Sample Test Questions 1. The term anaerobic means A) without ATP. B) without bacteria. C) without O2. D) without CO2.

E) with O2. C) without O2. 2. Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? A) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. B) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. C) Neither cellular respiration nor photosynthesis occurs in either mitochondria or chloroplasts. D) Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. E) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts. B) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. 3. How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? A) They produce ATP. B) They store it as thermal energy. C) They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide. D) The energy is coupled to oxygen. E) They produce glucose A) They produce ATP 4. The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is.. A) destroyed when the chemical bonds of glucose are made. B) created in the form of heat. C) lost in the form of heat. D) used to create light. E) saved in the chemical bonds of water, CO2 and O2. C) lost in the form of heat.

5. Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________. A) produces ATP . . . is gas exchange B) produces glucose . . . is gas exchange C) is gas exchange . . . produces ATP D) produces glucose . . . produces oxygen E) uses glucose . . . produces glucose C) is gas exchange . . . produces ATP 6. Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? A) oxygen and glucose B) glucose and carbon dioxide C) oxygen and energy to make ATP D) energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide E) oxygen and carbon dioxide D) energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide 7. Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false? A) Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. B) Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step. C) Cellular respiration consumes glucose. D) Cellular respiration releases heat. E) Cellular respiration produces water. B) Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step. 8. The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is A) 5 CO2 + 6 H2O C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy. B) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. C) C6H12O12 + 3 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. D) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. E) C6H12O6 + energy 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2. B) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. 9. A kilocalorie is defined as A) the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1C. B) the quantity of food used to maintain normal bodily functions.

C) the quantity of water heat needed to solubilize 1 g of glucose. D) the quantity of food consumed during a given type of exercise. E) the quantity of glucose needed to increase the body temperature by 1C. A) the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1C. 10. During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose A) is carried by electrons. B) is used to manufacture glucose. C) becomes stored in molecules of ammonia. D) can be used to oxidize NADH. E) is released all at once. A) is carried by electrons. 11. During redox reactions, A) protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule. B) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance. C) a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized. D) the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction. E) the reduction of a substance does not need to be coupled to the oxidation of another substance. B) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance. 12. Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________. A) loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons B) gain of protons . . . loss of protons C) gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen D) gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons E) loss of oxygen . . . gain of oxygen A) loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons 13. In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is A) ATP. B) glucose. C) dehydrogenase.

D) water. E) oxygen. C) dehydrogenase. 14. During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true? A) The carrier molecules are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. B) Molecular oxygen is eventually oxidized by the electrons to form water. C) Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water. D) The electrons move from carriers that have more affinity for them to carriers that have less affinity for them. E) The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one carrier to another. C) Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water. 15. During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place? A) the citric acid cycle B) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle C) "grooming" of pyruvate D) oxidative phosphorylation E) glycolysis B) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 16. Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) chemiosmosis C) the citric acid cycle D) electron transport chain E) glycolysis E) glycolysis 17. As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs. A) 1 B) 36 C) 2 D) 0 E) 4

C) 2 18. How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis? A) 2 B) 3 C) 8 D) 6 E) 4 A) 2 19. Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? A) conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds B) a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule C) production of CO2 D) conversion of NADH to NAD+ E) conversion of FAD to FADH2 A) conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds 20. The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except A) pyruvate. B) CO2. C) ATP. D) FADH2. E) NADH. A) pyruvate. 21. At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in A) pyruvate. B) ATP. C) FADH2. D) CO2. E) NADH. E) NADH. 22. Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false? A) Electron carriers are associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) A gradient of H+ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane. C) The inner mitochondrial membrane is involved in chemiosmosis. D) The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate. E) ATP synthase is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane D) The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate. 23. The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that

A) helps mitochondria divide during times of greatest cellular respiration. B) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. C) allows other ions (like Na+) to build up when H+ ions are not available. D) carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix. E) permits the expansion of mitochondria as oxygen accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix B) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. 24. A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria? A) biosynthesis B) oxidative phosphorylation C) the citric acid cycle D) glycolysis E) alcoholic fermentation B) oxidative phosphorylation 25. By-products of cellular respiration include A) NADH and ATP. B) carbon dioxide and ATP. C) FADH2 and NADH. D) carbon dioxide and water. E) oxygen and heat. D) carbon dioxide and water. 26. In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is A) an oxygen atom. B) ADP. C) a molecule of carbon dioxide. D) ATP. E) a molecule of water. A) an oxygen atom.

27. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle must occur ________ time(s) per glucose molecule. 32) A) 4 B) 3 C) 2 D) 5 E) 1 C) 2 28. Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? A) All produce approximately the same amount of ATP per molecule of glucose. B) anaerobic respiration C) lactic acid fermentation D) aerobic respiration E) alcoholic fermentation D) aerobic respiration 29. In fermentation, ________ is ________. A) NAD+ . . . oxidized B) NADH . . . oxidized C) pyruvate . . . oxidized D) NADH . . . reduced E) ethanol . . . oxidized B) NADH . . . oxidized 30. Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to A) the excess buildup of carbon monoxide due to inefficient respiration. B) an excess of ATP that builds up during vigorous exercise. C) the large amount of carbon dioxide that builds up in the muscle. D) the accumulation of alcohol from anaerobic respiration. E) the presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells. E) the presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells 31. Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that A) the mixture needs more sugar, because yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to

produce alcohol. B) the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen. C) the mixture needs more oxygen, because yeast need oxygen to break down sugar and get enough energy to produce alcohol. D) the yeast used the alcohol as a carbon source. E) the mixture needs less sugar, because high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration. B) the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen. 32. In yeast cells, A) lactic acid is produced during glycolysis. B) alcohol is produced during the citric acid cycle. C) alcohol is produced after glycolysis. D) glucose is produced during photosynthesis. E) lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration. C) alcohol is produced after glycolysis. 33. To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by 41) A) removing one glucose at a time with a condensation reaction. B) hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose. C) removing nitrogen atoms from both molecules. D) converting both starch and glycogen to fatty acids. E) hydrolyzing the starch to glucose and the glycogen to amino acids. B) hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose. 34. The summary equation for photosynthesis is A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6 O2. B) 6 CH2O + 5 O2 + sunlight CO2 + 2 H2O. C) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight 5 CO2 + 6 H2O. D) the same as the equation for glycolysis written in reverse. E) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight 6 CO2 + 6 H2O. A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6 O2. 35. What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and the food for the biosphere?

A) synthesizers B) producers C) heterotrophs D) chemotrophs E) manufacturers B) producers 36. Which of the following is an example of a photoautotroph? A) cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems B) mushrooms growing on the side of a dead tree C) bacteria in our mouth D) fungi growing in the refrigerator E) grizzly bears in Alaska A) cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems 37. Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are A) photoautotrophs. B) heterotrophs. C) fungi. D) consumers. E) chemosynthetic autotrophs. A) photoautotrophs. 38. What is the likely origin of chloroplasts? A) prokaryotes with photosynthetic mitochondria B) mitochondria that had a mutation for photosynthesis C) eukaryotes that engulfed photosynthetic fungi D) photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells E) a combination of mitochondria and Golgi bodies D) photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells 39. ________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis. A) Mesophyll B) Tracheid C) Companion D) Collenchyma E) Sclerenchyma

A) Mesophyll 40. CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via A) stomata. B) central vacuoles. C) grana. D) stroma. E) thylakoids. A) stomata. 41. In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the A) thylakoid. B) matrix. C) stroma. D) stomata. E) mesophyll C) stroma. 42. Chloroplasts contain disklike membranous sacs arranged in stacks called A) stroma. B) grana. C) thylakoids. D) vacuoles. E) cristae. B) grana 43. Where is chlorophyll found in a plant cell? A) thylakoid membranes B) stroma C) matrix D) cristae E) cytoplasm A) thylakoid membranes 44. The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from A) carbon dioxide. B) mitochondria. C) glucose.

D) water. E) chlorophyll. D) water. 45. What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis? 15) A) light B) glucose C) ATP D) electromagnetism E) cellular respiration A) light 46. Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false? A) Photosynthesis consumes CO2; respiration consumes O2. B) The principal electron carrier in photosynthesis is NADPH; the principal electron carrier in respiration is NADH. C) Photosynthesis produces O2; respiration produces CO2. D) Photosynthesis is ultimately powered by light energy and respiration by the chemical energy of fuel molecules. E) ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during respiration. E) ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during respiration. 47. The light reactions occur in the ________, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________. A) stroma . . . thylakoid membranes B) stroma . . . nucleus C) cytoplasm . . . thylakoid membrane D) thylakoid membranes . . . stroma E) cytoplasm . . . stroma D) thylakoid membranes . . . stroma 48. Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2 B) ADP, NADP+, O2 C) ATP, NADPH, O2 D) ATP, NADPH, CO2 E) glucose, ADP, NADP+

