOXL FX WHPSHUDWXU

&D DJHQW WHUPLF vQ VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU  SRW IL IRORVLWH DS

PLF 

FDOG  DEXUL DHU FDOG XOHLXUL

PLQHUDOH ILHUELQ L WRSLWXUL PHWDOLFH HWF

&RQVWUXFWLY
PHWDOLF

VFKLPE WRDUHOH

OD H[WHULRU L XQ VLVWHP GH

GH

F OGXU

VXQW

VXE

IRUP

HYL YHUWLFDOH VDX VXE IRUP

GLQWUH IOXLGH &HO GH DO GRLOHD IOXLG FLUFXO

SULQWUH

HYL

FLOLQGULF
GH VHUSHQWLQ

ILJ

FX

SULQ FDUH FLUFXO

PDQWD
XQXO

)LJ 6FKLPE
D FX

1- HDY
'XS

WRDUH GH F

HYL YHUWLFDOH E FX

HDY

OGXU

vQ VHUSHQWLQ

 

-manta; 3-IODQ

VHQVXO GH FLUFXOD LH DOH FHORU GRX

IOXLGH VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU

VXQW

n echicurent FkQG FHOH GRX IOXLGH FLUFXO vQ DFHODL VHQV ILJD

n contracurent, ckQG FHOH GRX IOXLGH FLUFXO vQ VHQVXUL FRQWUDUH ILJE
vQ FXUHQW vQFUXFLDW FkQG GLUHF LLOH GH FLUFXOD LH VXQW SHUSHQGLFXODUH ILJF

)LJ &LUFXLWXO DJHQ LORU vQ VFKLPE

WRDUHOH GH F

OGXU

a) n echicurent; b) n contracurent; c)n curenW vQFUXFLDW

&HOH PDL XWLOL]DWH VFKLPE WRDUH GH F OGXU
FRQWUDFXUHQW GHRDUHFH vQ HOH VH UHDOL]HD]
VFKLPE WRDUHOH

GH

F OGXU

DX

SULPLW

VXQW FHOH WXEXODUH  HYL YHUWLFDOH FX FLUFXOD LH vQ

XQ WUDQVIHU WHUPLF HILFLHQW Q LQVWDOD LLOH LQGXVWULDOH

GHQXPLUL

GXS

RSHUD LLOH

FDUH

DX

ORF

vQ

HOH

DQXPH

SUHvQF O]LWRDUH U FLWRDUH HYDSRUDWRDUH FRQGHQVDWRDUH



Conductele

HQHUJLH WHUPLF

IDF OHJ WXUD vQWUH S U LOH FRPSRQHQWH DOH LQVWDOD LHL L SHQWUX FD SLHUGHULOH GH

SULQ SHUH LL ORU V

ILH PLF  HOH VH L]ROHD]

$EXULL RE LQX L vQ FD]DQH DX vQWUHEXLQ

LQGXVWULD HQHUJHWLF
LQGXVWULD SHWUROLHU

WHUPLF

UL vQ GLIHULWH UDPXUL LQGXVWULDOH FXP VXQW

SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH

OD GLVWLODUHD IUDF LRQDW

L HLXOXL

LQGXVWULD FKLPLF 
LQGXVWULD DOLPHQWDU 

3ULQ L]RODUHD LQVWDOD LLORU WHUPLFH L IRORVLUHD VFKLPE WRDUHORU GH F OGXU

DSHL L DHUXOXL VH RE LQ

reducerea consumului de combustibil;

intrarea cazanului n regim de lucru ntr-un timp mai scurt;
FUHWHUHD UDQGDPHQWXOXL WHUPLF DO cazanului.

SHQWUX SUHvQF O]LUHD

3URGXF LD VSHFLILF

GH DEXUL OD WLSXULOH FXUHQWH GH JHQHUDWRDUH GH DEXUL HVWH GH 

-100 kg

abur/m h.

3.3. Producerea energiei electrice

0DLQLOH XWLODMHOH DJUHJDWHOH L LQVWDOD LLOH LQGXVWULDOH VXQW vQ FHD PDL PDUH SDUWH DF LRQDWH

electric. De aceea, obiectul principal al energeticii este producerea energiei electrice, potrivit celor
GRX

VFKHPH ,QVWDOD LLOH vQ FDUH VH RE LQH DFHDVW

SULPDU

IRORVLW

HQHUJLH VH QXPHVF FHQWUDOH HOHFWULFH 'XS

HQHUJLD

FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH VXQW

termoelHFWLFH FkQG HQHUJLD SULPDU HVWH HQHUJLH FKLPLF 

nuclearo-HOHFWULFH FkQG HQHUJLD SULPDU HVWH HQHUJLH QXFOHDU
KLGURHOHFWULFH FkQG HQHUJLD SULPDU

HVWH HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO

Q FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HQHUJLD PHFDQLF

VH WUDQVIRUP

D DSHL

vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

vQ JHQHUDWRDUH

HOHFWULFH GH FXUHQW DOWHUQDWLY DOWHUQDWRDUH (OH VXQW FRQVWLWXLWH GLQ URWRU LQGXFWRUXO FDUH FUHHD]
IOX[XO PDJQHWLF L VWDWRU LQGXVXO IL[DW vQ FDUFDV  XQGH VH SURGXFH FXUHQWXO HOHFWULF DOWHUQDWLY

(fig.3.4.).
Prin rotirea induFWRUXOXL

FX DMXWRUXO XQHL WXUELQH vQ VWDWRU VH SURGXF IHQRPHQH GH LQGXF LH

PDJQHWLF  FDUH FRQGXF OD DSDUL LD XQXL

alternativ

YDULDELO

FD

LQWHQVLWDWH

curent electric

WHQVLXQH

&kQG

VWDWRUXO HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ WUHL ERELQH GHFDODWH vQWUH HOH

cu 120, cum VH vQWkPSO

vQ PRG RELQXLW vQ SUDFWLF 

JHQHUDWRUXO SURGXFH WUHL FXUHQ L GLIHUL L GHFDOD L vQWUH

ei cu 120, deci curent electric trifazat.

)UHFYHQ D FXUHQWXOXL, f, produs de alternator,
GHSLQGH GH QXP UXO GH SHUHFKL GH SROL S L GH WXUD LD

rotorului, Q >URWPLQ@ ILLQG HJDO

np
f =
, [ Hz ]
60
3HQWUX

IUHFYHQ

RE LQH


XQ

URWRUXO

GHWHUPLQDW  QXPLW

Fig.3.4. Alternatorul

FXUHQW

YD

FX

(3.2)

DOWHUQDWLY

WUHEXL

DLE

GH
R

DQXPLW

WXUD LH

ELQH

URWD LH VLQFURQ  FH GHSLQGH GH

QXP UXO GH SROL

Curentul continuu se RE LQH vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH

curent continuu sau dinam DO F UXL LQGXFWRU HVWH
VWDWRUXO

LDU

LQGXVXO

HVWH

URWRUXO

FDUH

VH

URWHWH

vQ

FkPSXO PDJQHWLF DO VWDWRUXOXL &XUHQWXO SURGXV HVWH GH DFHODL VHQV FX LQWHQVLWDWHD L DUH WHQVLXQHD
YDULDELO  ,QGXVXO SULPHWH PLFDUHD GH OD XQ PRWRU FDUH SRDWH IL 'LHVHO VDX WXUELQ 
&XUHQWXO

FRQWLQXX

HVWH

IRORVLW

SHQWUX

HIHFWXDUHD

XQRU

SURFHVH

HOHFWURFKLPLFH

SHQWUX

DF LRQDUHD PRWRDUHORU IRORVLWH OD WUDF LXQHD HOHFWULF 

3.3.1. Centrale termoelectrice

Centralele termoeOHFWULFH IRORVHVF FD VXUV
S FXUD 'XS

GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

F UEXQHOH JD]HOH QDWXUDOH VDX

DJHQWXO FDUH SURGXFH WUDQVIRUPDUHD HQHUJLHL WHUPLFH vQ HQHUJLH PHFDQLF  GHQXPLW

agent motor, centralele termoelectrice sunt:

- centrale termoelectrice cu aburi, cnd aJHQWXO FDUH WUDQVIRUP
PHFDQLF

vQ HQHUJLH

HQHUJLD WHUPLF

vQ HQHUJLH

VXQW DEXUL VXSUDvQF O]L L

centrale termoelectice cu gaze

PHFDQLF

HQHUJLD WHUPLF

FkQG DJHQWXO FDUH WUDQVIRUP

VXQW JD]HOH VXSUDvQF O]LWH

centrale termoelectrice cu ciclu mixt, aburi-gaze, cnd la transformarea energiei termice

vQ HQHUJLH PHFDQLF

VH IRORVHVF DWkW DEXULL VXSUDvQF O]L L FkW L JD]HOH

Termodinamica proceselor energetice

&DUDFWHUL]DUHD

WHUPRGLQDPLF

SUHVLXQHD

fundamentDO

HQHUJLD LQWHUQ  X L P
0 ULPLOH

YDULD LHL

WHUPRGLQDPLFH
7

GH

DOH

S

SURFHVHORU

WHPSHUDWXUD

7

VH

UHDOL]HD]

YROXPXO

FX

VSHFLILF

9

DMXWRUXO
VDX

ULPLORU

JUHXWDWHD

GH VWDUH

VSHFLILF 

ULPLORU YDULD LHL GH VWDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  4 L OXFUXO PHFDQLF /

VWDUH

XQXL

GHSLQG

VLVWHP

GH

SRW

IHOXO

IL

FXP

L]REDUH

VH

GHVI RDU

DFHDVW

FRQVWDQW 

L]RFRUH

YDULD LH
Y

7UDQVIRUP ULOH

FRQVWDQW 

L]RWHUPH

FRQVWDQW  DGLDEDWLFH L SROLWURSH

Q DIDUD P ULPLORU GH VWDUH IXQGDPHQWDO

este FDUDFWHUL]DW L GH P

ULPL GH VWDUH GHULYDW

SULQFLSDOH DOH XQXL VLVWHP WHUPRGLQDPLF DFHVWD

 FXP VXQW HQWDOSLD L L HQWURSLD 6

(QWDOSLD HVWH VXPD GLQWUH HQHUJLD LQWHUQ

L OXFUX PHFDQLF FH SRDWH IL HIHFWXDW GH VLVWHP

DGLF 

i = u + Apv ,
XQGH $ HVWH R FRQVWDQW

(3.3)

D VLVWHPXOXL

Entropia uneL

WUDQVIRUP UL vQWUH GRX

VLVWHPXOXL L VH FDOFXOHD]

VW UL RDUHFDUH  L  FDUDFWHUL]HD]

GH]RUGLQHD

FX UHOD LD

S=
$FHDVW

dQ
T
1

(3.4)

UHOD LH DUDW

SULPHWH F OGXU

GDF

vQWU R WUDQVIRUPDUH RDUHFDUH HQWURSLD FRUSXOXL FUHWH DFHVWD

L UHFLSURF

&DQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

RDUHFDUH vQWUH GRX

UHSUH]LQW

FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH GDW

VW UL L SRDWH IL FDOFXODW

FRUSXOXL SULQWU

-o transformare

FX UHOD LD

Q = i 2 i1 = Tds

(3.5)

ntr-R WUDQVIRUPDUH IOXLGXO VXIHU

VWXGLDW

R HYROX LH FDUH PRGLILF

GLQ IXQF LLOH UHVSHFWLY GLDJUDPHOH FH OHDJ

Q

FHQWUDOHOH

WHUPRGLQDPLFLL
HYROXHD]

WHUPRHOHFWULFH

FRQIRUP

vQWUH R VXUV

F UXLD

FDOG

VH

VH

UHDOL]HD]

RE LQH

OXFUX

SDUDPHWULL GH VWDUH L FDUH SRDWH IL

P ULPLOH GH VWDUH DOH VLVWHPXOXL

R

DSOLFD LH

PHFDQLF

SULQWU

SULQFLSLXOXL

DO

SRU LXQHD

$%

IOXLGXO

FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU
DGLDEDWLF  I U
%&

-o transformare a unui fluid ce

VH

SULPHWH

F OGXU 

Printr-R
UHFDS W

IXUQL]HD]

