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TCP/IP Protocol and Subnet Planning

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This slides will introduce TCP/IP protocol stack, function of layers of TCP/IP protocol and IP subnet planning.

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Describe TCP/IP and OSI Reference Model Describe function of layers of TCP/IP Describe classification of IP addresses Plan subnet by IP addresses

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Chapter 1 TCP/IP Protocol Chapter 2 Subnet Planning

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TCP/IP and OSI Model

TCP/IP has simple hierarchical design In clear corresponding relations with OSI reference model. OSI reference model TCP/IP
7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Application layer Presentation layer Conversation layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer Application layer

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TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Application Layer HTTP, Telnet, FTP, TFTP, Ping, etc TCP/UDP
ICMP

Provide application program network interfaces Establish terminal to terminal connection Addressing and route selecting Physical media access

Transport Layer IP

Network Layer

ARP/RARP

Data link Layer

Ethernet, 802.3, PPP, HDLC, FR, etc Interfaces and wires/cables

Physical Layer

Binary data flow transmission

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Data Encapsulation

TELNET 23

FTP 20/21 TCP/UDP 6/17

SMTP 25

TFTP 69

IP PACKETS FRAMES BITS

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Application Layer
File transfer FTP, TFTP Mail service SMTP, POP3 Network management SNMP, Telnet, Ping, Tracert Network service HTTP, DNS, WINS

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Transport Layer Overview

Application layer Transport layer

TCP UDP

Network layer

Data Link layer

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TCP/UDP Header Format

0 8 16 bits source port 16 bits UDP length Data 0 8 16 bits source port UDP header format 16 24 16 bits destination port 32 bits sequence number 32 bits acknowledge number
ACK URG SYN PSH RST FIN

16

24 16 bits destination port 16 bits UDP checksum

31

31

offset

Reserved(6 bits)

16 bits window size 16 bits urgent pointer

16 bits TCP checksum Options Data TCP header format

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SYN FIN RST PSH

synchronize sequence numbers sender is finished sending data reset connection push data to receiving process as soon as possible

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Port Number
TCP protocol uses port numbers to mark and distinguish various application programs.
HTTP FTP Telnet SMTP DNS TFTP SNMP

80

20/21

23

25

53

69

161

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Socket

TCP

UDP

IP data packet

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10

TCP Connection
Internet client
SYN(s eq=a)

server

CK SYN A =a+1) k c ,a b (seq= ACK ( seq=a +1, ac k=b+1

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Slide Window
len 1024 len 1024 win4096 win4096 win4096 win4096 win2048

To modify the widows size

len 1024 len 1024

The sender is too fast

ack 4097 len 1024 len 1024

win2048
win2048 ack 6145 win2048

len 1024 len 1024

win2048 win2048
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Network Layer Overview

Application layer

IP
Transport layer

ARP
Network layer

RARP ICMP

Data Link layer

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IP Header Format
0 4 IHL 8 Type of Service Flags 16 Total length Fragment offset 31

Version

Identification Time to live Protocol

Header checksum

Source Address Destination Address Options Padding

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IHL = IP Header Length

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ARP
This is my Ethernet address 00-E0-FC-0000-12 IP:10.0.0.1/24 MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-11 I need the Ethernet address of 10.0.0.2 ARP Reply IP:10.0.0.2/24 MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-12

ARP Request?

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RARP
Your IP address is 10.0.0.1 Diskless workstation RARP Reply

RARP Server

What is my IP address? RARP Request?

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ICMP

I am here.

B
ICMP Echo Reply

Is B accessible?

ICMP Echo Request

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Chapter 1 TCP/IP Protocol Chapter 2 Subnet Planning

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Introduction to IP Address
IP address uniquely identifies a piece of network equipment Private IP addresses

10.110.192.111

20.130.188.144

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Classification of IP Addresses
0
Network(7bit)

Host(24bit)

Class A

1 0 Network(14bit)

Host(16bit)

Class B

1 1 0 Network(21bit)

Host(8bit)

Class C

1 110

Multicast address

Class D

1 111 0

Reserved

Class E

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Special IP Addresses
Network part Any Any 127 Completely0 Completely1 Host part Completely 0 Completely 1 Any Address type Network address Broadcast address Loopback address All networks Broadcast address Use Representing a network Segment All the nodes of a Specially designated network segment Loop test Designate default routes All nodes of Local network segment

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Addressing without Subnet

Using nature mask Class B segment 172.16.0.0 with mask 255.255.0.0

172.16.30.1

172.16.28.1

Ethernet

172.16.30.10
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Addressing with Subnets

Class B segment 172.16.0.0

172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0

Ethernet

Ethernet

172.16.8.1 255.255.255 .0
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Subnet Planning

201.222.5.8 255.255.255.248
201.222.5.0 255.255.255.0

201.222.5.9 255.255.255.248 201.222.5.17 255.255.255.248 201.222.5.25 255.255.255.248 201.222.5.33 255.255.255.248

201.222.5.16 255.255.255.248 201.222.5.24 255.255.255.248 201.222.5.32 255.255.255.248

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Example of Planning Class B

Subnet address Host address Broadcast address 172.16.2.0 172.16.2.1172.16.2.254 172.16.2.255

IP host address

172.16.2.120

Subnet mask

255.255.255.0

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Example of Planning Class C

Subnet address Host address Broadcast address 192.168.5.0 192.168.5.121-192.168.5.126 192.168.5.127

IP host address

192.168.5.121

Subnet mask

255.255.255.128

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Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

192.168.1.32/27
192.168.1.160/30

192.168.1.64/27

ISP
Announce 192.168.1.0

192.168.1.164/30 192.168.1.168/30

192.168.1.96/27

192.168.1.172/30

192.168.1.128/27

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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

CIDR reduces scale of routing table and enhances network extensibility. 198.168.1.0

Internet

Announce route 198.168.0.0/16

198.168.2.0

ISP
198.168.3.0

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Summary

TCP/IP stack and OSI reference model Protocols of TCP/IP stack Principle of IP subnet planning Example of planning IP subnet

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Thank You
www.huawei.com

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