C) ATP, NADPH, O2 49. Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle? A) glucose, ADP, NADP+ B) ATP, NADPH, CO2 C) ATP, NADPH, O2 D) glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2 E) ADP, NADP+, O2 A) glucose, ADP, NADP+ 50. The full range of electromagnetic energy is called the ________ spectrum. A) energy B) wavelength C) ultraviolet D) visible E) electromagnetic E) electromagnetic 51. Which of the following colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis? A) orange B) blue C) green D) red E) violet C) green 52. Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the chemical energy of ATP. A) chemical . . . food . . . light B) nuclear . . . light . . . food C) food . . . light . . . chemical D) food . . . light . . . nuclear E) light . . . food . . . kinetic A) chemical . . . food . . . light 53. Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from A) hydrocarbons. B) methane. C) ribose. D) carbon monoxide. E) carbon dioxide. E) carbon dioxide.

54. To produce one glucose, the Calvin cycle needs to be run through ________ time(s). A) eight B) one C) four D) six E) two D) six 55. The ultimate source of all the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe is A) anaerobic metabolism. B) chemiosmosis. C) photosynthesis. D) glycolysis. E) cellular respiration. C) photosynthesis 56. Plants use sugars as A) a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules. B) a fuel for photophosphorylation. C) a source of electrons for chemiosmosis. D) a starting material for the Calvin cycle. E) a fuel for photosynthesis. A) a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules. 57. Plant cells A) have mitochondria but do not have chloroplasts. B) lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts. C) lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. D) have chloroplasts and vestigial mitochondria. E) have mitochondria and chloroplasts. E) have mitochondria and chloroplasts. 58. The greenhouse effect is A) of little concern, since it is part of the normal cycle for the planet. B) reduced by photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. C) reduced by the addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, since carbon dioxide removes excess heat from the Earth's surface and reflects it back into space. D) made worse by photosynthesis, which adds carbon

dioxide to the atmosphere. E) reduced by the burning of fossil fuels, which removes oxygen from the atmosphere. B) reduced by photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 59. Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true? A) The greenhouse effect has no direct relationship with the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. B) The greenhouse effect is reduced by deforestation. C) The greenhouse effect is inversely related to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2. D) The greenhouse effect is exacerbated by the use of fossil fuels. E) The greenhouse effect will decrease the average temperature of the planet. D) The greenhouse effect is exacerbated by the use of fossil fuels. 60. It has been argued that cutting old-growth forests and replacing them with plantations of young trees would help to alleviate the threat of global greenhouse warming. What important fact does this argument ignore? A) Most of the biomass of the cut trees would be added to the atmosphere as CO2 within a few years. B) Forests play too minor a role in global CO2 dynamics, which are affected far more by marine algae. C) Most of the young trees would die within a few years. D) Young trees emit ozone-destroying gases at a higher rate than old trees and would thus worsen the ozone-hole problem while alleviating global warming. A) Most of the biomass of the cut trees would be added to the atmosphere as CO2 within a few years. 61. Ozone .. A) protects Earth from UV radiation. B) levels in the atmosphere have been steadily increasing in the past century. C) is broken down by carbon dioxide.

D) is a source of oxygen for cellular respiration. E) formation is promoted by CFCs. A) protects Earth from UV radiation. 62. Ozone consists of ________ oxygen atom(s). A) three B) zero C) one D) two E) four A) three 63. Which of the following has been a major source of ozone destruction over the past 50 years? A) cellular respiration B) ethylene glycol C) chlorofluorocarbons D) chemiosmosis E) carbon dioxide C) chlorofluorocarbons 64. Based on your knowledge of the process of photosynthesis, the plant in the container placed under red light would probably A) absorb no CO2. B) absorb the same amount of CO2 as the plants under both the green light and normal sunlight. C) absorb more CO2 than the plants under the green light. D) absorb the same amount of CO2 as the plants under the green light. E) absorb less CO2 than the plants under green light. C) absorb more CO2 than the plants under the green light. 65. Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because A) plants produce oxygen gas by splitting CO2. B) CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. C) CO2 energizes electrons in the electron transport system. D) the energy in CO2 is used to produce ATP and NADPH. E) CO2 is needed to complete the light reactions. 10 B) CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle.

66. The creation of offspring carrying genetic information from a single parent is called_______ A) regeneration. B) asexual reproduction. C) sexual reproduction. D) spontaneous generation. E) a life cycle. B) asexual reproduction 67. Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true? A) Sexual reproduction typically includes the development of unfertilized eggs. B) Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction. C) Only asexual reproduction results from the union of a sperm and an egg. D) Cell division only occurs after sexual reproduction. E) Only offspring from asexual reproduction inherit traits from two parents. B) Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction