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NAVIGATION FORMULAS
SAILINGS: PLANE SAILING DISTANCE ALONG RHUMB LINE = DLAT * SEC COURSE TAN COURSE= DEPARTURE D LAT. PARALLEL SAILING DEPARTURE= D LONG. * COS LAT. MID LAT SAILING DEPARTURE = DLONG * TRUE MID LAT. TAN COURSE= DEP D LAT, DISTANCE= DLAT * SEC COURSE (NOTE) DISTANCE COURSE. MUST BE 600 MILES LESS AND LATITUDE BELOW 60 DEGREES. MERCATOR SAILING TAN COURSE = D LONG M, DISTANCE = DLAT * SEC

- GREAT CIRCLE FORMULAS:

COS DISTANCE= (COS L1* COS L2 * COS DLO. ) GREAT CIRCLE CROSSES T"E E#UATOR. COS IC = SIN L2- (COS DIST * SIN L1)SIN DIST. * COS L1) COS FC= SIN L1- (COS DIST * SIN L2) SIN DIST * COS L2 OR SIN IC= SIN DLO * COS L2 * CSC DIST. SIN FC= SIN DLO * COS L1 CSC DIST. COS LAT. $ERTE% = COS L1 * SIN IC SIN DLOV= COS IC * CSC LAT $ SIN LX = SIN L$ * COS DISTANCE O! $& SIN DLOVx = SEC L& * SIN DISTANCE O! $& (!ROM T"E $ERTE%) COS DLOVx= TAN L& * COT L$ TAN Lx= COS DLO$& * TAN L$ SIN Dv= COS L1 * SIN DLO' (NOTE) ( T"E COURSE O! T"E GREAT CIRCLE W"EN CROSSING THE EQUATOR IS EQUAL TO THE CO- LATITUDE OF THE VERTEX ( SIN L1 * SIN L2) - MINUS SIGN I!

COMPOSITE GREAT CIRCLE SAILING(

TO !IND T"E LONGITUDE AT T"E LIMITING LATITUDE OR PARALLEL.( COS P1 = TAN L1) TAN L$

TO FIND LONGITUDE WHEN LEAVING MAX. LAT . COS P = TAN L2) TAN L$ TO FIND INITIAL COURSE IC - SIN ANGLE A= COS LV! COS L1 TO FIND FINAL COURSE= !C - SIN ANGLE B = COS L$) COS L2

2 TO FIND TOTAL DISTANCE AV1 COS DIST. A$1= SIN L1) SIN L$ COS VB = SIN L2 ) SIN L$, P* = DLO- (P1 P2) COS $1 $2 = P* * 60 * COS L$ (PARALLEL SAILING )

- HAVERSINE FORMULAS:
HAV A= ( "A$ +- ( "A$ ,--)) SIN B SIN C )

- SINE LAW:
SIN A! SIN "= SIN B) SIN , = SIN C) SIN RIGHT ANGLE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE : SINE MIDDLE PART = PRODUCT O! COSINES O! OPPOSITE PARTS = TAN O! AD.ACENT PARTS COMPUTATION OF SUNRISE OR SUNSET : COS HA = TAN LAT * TAN DEC COS # = SEC LAT * SIN DEC (NOTE) LAT. AND DEC SAME NAME -"A IS O$ER /0 DEGREES OR 6 "OURS AND $ALUE MUST BE SUBTRACTED !ROM 12 "RS (100 DEG) DECLINATION AND LATITUDE OPPOSITE NAME TO LAT "A WILL BE LESS T"AN 6 "RS. * FINDING LOCAL HOUR ANGLE AT THE PRIME VERTICAL ( COS LHA = COT LAT * TAN DEC W"EN T"E BOD1 CROSSES T"E PRIME $ERTICAL. COS PX= COS P2 * COS % SIN ALT= COSEC LAT SIN DEC. $ FINDING G%RO ERROR &AMPLITUDE METHOD )- SIN AMPL= SINDEC *SEC LAT $ FINDING A#IMUTH SIN 2= SIN 3 * COS DEC * SEC "O. CONSTRUCTING MERCATOR CHART- LENGTH OF LATITUDE SCALE SHOULD EQUAL DMP $ LENGTH OF 1' LONGITUDE

COMPASS ERROR(
CORRECTING THE COMPASS------- EASTERL% VARIATION AND DEVIATION ) &*+,- .,-/"00 1, 1+234 -FORMULAS TO CONVERT SOLAR TIME INTO SIDEREAL TIME:- CONVERSION FACTOR = 5 HRS-66 MIN.-66 SEC.! COVERSION FACTOR: 2* "RS.- 46 MIN- 05 SEC ) 25 "RS OO MIN OO SEC. RIGHT ASCENSION OF A STAR = *60 DEGREES S"A 7 HRS- 89 MIN- 65 SEC. FROM SIDEREAL TIME TO SOLAR TIME : -- WESTERL% VARIATION AND DEVIATION

END6 COMPILER( C)M RICARDO T. COLO1AN TEL * 261*0-47 PLEASE !EEL !REE TO CONTACT OR SEE8 ASSISTANCE I! 1OU "A$E PROBLEMS IN GREAT CIRCLE SAILING OR COMPOSITE SAILING, W"IC" IS PRESENTL1 USED IN OCEAN NA$IGATION. SOLUTIONS ON COMPUTING T"E POINTS OR LATITUDES O! POINTS ALONG T"E GREAT CIRCLE TRAC8 WIT" ITS COMPUTED DISTANCE AND COURSE COULD BE EASIL1 SOL$E ( E%AMPLE( !ROM 8OBE, .APAN TO CALI!ORNIA , USA.)