Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? 2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands. 3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasnt enforced. This angered the Southerners. 4. The NorthSouth rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In its place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark. IDENTIFICATIONS: Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas a senator for Illinois took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. In order to get the compromise to pass Stephen had to split it up because both sides did not want concede something to the other side. Franklin Pierce Became president in the election of 1852 and was the second dark horse for the democrats. A man not known well which allowed him to have no enemies. Pierce was revived the democrats desire to continue acquiring land for the USA. Though he was a weak looking man Pierce still supported the compromise of 1850 and fugitive slave laws. Compromise of 1850 This compromise signed by President Millard Fillmore gave benefits to both North and South but more to the North. In the compromise California became a free state, New Mexico and Utah were slave states, slave trade was outlawed in the capital, and harsher fugitive slave laws. These compromises though showed that North got the better end of the stick. Zachary Taylor Became president in the election of 1848 and put the issue with slavery to the side for some time. President Taylor began to show his support of Stewards ideals by vetoing anything doing with slavery. President Taylor died in office and Millard Fillmore became his replacement. John C. Calhoun Arguing for the south was John C. Calhoun and he was arguing for same thing as he did back in the 1830s. John wanted state rights and that slavery issue

is left alone. He also wanted the entire runaway slave be brought back and the balance between free and slave be even again. Matthew C. Perry Sent by the USA to Japan Perry through some diplomacy and a little bit of threats Japan now agreed to trade with the US. Through the treaty of Kanagawa America received proper treatment for shipwrecked sailors, coaling rights, and created relations between the two nations. Matthew Perry had unknowingly opened Japans door to modernization. Henry Clay Henry Clay still known as the Great Compromiser created the Compromise of 1850. He created this in order to settle the debate over if California should be a free or slave. Henry declared that North and South both give up something and that the North should be more willing in the slave laws. Free-Soil Party Northern men who were against slavery created this party because of the non position both political parties were taking against slavery. This party attracted all sorts of people and made Van Buren their leader. They were not just against slavery they also wanted money from the government for improvements. Fugitive Slave Law The slave law declared that all runaway slaves be gathered up and shipped back to the south. This law though had many flaws to it. One was that the North was uncooperative and two the underground railroad helped slaves to Canada instead of the North. Some runaway slaves could hide themselves among free African Americans making it hard to distinguish. Harriet Tubman A runaway slave herself Harriet is the most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad. She returned back to the South many times to help other slaves escape to Canada or the North. In the end she helped over 300 slaves to freedom. Compromise of 1850 This compromise signed by President Millard Fillmore gave benefits to both North and South but more to the North. In the compromise California became a free state, New Mexico and Utah were slave states, slave trade was outlawed in the capital, and harsher fugitive slave laws. These compromises though showed that North got the better end of the stick. Ostend Manifesto A document which said that America should claim Cuba from Spain. If Spain refused America would then declare war though in the end war was never declared.

Kansas-Nebraska Act Proposed by Stephen Douglas and shifted the transcontinental railroad to the North side. In return the South got popular sovereignty over Kansas and Nebraska. This act was passed in 1856 even though it contradicted the Missouri Compromise of having slave states. Chapter #19: Drifting Toward Disunion Big Picture Themes 1. Uncle Toms Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each sections feelings on the issue. 2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted. 3. The Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands. 4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty. 5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there. 6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded. IDENTIFICATIONS: Hinton Helper The Impending Crisis of the South Important informational pamphlet that raised awareness on the evils of slavery

George Fitzhugh Argued that slavery was necessary in order to protect blacks and to provide them with economic and social protection

John Brown Tried to start a slave revolt and was executed, he became a martyr for the North and a demon for the South Charles Sumner Senator who was beat up and whose message on the evils of slavery circulated widely

Dred Scott Slave who argued that he was free because he lived on free soil. His case, the Dred Scott case basically nullified the Missouri Compromise and hastened the civil war Abraham Lincoln Politician that would become president and lead the battle against the South in the civil war John Crittenden Senator who proposed the Crittenden Compromise, one of the major attempts to fix the Union before war broke out Bleeding Kansas Miniature civil war that broke out in Kansas due to popular sovereignty American or Know-Nothing Party Secret party that supported anti-immigration and ultra-nationalism Panic of 1857 Economic Panic that happened in 1857 Lincoln-Douglas Debates Widely popular series of debates that kick-started Lincolns political career Freeport Doctrine Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property Harper's Ferry Raid Raid on Harpers Ferry, a weapon stash, by John Brown Constitutional Union Party Party that was created to try to ease tension within the union. Nominated John Bell for president GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper 1. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain. Uncle Toms Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was more important than The Impending Crisis of the South, by Hinton Helper. It influenced people everywhere, not just Northern Americans to fight against slavery. It accelerated the civil war and made it an