OXFUX

FRPSUHVLH
YDORULOH

vQ

VXUVD

41 HYROXkQG SH R L]RWHUP  3UL

VFKLPE GH F OGXU

PHFDQLF )OXLGXO

DGLDEDWLF 

LQL LDOH

DOH

SH

n destinderea

WUHFH vQ

SDUDPHWULORU

'$
GH

DFHVWHLD HVWH PDL PLF

PDL PDUH &DQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

UHFH

OXFUX PHFDQLF FDUH HVWH FX DW

L FX FkW FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

IOXLGXO

VWDUH

vL

/XFUXO

(3.6)

L HVWH SURSRU LRQDO FX DULD $%&' 5HOD LD DUDW

UHFH QX H[LVW

VXUVD

42 SH SRU LXQHD '&

SRU LXQHD

mecanic realizat n transformare este egal cu:

L = Q1 Q 2
Fig.3.5. Ciclu Carnot teoretic

FDOG 

FX H[WHULRUXO SH SRU LXQHD

F UHLD vL WUDQVPLWH FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

FHGDW

DO

L XQD UHFH L FDUH VH VXSXQH FLFOXOXL &DUQRW ILJ

Q

FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

GRLOHD

I U

VXUVD

t mai mare cu ct
D VXUVHL FDOGH HVWH

D VXUVHL FDOGH VH P UHWH SULQ FUHWHUHD WHPSHUDWXULL 71

3HQWUX WUDQVIRUP ULOH FDUH DX ORF vQ FLUF

uitul

WHUPLF

DO

XQHL

FHQWUDOH

VH

DQDOL]HD]

HYROX LD

fluidului n diagramele procesului de fierbere. n

diagrama T-6 ILJ FX 7 WHPSHUDWXU  6 VWDUH
curbele de fierbere sunt: curba lichidului AK (locul
JHRPHWULF DO SXQFWHORU GH vQFHSXW GH ILHUEHUH i
FXUED

YDSRULORU

VDWXUD L

.%

ORFXO

JHRPHWULF

DO

SXQFWHORU GH VIkULW GH ILHUEHUH

3XQFWXO . GH vQWkOQLUH D FHORU GRX
VH

QXPHWH

SXQFWXO

FULWLF

DO

FXUEH

WUDQVIRUP ULL

corespunde trecerii directe din starea de lichid n

VWDUHD GH YDSRUL XVFD L ,]oterma ce trece tangent
SULQ . VH QXPHWH L]RWHUP

YDSRULORU

VXSUDvQF O]L L

,9 ]RQD

FULWLF

L vPSUHXQ

FX

FXUEH vPSDUWH GLDJUDPD vQ SDWUX ]RQH ,zona lichidului, II-zona vaporilor umezi; III-zona
FHOH GRX

Fig.3.6.Diagrama T-S a apei

YDSRULORU

XVFD L FDUH

QX

SRW

IL

OLFKHILD L L FDUH VH FRPSRUW

asemenea gazelor perfecte.

)XQF LRQDUHD FHQWUDOHORU WHUPRHOHFWULFH

Ciclul prezentat n fig.3.5. este ideal. Fluidele au

SDUWLFXODULW

WHUPRGLQDPLFH

$PHVWHFXO DS

PRGLILF

vL

PRGLILF

IRUPD

-abur folosit n centralele termoelectrice

WUDQVIRUP ULOH

are

FDUH

OHJDWH

GH

FXUEHOH

GH

ILHUEHUH

FH

IRUPD FLFOXOXL ILJ FLFOX +\UQH

-Rankine

AA1BCC1A).
DPHVWHFXOXL DS

Punctul C1 VH
-DEXU L FX FkW VH J

DIO

vQ

GRPHQLXO

VHWH PDL GHSDUWH GH

FXUED YDSRULORU VDWXUD L FX DWkW FUHWH FDQWLWDWHD GH DS

GLQ

DPHVWHF

GLVWUXJHUHD

)LJ&LFOXO UHDO GH IXQF LRQDUH DO XQHL

GXS

GHVWLQGHUH

PDLQLL

WHUPLFH

FHHD
vQ

FH

FDUH

DFFHOHUHD]
VH

SURGXFH

destinderea.
termocentrale
Pentru deplasarea spre dreapta a punctului C1 pe
izoterma T2 L FUHWHUHD OXFUXOXL PHFDQLF YDSRULL VDWXUD L VH VXSUDvQF O]HVF vQDLQWH GH GHstindere,
SkQ
OD SXQFWXO ' GH XQGH VH GHVWLQG SkQ
OD (1. Ciclul termic al centralei este reprezentat de
conturul nchis AA1BCDE1A. Puctul A1 FRUHVSXQGH VW ULL DSHL OD LQWUDUHD vQ FD]DQ FDUDFWHUL]DW
prin etalpia i3 L SUHVLXQHD S1. Pe curba A1B, apa prLPHWH F OGXU GH OD VXUVD FDOG L WHPSHUDWXUD VD
FUHWH Q SXQFWXO % vQFHSH YDSRUL]DUHD SURFHV FH VH WHUPLQ

vQ & 3H L]REDUD &' YDSRULL VH

VXSUDvQF O]H]F L YRU DYHD HQWDOSLD L1

SkQ

.
Pe traseul A1%&' SUHVLXQHD HVWH FRQVWDQW  3H GUHDSWD '(1 vaporii se deVWLQG
OD SUHVLXQHD S2. Pe Dreapta E1$ YDSRULL WUDQVPLW VXUVHL UHFL FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU 42.

vQ WXUELQ

&RQVWUXF LD FHQWUDOHORU WHUPRHOHFWULFH

2 FHQWUDO

WHUPLF

DUH vQ FRPSRQHQ D VD XWLODMH SHQWUX ILHFDUH VWDUH D IOXLGXOXL ILJ

QF O]LUHD DSHL L WUDQVIRUPDUHD VD vQ YDSRUL VDWXUD L DUH ORF vQ FD]DQ  XQGH SULPHWH GH OD
VXUVD FDOG

IRFDUXO FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

1.

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD YDSRULORU VDWXUD L VH UHDOL]HD]

F OGXU

SkQ

vQ VXSUDvQF O]LWRU  XQGH YDSRULL SULPHVF UH

stul de

OD 41 'HVWLQGHUHD YDSRULORU VXSUDvQF O]L L VH SURGXFH vQ WXUELQ

FRQGHQVDUHD YDSRULORU GHVWLQL HVWH GHWHUPLQDW

F UHLD L VH FHGHD]

FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU

presiunii apei la valoarea p1

42

HVWH RE LQXW

 LDU U FLUHD SkQ

OD

GH VXUVD UHFH DSD GH U FLUH vQ FRQGHQVDWRU 

$SD GH U FLUH HVWH YHKLFXODW

GH SRPSD  &UHWHUHD

FX DMXWRUXO SRPSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH D FD]DQXOXL SULQWU

-o

FRPSULPDUH DGLDEDWLF  7XUELQD ILJ DUH UROXO GH D WUDQVIRUPD HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO

nmaJD]LQW

VXE IRUP

GH F OGXU  vQ HQHUJLH FLQHWLF

D DEXUXOXL

L DSRL vQ OXFUX PHFDQLF Q DMXWDMHOH IL[H FX

VHF LXQH YDULDELO  DEXUXO GHVWLQ]kQGX VH vL WUDQVIRUP

HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO

vQ HQHUJLH FLQHWLF

L SULQ

ORYLUHD SDOHWHORU SXQH vQ PLFDUH URWRUXO WXUELQHL RE

inndu-se lucru mecanic. Rotorul turbinei este

coaxial cu rotorul generatorului electric (6) cu care este asamblat printr-XQ FXSODM 9LWH]D PLF ULL GH
URWD LH D URWRUXOXL SRDWH DWLQJH YDORUL GH  PV

)LJ &RQVWUXF LD XQHL WHUPRFHQWUDOH

)LJ 7XUELQ

1-rotor; 2-palete

Puterea care apare la bornele generatorului se poate determina cu formula:

P = D Q m td m g ,
(3.7)
unde: D - debitul de abur;
Qm - F OGXUD WUDQVIRUPDW vQ OXFUX PHFDQLF vQ WXUELQ 
td - randamentul termodinamic al turbinei (70-90%);
m - randamentul mecanic al turbinei (98-99%);
g - randamentul generatorului (94-98%).
5DQGDPHQWXO LQWHUQ DO WXUELQHL GHSLQGH SULQWUH DOWHOH GH F GHUHD GH SUHVLXQH GLQ WXUELQ
VROX LD

FRQVWUXFWLY 

5DQGDPHQWXO

PHFDQLF

VH

GDWRUHD]

IUHF ULORU

GLQ

ODJ UH

5DQGDPHQWXO

JHQHUDWRUXOXL HVWH LQIOXHQ DW GH PRGXO GH U FLUH

$JUHJDWXO

WXUELQ

-JHQHUDWRU

VH

SHQWUX PLFRUDUHD SLHUGHULORU GH F OGXU

DPSODVHD]

vQ

FDGUXO

FHQWUDOHL

vQ

DSURSLHUHD

FD]DQXOXL

SH WUDVHX L D FRVWXULORU FRQGXFWHORU 5DQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO

al unei centrale termice este:

gct = c . cd . t . td . m . g . tr

100
,
100 + Csi

unde: c - randamentul cazanului (75-90%);

cd - randamentul conductelor (98-99%);
t - randamentul ciclului termic (~50%);
tr - randamentul transformatorului (98-99%);
C si - consumul serviciilor interne (12-15%).
ComSRQHQHWD FDUH PLFRUHD] UDQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO

(3.8)

[%]

DO

XQHL

FHQWUDOH

WHUPRHOHFWULFH

HVWH

UDQGDPHQWXO WHUPLF D F UXL UHOD LH GH FDOFXO HVWH

t =
&UHWHUHD

Q1 - Q2

(3.9)

Q1

UDQGDPHQWXOXL

WHUPLF

VH

SRDWH

UHDOL]D

P ULUHD YDORULORU LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU GH VWDUH S1

DOLPHQWDUH VXSUDvQF O]LUHD LQWHUPHGLDU

P ULQG

, T1

FDQWLWDWHD

GH

F OGXU

SUHvQF O]LUHD UHJHQHUDWLY

41

, prin

D DSHL GH

D DEXUXOXL L PLFRUkQG SH 42 SULQ VF GHUHD YDORULORU ILQDOH

DOH SDUDPHWULORU DEXUXOXL FRQGHQVDW SUHvQF O]LUHD DSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH WHUPRILFDUH Q IXQF LH GH
VROX LD DOHDV  UH]XOW

PDL PXOWH WLSXUL GH FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH

0 ULUHD YDORULORU LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU GH VWDUH DL DEXUXOXL SUHVLXQHD OD   DWP L

temperatura 535-560&

HVWH PXOW PDL HILFLHQW

GHFkW PLFRUDUHD YDORULORU ILQDOH DOH DEXUXOXL vQ

condensator (0,03-0,04 atm la 15C sau 0,07 atm la 27C). Cu

YDORULOH

LQL LDOH

DOH

SDUDPHWULORU

XPLGLWDWHD

 YDORUL FDUH DVLJXU

IXQF LRQDUH D WXUELQHL L R VROLFLWDUH PLQLP

R EXQ

Centralele

termoelectrice

SUHvQF O]LUHD UHJHQHUDWLY

vQ

PHQ LRQD L

GHVWLQGHUH HVWH GH  

DEXUXOXL GXS

H[WUDJHUHD

D SDOHWHORU

moderne

folosesc

D DSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH $FHDVWD FRQVW

DEXUXOXL

GLQ

WXUELQ

OD

GLIHULWH

SUHVLXQL

temperaturi prin locuri bine determinate denumiWH

XWLOL]DUHD
FD]DQ

OXL

SUHvQF O]LUHD

OD

&UHWHUHD

PD[LP

SUHvQF O]LUH HVWH GH  

folosiWH
)LJ &HQWUDO

WHUPRHOHFWULF

VXQW GH VXSUDID

FLUFXLWXO

FX

1- VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -pompe; 3condensatoare; 4- SRPS SHQWUX

alimentarea cazanului;
5-cazan; 6-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU
7-WXUELQ  -generator electric;
9-condensator.

LQVWDOD LH

&kQG
SULQ

vQ

WHUPLF

SULQ

VXQW

IL[H

3UHvQF O]LWRDUHOH

 3HQWUX HOLPLQDUHD JD]HORU FDUH DSDU

D XQHL FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH FX FRQGHQVD LH

GH

VH

GHVWLQG

UDQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO DO FHQWUDOHL FUHWH FX 

DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH HVWH GDW

vQDOW

LQWHUPHGLDU

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD LQWHUPHGLDU

OD VWDUHD VLWXDW

SkQ

OD

LL GH F OGXU

LQWHUPHGLDU 

SUHVLXQH

DO

WXUELQD
GRLOHD

SUHVLXQHD

41 VH UHDOL]HD]
DUH

GH

GRX

MRDV

FRUSXUL
SUHVLXQH

vQ ]RQD YDSRULORU VXSUDvQF O]L L

FDQWLWDWH GH F OGXU

GLQ

-5%, iar cel termic cu 6-

vQWU XQ VXSUDvQF O]LWRU

FRQGHQVDWRU

3ULQ

DFHDVWD

 6FKHPD JHQHUDO

D XQHL

GH ILJXUD  Q DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH DX ORF SLHUGHUL GH

YDSRUL PDL PDUL GHRDUHFH SULPD GHVWLQGHUH VH UHDOL]HD]

O]LUH

vQ ILJ

P ULPHD FDQWLW

VXSUDvQF O]LUH

SULPXO

intermediar, ajungnd n starea D''.

Din acest punct, vaporii

fi:

UHJHQHUDWLY

VDX SUL]H HVWH SUH]HQWDW

FDUH YDSRULL SULPHVF R QRX

)LJ &LFOXO FHQWUDOHORU FX vQF

UDQGDPHQWXOXL

VDOH

&22

6FKHPD JHQHUDO

DEXUXOXL vQ SULPXO FRUS DUH ORF SkQ

ILJ SXQFWXO '

 GXS

LQWU ULL

, O2 VH IRORVHWH L XQ SUHvQF O]LWRU GH

amestec care are rol de degazor plasat naintea pompei de
alimentare a cazanului n zona presiunilor de 5-10 atm.
vQ

FRQGHQVD LH

DestindeUHD

GLQ

vQDLQWHD

 LDU QXP UXO PD[LP GH SUL]H 

3UL]HOH

DSHL

SUL]H

SkQ

OD  DWP L 

Fig.3.12. Centrale termoelectrice cu

vQF

O]LUH LQWHUPHGLDU

1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -SRPS SHQWUX

alimentare a cazanului; 3-cazan;
4-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -WXUELQ  -generator
electric; 8-condensator.
ULGLF

WHPSHUDWXUD YDSRULORU SkQ

OD YDORDUHD LQL LDO  (D SRDWH

GLUHFW  FkQG YDSRULL VXQW GXL GLQ QRX vQ FD]DQ XQGH H[LVW

XQ DO GRLOHD VXSUDvQF O]LWRU

procedeu foarte folosit;

-

LQGLUHFW  FkQG H[LVW

XQ VFKLPE WRU GH F OGXU

SODVDW vQWUH FHOH GRX

FRUSXUL GH WXUELQ

L XQGH YDSRULL VXQW VXSUDvQF O]L L GLQ QRX IRORVLQG YDSRULL OXD L vQDLQWHD LQWU ULL ORU vQ

primul corp dH WXUELQ

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD

SUHVLXQH L R WXUELQ

SHUPLWH

PRGHUQL]DUHD

FHQWUDOHORU

SUHVLXQH S1

YHFKL

SULQ

FLUFXLWXO GH SDUDPHWUL PDL FRERUk L H[LVWHQW VH PRQWHD]

FLFOXULORU VXSUDSXVH 3H OkQJ

vQDOW

 SURFHGHXO HVWH IRORVLW UDU GHRDUHFH PLFRUHD]

LQWHUPHGLDU

vQDLQWD

vQ FDUH YDSRULL VH GHVWLQG SkQ

FRQVWUXLUHD
XQ FD]

an de

OD SDUDPHWULL FLFOXOXL YHFKL

Centrale termoelectice cu termoficare sau contrapresiune

3URGXFHUHD FRPELQDW

D HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH L D F OGXULL VDX WHUPRILFDUHD SOHDF

GH OD

ideea

XWLOL] ULL F OGXULL 42 vQ SURFHVHOH LQGXVWULDOH VDX OD vQF O]LW Q DFHVW FD] UDQGDPHQWXO SRDWH DMXQJH
WHRUHWLF SkQ

OD 

 6FKHPD JHQHUDO

D XQHL DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH HVWH SUH]HQWDW

n varianta a YDSRULL VH GHVWLQG vQ WXUELQ

VXSUDvQF O]L L LDU OD LHLUHD GLQ WXUELQ

SkQ

vQ ILJ

la o entalpie i2 VLWXDW

vQ ]RQD YDSRULORU

VXQW WULPLL OD FRQVXPDWRUXO GH F OGXU  XQGH VH SURGXFH

FRQGHQVDUHD &RQGHQVDWXO VH vQWRDUFH vQ FLUFXLWXO WHUPLF 7HRUHWLF F OGXUD WUDQVIRUPDW

mecanic n turELQ
F OGXUD SULPLW

 4m vPSUHXQ

FX FHD IRORVLW

GH OD FRPEXVWLELO vQ FD]DQ 41

Q DFHVW FD] UDQGDPHQWXO HVWH XQLWDU GDF

OD FRQVXPDWRUXO GH F OGXU

VH QHJOLMHD]

b)

vQ OXFUX
IRUPHD]

FUHWHUHD HQWDOSLHL vQ SRPSD GH DOLPHQWDUH

(3.10)

QX DUH FRQGHQVDWRU L VH QXPHWH WXUELQ

)LJ &HQWUDO

a)

= Qc 

Q + Qc
= m
=1
Q1
7XUELQD IRORVLW

42

WHUPRHOHFWULF

FX FRQWUDSUHVLXQH

FX WHUPRILFDUH

1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -SRPS SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD FD]DQXOXL -cazan; 4-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -turbina; 6generator electric; 7-termoficare;
1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -condensator de amestec; 3-condensator industrial; 4-SRPS  -cazan; 6VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -primul etaj al turbinei; 8-al doilea etaj al turbinei; 9-generator electric; 10WHUPRILFDUH XUEDQ  -condensator.

Turbina FX FRQWUDSUHVLXQH VH UHFRPDQG

SHQWUX FRQVXPXUL FX GXUDWH PDL PDUL GH 

KDQ 3HQWUX FRQVXPXUL FX GXUDWH PDL PLFL L FRQVXPDWRUL GH DS

FRQGHQVD LH FX XQD VDX GRX

SUL]H UHJODELOH

-6500

ILHUELQWH VH IRORVHVF WXUELQH FX

n varianta b termoficarea se reaOL]HD]

FX R WXUELQ

FX FRQGHQVD LH L SUL]H UHJODELOH

3UL]HOH SHUPLW OXDUHD YDSRULORU OD GLIHULWH SUHVLXQL 3HQWUX XWLOL]DUHD LQGXVWULDO

L SHVWH  & LDU SHQWUX WHUPRILFDUHD XUEDQ

PeQWUX

IXQF LRQDUHD

FHQWUDOHL

YDSRULL DX 

  DWP L WHPSHUDWXUL vQ MXU GH 

HOHFWLFH

FX

WHUPLFH L HOHFWULFH DOH FRQVXPDWRULORU FDUH DUDW

WHUPRILFDUH

HVHQ LDOH

VXQW

C.

FXUEHOH

HYROX LD FRQVXPXOXL GH F OGXU

.
-15 atm.

GH

VDUFLQ

L HOHFWULFLWDWH SH

parcursul unei zile. n general, ele nu coincid, dar cnd se apropLH vQ PRG VXILFLHQW HVWH IDYRUDELO
WHUPRILF ULL
3HQWUX
DSUHFLHUHD
DFHVWRU
HOHPHQWH
VH
IRORVHWH
coeficientul de
termoficare FDUH UHSUH]LQW UDSRUWXO GLQWUH FRQVXPXO GH F OGXU vQ WHUPRILFDUH 4t L FRQVXPXO GH
WRWDO vQ FHQWUDO  41. Corelat cu acest coeficient este indicele de termoficare FDUH UHSUH]LQW
F OGXU
LQWURGXFHUHD

UDSRUWXO GLQWUH HQHUJLD HOHFWULF

SURGXV

DQXDO vQ UHJLP GH WHUPRILFDUH L FRQVXPXO GH F OGXU

vQ

termoficare.
Un alt tip de centrale sunt centralele cu turbine cu gaze. Ele folosesc drept agent motor

vQ WXUELQ

ILH JD]HOH UH]XOWDWH GLQ DUGHUHD XQXL FRPEXVWLELO ILH DOWH JD]H FRPSULPDWH L vQF O]LWH L

IXQF LRQHD]

vQ

circuite deschise sau nchise Q SULPXO FD] JD]HOH GHVWLQVH vQ WXUELQ ILJD
VXQW HYDFXDWH vQ DWPRVIHU  /D centralele cu circuit nchis, agentul motor este fie aerul amestecat cu
JD]HOH DUVH ILH DOWH JD]H Q DFHVWH FHQWUDOH HYROX LD IOXLGXOXL HVWH vQFKLV  UHLQWURGXFHUHD OXL vQ
FRPSUHVRU VH IDFH GXS

R U FLUH SUHDODELO  &LFOXO GH WUDQVIRUPDUH DO FHQWUDOHORU

cu circuit deschis

HVWH SUH]HQW vQ ILJXUD E &RPSUHVRUXO DEVRDUEH DHUXO vQ SXQFWXO $ L vO FRPSULP

WHRUHWLF

DGLDEDWLF SH SRU LXQHD $% 3H FXUED %& VH SURGXFH DUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL OD SUHVLXQHD FRQVWDQW 
GHFL SULPLUHD F OGXULL 41

, iar pe segmentul

&' DUH ORF GHVWLQGHUHD DGLDEDWLF

GHVWLQVH VXQW HYDFXDWH vQ DWPRVIHU  FHGkQG F OGXUD 42 OD SUHVLXQH FRQVWDQW

)LJ &HQWUDO

WHUPRHOHFWULF

FX FLUFXLW GHVFKLV D L FLFOXO V

vQ WXUELQ  *D]HOH

SH FXUED '$

FX JD]H

X GH IXQF LRQDUH

1-motor; 2-compresor; 3-cazan; 4-WXUELQ

&HQWUDOHOH FX WXUELQH FX JD]H VXQW VLPSOH RFXS

 

-generator electric.

VSD LX UHGXV DX UDQGDPHQW EXQ FKLDU OD

VDUFLQL SDU LDOH L FHHD FH HVWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW DX R PDUH HODVWLFLWDWH vQ IXQF LRQDUH XUP ULQG

foarte bine sarFLQD DMXQJkQG vQ PD[LP  PLQXWH OD VDUFLQD QRUPDO

2 XWLOL]DUH SDUWLFXODU

D WXUELQHORU FX JD]H HVWH vQ LQVWDOD LL FX FLFOX VXSUDSXV JD]H

SDUWH GLQ F OGXUD JD]HORU GHVWLQVH vQ FLFOXO JD] HVWH UHFXSHUDW

pUHvQF

-abur. O

vQ FD]DQXO XQHL LQVWDOD LL FODVLFH L vQ

O]LWRUXO DSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH vQDLQWH GH D IL HYDFXDWH vQ DWPRVIHU  Q FD]DQ DSD VH YDSRUL]HD]

L XUPHD]

FLFOXO XQHL WHUPRFHQWUDOH RELQXLWH

3.3.2. Centrale nuclearo-electrice

(VWH WLXW F

DWRPLL HOHPHQWHORU FKLPLFH VXQW FRPSXL GLQWU

L HOHFWURQL FDUH JUDYLWHD]

-o parte FHQWUDO

GHQXPLW

QXFOHX

vQ MXUXO OXL SH RUELWH ELQH GHWHUPLQDWH 1XFOHXO HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ GRX

WLSXUL GH SDUWLFXOH GHQXPLWH QXFOHRQL $FHWLD VXQW SURWRQLL FX VDUFLQ

neutri din punct de vederH HOHFWULF 1XP

HOHFWULF

SR]LWLY

UXO SURWRQLORU HVWH HJDO FX FHO DO HOHFWURQLORU

L QHXWURQLL

3HQWUX FD QXFOHXO V
IRU H

GH

UHVSLQJHUH

ILH XQ WRW vQWUH SDUWLFXOHOH FRPSRQHQWH VH H[HUFLW

GHQXPLWH

IRU H

QXFOHDUH

IXQF LH

GH

HFKLOLEUXO

IRU H GH DWUDF LH L

FDUH

H[LVW

vQWUH

IRU HO

QXFOHDUH QXFOHHOH VXQW VWDELOH L FYDVLVWDELOH (OHPHQWHOH DO F URU QXFOHX HVWH FYDVLVWDELO VH QXPHVF

elemente radioactive. Ele sunt elemente grele.

