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RATE OF REACTION
1. Concept Map
Average rate of reaction Rate of reaction at a given
time
Rate of reaction
Collision Theory to
explain factors
Factors affecting rate of reaction affecting rate of
reaction
2. Rate of reaction
(a) Rate of reaction is the …………………at which reactants react to form products in a
chemical reaction.
(b) Not all chemical reactions have the same rate of reaction, some reactions occur
……………… with rate of reaction that is …………….., and some reactions occur
……………… with rate of reaction that is ……………...
Neutralisation
Double decomposition
reaction
Acid with active metals
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Combustion of magnesium
Corrosion of iron
Photosynthesis
Reaction of hydrochloric
acid with sodium
thiosulphate solution.
(e) Time taken for a fast chemical reaction is ……………and the time taken for slow
chemical reaction of ……………. Hence the rate of reaction is …………………… to
time taken for the reaction.
Rate of reaction α
………………..
(f) The rate of reaction can be determined by measuring the time taken for an observable
chemical change to occur.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) …………………………………………………………………………
(v) …………………………………………………………………………..
(h) Rate of reaction can be defined as the rate of change of volume of gas produced
per unit time.
Rate of reaction = Change in volume of gas produced
Time taken
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(i) Example: If 50.0 cm3 of hydrogen gas is collected in 20 seconds during a chemical
reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid . What is the rate of reaction?
(ii) Example: If 5.0 gram of magnesium ribbon reacts completely with dilute
hydrochloric acid in 25s, what is the rate of reaction?
Concentration Mass of
of reactant / reactant
mol dm-3 /g
Time/s Time/s
(b) For a chemical reaction, if the concentration of products or the volume of gas
released is plotted against time, sketch the graph is produced.
Concentration Volume
of product / of
mol dm-3 gas/cm3
Vmax
Time/s Time/s
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(c) If the concentration of reactant is plotted against 1/time, sketch the graph produced.
Concentration
of reactant /
mol dm-3
1/time , s-1
(d) In a chemical reaction involving release of a gas, it is easier to determine the rate of
Example:
Rate of reaction at t1
Volume =
of
gas/cm3
Rate of reaction at t2
=
M
Rate of reaction at t3
=
t1 t2 t3 Time/s
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Example: To determine the rate of reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric
acid.
Apparatus:
Material:
Procedure:
(diagram)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
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Result:
Time/minute 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Burette 49.00 36.00 25.00 17.00 11.00 8.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
3
reading/cm
Volume of 0.00 13.00 24.00 32.00 38.00 41.00 43.00 44.00 45.00 45.00 45.00
gas
collected/cm3
Discussion:
1. Plot a graph of volume of gas collected against time of reaction.
(b) 2 minute
(c) 3 minute
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4. Write a balance chemical equation of the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
5.What is the name of the gas released and suggest a test for the gas.
Conclusion:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(a) The smaller the size of particle of solid reactant the larger the surface area of reactant
exposed, hence the higher is the rate of reaction.
(i) Cube sugar dissolves slower than that of fine sugar of the same mass in same amount
of water.
(ii) Minced meat cooks faster that solid piece of meat of the same mass.
(iii) Powdered zinc reacts faster than granulated zinc of the same mass with hydrochloric
acid of the same volume and concentration.
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(b) Experiment to investigate the effect of total surface area of calcium carbonate on
the rate of reaction
Problem statement:
Hypothesis:
Variables:
(i) manipulate variable:
Materials:
Apparatus:
Procedure:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
Results:
Time/ minute 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Burette 49.50 45.20 42.0 39.00 36.50 34.00 31.80 29.50 27.80 26.20 24.50 23.50
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas
collected/cm3
Time/ minute 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Burette 49.00 39.00 33.00 28.50 25.00 21.50 19.00 16.70 14.70 13.00 11.50 10.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas
collected/cm3
1. Plot the graph of total volume of gas collected against time taken for the reaction for
experiment I and II on the same axes.
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3. Based on your answers in 2(a) and 2(b) , how does the rate of reaction differ?
5. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.
6. Explain why does the rate of reaction decreases with increase of time.
7. If both reactions are allowed to react until completion, is the total volume of gas
collected the same? Explain your answer.
8. If the marble chips used in the experiment is in excess, what is the maximum total
volume of gas collected?
[ 1 mole of gas at room temperature occupies a volume of 24dm3]
Conclusion:
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Problem statement:
Hypothesis:
Variables:
(i) manipulated variable:
Procedure:
(diagram)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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(vi)
(vii)
Results:
Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Concentration of sodium
thiosulphate solution used/moldm-3
Time taken/s 16 20 27 41 83
1/time , s-1
1. Plot the graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution used against time taken
for the reaction.
(ii) the rate of reaction and the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution.
6. What is the time taken for the mark ‘X” to disappear if the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate solution used is 0.10 mol dm-3?
