Stoichiometry and Measurements Lab

U n i t

4 : S t o i c h i o m e t r y

Stoichiometry Lab As a doctor in the hospital, your patient needs 1.35 g of barium sulfate for the production of his "life saving" medicine. You know that every time you conduct this reaction, you get a !."# yield. $he chemicals that you have to work with are sodium sulfate and barium nitrate. %$hey are very e&pensive, so use the minimum amount needed' Purpose: $he purpose of this la( is to calculate how much of each reactant we need in order to produce ).*" grams of (arium sulfate using a process only has a !."# yield. Describe fully what you are going to do. Draw in the following:

Pre lab: !uestions to address prior to starting lab 1. "ow much of the reactants will you need to measure out# ).+* grams of ,a-S.4 and ).!+ grams of /a%,.*'- needs to (e measured out. $. "ow much water should you add to the bea%er# An e&cess amount of water can (e added to the (eaker to ensure that the solid salts are dissolved. 3. &o separate the solid from the li'uid( you will need to filter. )hat is in the filter paper# Should you mass the filter paper before hand# )hy# After filtering, the solid precipitate, /aS. 4, is left on the filter paper. 0e need to mass the filter paper (efore hand (ecause it will (e used to contain the precipitate and it will help in massing the product.

*. "ow will you collect the a'ueous product# Does this need to be measured# 0e will use a (eaker to collect the a1ueous product. $his doesn2t need to (e measured since this is not the product we are trying to o(tain. 5. )here are some places where you might lose some of your product# "ow can you ma+imi,e your percent yield and minimi,e your percent error# 0hile mi&ing the solutions together and dissolving the salts, some of the reactants and products may have stuck to the stirring rod. A small amount of the products may also have (een spilled while filtering. 0hile massing the precipitate and the filter paper, some of the precipitate may have (een lost. 3n order to ma&imi4e the percent yield and minimi4e percent error, e&treme care must (e taken to ensure that nothing is spilled. 5istilled water should also (e used to wash the leftover product6reactants on the stirring rod and (eakers into the funnel and filter paper. Materials 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Stirring rod /eakers 8unnel 8ilter paper 9lectronic mass Sodium sulfate /arium nitrate 5istilled water

Procedure )' :alculate the theoretical yield needed to o(tain ).*" grams of (arium sulfate using a reaction that has a !."# yield. -' :alculate the mass of reactants needed to o(tain this theoretical yield. *' ;easure out the re1uired amount of reactants needed and dissolve them using distilled water. 4' ;i& the solutions together to form the precipitate. "' ;ass the filter paper and pour products through in order to collect the precipitate. <' 0ait for filter paper to dry and mass it. -efore beginning( include all calculations necessary to begin your procedure. /alanced chemical e1uation: ,a-S.4 %a1' = /a%,.*'- %a1' -,a,. %a1' = /aS.4 %s' +. !"& > ).*" grams /aS.4 & > ). + grams /aS.4 must (e produced.

Draw a data table necessary to collect the data. -e careful to thin% of all data necessary to collect and include this in your table. 8ilter paper ) 8ilter paper &otal 3nitial mass ).-*- grams ).-*< grams $.*./ grams ;ass w6 precipitate -.+ ? grams ).?!4 grams 3.01$ grams ;ass of precipitate +.?4< grams +.<"? grams 1.52* grams

3nalysis and Discussion: As you collect your data, include a calculation of the percent yield and percent error, sources of error, will your patient have enough for his medicine, what improvements would you make to your procedure for ne&t time.