Elementele radioactive sunt:
- naturale 235 U , 238 U ;
92
92
-

artificiale

233
92

U,

239
94

241
94

Pu ,

Pu ,

254
98

Cf .

6FRDWHUHD XQXL QXFOHRQ VDX D XQXL QXP U GH QXFOHRQL GLQ QXFOHX QHFHVLW

WUDQVPLWHUHD GLQ

H[WHULRU D XQHL DQXPLWH HQHUJLL QXPLW

energie de activare SHQWUX vQYLQJHUHD IRU HORU FH-O LQ OHJDW

n nucleu. Transmiterea energiei de activare nucleelor se face prin bombardarea lor cu particule.
Particulele utilizate n acest scop sunt neutronii FDUH SRW IL OHQ L VDX WHUPLFL FDUDFWHUL]D L SULQ YLWH]
PLF
VDX UDSL]L 6XE DF LXQHD ORU VH SURGXFH IUDJPHQWDUHD QXFOHHORU ERPEDUGDWH vQ GRX
S U L care
UHSUH]LQW
HOHPHQWH FKLPLFH QRL $FHVW SURFHV VH QXPHWH UHDF LH GH ILVLXQH QXFOHDU . Fisiunii
nucleare sunt supuse elementele radioactive. Fisiunea uraniului se produce astfel:
104
104
104
42 Mo
43 Tc 44 Ru
235
92

U+

1
0n

U 5

236
92

1
0n

127
50
'LQ ILVLXQHD QXFOHDU

UH]XOW

Sn

VXE IRUP

PLQLP

Te

127
53

Ir
-le fisiunea. n

FX YLWH]H IRDUWH PDUL L GHJDMDUHD HQHUJLHL

GH HQHUJLH FDORULF 

Pentru producerea
PDV

127
52

QHXWURQL FDUH YRU ORYL DOWH QXFOHH SURYRFkQGX

DFHVW IHO VH DMXQJH OD R UHDF LH vQ ODQ  FDUH VH GHVI RDU

GH OHJ WXU

Sb

127
51

GHQXPLW

DXWRvQWUH LQXWH WUHEXLH FD PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO V

UHDF LHL vQ ODQ

PDV

folosind fie un moderator

L V

FULWLF

&UHWHUHD QXP UXOXL QHXWURQLORU

FUHDVF

QXP UXO QHXWURQLORU FDUH SDUWLFLS

SDUWLFLSDQ L OD UHDF LH VH UHDOL]HD]

ILH R VXEVWDQ

DLE

OD UHDF LH

SULQ vQFHWLQLUHD YLWH]HL ORU

UHIOHFWRDUH GH QHXWURQL FDUH UHIOHFW

SH FHL FH S U VHVF

PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO F WUH DFHVWD SHQWUX D SDUWLFLSD OD UHDF LD GH ILVLXQH

5HDF LD GH ILVLXQH HVWH vQVR LW

L GH HPLVLL GH UDGLD LL

&DQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH HOLEHUDW

QXFOHX VH HOLEHUHD]

FRQ LQH

6 . 10 35
0,235

3,6 10

R FDQWLWDWH GH

DWRPL VH HOLEHUHD]

SULQ ILVLXQH QXFOHDU



16

HVWH IRDUWH PDUH /D ILVLRQDUHD XQXL

235
92

J, iar la fisionarea unui kilogram de

J ( 2 1015 FDO $FHHDL

DUGHUHD D  W GH F UEXQL FX F OGXU

XWLOL] ULL ILVLXQ

11

VSHFLILF

FDQWLWDWH GH F OGXU

U care

VH RE LQH SULQ

GH  NFDONJ 'H DLFL UH]XOW

DYDQWDMHOH

ii nucleare la producerea energiei.

Reactoare nucleare
,QVWDOD LD vQ

FDUH

VH UHDOL]HD]

ILVLXQHD QXFOHDU

FRQWURODW

5HDFWRDUHOH VH SRW FODVLILFD GXS

VH QXPHWH

reactor nuclear.

PDL PXOWH FULWHULL

a)

'XS

GHVWLQD LH UHDFWRDUHOH VXQW SHQWUX FHUFHWDUH L

b)

'XS

IHOXO QHXWURQLORU IRORVL L OD SURGXFHUHD ILVLXQLL VXQW

pentru

putere;
UHDFWRDUH WHUPLFH L UHDFWRDUH UDSLGH

c)

'XS

QDWXUD

FRPEXVWLELOXOXL

FDUH

ILVLRQHD] 

VXQW

UHDFWRDUH FX FRPEXVWLELO QDWXUDO L UHDFWRDUH FX FRPEXVWLELO DUWLILFLDO

vPERJ

L  $FHVWHD GLQ XUP

VXQW UHDFWRDUH FX XUDQLX L UHDFWRDUH

cu plutoniu.
8Q UHDFWRU QXFOHDU ILJ HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ ]RQD DFWLY 
SHUHWHOH

vQFRQMXU WRU

SHQWUX

F OGXU  DSDUDWXUD GH P VXU

Fig. 3.15. Reactor nuclear

1-SURWHF LH ELRORJLF  -sistemul
GH UHJODM L FRQWURO -zona
DFWLY  -DJHQW GH U FLUH

SURWHF LH

L FRQWURO

ELRORJLF 

VFKLPE WRUXO

GH

este partHD SULQFLSDO

=RQD DFWLY
L XQGH H[LVW

GLVSR]LWLYHOH GH ED]

D UHDFWRUXOXL vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD]

UHDF LD GH ILVLXQH vQ ODQ

FH SHUPLW FRQWUROXO L UHJODUHD DFHVWHLD (D HVWH DOF WXLW  vQ

principal, din materialul fisionabil, moderatorul sau ncetinitorul de neutroni, bare de reglaj,
GLVSR]LWLYH GH FRQWURO VLVWHPXO GH GLVWULEXLUH D PDWHULDOXOXL ILVLRQDELO L GH SUHOXDUH D F OGXULL

degajate.
3URWHF LD
QLYHOXO

UHSUH]LQW

ELRORJLF

QHSHULFXORV

DO

UDGLD LLORU

DQVDPEOXO

HPLVH

vQ

]RQD

GH PLMORDFH XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX

DFWLY 

vQ

VSHFLDO

DO

UHGXFHUHD

UDGLD LLORU

JDPD

SkQ
GH

OD

F WUH

PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO GH VLVWHPXO GH GLVWULEXLUH D PDWHULDOXOXL ILVLRQDELO L DJHQWXO GH U FLUH FDUH

SURWHF LH VH UHDOL]HD]

GHYLQ UDGLRDFWLYH $FHDVW

SULQ vQFRQMXUDUHD ]RQHL DFWLYH FX XQ SHUHW

e gros de

EHWRQ VDX EHWRQ L R HO VDX IRQW  FDUH DUH PHQLUHD GH D DEVRUEL UDGLD LLOH L QHXWURQLL FH S U VHVF
]RQD

DFWLY 

UH LQHUH

3URWHF LD

DHURVROLORU

ELRORJLF
VSUH

PDL
VH

FXSULQGH

HYLWD

LQVWDOD LL

HOLPLQDUHD

GH

DHU

DFHVWRU

FRQGL LRQDW

UH]LGXXUL

ILOWUH

UDGLRDFWLYH

VLVWHPH

vQ

GH

DWPRVIHU 

reducndu-VH DVWIHO OD PLQLPXP SROXDUHD GH DFHVW JHQ 5H]LGXXULOH DFXPXODWH VH GHSR]LWHD] vQ

locuri speciale.
Pentru protejarea mediului, n cazuri de avarie, ntregul reactor este amplasat ntr-R FO GLUH
dLQ EHWRQ L R HO QXPLW DQYHORS .
6FKLPE

WRUXO GH F

SUHLD F OGXUD GHJDMDW

OGXU

vQ ]RQD DFWLY

L R WUDQVIHU

vQ H[WHULRUXO

UHDFWRUXOXL XQGH VHUYHWH OD vQF O]LUH FkQG UHDFWRUXO HVWH GH FHUFHWDUH VDX OD SURGXFHUHD FXUHQWXOXL

electric, cnd reactorul este de putere.

$JHQWXO WHUPLF DO VFKLPE WRUXOXL GH F OGXU

aer, CO2

KHOLX DS  DS

SUHVLXQH L WUHEXLH V

HVWH IOXLGXO FDUH U FHWH ]RQD DFWLY

vQGHSOLQHDVF

R VHULH GH FRQGL LL GLQWUH FDUH VXQW FDSDFLWDWHD FDORULF

YkVFR]LWDWH PLF  VWDELOLWDWH FKLPLF

UHDF LHL

vQ

ODQ 

GHFODQH]H V

P VRDUH

UHDFWRUXOXL vQ FD] GH DYDULH V

vQ

ULGLFDW 

OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH HWF

6LVWHPXO GH UHJODM L FRQWURO DO IXQF LRQ ULL UHDFWRUXOXL WUHEXLH V

UHDFWRUXOXL UHVSHFWLY V

L SRDWH IL

JUHD OLFKLGH RUJDQLFH PHWDOH WRSLWH HWF $FHVW IOXLG HVWH YHKLFXODW VXE

RSUHDVF

SHUPDQHQ

L V

DVLJXUH SRUQLUHD L RSULUHD

VWDELOL]H]H OD QLYHOXO GH SXWHUH FDORULF

QLYHOXO

UHDF LHL

GH

ILVLXQH

GHFODQH]H

GRULW DO
RSULUHD

DYHUWL]H]H OD FUHWHUHD QLYHOXOXL GH UDGLD LL vQ GLI

erite puncte din jurul

UHDFWRUXOXL vQ YHGHUHD PHQ LQHULL DFHVWXLD vQ OLPLWHOH DGPLVH

VXQW SULPHOH UHDFWRDUH H[SHULPHQWDOH L FHOH

Reactoarele nucleare cu neutroni termici

PDL QXPHURDVH H[LVWHQWH DVW ]L vQ OXPH GHRDUHFH IRORVHVF

235
92

SURGXL

VWDELOLWDWH

OD

ILVLXQH

DFHODL

WLPS

DFHVWH

UHDFWRDUH

DX

U care este fisionabil cu neutroni

L

VLJXUDQ

vQ

H[SORDWDUH

apreciabile.
3HQWUX PLFRUDUHD HQHUJLHL FLQHWLFH L GHFL D YLWH]HL QHXWURQLORU ]RQD DFWLY
DIDU

YD FRQ LQH vQ

GH PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO L XQ PDWHULDO GH PRGHUDUH D QHXWURQLORU QXPLW FKLDU

QFHWLQLUHD QHXWURQLORU VH UHDOL]HD]

SULQ FLRFQLUH HODVWLF

moderator.