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9. If dilute sulphuric acid of the same concentration is used to replace hydrochloric acid
in this experiment, predict the rate of reaction and explain your answer.
Conclusion:
(ii)
(b) Experiment to investigate the effect of temperate on the rate of reaction between
thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Problem statement:
Hypothesis:
Variables:
(i) manipulate variable:
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Procedure:
(diagram)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
Results:
Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature/oC 30 35 40 45 50
Time taken/s 55 48 42 37 33
1/time, s-1
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2. Based on your graph, what is the relationship between rate of reaction with
temperature.
4. why is the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid fixed for
each experiment?
5. What is the time taken for the mark ‘X’ to disappear when the temperature is 60oC?
Conclusion:
(a) A catalyst is a substance which added to a chemical reaction can ………. the rate of
(c) Example: When copper(II) sulphate solution is added into a reaction between zinc
and hydrochloric acid, the rate of reaction increases but the final quantity of hydrogen
produced is the same the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid without copper(II)
sulphate solution.
Sketch the graphs of volume of hydrogen gas against time for comparison of reaction of
zinc and hydrochloric acid with catalyst and without catalyst .
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Volume of
hydrogen
released/cm3
Time/s
(d) Experiment to investigate the effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction for
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
Problem statement:
Hypothesis:
Variables:
(i) manipulated variable:
Apparatus:
Materials:
Procedure:
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Observation:
Discussion:
4. Will the mass of manganese(IV) oxide change at the end of the reaction in test tube B?
Conclusion:
(e) Experiment to investigate the effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of
reaction for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
Problem statement:
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Hypothesis:
Variables:
(i) manipulated variable:
Apparatus:
Materials:
Procedure:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
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Results:
(a) Experiment 1, using 0.2g of manganese(IV) oxide
Time/s 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Burette 49.70 48.70 47.10 45.70 44.20 43.20 42.00 41.10 40.20 39.50 39.00 38.40 38.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas cm3
Time/s 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Burette 49.00 43.60 40.50 38.00 36.00 34.50 33.00 31.70 30.50 29.70 29.00 28.20 28.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas cm3
1. Plot the graph of total volume of gas against time for experiment I and experiment II
on the same axes.
2. Based on your graph, calculate the rate of reaction at 120 seconds for each of the
reaction .
(i) Experiment I:
5. If both experiments are allowed to proceed until completion, is the total volume of gas
collected in both experiments the same? Explain your answer.
Conclusion:
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Contact Process
Ostwald Process
Hydrogenation of
vegetable oil
Cracking of
petroleum
(g) Other examples: Table shows the reacting conditions for the following experiments.
For the following experiments , sketch graph of
(i) volume of gas against time
Time/s
(ii) volume of gas against time
Time/s
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Experiment 1 4 g of excess zinc powder + 100 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.5 mol dm-3 +
5cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution at room temperature
Experiment 2 4 g of excess zinc powder + 100 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.5 mol dm-3
room temperature
Experiment 3 4 g of excess zinc powder + 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.5 mol dm-3 at
room temperature
8. Collision Theory
(a) For a chemical reaction to occur, the particles of the reactants must collide with each
other. However, not all collisions result in a chemical reaction to form products.
(d) Activation energy , Ea, is defined as the minimum amount of energy of collision that
is required for particles of reactant to react or to produce effective collision.
Energy Energy
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(e) Using Collision Theory to explain the factors affecting the rate of reaction.
Energy Energy
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(i) The effect of pressure only affects the rate of chemical reaction when the reactants are
in the gaseous state.
Reinforce exercise;
N03/P1
18. Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of the reaction?
I Release of gas per unit time.
II Change of colour intensity per unit time.
III Formation of precipitate per unit time.
IV Increase in the mass of reactant per unit time.
A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I, II and III
D. II, III and IV
In the reaction represented by the equation above, it was found that the change of
colour from green to brown was faster when the reactant mixture was heated.
This was due to the…
I. decrease in the activation energy.
II. increase in the frequency of effective collision .
III. increase in the kinetic energy of ferrum(II) ions and chlorine molecules.
IV. increase in the frequency of collision between ferrum(II) ions and chlorine
molecules.
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. I, III and IV only
D. II, III and IV only
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44. Table 4 shows the total volume of gas collected at regular intervals in a reaction.
A. 0.040 cm3s-1
B. 0.045 cm3s-1
C. 0.053 cm3s-1
D. 0.062 cm3s-1
48. The equation below represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
I 2 moles of water
II 12 dm3 of oxygen gas
III 3 X 1023 of oxygen molecules
IV 1.2 X 1024 of water molecules
A I and III only
B I and IV only
C II and III only
D II and IV only
N03/2B
1. The rate of reaction is affected by several factors. One o the factors is the size of
particles.
One kilogramme of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to
cook compared to one kilogram of meat cut into smaller pieces.
