Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft.

. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abes top concern. These were slave states that hadnt left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to keep them happy. The border states never left. 2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cottons dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Toms Cabin had convinced the English people of slaverys horrors. 3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nations first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out. IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860 The election between Lincoln and Breckinridge that resulted in Lincolns victory, causing the South to secede. William Seward The Secretary of State during Lincolns presidency that threatened Napoleon III to back out of Mexico. Edwin M. Stanton The secretary of war during Lincolns presidency that got the North the resources they needed to win the war. The Alabama British made ship sent to the Confederacy that ransacked many Union merchant ships. Emancipation Proclamation The declaration by President Lincoln to free all the slaves freed by the Union army in the Confederate States. Trent Affair The incident between the Union and the British when a Union warship captured two Confederate diplomats that were on their way to Britain. Merrimack and Monitor Confederate and Union warships that fought at the Union blockade resulting in a draw.

Anaconda Plan Plan devised by Scott to cut off the South from imports and exports by setting up a blockade. Border States The four slave states that were still part of the Union and did not secede to the Confederacy. Appomattox The courthouse where Robert E. Lee led the Confederate Army before he surrendered to the Union due to his defeat by General Grant. Election of 1864 Presidential election between Abraham Lincoln and George McClellan that resulted in Lincolns victory.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession 1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations? The south and north were geographically similar. There was controversy on who controlled federal property. The laws regarding fugitive slaves and the Underground Railroad were unclear. Also, Europe favored the split. They sought to gain more influence.

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson 2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have? The South Carolinians considered Fort Sumter part of the confederacy. However, the soldiers were low on provisions and Lincoln sent some to them. However, the South shelled the fort. This prompted a defense by Col. Robert Anderson. Brothers' Blood and Border Blood Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb 3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war? The North was not the first aggressor. If it had attacked the south then the Border States would have deserted the union. However, the did not. This caused a long war between Johnney Reb and Billy Yank that tore the nation apart. The Balance of Forces Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

4. What advantages did the South have? The North? The confederacy only had to hold back the north. Also, the south had the best soldiers and officers, such as Robert E. Lee and Thomas Stonewall Jackson. The north had a strong economy. Also, the north controlled the seas. Dethroning King Cotton Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn 5. Why did King Cotton fail the South? The British already had cotton. Lincoln began emancipation and the North sent cotton to Britain. King Wheat and King Corn surpassed King Cotton. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Know: Trent, Alabama 6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War? The Trent Affair occurred when a British ship with confederate diplomats was stopped. Lincoln let the Trent be free. The Alabama was a ship taken by the British. It controlled the confederate navy. Foreign Flare-Ups Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian 7. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War? Laird Rams was a dispute over ships. The Irish Americans were hostile to Canada. Napoleon III conquered Mexico City. Maximilian was emperor of Mexico. President Davis Versus President Lincoln Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln 8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government? Jefferson Davis supported states rights. Abraham Lincoln wanted a strong government. The north had financial stability. Lincoln led strongly. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Know: Habeas Corpus 9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power? Lincoln expanded the army. He suspended habeas corpus. These actions could only be done by congress. However, the immediate nature of the problems forced him to act alone. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers 10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain. The Civil was a rich mans war but a poor mans fight. The rich paid their way out of the draft. This cost $300 for Three-hundred-dollar men. Bounty jumpers manipulated the draft to make money. The Economic Stresses of War Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation

11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South? The money caused inflation. The south suffered more. The Norths Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, and National Banking Act kept inflation in check. The north also printed fewer greenbacks. The North's Economic Boom Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix 12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North? The north had factories. Northerners made Shoddy wool. Women worked in factories. Women such as Elizabeth Blackwell helped the union. Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix helped as nurses.

A Crushed Cotton Kingdom 13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South. The South had been crushed because they had fought to the point of exhaustion. Their average income fell drastically. Their transportation was dysfunctional. The North would impose high tariffs and aid industry. Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on the Peninsula at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the Souths back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the Union Party made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, You dont change horses midstream. 4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS Draft riots of 1863 The riots that started after the Union was forced to start issuing drafts to recruit soldiers for the war.