FX QXFOHHOH PRGHUDWRUXOXL

Reactoare cu neutroni rapizi /D DFHVW WLS GH UHDFWRDUH ILVLRQDUHD QXFOHHORU HVWH SURGXV
de neutroni cu energii nalte (rapizi). Aceste UHDFWRDUH VXQW UHSURGXF WRDUH GHRDUHFH GLQ LQWHUDF LD
239
QHXWURQLORU FX FRPEXVWLELOXO UH]XOW
XQ L]RWRS DO SOXWRQLXOXL
94 Pu , care constituie combustibil
QXFOHDU FX FDOLW
DGLF

L VXSHULRDUH XUDQLXOXL 'HFL SH P VXU

FH XUDQLXO VH FRQVXP

VH IRUPHD]

SOXWRQLX

VH UHSURGXFH FRPEXVWLELOXO GH XQGH L GHQXPLUHD 'UHSW FRPEXVWLELO LQL LDO SRDWH IL IRORVLW L

thoriu.
5HDF LLOH FDUH DX ORF vQ DFHVW UHDFWRU VXQW

232
90

238
92

Th +

U+

1
0n

1
0n

233
90 Th

239
92

233
91 Pa

239
93

233
92 U

Np

239
91

Pu

$PEHOH WLSXUL GH UHDFWRDUH SRW IL IRORVLWH OD FRQVWUXF LD FHQWUDOHORU QXFOHDUR

-electrice.

Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF
Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF

FX UHDFWRU WHUPLF GH WLS &$1'8

-PHW

FX UHDFWRU WHUPLF GH WLS &$1'8 3+: H[LVWHQW

DU  OD &HUQDYRG  HVWH SUH]HQWDW

vQ ILJ L VH FRPSXQH GLQ GRX

FLUFXLW WHUPLF $ DUH UROXO GH D U FL ]RQD DFWLY

L IRORVHWH FD DJHQW GH U

Al doilea circuit termic B, are rolul de a produce aburi sXSUDVDWXUD L

L OD QRL vQ

FLUFXLWH WHUPLFH 3ULPXO

FLUH

apa grea sub presiune.

agent motor n

IRORVL L FD

WXUELQ 

)LJ &HQWUDO
QXFOHDUR-HOHFWULF
WLS &$1'8
1-reactor nuclear; 2,6-pompe; 3-SURWHF LH ELRORJLF  -VFKLPE WRU GH F
5-WXUELQ  -condensator; 8-generator electric

Combustibilul folosit este urDQLXO

]LUFRQLX 0DL PXOWH SDVWLOH IRUPHD]
SULQ FDUH FLUFXO
WUDQVIHU

QDWXUDO VXE IRUP

OGXU

GH SDVWLOH GH 822

nchise n teci de
-un tub,
ILVLXQH L SH care o

XQ IDVFLFXO LDU PDL PXOWH IDVFLFXOH VXQW DVDPEODWH vQWU

DJHQWXO GH U FLUH FH SUHLD F OGXUD GHJDMDW

vQ VFKLPE WRUXO GH F OGXU  XQGH HVWH WUDQVPLV

GLQ UHDF LLOH GH

DSHL GLQ DO GRLOHD FLUFXLW

Fiabilitatea sistemului CANDU-3+: HVWH DVLJXUDW

- DOLPHQWDUHD FX FRPEXVWLELO VH IDFH vQ WLPSXO

SULQ XUP WRDUHOH PLMORDFH

IXQF LRQ ULL

UHDFWRUXOXL

)DVFLFROHOH

GH

FRPEXVWLELO VXQW vPSLQVH vQ FDQDOHOH UHDFWRUXOXL L VLPXOWDQ FRPEXVWLELOXO FRQVXPDW HVWH GHVF UFDW
OD FHO ODOW FDS W DO UHDFWRUXOXL 0DLQLOH GH vQF UFDUH GHVF UFDUH VXQW FRPDQGDWH GH OD GLVWDQ

FRPSRQHQWHOH VLVWHPXOXL GH WUDQVSRUW DO F OGXULL FDQDOHOH

DEXUL SRPSHOH FROHFWRULL FRQGXFWH VXQW SURWHMDWH V

H[LVWHQ D XQXL VLVWHP VHSDUDW GH U FLUH GXS

combustibile, generatorul de

UH]LVWH OD VXSUDSUHVLXQH
RSULUH SHQWUX D SHUPLWH vQWUH LQHUHD SRPSHORU

L D JHQHUDWRUXOXL GH DEXU GLQ FLUFXLWXO SULQFLSDO

e[LVWHQ D XQXL VLVWHP GH DYDULH FDUH DVLJXU

GHELWXO FRUHVSXQ] WRU GH U FLUH vQ FD]XO FkQG

VH SLHUGH DJHQW GH U FLUH GLQ FLUFXLWXO SULQFLSDO GH WUDQVSRUW DO F OGXULL Q FD]XO FkQG VLVWHPXO GH
DYDULH QX IXQF LRQHD]  F OGXUD HVWH SUHOXDW

GH DSD JUHD PRGH

rator) deoarece temperatura ei la

intrare n reactor este de 43C;

- conducerea centralei se face printr-XQ
FRQWUROHD]

reactoruluL
GHIHFW ULL

DFKL]L LRQHD]

GDWH

GLQ

WRDWH

VLVWHP GH GRX

SXQFWHOH

FDOFXODWRDUH LQGHSHQGHQWH FDUH

SURFHVXOXL

WHKQRORJLF

UHJODUHD

SXWHULL

D SUHVLXQLL DSHL JUHOH L D DEXULORU D QLYHOXOXL DSHL vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL Q FD]XO

XQXL

FDOFXODWRU

FRQGXFHUHD

HVWH

HIHFWXDW

GH

FHO

GH DO

GRLOHD

LDU

FkQG DPEHOH VXQW

GHIHFWDWH FHQWUDOD VH RSUHWH DXWRPDW

DXWRPDWL]DUHD LQVWUXPHQWD LHL GH SURFHV FDUH DVLJXU

IXQF LRQDUHD ULJXURDV

L HFRQRPLF

D LQVWDOD LLORU

SUHYHGHUHD FHQWUDOHL FX VLVWHPH FDUH vQ FD]XUL GH DYDULL SUHLDX IXQF LLOH FH QX PDL SRW IL

UHDOL]DWH HOH VXQW QHFHVDUH SHQWUX RSULUHD L DGXFHUHD FHQWUDOHL vQ FRQGL LL GH VHF

uritate.
Avantajele acestui tip de centrale sunt:
- FRPEXVWLELOXO QXFOHDU SRDWH IL SUHSDUDW vQ DU  ILLQGF QX QHFHVLW
eliminndu-se cheltuielile cerute de acest proces;
- DSD JUHD DUH R GXUDW GH YLD PDL OXQJ GHFkW D UHDFWRUXOXL GHL QHFHVLW
WHKQRORJLL VSHFLDOH GH RE LQHUH L DFHDVWD VH UHDOL]HD]

vQ

DU 

vPERJ

LUH

LQVWDOD LL L

UHDFWRUXO &$1'8 SRDWH IL WUDQVIRUPDW vQ UHDFWRU UHSURGXF WRU FkQG VH XWLOL]HD]

VXUV

UDGLRDFWLY

FD

WKRULXO

consumul de combustibil este de 167 kg uraniul natural pentru 1 MW/an.

Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF
6FKHPD IXQF LRQDO

FX UHDFWRU UHSURGXF

WRU

OD FHQWUDOD FX UHDFWRU UHSURGXF WRU HVWH SUH]HQWDW

vQ ILJ

)LJ &HQWUDO

QXFOHDUR-HOHFWULF
FX UHDFWRU UHSURGXF WRU
1-reactor nuclear; 2,5,8- pompe; 3-proteF LH ELRORJLF 
4,6-VFKLPE WRDUH GH F OGXU  -WXUELQ  -condensator; 10-generator electric

/D DFHVW WLS GH UHDFWRDUH OLSVLQG PRGHUDWRUXO VSD LXO RFXSDW GH ]RQD DFWLY
XUPDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH DJHQW GH U FLUH HVWH PDL PLF
vQF O]LUHD OXL OD R WHPSHUDWXU
FD

DJHQW

WHUPLF

UDGLRDFWLYLWDWH DO

vQ

VXSHULRDU

UHDFWRUXO

DJHQWXOXL

FHOHL OD FDUH DMXQJH DSD JUHD vQ UHDFWRUXO WHUPLF 'H DFHHD

UHSURGXF WRU

VH

IRORVHVF

PHWDOH

WRSLWH

1D

.

1LYHOXO

GH

GH U FLUH HVWH VXSHULRU FHOXL GLQ UHDFWRUL WHUPLFL L SHQWUX SURWHF LH

ELRORJLF  FHQWUDOD HVWH SUHY ]XW

GRLOHD % FLUFXO

HVWH PLF  FD

GHFkW vQ FD]XO SUHFHGHQW FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ

FX WUHL FLUFXLWH WHUPLFH Q FLUFXLWXO WHUPLF SULQFLSDO $ L DO

WRSLWXUL PHWDOLFH LDU vQ DO WUHLOHD & DS

RELQXLW 

Avantajele centralelor nuclearo-electrice cu reactori rapizi sunt:

- YDORULILF PXOW PDL ELQH FRPEXVWLELOXO QXFOHDU DSUR[LPDWLY  ID GH 
termici);
- SRW IRORVL XUDQLXO QHvPERJ LW L WKRULX
- produc n reactor combustibil nou n cantitate mai mare dect coQVXP 
- DEXULL SURGXL vQ VFKLPE WRU DX WHPSHUDWXUD PDL PDUH GHFkW vQ SULPXO FD]

vQ UHDFWRULL

DMXQJkQG OD

VWDUHD GH VXSUDvQF O]LUH

costul energiei electrice este mai mic.

&RQVLGHUD LL WHKQLFR HFRQRPLFH SULYLQG RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL

electrice n centrale nuclearo-electrice

'LILFXOW

LOH H[LVWHQWH vQ SURFXUDUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL FODVLF FRQGXF OD DFFHOHUDUHD FRQVWUXF LHL

de centrale nuclearo-HOHFWULFH
SURGXV

L IDF FD HOHFWULFLWDWHD RE LQXW

vQ HOH V

DSDU

PDL LHIWLQ

GHFkW FHD

vQ FHQWUDOHOH FODVLFH

Competitivitatea HQHUJHWLFLL QXFOHDUH UH]LG vQ XUP WRDUHOH

- SHQWUX SXWHUL PDL PDUL GH  0: LQYHVWL LD FHUXW GH FHQWUDOHOH QXFOHDUH HVWH PDL PLF
dect cea a centralelor clasice;
- costul unui KWh produs n centralele nucleare este mai mic dect cel produs n
centralele cODVLFH FKLDU vQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH FHQWUDOD QXFOHDU IXQF LRQHD] FX  GLQ
capacitatea sa;

FDQWLWDWHD GH FRPEXVWLELO QHFHVDU

IXQF LRQ ULL FHQWUDOHORU QXFOHDUH HVWH PLF  FHHD FH

IDFH FD SH XQ VSD LX UHVWUkQV V

GHS HDVF
FHQWUDOHOH

GLILFXOW
QXFOHDUH

UDGLRDFWLY

VH GHSR]LWH]H PXOW

HQHUJLH FHHD FH SHUPLWH V

VH

LOH GH DSURYL]LRQDUH FX XUDQLX

QX

SROXHD]

PHGLXO

FX

JD]H

QRFLYH

VDX

FHQX 

FRQWDPLQDUHD

D PHGLXOXL HVWH UHGXV  GLQ FDX]D P VXULORU GH SURWHF LH L FRQWUROXO ULJXURV

FDUH GHWHUPLQ

DSDUL LD vQ H[WHULRU D XQHL VW UL UDGLRDFWLYH VXE QLYHOXO GH SHULFXOR]LWDWH

SUHY ]XW

SURLHFW

SULQ

FHQWUDOHL HVWH I FXW

'HSR]LWDUHD

GHHXULORU

UDGLRDFWLYH

UH]XOWDWH

vQ FRQGL LL GH VHFXULWDWH GHSOLQ  2 FHQWUDO

2-4 m3DQ GH GHHXUL

 0: HOLPLQ

'XUDWD PHGLH GH IXQF LRQDUH D XQHL FHQWUDOH QXFOHDUR

GLQ

QXFOHDU

IXQF LRQDUHD
FDUH SURGXFH

-electrice este de 30 de ani, iar a unei

vQF UF WXUL QXFOHDUH GH XQ DQ

3HQWUX SUHYHQLUHD HPLVLHL GH UDGLD LL UDGLRDFWLYH vQ DWPRVIHU
HVWH SUHY ]XW

vQ FD] GH DYDULL FRQVWUXF LD

FX DQYHORS 

Centralele nuclearo-HOHFWULFH

VXQW vQUHJLVWUDWH OD $JHQ LD GH (QHUJLH $WRPLF

FX VHGLXO OD

FRQWURDOH SULYLQG VWDUHD ORU

9LHQD FDUH SHULRGLF H[HFXW

3.3.3. Centrale hidroelectrice

&HQWUDOHOH

KLGURHOHFWULFH

WUDQVIRUPDUH vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

IRORVHVF

FD

HQHUJLH

VH SURGXFH GXS

SULPDU

HQHUJLD

D GRXD VFKHP

vQ HQHUJLH VHFXQGDU  'H DFHHD FRQVWUXF LD ORU HVWH PDL VLPSO

SRWHQ LDO

DSHL

F UHL

GH WUDQVIRUPDUH D HQHUJLHL SULPDUH

GHFkW D FHORUODOWH FHQWUDOH HOHFWULFH

Posibilitatea construLULL KLGURFHQWUDOHORU GHSLQGH GH SRWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF

3RWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF DO XQHL
3RWHQ LDOXO
QDWXUDOH

I U

SRWHQ LDOXO

KLGURHQHUJHWLF

LQH

VHDPD

KLGURHQHUJHWLF

GH

GH

SRVLELOLW

VXSUDID

KLGURHQHUJHWLF OLQLDU FDUH VH UHIHU

teoreWLF

UL HVWH WHRUHWLF L DPHQDMDELO

WHRUHWLF

VDX

LOH
FDUH

EUXW

WHKQLFH
VH

UHSUH]LQW
L

UHIHU

OD FXUVXULOH GH DS

UHVXUVHOH

HFRQRPLFH
OD

DSHOH

GH
GH

HQHUJHWLFH

DPHQDMDUH
VXSUDID

SURSULX ]LVH L UHSUH]LQW

KLGUDXOLFH

(O

FXSULQGH

SRWHQ LDOXO

HQHUJLD PD[LP

FH VH SRDWH RE LQH SH UkXUL

3RWHQ LDOXO

SRVLELO

WXWXURU

KLGURHQHUJHWLF
DPHQDM ULORU

DPHQDMDELO

KLGURHOHFWULFH

VDX

QHW

FRUHVSXQGH

UHDOL]DELOH

(O

SURGXF LHL

FXSULQGH

GH

SRWHQ LDOXO

HQHUJLH

UHDO

KLGURHQHUJHWLF

WHKQLF DPHQDMDELO L FHO HFRQRPLF DPH

najabil.

3RWHQ LDOXO WHKQLF DPHQDMDELO HVWH GDW GH HQHUJLD FDUH SRDWH IL RE LQXW

FXUVXULORU GH DS

SULQ DPHQDMDUHD

L GHWHUPLQDUHD VD VH IDFH HODERUkQG VFKHPHOH GH DPHQDMDUH

3RWHQ LDOXO HFRQRPLF DPHQDMDELO UHSUH]LQW

HQHUJLD WXWXURU DPHQDM ULORU FDUH VH

pot realiza

vQ FRQGL LL HFRQRPLFH
&HQWUDOHOH KLGURHOHFWULFH XWLOL]HD]
DUWLILFLDOH (QHUJLD KLGUDXOLF

FD VXUV

GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

D DSHL HVWH WUDQVIRUPDW

F GHULOH GH DS

QDWXUDOH VDX

vQ OXFUX PHFDQLF L DFHVWD vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF 

ntr-un agregat turELQ -generator electric.

(QHUJLD KLGUDXOLF

D XQHL FDQWLW

E = mgH ,

3XWHUHD KLGUDXOLF

WHRUHWLF

D F GHULL GH DS

GH UHOD LD

(3.12)

GHQVLWDWHD VD

WHRUHWLF

VXQW

vQ

IDSW

YD IL

[KW]

(3.13)

YDORUL PDUL DOH SXWHULL KLGUDXOLFH VH SRW RE LQH ILH FX GHELWH PDUL GH DS

vQ O LPL PLFL DOH F GHULORU GH DS  ILH FX GHELWH PLFL GH DS

$FHVWHD

 NJP  L

nlocuind densitatea apei (

 P V SXWHUHD KLGUDXOLF

P = 9,81 D H ,

5HOD LD DUDW

HVWH GDW

[W]

XQGH ' HVWH GHELWXO FXUJHULL DSHL L

J

OD R vQ O LPH + HVWH

(3.11)

E
P = = Dg H ,
t
DFFHOHUD LD JUDYLWD LRQDO

L GH DS  P DIODW

[J]

SULQFLSLLOH

FRQVWUXFWLYH

DOH

L vQ O LPL PDUL DOH F GHULORU GH DS 

FHQWUDOHORU

KLGURHOHFWULFH

F URU

DPHQDM

are

XUP UHWH UHDOL]DUHD ORU Q SOXV DFHVWH DPHQDM UL SRW FRQGXFH L OD XQLIRUPL]DUHD GHELWXOXL GH DS 

FRPSHQVkQG

YDULD LLOH

DFHVWXLD

FRPSHQVDUH ]LOQLF  V SW PkQDO

FRPSHQVDUH DQXDO
P L

$FXPXO ULOH

GH

DS

SHQWUX

FRPSHQVDUH

SRW

IL

mici, cu rol de
OXQDUH medii, pentru FRPSHQVDUH VH]RQLHU
L mari cu rol de
& GHULOH GH DS
SRW IL mici (H < 20) m, medii (H (20 -

VDX

VDX PXOWLDQXDO 

mari (H (100 - 2000) m).

3ULQFLSDOHOH
DGXF LXQHD

FRQVWUXF LL

FDVWHOXO

GH

DOH

HFKLOLEUX

DPHQDM ULORU

FRQGXFWD

IRU DW

KLGURHOHFWULFH
FX

VXQW

GLVWULEXLWRUXO

EDUDMXO

FHQWUDOD

SUL]D

FDQDOXO

GH
GH

DS 
IXJ 

FRQVWUXF LLOH VHFXQGDUH GH FDSWDUH L DFXPXODUH

Barajul HVWH R FRQVWUXF LH KLGURWHKQLF GLQ S PkQW L SLDWU VDX EHWRQ GUHDSW VDX
curbilinie (fig.3.18.), DPSODVDW WUDQVYHUVDO SH YDOHD XQXL FXUV GH DS  FDUH vQGHSOLQHWH XQXO VDX PDL


PXOWH GLQ XUP WRDUHOH UROXUL

ULGLF

vQ O LPHD DSHL vQ DPRQWH GH EDUDM SHQWUX P ULUHD F GHULL GH DS 

GHYLD]

FXUVXO XQXL UkX VDX D XQHL S U L GLQ GHELWXO V X

DFXPXOHD]

DS

entru uniformizarea debitului.

Fig.3.18. Forme de baraj

a) baraj drept; b) baraj curb.
Q VHF LXQH WUDQVYHUVDO

EDUDMXO HVWH WUDSH]RLGDO DYkQG ED]D PLF

GHDVXSUD QLYHOXOXL DSHL

acumulate.
Barajele curbilinii sunt construite cu convexitatea spre amonte.


3UL]D

GH

DS

DGXF LXQH (D UHDOL]HD]

VHUYHWH

OD

WUHFHUHD

DSHL

GLQ

UkX

VDX

ODF

vQ

FDQDOXO

VDX

FRQGXFWD

vQFKLGHUHD L GHVFKLGHUHD DFFHVXOXL VSUH DGXF LXQH OLPLWHD]

DOXYLXQLORU FX DMXWRUXO XQRU

SUDJXUL L

GH

S WUXQGHUHD

RSUHWH FRUSXULOH SOXWLWRDUH SH JU WDUH (OH VXQW

VLWXDWH

GHDVXSUD QLYHOXOXL GH vQQ PROLUH DO ODFXOXL L VXE QLYHOXO XWLO DO DFHVWXLD



$GXF LXQHD

DUH

UROXO

GH

FRQGXFWHOH IRU DWH FX R SLHUGHUH PLQLP



Castelul de echilibru

DPRQWH GH WXUELQ

DVLJXUD

FLUFXOD LD

vQWUH

SUL]D

GH

DS

LQWUDUHD

HVWH DPSODVDW SH WUDLHFWRULD JDOHULLORU VDX FRQGXFWHORU GH DS

vQ

vQ

L DUH UROXO GH D PLFRUD HIHFWHOH ORYLWXULL GH EHUEHF DVXSUD DFHVWHLD )RUPD VD

SRDWH IL FLOLQGULF  WUXQFKL GH FRQ VDX GH SLUDPLG

FRPXQLF

DSHL

GH QLYHO

FX SDUWHD VXSHULRDU

FX JDOHULD GH DS  /D SRUQLUHD WXUELQHORU FDVWHOXO GH DS

SHULRDGD GH DFFHOHUDUH D DSHL vQ FRQGXFW  LDU OD RSULUHD ORU DVLJXU

GHVFKLV  LDU SH OD ED]

DVLJXU

FRQWLQXLWDWHD DSHL vQ

ULGLFDUHD DSHL SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD

VROLFLW ULL LQVWDOD LHL


PDL PLF

IDFH OHJ WXUD vQWUH DGXF LXQH L WXUELQH /XQJLPHD VD WUHEXLH V

&DQDOXO

GH

IXJ

SULPHWH

DSD

GH

OD

WXUELQH

HYDFXHD] 

DVLJXUkQG

IXQF LRQDUHD

D D

cestora.

&HQWUDOHOH KLGURHOHFWULFH vQ IXQF LH GH PRGXO GH UHDOL]DUH D F GHULORU GH DS  VXQW

ILH FkW

SRVLELO SHQWUX D HYLWD YDULD LLOH EUXWH GH SUHVLXQH L SHQWUX D IL HFRQRPLF 


QRUPDO

&RQGXFWD IRU DW

centrale hidroelectrice pe firul apei;

FHQWUDOH KLGURHOHFWULFH vQ GHULYD LH FX FXUVXO QDWXUDO DO DSHL

Centralele hidroelectrice pe firul apei sunt amplasate n DOELD UkXOXL LQVWDODW vQ FRUSXO
barajului sau n imediata apropiere a barajului (fig.3.19.). Ele se construiesc pe rurile care au un

GHELW PDUH Q H[SORDWDUH DFHVWH FHQWUDOH VXQW VXSXVH XQRU YDULD LL PDUL GH SXWHUH GLVSRQLELO  vQ
IXQF LH GH QLYHOXO D

pei din amonte de baraj.

)LJ +LGURFHQWUDO

1-lac de acumulare; 2-SUL]D GH DS

SH ILUXO DSHL

 

-baraj; 4-DGXF LXQH -WXUELQ -generator.

&HQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH vQ GHULYD LH VH FRQVWUXLHVF vQ JHQHUDO SH UkXUL GH PXQWH FX SDQWH PDUL

L GHELWH PLFL

CuUVXO

DFHVWRU

UkXUL

HVWH

GHYLDW

SH

XQ

WUDVHX

FX

SDQW

PDL

PLF

GHFkW

FHD

QDWXUDO 

$PHQDMDUHD WUDVHHORU SULQ GHULYD LH VH SRDWH IDFH FX ULGLFDUHD QLYHOXOXL vQ DPRQWH ILJ FX
FRERUkUHD QLYHOXOXL vQ DYDO ILJ  L PL[W ILJ Q XOWLPHOH GRX
HVWH DPSODVDW

FD]XUL FHQWUDOD HOHFWULF

VXEWHUDQ

)LJ +LGURFHQWUDO

FX GHULYD LH FX ULGLFDUH vQ DPRQWH

1-lac de acumulare; 2-baraj; 3-vechea albie a rului; 4-DGXF LXQH

5-castel de echilibru; 6-FRQGXFWD IRU DW  -WXUELQ -generator.