.ur main sources of error in this la( are calculation mistakes, errors in massing the filter paper, and errors in filtering. 0hile calculating the amount of reactants needed, we made an error in calculating the molar mass of /a%,. *'-. 0e accidentally forgot to multiply the molar mass of ,.* (y -, causing our calculated molar mass of /a%,. *'- to (e lower than it was supposed to (e. As a result of this mistake, we only measured out ).4" grams of /a%,.*'- instead of ).!+ grams of /a%,.*'-. $his is the main cause for our percent yield going down (ecause the production of precipitate, /aS.4, was limited (y /a%,. *'- %not all of the reactants went through a reaction as /a%,. *'- limited the reaction'. After massing the second filter paper and filtering the products through it, we weighed the filter paper in order to see how much precipitate was produced. @owever, after massing the filter paper with precipitate, we discovered that there was another filter paper stuck to the (ottom of the original filter paper that we hadn2t massed. As a result, the mass of our filter paper was dou(led. .ur solution was to take the mass of the original filter paper and su(tract that from the mass of the precipitate in order to find the com(ined mass of the original filter paper and precipitate. 3f we didn2t do this, we would2ve mistaken the mass of the filter paper that we hadn2t massed as part of the mass of the precipitate. $his would2ve caused the total calculated mass of the precipitate to increase and that would result in our percent yield to (e over )++# %our percent error would2ve gone up also'. $his incident still messed up our percent yield as we cannot (e a(solutely sure of the mass of the filter paper that we didn2t mass %our calculated mass of the precipitate is dependent on an accurate mass of the filter paper'. Also, after filtering the precipitate and massing the filter papers, we noticed that some white precipitate passed through the filter paper and entered the solution in the (eaker. 3n addition to that, we also noticed that some of the precipitate formed a dry white ring on the funnel. Since we couldn2t measure the mass of the precipitate we lost, our calculated mass decreased. $his definitely caused our percent yield to decrease too. 3n order to make sure these errors don2t occur if we redo the la(, we should make sure everyone checks the calculations and e1uations to see of they2re correct. Also, we should (e more aware of what materials we use and make sure we don2t add a foreign o(Aect6o(Aect that we didn2t mass into our e&periment after massing everything. 8inally, we

shouldn2t add too much distilled water or else the precipitate will overflow and end up stuck to the funnel, we should (e more careful with the filter paper, and we should make sure there are no holes for the precipitate to pass through. $he reaction that occurred in this la( is a dou(le replacement reaction that resulted in a precipitate forming. $he techni1ue used to separate the precipitate from the rest of the a1ueous product, is called filtration. 3n this la(, 3 learned how to calculate and measure out re1uired amounts of reactants in order to produce a certain amount of product. 3 also learned that no process has a )++# yield and in order to (e certain that 3 produce a certain amount of product, 3 need to adAust the amount of reactants used (ased on the target theoretical yield which is (ased on the percent yield of a certain process.

4onclusion: 5espite the calculation mistakes and other errors, )."+4 grams of solid (arium sulfate was produced. $he patient survived as only ).*" grams of (arium sulfate was needed to produce his medicine.

@onors :hemistry Ba( Stoichiometry and ;easurement BA/ /B.C DU/D3: Croup ;em(ers EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE $itle6purpose EEEEE6 ) ;aterials EEEEE6 ) :onclusion statement EEEEE6 ) :oncluding statement at the end of the report summari4es your la( findings and refers (ack to purpose. Ba( clean EEEEE6 9&cellent Fery Cood " 4." Procedure: %past tense, paragraph format, no use of G3H or GweH' 7 with rationale related to the GIuestions to (e addressed G from pre7la( Show all calculations in your logic of the masses of reactants used 3s the amount of water importantJ 0hy notJ 0hy did you mass the filter paper and6or the (eakerJ Data tables with titles and la(els eg' $a(le ): ;asses of K .,BY relevant data provided in the data ta(le %for e&ample, do you need the mass of the (eaker that you mi&ed the reactants inJ 5id you use that mass in your calculationsJ 3f not, don2t include itL' Deaction descri(ed %reactants and products' 3nalysis of data Show calculations of actual yield :alculations to determine percent yield and percent error for each product. %with attention to sig figs from data' Discussion 1: 0hat was the theory (ehind your la(J 0hat techni1ues were usedJ 0hyJ 0hat chemical concepts helped you to produce the productsJ 5id you get close to )++# yieldJ 0ill your patient surviveJ 3s your yield too high or lowJ 0hat affected your yield for eachJ %(e specific in your error analysis M to coincide with your results %high or low''. Discussion $: 0hat would you differently ne&t time. Nropose three feasi(le improvements to this la(. 0hat did you learn from the la(J 0hat other real life application can you apply this toJ Cood 4 Average /elow *." Average *7+

6*" points