Charles Frances Adam The son of John Quincy Adams, and also the foreign minister for Lincoln that kept Great Britain neutral. Sherman's March William Shermans army operation throughout Georgia, burning down everything in his armys way. Clement L. Vallandigham The leader of the Copperheads during the Civil War that were Democrats who opposed the war effort. Andrew Johnson The vice president who took over after Lincolns assassination and favored a quick restoration of the seceded states. John Wilkes Booth The man who assassinated Abraham Lincoln in a theatre recently after the Civil War had ended. In BioShock Infinite, he is revered as a hero in a society where racism and slavery flourished. C.S.S. Alabama Ship built in Great Britain for the South, that was used to raid Union merchant and naval ships. National Banking Act Created a system of national banks and the United States National Banking System that issued the national currency. Union Party The Republican party after the war that changed its name to attract War Democrats and Border State Unionists that opposed the Republican party. GUIDED READING Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson 1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South? The Battle of Bull Run began after Abraham decided that an attack at Bull Run might be useful for the North. Even though Northern soldiers were not ready for battle, they were cheered on by the press and the people, boosting their confidence as they marched on to battle. However, due to their overconfidence, the Union soldiers did not expect the South to be such a lethal force, and Stonewall Jackson and his men repelled the Union attack. This battle showed that the war would not end so quickly, as the Unionists believed.

"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan 2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war. In 1861, George McClellan became the Union General of the Army of Potomac. He was a careful man, but was often more cautious than he should be, since he was fed unreliable information that the Confederates outnumbered the Union army. After being forced to advance on to the South, McClellan devised the Peninsula Campaign, which was his plan to attack Richmond from the sea. The Confederates countered the Union army by having Stonewall Jackson create diversions and having Jeb Stuart surround the Union army with cavalry. Robert E. Lee landed the final blow and started the Seven Days Battles to counter the Union army. The War at Sea Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor 3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway? The Anaconda Plan of the North was to surround the South with a naval blockade and block them off from their resources. At first the blockade was not as well enforced by the Union since it was quickly deployed. Even though Britain would not support the blockade, it decided to ignore it since Britain did not want a war with the U.S in the future. Despite the blockade, the British still attempted to trade with the Confederacy due to the British need for cotton. The Pivotal Point: Antietam 4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?" At the second battle of Bull Run, the Union army led by General John Pope was crushed by the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee. Lee then advanced on to Maryland, in hopes of encouraging foreign intervention and convincing the Border States to join the Confederacy. A Proclamation Without Emancipation Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region 7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln, to free the slaves in the Confederate States. This did not affect the Border States, as the Union needed the supported of those states. Many slaves thus fled to the North due to the Emancipation Proclamation, which convinced people of the cruelty of slavery. This proclamation foreshadowed the end of slavery in the United States. Even though the Proclamation was celebrated by the abolitionists, the people in the Butternut Region considered the Proclamation as extreme. Many people then regarded the war with the Confederacy as the fight against slavery, and soldiers deserted in the North, especially the

ones from the Border States. This caused many people in the Old World to support the cause of not interfering with the Civil War, as the British government was planning on supporting the South.

Blacks Battle Bondage Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow 8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess. During the Civil War, the slaves helped the North win the Civil War against the South. The Civil War was the first time there were all black regiments, like the ones Frederick Douglass created, the 54th Massachusetts regiment included runaway slaves and Northern free slaves. Slaves that served in the Union army were immediately sentenced to death by the Confederates that captured them. At Fort Pillow, black Union soldiers were massacred after they surrendered.

Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address 1. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle? After McClellan was removed as general by Lincoln, Lincoln failed to find the general needed to fight the war. He replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside, who rashly launched an attack on Robert Lees forces in Fredericksburg in Virginia and caused the death of 10,000 Union soldiers. The War in the West Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg 10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general. Ulysses S. Grant was a mediocre West Point graduate who was only good at horsemanship and math. However, he proved his strengths in leading armies when he captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson at Tennessee. Grant then captured the junction of the Confederacy in the Mississippi Valley. However, at Shiloh, the Confederacy attacked Grants army and foiled his plans, but Grant was able to counterattack. David Farragut then led a flotilla and seized New Orleans. Vicksburg was the only place left for the South to transport supplies from the West. Sherman Scorches Georgia Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea 11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South? William T. Sherman was the general who continued Grants campaign in the west after Grant became general. His famous March to the Sea included his burning of Atlanta

and appearing in Savannah. As his forces went through Georgia, they burned everything in their path. His efforts of destroying everything in the Confederacy decreased the moral of the Southerners and cut off Confederate supplies. The Politics of War Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham 12. Describe Lincolns political difficulties during the war. By the time of the next presidential election in 1864, Lincoln was faced with many opponents that were unhappy with his policies and the war with the Confederate. There were several political factions in the North that were against the Republican Party. The Election of 1864 Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta 14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory? The Republicans were losing support due to the many political factions in the North. They had to get votes for Lincoln, so they joined forces with the War Democrats that supported the war. This created the Union party, and attracted Republicans and War Democrats to vote for Lincoln and his running mate, Andrew Johnson, who was a War Democrat. Grant Outlasts Lee Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse 15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army? Grants strategy against the Confederates was to send men to continuously attack and assault the enemy on all fronts so they cannot assist each other. He was not bothered by casualties, as he knew casualties in war are inevitable. He devised plans to fight out in the open, while Robert E. Lee was forced to turn his strategy into fighting in trenches since he was forced on to the defensive.

The Martyrdom of Lincoln Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe 16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain. Lincolns death was, contrary to what most people would believe, bad for the South. He was assassinated at Fords Theater, by John Wilkes Boothe, a Southern sympathizer. When the South and Copperheads received news of his death, they cheered, unwary of what the consequences of his death would be. The Aftermath of the Nightmare Know: Lost Cause 17. What was the legacy of the Civil War?

The Civil War resulted in the deaths of a million deaths of the soldiers that fought in the war and succumbed to diseases. Also, the United States lost about 15 billion dollars fighting the Civil War, which increased the national debt even further. The state righters were crushed at the Appomattox Courthouse and the national government emerged victorious. Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not? I do not think that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated. The Civil War was a war fought over causes that were crucial, such as slavery. Had slavery not been eliminated, eventually the foreign nations that were against slavery would declare war on the United States.

Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, What to do with the southern states? The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South. 2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the Norths stipulations were met. 3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress. 4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery. 5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their ownsouthern whites reasserted their power.

GUIDED READING The Problems of Peace Know: Reconstruction

1.

"Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.

Southern society was much shaken. The end of slavery would change their economy. The war had left enormous damages. Southern cities, including Atlanta, were piles of rubble. Though reconstruction started to make plans to rebuild the south, many southerners still resented the north. Freedmen Define Freedom Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association 2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war? Some slaves actually stayed with their previous owners, others left. Many slaves had joined the union army to fight. Some even traveled in communities. They were known as Exodusters. Other groups founded their own churches, such as the American Methodist Episcopal Church. Organizations such as the American Missionary Association formed to help them. The Freedmen's Bureau Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard 3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau. General Oliver O. Howard led the Freedmens Bureau, an organization meant to assimilate freed slaves into the socioeconomic system. The Bureau was not able to fully achieve its goals, yet provided education. The Bureau was sometimes able to give new land to freedmen. However, many slaves went back to work for their former master. Johnson: The Tailor President Know: Andrew Johnson 4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson. Andrew Johnson was a war democrat and he ran with Lincoln because it gave Lincoln the democratic support he needed. Johnson was a very accomplished person. However, he was not well suited to be a president. Because he was in support of the war, but from the south, neither side accepted him and he had enemies from both sides. He proved to be too rash and stubborn to effectively work with others. Presidential Reconstruction Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans 5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans? Lincoln wanted to use the 10 percent plan to allow the confederate states back into the union. It stated that a 10 percent vote must be received in each state for the state to join the

union. Radical republicans wanted the amount to be 50 percent. This was a proposed WadeDavis bill. However, the president did not follow the radical plan and kept the 10 percent plan.