1-lac de acumulare; 2-SUL]

Fig.3.2 +LGURFHQWUDO vQ GHULYD LH FX FRERUkUH vQ DYDO

GH DS  -DGXF LXQH -castelul de achilibru; 5-WXUELQ -generator; 6-FDQDO GH IXJ

)LJ +LGURFHQWUDO

vQ GHULYD LH PL[W

1-baraj; 2-lac de acumulare; 3-SUL] GH DS  -aGXF LXQH

5-castel de echilibru; 6-FRQGXFW IRU DW  -WXUELQ JHQHUDWRU -FDQDO GH IXJ

3.3.4. Producerea energiei electrice folosind surse

GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH VXQW R DOWHUQDWLY  GLQ FH vQ FH PDL VWXGLDW  D

FHORU FRQYHQ LRQDOH HSXL]DELOH  L HL JD]H QDWXUDOH F UEXQL FDUH SRW IL YDORULILFDWH PDL HILFLHQW FD

materii prime petro-FKLPLFH

'LQWUH VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH DPLQWLP ELRPDVD

VRDUHOH FXUHQ LL DWPRVIHULFL JD]HOH L DSHOH JHRWHUPDOH IX]LXQHD QXFOHDU 

UHSUH]LQW

Biomasa

PDWHULDOH

IUXQ]LXUL YHJHWD LH PDULQ

FUHWHUHD

FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU

SkQ

YHJHWDOH

VDX

GH

OD

YHJHWD LLOH

OLJQRFHOXOR]LFH

OD GHHXUL FHOXOR]LFH L SURWHLFH LQGXVWULDOH VDX FDVQLFH 3HQWUX

HQHUJHWLFH

ELRPDVD

HVWH

FDWDOL]DWRDUH VWDELOH OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH GXS

SUH]HQW GLQ ELRPDV

DQLPDOH

IHUPHQWDW

vQ

FDUH HVWH VHSDUDW

YLG

vQ

SUH]HQ D

XQRU

HQ]LPH

VHOHFWLY SULQ VLWH PROHFXODUH Q

VH RE LQH QXPDL HQHUJLH WHUPLF 

VRODU
a fosW L HVWH VWXGLDW GH VSHFLDOLWL GDU QX V-D H[WLQV GDWRULW
chelturielilor mari necesitate de centralele helioelectrice. Producerea energiei electrice din energie
(QHUJLD

VRODU

WHUPLF

VH UHDOL]HD]

SULQ GRX

ODQ XUL HQHUJHWLFH 8QXO HVWH DFHODL FD L vQ FD]XO HQHUJLHL FKLPLFH L

QXFOHDUH LDU DO GRLOHD WUDQVIRUP

HQHUJLH VRODU

GLUHFW vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

FX DMXWRUXO FHOXOHORU

fotovoltaice, construite din materiale semiconductoare. n prezent, costul acestor materiale este
PDUH FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ

SUH XO QHFRPSHWLWLY DO HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH RE LQXWH 'DU SH P VXU

LHIWLQHVF VH FRQVLGHU

XQ VIHUW GLQ FRQVXPXO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

YD IL SURGXV

FH HOH VH

FX DMXWRUXO DFHVWRU

celule.
&XUHQ LL
WUDQVIRUPDUHD

DWPRVIHULFL

DFHVWHLD

vQ

VXQW

IRORVL L

HQHUJLH

GH

HOHFWULF

&HQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HROLHQH DX SXWHUH LQVWDODW

*D]HOH

electrice numai
QXPDL FD VXUV

DSHOH

JHRWHUPDOH

FkQG DMXQJ OD VXSUDID

WLPS

FHQWUDOH

SHQWUX

RE LQHUHD

HOHFWULFH

HROLHQH

HQHUJLHL
HVWH

GH

PHFDQLFH
GDW

LDU

UHFHQW 

PLF 

IRORVLWH

FD

VXUV

GH

HQHUJLH

FX SUHVLXQH L WHPSHUDWXU

SHQWUX

RE LQHUHD

HQHUJLHL

PDUH $OWIHO HOH VH IRORVHVF

GH HQHUJLH WHUPLF 

Fuziunea nucleelor
SULQ FDUH GRX

VXQW

PXOW
vQ

XRDUH UHSUH]LQW

VXUVD GH HQHUJLH SULPDU

D YLLWRUXOXL 3URFHVXO IL]LF

HOHPHQWH XRDUH VH XQHVF IRUPkQG HOHPHQWH PDL JUHOH L GHJDMkQG HQHUJLD GH OHJ WXU

VH QXPHWH IX]LXQH QXFOHDU  LDU UHDF LLOH QXFOHDUH FDUH DX ORF SRDUW
VLQWH]  3HQWUX HQHUJHWLF

UHDF LLOH QXFOHDUH GH VLQWH]

VH RE LQH KHOLXO GLQ L]RWRSLL KLGURJHQXOXL GHXWHULXOXL

2
2
4
1
1 D + 1 T = 2 He + 0 n + 17,6Mev
2
2
3
1
1 D + 1 D = 2 He + 0 n + 3,2Mev

FDUH SUH]LQW

2
1D

QXPHOH GH UHDF LL QXFOHDUH GH

LQWHUHV VXQW FHOH vQ XUPD F U

L WULWLXOXL

3
1T

L DQXPH

ora

+HOLXO UH]XOWDW HVWH LQWURGXV GLUHFW vQ WXUELQD FHQWUDOHL HOHFWULFH RE LQkQGX

mare. FuziuQHD QXFOHDU VH GHVI RDU OD WHPSHUDWXUD

molecule/cm3 FRQGL LL JUHX GH UHDOL]DW GHRFDPGDW 

vQDOW

GH



-se un randament

GHQVLW

PDUL



15

 $SUHFLHUHD HILFLHQ HL HFRQRPLFH D SURGXFHULL HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH

(ILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF

D SURGXFHULL HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH VH DSUHFLD]

FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFDWRULORU

specifici acestei ramuri industriale. Indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFL XWLOL]D L VXQW

- indicatori tehnico-HFRQRPLFL IRORVL L OD SURGXF WRULL GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF
- indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFL IRORVL L OD FRQVXPDWRri.

Indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFL XWLOL]D L OD SURGXF WRULL GH HQHUJLH sunt:

a) SXWHUHD LQVWDODW PHGLH ]LOQLF , PiPHG FDOFXODW FX UHOD LD

Pi k
Pi med =

k =1

, [kW/zi]

unde: Pi k HVWH SXWHUHD LQVWDODW

Z - nuP

(3.14)

vQ ]LXD N

UXO ]LOHORU FRQVLGHUDWH

b) SXWHUHD HIHFWLY GLVSRQLELO

PHGLH ]LOQLF

, PedPHG FDOFXODW

FX UHOD LD

Pedk

k =1

Ped med =

, [kW/zi]

unde: Pedk HVWH SXWHUHD HIHFWLY RE LQXW

vQ ]LXD N

c) SXWHUHD HIHFWLY XWLOL]DELO PHGLe, Peumed:

Peu med = Ped med (Ped rep.pl + Ped rep.nepl)
unde: Ped rep.pl , Ped rep.nepl - UHSUH]LQW SXWHUHD FRQVXPDW
respectiv neplanificate;
d) SXWHUHD SURGXV

PHGLH ]LOQLF

(3.15)

, Pp med  FDOFXODW

(3.16)
vQ FHQWUDO

SHQWUX UHSDUD LL SODQLILFDWH

FX UHOD LD

Pp k
P p med =

k =1

unde: P p k HVWH HQHUJLD SURGXV

, [KW/zi]

(3.17)

vQ ]LXD N vQ SHULRDGD GH FRQVXP PD[LP

e) indicatorul de utilizare a puterii instalate, Iu, egal cu:

Pp med
<1
Iu =
Pi med
f) indicatorul de valorificare a energiei produse, Iv VH FDOFXOHD]
We ,
Iv =
Wp

(3.18)
FX UHOD LD

(3.19)

unde: We HVWH HQHUJLD HOHFWULF OLYUDW FRQVXPDWRUXOXL

Wp HQHUJLD HOHFWULF SURGXV GH FHQWUDO 
,QGLFDWRULL IRORVL L OD FRQVXPDWRU

sunt:

a) consumul de energie, Ce FDOFXODW FX UHOD LD

W
, [kWh/t]
Ce =
A
XQGH

: HVWH HQHUJLD HOHFWULF

(3.20)

FRQVXPDW 

$ HVWH YROXPXO SURGXF LHL GH HQHUJLH

b) SURGXF LD YDORULF , Pv UHDOL]DW

V
, [lei/kWh]
Pv =
W
XQGH

9 HVWH YDORDUHD SURGXF LHL UHDOL]DW

SH XQLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  HJDO

FX

(3.21)
FX HQHUJLD UHVSHFWLY 

c) indicatorul de electrificare a muncii Iem FDOFXODW FX UHOD LD

W
, [kKWh/salariat]
Iem =
N
XQGH

1 HVWH QXP UXO GH VDODULD L

d) factorul de putere
VH H[SULP
IRORVLW

(3.22)

FRV

 FDOFXODW GH WR L FRQVXPDWRULL LQGXVWULDOL GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  (O

FD UDSRUW GLQWUH SXWHUHD DFWLY 

Pa

OXDW

GH OD UH HD N: L SXWHUHD DSDUHQW 

efectiv n ntreprindere:
P
cos = a
Pa p

(3.23)

,GHDO HVWH FD YDORDUHD IDFWRUXOXL GH SXWHUH V

 GDU FD SUHRFXSDUH SHUPDQHQW

puWHUH VH vQUHJLVWUHD]

ILH  3UDFWLF HO DUH YDORUL FXSULQVH vQWUH 

HVWH DSURSLHUHD GH YDORDUHD  9DULD LD ]LOQLF

D IDFWRUXOXL GH

FX DSDUDWH SH IRUPXODUH VSHFLDOH

)LJ &XUED GH VDUFLQ

D XQHL FHQWUDOH HOHFWULFH

5HJLPXO GH IXQF LRQDUH DO FHQWUDOHORU HOHFWULFH HVWH ELQH FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ

&RQVXPDWRULL

Pa p ,

GH FXUHQW FRQHFWD L

OD R FHQWUDO

HOHFWULF

curba de VDUFLQ .

VXQW GLIHUL L LDU FRQVXPXO ORU vQ WLPS

QHXQLIRUP 'H DFHHD FHULQ D GH HQHUJLH HVWH PDL PDUH vQ DQXPLWH SHULRDGH GHFkW vQ DOWHOH &D
XUPDUH FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH D FHQWUDOHORU HOHFWULFH HVWH VROLFLWDW
&XUED FDUH DUDW

GLIHULW

YDULD LD SXWHULL X]LQHL vQ WLPS VH QXPHWH FXUED GH VDUFLQ

VDX GH vQF UFDUH

(fig.3.23) n care se disting trei zone:

- ]RQD GH ED] FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ SURGXFHUHD XQHL FDQWLW L GH HQHUJLH HJDO FX :min;
- ]RQD GH VHPLYkUI FkQG SURGXF LD GH HQHUJLH QHFHVDU FUHWH GH OD :min la Wmed;
- ]RQD GH YkUI FkQG FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH D FHQWUDOHORU HOHFWULFH FUHWH GH OD :med la
Wmax.

&XUED GH VDUFLQ

FDUDFWHUL]HD]

L FRQVXPXO WRWDO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  'H DFHHD FHQWUDOHOH

electrice existente sau care se vor construi, trebuie

energie al celor trei zone.
&RQVXPXO
WHUPRILFDUH

GLQ

]RQD

FHQWUDOHOH

GH

ED]

HVWH

WHUPRHOHFWULFH

FX

DVWIHO SURLHFWDWH vQFkW V

DVLJXUDW

GH

FRQGHQVD LH

FHQWUDOHOH
FHQWU

VH DVLJXUH QHFHVDUXO GH

WHUPRHOHFWULFH

FX

DEXUL

alele nuclearo-electrice; centrale

KLGURHOHFWULFH FX EDUDM GH UH LQHUH ILUXO DSHL

(QHUJLD HOHFWULF

QHFHVDU

FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH FX FRQGHQVD LH IRORVLQG SDUWHD GH FRQGHQVD LH FX SUL]H

FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH FX DEXUL L FRQGHQVD LH FDUH SRW IL vQ IXQF LXQH vQ RUHOH GH QRDSWH
FX VDUFLQD UHGXV

VDX SRW IL RSULWH

QHFHVDU

vQ ]RQD GH YkUI HVWH DVLJXUDW

FHQWUDOH KLGURHOHFWULFH FX VWD LL GH SRP

GH

pare-acumulare;

centrale termoelectrice cu gaze.