inevitability. Stowe changed history with her book. Compared to Helpers novel, Uncle Toms Cabin is the single most important book ever written. The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas? Popular sovereignty was an absolute disaster in Kansas. It led to much bloodshed and struggles. Many Border Ruffians, armed with their Beechers Bibles, poured into Kansas on election day and skewed the vote, making Kansas a slave state. Understandably, the Free-soilers were outraged; so outraged in fact that they created a new government in Kansas. This created effectively two governments in the United States for a short period. Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party? Bleeding Kansas occurred when abolitionist John Brown led an attack on pro-slave settlers in Pottawatomie Creek. He and his men butchered five men and created a miniature civil war in Kansas. Thankfully, this fighting died down after Kansas was declared a free state after 1857. However, tensions did not completely disappear. Slavery still existed in Kansas thanks to the Lecompton Constitution, legislation that protected slave owners already in Kansas. This conflict heavily split the Democratic party and caused it to decline. "Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 5 What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South? A senator from South Carolina, Preston Brooks, beat another senator, Charles Sumner, until his cane broke. Although Charles was not well liked, was given sympathy by the North. Meanwhile, Brooks was dubbed the Bully. Sumners message soon spread across America like wildfire after the incident. His message about how slavery was an evil that needed to be eradicated was copied and redistributed to thousands of people. The South was obviously unhappy that the abolitionist movement was spreading. "Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party 6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election. There were two candidates for president in the 1856 election, James Buchanan and John C. Fremont. Buchanan was a quirky fellow, he was tall, masculine and had white hair. He also had a slight eye problem that caused him to always tilt his head. He had no previous political experience but worked as both a lawyer and a minister. John C. Fremont was know as the Pathfinder of the West, he was a erratic soldier that had no political experience. The American Party was partook in this election. They were also known as the Know Nothing Party. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856.

The election of 1856 foreshadowed the polarization between the North and the South. Buchanan won this election and Fremont came in second. Due to the close race, the Republicans contented themselves with a victorious defeat. However, this election drove the Republicans to work harder to win the next election. The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 8 Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive? The Dred Scott case was one of the most important decisions made by the supreme court. The chief justice at the time, Roger B. Taney, basically hastened the civil war. This case was so divisive because basically all of the South supported it but almost everyone in the North was against it. The Financial Crash of 1857 8 How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely? The Panic of 1857 made the Civil War more likely because it had a deep psychological impact on all Americans. The inflation of gold, over-production of grain, and overspeculation combined with the Homestead Act not only caused economic disturbance but also devised the North and the South into two camps. This creating a melting that made the civil war almost an inevitability. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background. Abraham Lincoln was not the type that one would expect to become president. He grew up poor in a log cabin and was barely able to afford a education. He stood out in his community not for his oratory or debate skills but rather for being a good wrestler and weight lifter. He married into a higher social class and learned valuable life lessons on the importance of restraint and patience from his wife. He quickly became one of Illinois most respected lawyers after studying law. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to a series of debates. These debates were highly publicized and became known as the Lincoln-Douglas debates. In one such debate, Lincoln asked Douglas on whether the people or the Supreme Court would win if they were split on the issue of slavery. This became known as the Freeport Doctrine and Douglas gained the popular vote in the Senate. These debates threw Lincoln into the spotlight and he became one of the most well known politicians in all of America. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South? John Brown and his followers tried to start a slave revolt in the South by seizing the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry and distributing weapons to slaves. However, he was quickly

captured by the military under the command of Robert E. Lee. Brown was tried and executed soon after, However, Brown made a lasting impact on America. He split the North and the South once more. He was seen as a hero by the North and a psychopath by the South. He became a martyr against the evils of slavery. The Disruption of the Democrats Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860? The Democratic Party attempted to choose a single candidate for president in 1860 but failed to do so. The party divided into two and the South chose John C. Breckenridge while the North chose Stephen Douglas. This division worried many party leaders. Trying to ease tensions, a new party formed, called the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell as a compromise candidate. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward? Although William Seward was stronger politically than Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln was still chosen to become the Republican candidate. This may seem strange but the fact of the matter is that Seward was too controversial to have a hope of becoming president. He had many enemies and polarized too many people. Lincoln on the other hand was generally well liked and had few enemies. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincolns election, or were they helpless? The south still had much of the power in the national government even with Lincoln in office. They controlled both the House and the Senate. They had so much control in fact that about 80% of the Supreme Court was controlled by southerners. Lincoln could not attack slave states at all. The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 16.. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why? President Buchannan did not hastily declare war after the South seceded. Even though a chain reaction of secession split the union and even when the south elected a new president, Jefferson Davis, he still did not act rashly. He still felt like that there was still hope to resolve the issue peacefully and he also needed to raise a sufficient fighting force in order to win the war. The Collapse of Compromise 17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail? The Crittendom Compromise proposed that slavery south of the 36 30 line was to be protected while slavery was to be prohibited North of that line. It was created in order to try to appease the south and to prevent a civil war. However, Lincoln feared that the

compromise would guarantee slaverys existence in the future and rejected it, causing it to fail. Farewell to Union 18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to? The South felt that there were many advantages to seceding from the Union. They felt that the North could not, or at least, would not try to fight them. They felt that without the Union, they could lower tariffs and collect debt the North owed them. They compared themselves to colonial America succeeding from the Union.