The Baleful Black Codes Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage 6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down? The black codes were essentially amended slave codes. They sought to ensure the Souths source of black labor that allowed the planters to stay wealthy. Systems using labor contracts and sharecropping tied freedmen to the lands of large landowners and provided them with only small wages. The vote and other rights were revoked. They essentially created conditions similar to slavery. Congressional Reconstruction 7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical) Many of the southern congressmen were former confederate leaders. This was because the southern voters had elected their most experienced congressmen. Also, the republicans had become accustomed to their majority over the course of the war and did not want to give it up. Therefore, they kicked the southerners out. The south had increased representation due to freedmen counting as full people. The north feared a democratic resurgence. Johnson Clashes with Congress Know:Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment 8.How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response? Republicans passed more radical measures. Johnson tried to veto a bill to extend the life of the freedmens bureau. He went on to veto the Civil Rights Bill, though congress overruled him. This earned him the name Andy Veto. Congress then feared that these laws may be repealed if the south won control of congress. Therefore, they passed the fourteenth amendment to prevent southerners from changing their work. Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson 9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire? Johnson kept fighting with congress. He decided to go on tour and speak. He accused the radicals of violence. He was insulted by his audiences. As a result the opposition won by a landslide. The Republicans has a two thirds majority in both houses. Republican Principles and Programs

Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans 10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans? The radicals wanted to push reforms as progressive as possible because they had the ability to do so in congress. Radicals such as Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner were the leaders of the radicals. Stevens led the joint committee on reconstruction. Moderate republicans were more protective of states rights. Reconstruction by the Sword Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule 11. Describe military reconstruction. The Reconstruction Act divided the south into 5 military districts, starting military reconstruction. The fifteenth amendment passed during this time. The Military Reconstruction also changed the federal government. The government eventually came to be controlled by redeemers who wanted home rule. No Women Voters Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment 12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War? The women felt that their work had not been repaid. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony were abolitionists, but women got no rights. The Womans Loyal League raised 40,000 people against slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment did not give the rights that women had earned, and therefore became known as the negro hour.

The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers 13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement? African Americans supported the Union League, which was an educated group. schools and churches opened to serve African Americans. Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce were African Americans who were able to rise greatly in society. The Ku Klux Klan Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise

14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down? The Ku Klux Klan went to black households and asked for water, claiming to be soldiers who lost their lives at Shiloh. The Klan would then abuse the family to stop them from voting. The Klan became such a problem that congress passed to force acts to stop it. However, blacks continued to be attacked. These methods scared blacks away from voting, causing large disfranchisement. Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton 15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson? The Radical Republicans used the tenure of office act to impeach Johnson. This gave them the advantage because Johnson had violated the act before. He even removed Edwin Stanton from his cabinet without consulting congress. Johnson also had made attacks against congress in his speeches. A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens 16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office? The Radicals failed to remove Johnson because they failed to bring up a strong case. the only thing Johnson had done was verbally stack the congress. Some people even believed that removing Johnson would create instability. People such as Benjamin F. Butler and Thaddeus Stevens were angry due to this. The Purchase of Alaska Know: William Seward, Russia 17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway. Alaska was called Sewards Folly because people thought that buying it was a bad idea. They believed that Alaska was only large and barren and could never be useful. However, Russia had supported the north during the war and the land was bought by William Seward to follow up on this support. also, there were rumors that Alaska had natural resources. The Heritage of Reconstruction 18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction. The Republican reconstruction was not successful because it did not achieve its goals. Black people were still treated as inferior due to racism. The republican efforts only hurt the Republican Party, which would not get a foothold in the south for a hundred years. Southern society was affirmed, not reformed.