&XUED GH VDUFLQ

GH

FHQWUDOH KLGURHOHFWULFH GH GHULYD LH FX EDUDM

(QHUJLD HOHFWULF

]RQHL GH VHPLYkUI HVWH DVLJXUDW

VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]

SULQ GRL LQGLFL

factorul de simultaneitate
indicele de aplatizare.

Factorul de simultaneitate
0D[LPXO SXWHULL LQVWDODWH DO XQHL X]LQH SURGXF WRDUH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF
FRQVXP VLPXOWDQ PDL PDUH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF

VH GDWRUHD]

GH F WUH GLYHUL FRQVXPDWRUL 'DF

HQHUJLH DOH DFHVWRU FRQVXPDWRUL DU IL GHFDODWH vQ WLPS FXUED GH VDUFLQ

XQXL

PD[LPHOH GH

D X]LQHL DU U PkQH FRQVWDQW

n timp. Cnd aceste maxime se suprapun, decalarea n timp a maximelor de consum ale
FRQVXPDWRULORU VH H[SULP
SULQ factorul de simultaneitate, care este egal cu raportul dintre puterea
PD[LP
SURGXV
GH X]LQ
vQWU-R SHULRDG
GH WLPS L VXPD SXWHULORU PD[LPH DOH FRQVXPDWRULORU vQ
DFHHDL SHULRDG

GH WLPS DGLF 

s=

Pmax
n

(3.24)

<1

max i

i =1

&kQG WR L FRQVXPDWRULL OXFUHD]

VLPXOWDQ FX SXWHUHD PD[LP

QHFHVDU

ILHF UXLD L GDF 

Pmax = P max i ,

(3.25)

i =1

atunci s = 1.
n

Pmax < P maxi ,

'DF 

(3.26)

i =1

DWXQFL V   L HO QH DUDW

Fk L FRQVXPDWRUL SRW V

IXQF LRQH]H VLPXOWDQ FX FDSDFLWDWHD PD[LP  Q

general factorul de simultaneitate are valori cuprinse ntre 0,25-0,6.

Indicele de aplatizare
3HQWUX R EXQ

H[SORDWDUH D XQHL X]LQH HOHFWULFH FXUED GH VDUFLQ

DU WUHEXL V

ILH FkW PDL SODW 

*UDGXO GH DSODWL]DUH D FXUEHL HVWH GDW GH LQGLFHOH GH DSODWL]DUH FDOFXODW FX UHOD LD

Pmed
< 1,
Pmax
unde: Pmed este puterea medie a uzinei ntr-R DQXPLW

(3.27)

a=

SHULRDG  LDU 3

max SXWHUHD GH YkUI vQ DFHHDL

SHULRDG  ,QGLFHOH GH DSODWL]DUH DUH YDORUL FXSULQVH vQWUH  L  YDORUL FDUH LQGLF
UD LRQDO 

R IXQF LRQDUH

 7UDQVSRUWXO L GLVWULEX LD HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH

(QHUJLD HOHFWULF
UH HOH HOHF

'XS

SURGXV

trice VXE IRUP

vQ FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HVWH WUDQVSRUWDW

F WUH FRQVXPDWRUL SULQ

GH FXUHQW HOHFWULF DOWHUQDWLY WULID]DW

WHQVLXQHD FXUHQWXOXL HOHFWULF WUDQVSRUWDW UH HOHOH HOHFWULFH VXQW

UH HOH GH WHQVLXQH MRDV  FDUH DX vQWUH ID]H WHQVLXQHD PDL PLF

GH N9

UH HOH GH WHQVLXQH PHGLH FDUH DX vQWUH ID]H WHQVLXQHD FXSULQV

vQWUH  L  N9

UH HOH GH WHQVLXQH vQDOW

FDUH DX vQWUH ID]H WHQVLXQHD FXSULQV

UH HOH GH WHQVLXQH IRDUWH vQDOW

2 UH HD HOHFWULF

vQWUH 

FDUH DX vQWUH ID]H WHQVLXQHD GH 

-220 kV;
-600 kV.

VH FRPSXQH GLQ OLQLL HOHFWULFH VWD LL GH WUDQVIRUPDUH L VWD LL GH FRQH[LXQL

Liniile electrice

VXQW FRQGXFWRUL HOHFWULFL FRQIHF LRQD L GLQ PHWDOH FX UH]LVWLYLWDWH PLF

FXUHQWXO HOHFWULF GH OD FHQWUDOD HOHFWULF

FXSUX DOXPLQLX SULQ FDUH VH WUDQVSRUW

OD VWD LLOH GH

WUDQVIRUPDUH L GH DLFL OD VWD LLOH GH FRQH[LXQL L FRQVXPDWRUL Q WLPSXO WUDQVSRUWXOXL VH SURGXF

pierderi de curent GDWRUDWH UH]LVWHQ HL RSXV

GH PHWDOXO OLQLLORU HOHFWULFH OD GHSODVDUHD SXUW WRULORU GH

FXUHQW HOHFWURQLL 5H]LVWHQ D FRQGXFWRULORU HOHFWULFL HVWH HJDO

l
R= >
s
XQGH

FX

(3.28)

- UH]LVWLYLWDWHD HOHFWULF D PDWHULDOXOXL FRQGXFWRUXOXL

l - lungimea conductorului;
s - VHF LXQHD WUDQVYHUVDO D FRQGXFWRUXOXL
Q ODERUDWRDUHOH

HOHFWULF  $FHDVW

ULORU GH]YROWDWH VH VWXGLD]

SURSULHWDWH VH QXPHWH

RE LQHUHD GH PDWHULDOH FDUH QX DX UH]LVWHQ

supraconductivitate 0DWHULDOHOH VXSUDFRQGXFWRDUH DVLJXU

WUDQVSRUWXO FXUHQWXOXL HOHFWULF FX UDQGDPHQWXO HJDO FX  'HRFDPGDW

DFHVWH PDWHULDOH VXQW IRDUWH

scumpe, neputndu-VH XWLOL]D OD SURSRU LL LQGXVWULDOH

3HQWUX

FD SLHUGHULOH GH FXUHQW V

WUDQVIRUPD L DGLF

ILH FkW PDL

PLFL FXUHQWXO VH WUDQVSRUW

FX SDUDPHWULL

FX WHQVLXQH PDUH L LQWHQVLWDWH PLF 

/LQLLOH HOHFWULFH GLQ FDGUXO UH HOHORU HOHFWULFH VXQW

a) 'XS SXWHUHD HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH

- linii electrice pentUX WUDQVSRUW FX

DMXWRUXO F URUD VH WUDQVSRUW

SXWHUL PDUL GH OD FHQWUDOD

SURGXF WRDUH OD FRQVXPDWRUL SH GLVWDQ H PDUL

OLQLL

HOHFWULFH

SHQWUX

GLVWULEX LH

FDUH

VXQW

GLVWDQ H PLFL VSUH JUXSXUL UHVWUkQVH GH FRQVX

b)
-

'XS

OLQLL

SHQWUX

WUDQVSRUWXO

SXWHULORU

PLFL

OD

matori;

FRQVWUXF LH OLQLLOH HOHFWULFH VXQW

OLQLL

HOHFWULFH

DHULHQH

/($ 

FkQG

FRQGXFWRULL

HOHFWULFL

VXQW

PRQWD L

SH

VWkOSL

GH

VXV LQHUH

OLQLL

HOHFWULFH

vQ

FDEOX

/(& 

FkQG

FRQGXFWRULL

HOHFWULFL

VXQW

vQI XUD L

PRQWD L

subteran. Acestea sunt costisitoare, folosindu-VH SHQWUX GLVWDQ H VFXUWH

6WD LLOH GH WUDQVIRUPDUH au rolul de a transforma parametrii curentului electric

LQWHQVLWDWH L WHQVLXQH WUDQVSRUWDW SULQ OLQLLOH GH FXUHQW

'XS

WHQVLXQHD SH FDUH R DUH FXUHQWXO OD LHLUHD GLQ VWD LD GH

transformare acestea sunt:

VWD LL ULGLF WRDUH GH WHQVLXQH

VWD LL FRERUkWRDUH GH WHQVLXQH

6WD LLOH ULGLF WRDUH GH WHQVLXQH VH FRQVWUXLHVF OD SURGXF WRU SHQWUX FD SLHUGHULOH GH FXUHQW vQ
WLPSXO WUDQVSRUWXOXL V
6WD LLOH

VFDG 

FRERUkWRDUH

GH

YDORDUHD WHQVLXQLL FXUHQWXOXL V

8QLWDWHD

SULQFLSDO

WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU VH ED]HD]
HVWH DOF WXLW GLQWU

WHQVLXQH
ILH DGXV
XQHL

VH

construiesc n apropierea consumatorilor, pentru ca

OD FHD IRORVLW

VWD LL

GH

vQ LQGXVWULH L FDVQLF

WUDQVIRUPDUH

HVWH

transformatorul

SH SULQFLSLXO LQGXF LHL HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH Q HVHQ

-un cadru de fier moale.

)XQF LRQDUHD

 XQ WUDQVIRUPDWRU

3H XQD GLQ ODWXUL VH vQI RDU

tensiune U1

3H ODWXUD RSXV

R ERELQ

FX Q1 VSLUH SULQ FDUH FLUFXO

SULPHLD VH vQI RDU

R DOW

ERELQ  IRUPDW

VH SURGXFH XQ FXUHQW LQGXV GH LQWHQVLWDWH ,2 L WHQVLXQH 82

ERELQ

QWUH FHL GRL FXUHQ L H[LVW

FX FXUHQW GH LQWHQVLWDWH ,1 L
GLQ Q2 VSLUH Q DFHDVW

UHOD LLOH

U 1 I1 = U 2 I 2 ; I 1 n 1 = I 2 n 2 ,

(3.29)

U1 I2 n1
= =
U 2 I1 n 2

(3.30)

de unde:

6WD LLOH GH FRQH[LXQH VDX GLVWULEX LH DX UROXO GH D GLVWULEXL FXUHQWXO WUDQVIRUPDW vQ VWD LLOH

GH WUDQVIRUPDUH F WUH FRQVXPDWRU (OH VXQW LQWHULRDUH L H[WHULRDUH

6WD LLOH GH FRQH[LXQH LQWHULRDUH VXQW DPSODVDWH

pentru tensiuni SkQ OD - N9 LQFOXVLY 6H DOHJH DFHDVW

vQ LQWHULRUXO FO GLULORU L VH FRQVWUXLHVF

N9 L FKLDU  N9 vQ FD]XO FkQG vQ PHGLXO DPELDQW H[LVW

VXEVWDQ H FX DF LXQL Y W P WRDUH DVXSUD

VROX LH L SHQWUX WHQVLXQL PDL PDUL 

HFKLSDPHQWXOXL HOHFWULF FXP VXQW SUDIXO EXQ FRQGXF WRU GH HOHFWULFLWDWH YDSRUL FDUH FRURGHD]
PHWDOXO

L]ROD LD

VXEVWDQ H

YHQLWH

SULQ

DHU

GH

OD

FHQWUDOH

HOHFWULFH

DSURSLDWH

IXQF LRQkQG

SH

F UEXQH GH OD X]LQHOH FKLPLFH GH FLPHQW OD LQVWDOD LLOH GH SH OLWRUDO L vQ FD]XO XQXL SXQFW GH
GLVWULEX LH vQ LQWHULRUXO XQXL VSD LX FX DJORPHU UL XUEDQH

6WD LLOH GH FRQH[LXQH H[WHULRDUH VH FRQVWUXLHVF SHQWUX WHQVLXQL ULGLFDWH   N9 GDU L

SHQWUX XQHOH SRVWXUL GH WUDQVIRUPDUH UXUDOH VDX GLQ LQGXVWULD SHWUROLHU 

,QVWDOD LLOH GH GLVWULEX LH WUHEXLH V
IXQF LRQDUH

VLPSOLWDWHD

FODULWDWHD

vQGHSOLQHDVF

HIHFWX ULL

H[SORDWDUH HFRQRPLF  DVLJXUDUHD SRVLELOLW

DQXPLWH FRQGL LL FXP VXQW VLJXUDQ

PDQHYUHORU

LORU GH H[WLQGHUH

FRPRGLWDWHD

VHFXULWDWHD

vQ

VHUYLULL