(a) Explain the above statement based on the size of the particles.
[2 marks]
(b) A student carried out three experiments to investigate the effects of the factors
influencing the rate of reaction. Table 1 shows the results of the experiments.
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(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric
acid. Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen gas produced.
[ Relative atomic mass: mg,24; molar mass volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room condition]
[4 marks]
(ii) Sketch the graphs for the volume of hydrogen gas against time for Experiment I, II
and III on the same axes.
[3 marks]
(iii) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experriment I, II and III in cm3 s-1.
[3 marks]
(iv) Compare the rates of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II, and between
Experiment II and Experiment III.
With reference to collision theory, explain why there are differences in the rates of
reaction in the experiments.
[8 marks]
N03/P3/1
An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of
reaction. 50cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution 0.05 mol dm-3 at 30oC was put into a
250cm3 conical flask. Then the conical flask was placed on an ‘X’ sign on a piece of
white paper.
10cm3 of hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm-3 was added to the sodium thiosulphate solution
and shaken. At the same time, the stop watch was started. The stop watch was stopped as
soon as the ‘X’ sign was no longer visible.
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The same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium thiosulphate solution which
was heated to 35oC, 40oC, 45oC and 50oC.
Figure 1 shows the readings of the stop watch for each of the reaction at different
temperatures.
(a) Record the time for each reaction in the spaces provided in Figure 1.
(b) Construct a table and record temperature, time and 1/time for this experiment.
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(c) (i) Draw a graph of temperature against 1/time on the graph paper.
(ii) Based on the graph in c(i) , state the relationship between the rate of reaction and
temperature.
(d) Predict the time taken as soon as the sign ‘X’ to be not longer visible if this
experiment is repeated at 55oC.
Manipulated variable:
Responding variable:
Constant variable:
(ii) State how you would manipulate one variable while keeping the other variables
constant.
(g) From the above experiment, the student found a relationship between temperature and
rate of reaction. The same situation can be applied in our daily lives, for example,
keeping food that is easily spoiled in the refrigerator.
Using your knowledge of chemistry, state the relationship between temperature and the
rate at which food turns bad.
N04/P1
33 An experiment is carried out to study the rate of reaction between marble and
hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Experiment Substances
I Excess marble and 50.0 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
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A C
Volume I Volume
of of
I
CO2/cm3 CO2/cm3
II
II
Time/s Time/s
B D
Volume Volume
of II of I
CO2/cm3 CO2/cm3
I II
Time/s Time/s
45 The reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The
reaction is complete in 50 seconds and the maximum volume of gas produced is 25
cm3.
What is the average rate of the reaction?
N05/P1
Ea
Reactant Ea’
Products
Reaction path
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A. The collision where its energy is less than the activation energy.
B. The collision that has a low energy
C. The collision which takes place before a reaction
D. The collision that causes a reaction
45 The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus for an experiment to determine the
rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and sulphuric acid.
Which of the following combination of conditions take the shortest time for the
mark ‘X’ to diappear from sight?
Time/s
If the experiment is repeated using another solution, which solution will produce
curve Q?
A. 25 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
B. 20 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
C. 15 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
D. 10 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
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N05/P2/7
(a) Food stored in a refrigerator last longer than food stored in a kitchen cabinet.
Explain why.
[4 marks]
(b) A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting the
rate of a reaction.
Table 7 shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in each
experiment.
Table 7.
[2 marks]
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(ii) Based on Table 7 and graph 7, compare the rate of reaction between:
• Experiment I and Experiment II
• Experiment II and Experiment III
In each case explain the difference in rate of reaction with reference to the
collision theory.
[ 10 marks]
(iii) The chemical equation below shows the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Given that the relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40 and the molar volume
of any gas is 24 cm3 mol-1 at room temperature and pressure.
Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas produced in Experiment II.
[4 marks]
N06/P1
43 If you want to cook 100 potatoes within a short time, which is the most suitable
method?
A Boil the potatoes in a pan
B Boil the potatoes in a pressure cooker
C Steam the potatoes in a steamer
D Fry the potatoes in a wok
44 Which of the following reactants produces the highest rate of reaction with zinc
powder?
A 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3.
B 25 cm3 of ethanoic acid 0.1 mol dm-3.
C 25 cm3 of nitric acid 0.1 mol dm-3.
D 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm-3.
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N06/P2/6
Diagram 6 shows two experiments to investigate one factor that influences the rate of a
reaction.
(a) What is the factor that influences the rate of reaction in both experiments?
[1 mark]
(i) Among the products stated in the equation, which is the most suitable to be
chosen to determine the rate of reaction?
[1 mark]
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1.
2.
[2 marks]
(d) The results for both experiments are represented by graph 6.
Quantity Key:
of product
Experiment I
Experiment II
Time
x
Based on Graph 6:
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
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